DOCSLIB.ORG

Divergence in the Evolution of Paleolithic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Divergence in the Evolution of Paleolithic Divergence in the evolution of Paleolithic symbolic and technological systems : The shining bull and engraved tablets of Rocher de l’Impératrice Nicolas Naudinot, Camille Bourdier, Marine Laforge, Céline Paris, Ludovic Bellot-Gurlet, Sylvie Beyries, Isabelle Thery-Parisot, Michel Le Goffic To cite this version: Nicolas Naudinot, Camille Bourdier, Marine Laforge, Céline Paris, Ludovic Bellot-Gurlet, et al.. Divergence in the evolution of Paleolithic symbolic and technological systems : The shining bull and engraved tablets of Rocher de l’Impératrice. PLoS ONE, Public Library of Science, 2017, 12 (3), pp.e0173037. 10.1371/journal.pone.0173037. hal-02081353 HAL Id: hal-02081353 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02081353 Submitted on 27 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. RESEARCH ARTICLE Divergence in the evolution of Paleolithic symbolic and technological systems: The shining bull and engraved tablets of Rocher de l'ImpeÂratrice Nicolas Naudinot1*, Camille Bourdier2, Marine Laforge3,4, CeÂline Paris5, Ludovic Bellot- Gurlet5, Sylvie Beyries1, Isabelle Thery-Parisot1, Michel Le Goffic6 a1111111111 1 University CoÃte d'Azur, CNRS, CEPAM, UMR, Nice, France, 2 University Toulouse II Jean Jaurès, TRACES UMR, Toulouse, France, 3 EVEHA, E tudes et valorisations archeÂologiques, Rennes, France, a1111111111 4 UMR 6554 LETG Brest-GeÂomer, Littoral, Environnement, TeÂleÂdeÂtection et GeÂomatique, Institut a1111111111 Universitaire EuropeÂen de la Mer, PlouzaneÂ, France, 5 Sorbonne UniversiteÂ, UPMC Universite Paris 6, a1111111111 MONARIS UMR, UPMC, CNRS, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Paris, France, 6 UMR 6566 a1111111111 CReAAH, Rennes, France * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Abstract Citation: Naudinot N, Bourdier C, Laforge M, Paris C, Bellot-Gurlet L, Beyries S, et al. (2017) The development of the Azilian in Western Europe 14,000 years ago is considered a ªrevo- Divergence in the evolution of Paleolithic symbolic lutionº in Upper Paleolithic Archaeology. One of the main elements of this rapid social and technological systems: The shining bull and restructuring is the abandonment of naturalistic figurative art on portable pieces or on cave engraved tablets of Rocher de l'ImpeÂratrice. PLoS walls in the Magdalenian in favor of abstract expression on small pebbles. Recent work ONE 12(3): e0173037. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0173037 shows that the transformation of human societies between the Magdalenian and the Azilian was more gradual. The discovery of a new Early Azilian site with decorated stones in France Editor: Roberto Macchiarelli, Universite de Poitiers, FRANCE supports this hypothesis. While major changes in stone tool technology between the Magda- lenian and Azilian clearly mark important adaptive changes, the discovery of 45 engraved Received: September 23, 2016 schist tablets from archaeological layers at Le Rocher de l'ImpeÂratrice attests to icono- Accepted: February 14, 2017 graphic continuity together with special valorization of aurochs as shown by a ªshiningº bull Published: March 3, 2017 depiction. This evidence suggests that some cultural features such as iconography may lag Copyright: © 2017 Naudinot et al. This is an open far behind technological changes. We also argue that eventual change in symbolic expres- access article distributed under the terms of the sion, which includes the later disappearance of figurative art, provides new insight into the Creative Commons Attribution License, which probable restructuring of the societies. permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: Most of the data are directly available directly in the paper (in the form of a table and pictures for the engravings). Introduction Researchers could contact Nicolas Naudinot ([email protected]) if they need any The Azilian is a culture of the European Upper Paleolithic. It appears at the end of the Magda- precision or access to more specific data. lenian around 14,000 years ago and precedes the first Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in the early Holocene. This period is critical to the study of cultural evolution as it is characterized by a Funding: The excavation of this site was funded by: Service ReÂgional de l'ArcheÂologie de Bretagne major restructuring of hunter-gatherer societies in terms of technology (a decrease in stone (Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication), and bone tool standardization and a simplification of manufacturing processes), settlement http://www.culturecommunication.gouv.fr/ (with changes in mobility patterns), and art, with the development of a unique abstract graphic PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0173037 March 3, 2017 1 / 26 The shining bull: A missing link for Paleolithic art Regions/Drac-Bretagne/La-DRAC-et-ses-services/ production that contrasts with the previous Paleolithic but also the final Paleolithic ªLaborianº Annuaire-Organigramme/Pole-architecture-et- figurative iconography (e.g., Lascaux, Altamira) [1±5]. The role that rapid warming and cli- patrimoine/Service-regional-de-l-archeologie, and matic instability of the Azilian period played in shaping techno-economic and symbolic Conseil deÂpartemental du Finistère, https://www. finistere.fr/. This is not a grant but a funding for spheres is debated among scholars [6±8]. Based on genetic studies, some other scholars also Archaeology from the Ministry of Culture of France. emphasize the potential role played by the migration of new populations coming from Eastern We do not have any grant numbers. Europe and the Near East around 14,000 BP [9]. Competing interests: The authors have declared The Azilian has long been considered an abrupt event, a ªrevolutionº in the Upper Paleo- that no competing interests exist. lithic [10]. Recent work shows that the development of this culture was not sudden but pro- gressive [6, 11±12]. This global process of cultural change began during the GI-1e/d (end of the Bølling) with the Early Azilian (EA) [6, 8, 12±14]. However, the Azilian probably finds its roots at the end of the Magdalenian during the GS-2b-a (Oldest Dryas) [6, 15]. The paroxysm of this process is the so-called Late Azilian (LA), probably lasting to the first half of GS-1 (Younger Dryas) [11]. A new EA rock shelter in the western extremity of Brittany provides critical data to investi- gate the tempo of technological and symbolic change during the Azilian. The association of a lithic industry with a rich artistic assemblage of 45 engraved (and sometimes charcoaled) schist stones suggests a clear arrhythmia between symbolic production and technological adapta- tions. Here the possible techno-economic adaptations to climatic changes appear to have had no direct influence on the symbolic and perhaps spiritual universe of the first ªAzilianº people who perpetuated an age-old tradition. 1. Methods 1.1. Field work The Rocher de l'ImpeÂratrice has been excavated every summer since 2013 and the excavation is still underway (The excavation of the site was authorized by the French Ministry of Culture. French prefectural decrees: 2013±007, 2014±031, 2015±018, and 2016±032). Because of the position of the site at the foot of a quartzite cliff in the middle of a forest, no mechanic equipment is used to exca- vate the site. Because of the presence of archaeological material, and especially engraved schist slabs, in the entire stratigraphy, no shovels or picks are used, only trowels and precision excavation tools. All artifacts discovered during the excavation are recorded in three dimensions with a total station. All the sediments are water screened (1.5 mm mesh) and all the lithic elements, charcoals fragments, and schist fragments are collected during this procedure. In total, 4659 lithic artefacts have been collected since 2013. Among these remains are 45 engraved schist tablets. The entire col- lection is temporarily stored at the UMR 7264 CEPAM CNRS at the Universite CoÃte d'Azur in Nice (France) for the time of the study and will be store in an official Ministry of Culture repository in Brittany at the end of the program. 1.2. Technological study of the lithic assemblage The technological study of the lithic assemblage has been developed following the French methodology of Technologie lithique. This method addresses lithic tools as the result of a pro- duction process rather than as just a cultural object (see among others [16±19]). This approach considers each lithic artifact in terms of information about the objective of production and the methods. All the information from raw material procurement to the discard of tools is consid- ered, including production methods, curation strategies, and tool function. This method con- stitutes a particularly efficient tool to investigate cultural changes, since each technical culture develops particular technologies and strategies, and in hunter-gatherer socio-economic orga- nization, since this approach allows studying spatial and temporal organization
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Moüjmtaiim Operations
    L f\f¿ áfó b^i,. ‘<& t¿ ytn) ¿L0d àw 1 /1 ^ / / /This publication contains copyright material. *FM 90-6 FieW Manual HEADQUARTERS No We DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, DC, 30 June 1980 MOÜJMTAIIM OPERATIONS PREFACE he purpose of this rUanual is to describe how US Army forces fight in mountain regions. Conditions will be encountered in mountains that have a significant effect on. military operations. Mountain operations require, among other things^ special equipment, special training and acclimatization, and a high decree of self-discipline if operations are to succeed. Mountains of military significance are generally characterized by rugged compartmented terrain witn\steep slopes and few natural or manmade lines of communication. Weather in these mountains is seasonal and reaches across the entireSspectrum from extreme cold, with ice and snow in most regions during me winter, to extreme heat in some regions during the summer. AlthoughNthese extremes of weather are important planning considerations, the variability of weather over a short period of time—and from locality to locahty within the confines of a small area—also significantly influences tactical operations. Historically, the focal point of mountain operations has been the battle to control the heights. Changes in weaponry and equipment have not altered this fact. In all but the most extreme conditions of terrain and weather, infantry, with its light equipment and mobility, remains the basic maneuver force in the mountains. With proper equipment and training, it is ideally suited for fighting the close-in battfe commonly associated with mountain warfare. Mechanized infantry can\also enter the mountain battle, but it must be prepared to dismount and conduct operations on foot.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 Member States of the European Union and The
    CHAPTER 4 membeR StAteS oF tHe EuroPean UnioN and tHe EuroPean EcoNomic AReA 4.1 Austria ............................................. 18 4.15 Latvia .............................................. 50 4.2 belgium ........................................... 20 4.16 lithuania ......................................... 52 4.3 Cyprus ............................................. 24 4.17 luxembourg ................................... 55 4.4 Czech Republic ............................... 26 4.18 Malta ............................................... 59 4.5 denmark ......................................... 29 4.19 Netherlands ..................................... 61 4.6 estonia ............................................. 31 4.20 Norway ............................................ 64 4.7 Finland ............................................ 33 4.21 Poland .............................................. 66 4.8 France.............................................. 35 4.22 Portugal ........................................... 69 4.9 Germany ......................................... 37 4.23 Slovakia ........................................... 71 4.10 Greece .............................................. 39 4.24 Slovenia ........................................... 74 4.11 Hungary .......................................... 41 4.25 Spain ................................................ 76 4.12 Iceland ............................................. 43 4.26 Sweden ............................................. 81 4.13 Ireland ............................................
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Mountains and Their Climatological Study
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-68158-2 - Mountain Weather and Climate, Third Edition Roger G. Barry Excerpt More information 1 MOUNTAINS AND THEIR CLIMATOLOGICAL STUDY 1.1 INTRODUCTION It is the aim of this book to bring together the major strands of our existing knowledge of weather and climate in the mountains. The first part of the book deals with the basic controls of the climatic and meteorological phenomena and the second part with particular applications of mountain climatology and meteor- ology. By illustrating the general climatic principles, a basis can also be provided for estimating the range of conditions likely to be experienced in mountain areas of sparse observational data. In this chapter we introduce mountain environments as they have been perceived historically, and consider the physical characteristics of mountains and their global significance. We then briefly review the history of research into mountain weather and climate and outline some basic considerations that influence their modern study. 1.1.1 Historical perceptions The mountain environment has always been regarded with awe. The Greeks believed Mount Olympus to be the abode of the gods, to the Norse the Jotunheim¨ was the home of the Jotuns, or ice giants, while to the Tibetans, Mount Everest (Chomo Longmu) is the ‘‘goddess of the snows.’’ In many cultures, mountains are considered ‘‘sacred places;’’ Nanga Parbat, an 8125 m summit in the Himalaya, means sacred mountain in Sanskrit, for example. Conspicuous peaks are associated with ancestral figures or deities (Bernbaum, 1998) – Sengem Sama with Fujiyama (3778 m) in Japan and Shiva-Parvati with Kailas (6713 m) in Tibet – although at other times mountains have been identified with malevolent spirits, the Diablerets in the Swiss Valais, for example.
    [Show full text]
  • Recco® Detectors Worldwide
    RECCO® DETECTORS WORLDWIDE ANDORRA Krimml, Salzburg Aflenz, ÖBRD Steiermark Krippenstein/Obertraun, Aigen im Ennstal, ÖBRD Steiermark Arcalis Oberösterreich Alpbach, ÖBRD Tirol Arinsal Kössen, Tirol Althofen-Hemmaland, ÖBRD Grau Roig Lech, Tirol Kärnten Pas de la Casa Leogang, Salzburg Altausee, ÖBRD Steiermark Soldeu Loser-Sandling, Steiermark Altenmarkt, ÖBRD Salzburg Mayrhofen (Zillertal), Tirol Axams, ÖBRD Tirol HELICOPTER BASES & SAR Mellau, Vorarlberg Bad Hofgastein, ÖBRD Salzburg BOMBERS Murau/Kreischberg, Steiermark Bischofshofen, ÖBRD Salzburg Andorra La Vella Mölltaler Gletscher, Kärnten Bludenz, ÖBRD Vorarlberg Nassfeld-Hermagor, Kärnten Eisenerz, ÖBRD Steiermark ARGENTINA Nauders am Reschenpass, Tirol Flachau, ÖBRD Salzburg Bariloche Nordkette Innsbruck, Tirol Fragant, ÖBRD Kärnten La Hoya Obergurgl/Hochgurgl, Tirol Fulpmes/Schlick, ÖBRD Tirol Las Lenas Pitztaler Gletscher-Riffelsee, Tirol Fusch, ÖBRD Salzburg Penitentes Planneralm, Steiermark Galtür, ÖBRD Tirol Präbichl, Steiermark Gaschurn, ÖBRD Vorarlberg AUSTRALIA Rauris, Salzburg Gesäuse, Admont, ÖBRD Steiermark Riesneralm, Steiermark Golling, ÖBRD Salzburg Mount Hotham, Victoria Saalbach-Hinterglemm, Salzburg Gries/Sellrain, ÖBRD Tirol Scheffau-Wilder Kaiser, Tirol Gröbming, ÖBRD Steiermark Schiarena Präbichl, Steiermark Heiligenblut, ÖBRD Kärnten AUSTRIA Schladming, Steiermark Judenburg, ÖBRD Steiermark Aberg Maria Alm, Salzburg Schoppernau, Vorarlberg Kaltenbach Hochzillertal, ÖBRD Tirol Achenkirch Christlum, Tirol Schönberg-Lachtal, Steiermark Kaprun, ÖBRD Salzburg
    [Show full text]
  • Via Ferrata: a Short Introduction Giuliano Bressan, Claudio Melchiorri CAI – Club Alpino Italiano
    Via Ferrata: A short introduction Giuliano Bressan, Claudio Melchiorri CAI – Club Alpino Italiano 1. Introduction In the last years, the number of persons climbing “vie ferrate” has rapidly increased, and this manner of approaching mountains is becoming more and more popular among mountaineers and hikers, in particular among young persons. The terms “via ferrata” and “sentiero attrezzato” (or equipped path) indicate that a set of fixed equipment (metallic ropes, ladders, chains, bridges, …) is installed along an itinerary in order to facilitate its ascension, guaranteeing at the same time a good margin of security. In this manner, also non extremely expert persons may have the opportunity to approach mountains and vertical walls that would be climbable, without this equipment, only by means of standard climbing techniques and equipment (i.e. rope, pitons, and so on). With this fixed equipment it is then possible to grant almost to everybody the emotion of altitudes and the excitement of vertical walls, without taking major risks and without being involved, possibly, in dangerous situations. Nevertheless, practicing “vie ferrate” should not be compared with the classical climbing activity. As a matter of fact, also considering the physical and psychological engagement necessary in any case to climb a “via ferrata” (some are very difficult from a technical and physical point of view), very different are the technical skills, the experience, the capabilities and the emotional control needed to face in a proper way any negative situation possibly occurring in a mountaineering activity. Nowadays, the term “via ferrata” has been internationally adopted, although in some countries they are also known as Klettersteig (this word indicates the specific karabiners to be used in this activity).
    [Show full text]
  • FIND out MORE Webinar Active School Flag Is a Department of Education Initiative Supported by Healthy Ireland We Value YOUR FEEDBACK
    FIND OUT MORE Webinar Active School Flag is a Department of Education initiative supported by Healthy Ireland We Value YOUR FEEDBACK Please complete the Find Out More questionnaire that we will email to you after this webinar www.activeschoolflag.ie Presenters Karen Cotter National Coordinator ASF Caitriona Cosgrave ASF Support Team Jamie Mc Gann DCU Research Team Chat @Karen @Caitriona @Jamie Specific queries should be emailed to [email protected] Watch Video 20180313 ASF BANNER.indd 1 13/03/2018 09:19:07 Active School Flag aims to get more schools, more active, more often An Active School Physical Physical Active Education Activity Partnerships School Week Delivers a broad Promotes inclusive Works in Organises an and balanced PE physical activity partnership with Active School curriculum throughout the others to promote Week every year school day a physically active school culture www.activeschoolflag.ie All ASF activities during 20/21 must comply with COVID-safety guidelines Physical Education “Schools will need to re-orientate their work with the curriculum especially during the initial weeks of the first term as they give greater time and attention to areas such as Social, Personal and Health Education (SPHE), Physical Education (PE), Language and Mathematics. Pupils’ physical education is a central part of their wellbeing: it should form a significant component of timetabled programmes upon returning to school.” Source: Returning to School – Curriculum Guidance for Primary School Leaders and Teachers. www.activeschoolflag.ie www.activeschoolflag.ie The children now view exercise as a fun and enjoyable activity that you can do anytime, anywhere! As teachers, we have identified huge benefits.
    [Show full text]
  • Stability Assessment of Degrading Permafrost Rock Slopes Based on A
    https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-70 Preprint. Discussion started: 28 September 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. Stability assessment of degrading permafrost rock slopes based on a coupled thermo-mechanical model Philipp Mamot, Samuel Weber, Saskia Eppinger, and Michael Krautblatter Chair of Landslide Research, Technical University of Munich, 80333, Germany 5 Correspondence to: Philipp Mamot ([email protected]) Abstract. In the last two decades, permafrost degradation has been observed to be a major driver of enhanced rock slope instability and associated hazards in high mountains. While the thermal regime of permafrost degradation in high mountains has already been intensively investigated, the mechanical consequences on rock slope stability have so far not been reproduced in numerical models. Laboratory studies and conceptual models argue that warming and thawing decrease rock and 10 discontinuity strength and promote deformation. This study presents the first general approach for a temperature-dependent numerical stability model that simulates the mechanical response of a warming and thawing permafrost rock slope. The proposed procedure is applied to a rockslide at the permafrost-affected Zugspitze summit crest. Laboratory tests on frozen and unfrozen rock joint and intact rock properties provide material parameters for the discontinuum model developed with the Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC). 15 Geophysical and geotechnical field surveys deliver information on the permafrost distribution and fracture network. The model demonstrates that warming decreases rock slope stability to a critical level, while thawing initiates failure. A sensitivity analysis of the model with a simplified geometry and warming trajectory below 0 °C shows that progressive warming close to the melting point initiates instability above a critical slope angle of 50–62°, depending on the orientation of the fracture network.
    [Show full text]
  • Representation in Chronological Order of the Evolution and Development of Products and Artifacts Related to Mountaineering and H
    Representation in chronological order of 1800 1850 1880 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 the evolution and development of products and artifacts related to mountaineering and high mountain activities. The graph places in temporal line the technical improvements developed in correlation with RURP Longware Bong 1959 1964 the achievement of main alpine ascents and Portaledge Camel Bag Avalanche Electric 1970 1989 Backpack avalanche new records. 1997 Backpack A MOUNTAINEERS INNOVATION KEY PRODUCTS Piton Knifeblade Piton Expansion Bolt Lost Arrow 20th Century 1910 1930 1946 A Expansion Bolt, Laurent Grivel, 1930 B Kernmantel Rope, Edelrid, 1953 C Gorotex Membrane, 1976 D New Safety level of Carabiner, 1953 Inflatable Double Gate, Grivel, 2016 Portaledge E Vibram Sole, Vitale Bramani, 1935 B 2019 Static Rope Nylon rope Kernmantel F Full Webbing Harness, Whillans Sit, 1970 1949 rope 1953 G Grigri Discensorm, Petzl, 1991 1800 H Friends and temporary protection, Ray Jardine, 1973 C N-3B PARKA Gorotex 1935 1976 D Karabiner D Shape Snap Gate Quickdraw Wire Gate Screw Gate Captive Double Gate 1910 1937 1953 1970 1991 2000 2016 2016 Tranceiver Tranceiver Tranceiver 1968 1986 2018 E Vibram Carrarmato Alta Quota Danner Boots Koflach Modern Hiking Trail Running 1935 1937 1970 1979 1990 Boots Shoes 2013 Swiss Knife 1884 Mythos Speed 1991 Mountaineering 2010 F Rope Harness Chest Harness Whillans Sit Har- Modern 1800 1967 ness 1970 Harness 2000 CRAMPONS Modern Two poin Rigid crampon Automatic 16TH CENTURY Crampon 1909 Crampons
    [Show full text]
  • Country Reports 2013
    1 / 59 Table Of Content 1 Argentina (and South American Partners) __________________________________________ 3 2 Austria _______________________________________________________________________ 3 3 Canada _______________________________________________________________________ 7 4 China _______________________________________________________________________ 10 5 Denmark _____________________________________________________________________ 14 6 Finland ______________________________________________________________________ 15 7 France ______________________________________________________________________ 15 8 Germany ____________________________________________________________________ 17 9 Iceland ______________________________________________________________________ 21 10 Italy ________________________________________________________________________ 21 11 Japan ______________________________________________________________________ 24 12 Kyrgyzstan __________________________________________________________________ 25 13 Mongolia ___________________________________________________________________ 25 14 New Zealand ________________________________________________________________ 26 15 Norway _____________________________________________________________________ 26 16 Poland _____________________________________________________________________ 30 17 Portugal ____________________________________________________________________ 32 18 Romania ____________________________________________________________________ 32 19 Russia _____________________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • From: Lee Greenwald To
    From: Lee Greenwald To: FS-objections-pnw-mthood Subject: Twilight Parking lot Date: Monday, March 03, 2014 11:44:20 PM Attachments: 2013 International Report on Snow Mountain Tourism.pdf Cross-country skiing experiencing a Nordic renaissance Olympian.pdf Twilight Parking Lot OBJECTION 3-1-14 EAE v2.doc Dear objections official, I previously raised several objections concerning Mt Hood Meadows application to build the Twilight Parking lot. Though some, not all, of these objections were ostensibly addressed in their responses, they were not addressed fully nor adequately. I raised concerns regarding Meadows assumptions on growth in demand for Alpine skiing. The last ten years MHM stated continued growth trends, but actually the most recent previous two years that has not been the trend. The true growth is in Nordic skiing. The majority of the Nordic community is against the creation of the Twilight lot without a comprehensive analysis of potential future use of this terrain, and nearby Nordic trails and connecting trails. This type of analysis has not been done, and would be precluded by proceeding with the construction of the Twilight lot before all future use options have been considered. Second, I asked that MHM be required by the FS to place the funds, $500,000, for a Nordic center in a designated account for a future Nordic center building, and a restrictive timeline for construction. If the parking lot is to be built, the Nordic community should have some prior input on the Nordic facility to be built prior to the lots final approval. The response that was posted simply stated that "a" facility would be built within three years.
    [Show full text]
  • Measurements of Solar Radiation Intensity And
    MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW Editor, ALFRED J. HENRY VOL. 58,No. 2 CLOSEDAPRIL 3, 1930 W. B. No. 1008 FEBRUARY, 1930 ISSUEDMAY 2, 1930 MEASUREMENTS OF.SOLAR RADIATION INTENSITY AND DETERMINATIONS OF ITS DEPLETION BY THE ATMOSPHERE By HERBERTH. KIMBALL [Weather Bureau, Washington, 1). C., 1;ebruary 26. 19301 This paper is intended as a supplement to one on the TABLE1.-Slations which obtain recorda of the total radiation received on a horizontal surface from the ~uiiand sky same subjects that was published in this REVIEW, ~. - 55: 155-169, April, 1927. It is based principally on Longi- Alti- replies to a circular letter dated December 1, 1027, tude tude Period Instruments addressed to 30 heads of observatories or meteorological - services, and requesting corrections and additions to the (I, t4eftr (1) Liucoln. W5uh Yti 41 w 351 July, 1YlbDecem Callendar. lists of pyrheliometric stations and the pyrheliometric Nebr. ber, 11129. (2) Madison, 43 05 N 8Y 23 w 309 April, 1911-Decem Do. data published in the earlier paper. Wis. ber, 1929. The replies received have resulted in the addition of 11 (3) Chicago, I11 - 41 47 N 8; 35 W 210 September, 1923- Weather Bureau December. 1928. thermoelectric. stations to the list of those measuring and publishing the (5) H ashington, 3Y 56 N 77 05 W 137 November 1914- Callendar. total radiation (direct diffuse) received on a horizontal D. C. October,'lQTZ. + 126 November. 1922- Weather Bureau surface, and of 4 stations that include in this measure- December, 1~29, thermoelectrlc. (6) New ?York. 40 46 N 73 5s w 43 April, 1924-Decem Do.
    [Show full text]
  • Our Fleet List
    Our Fleet List Vessels (Circa 2021) Year Flag DWT (MT) Ore P.A. (MT) Berge Everest 2011 Isle of Man 388,138 1,500,000 Berge Aconcagua 2012 Isle of Man 388,138 1,500,000 Berge Jaya 2012 Isle of Man 388,079 1,500,000 Berge Neblina 2012 Isle of Man 388,079 1,500,000 Berge Stahl 1986 Isle of Man 364,767 1,775,130 Berge Logan 2019 Isle of Man 300,000 1,500,000 Berge Mafadi 2019 Isle of Man 300,000 1,500,000 Berge Blanc 2012 Isle of Man 297,160 1,580,302 Berge Fuji 1996 Isle of Man 268,025 1,000,000 Berge Kangchenjunga 1994 Isle of Man 263,237 1,000,000 Berge K2 2015 Isle of Man 262,000 2,096,000 Berge Makalu 2016 Isle of Man 262,000 2,096,000 Berge Cho Oyu 2017 Isle of Man 262,000 2,096,000 Berge Annapurna 2017 Isle of Man 262,000 2,096,000 Berge Tai Shan 2015 Isle of Man 216,656 1,720,000 Berge Heng Shan 2015 Isle of Man 216,461 1,720,000 Berge Zugspitze 2016 Isle of Man 210,000 1,680,000 Berge Grossglockner 2017 Isle of Man 210,000 1,680,000 Berge Toubkal 2017 Isle of Man 210,000 1,680,000 Berge Mulhacen 2017 Isle of Man 210,000 1,680,000 Berge Olympus 2018 Isle of Man 210,000 1,680,000 Berge Kenya 2020 Isle of Man 210,000 1,680,000 Berge Moldoveanu 2020 Isle of Man 210,000 1,680,000 TBN Berge Meru 2021 Isle of Man 210,000 1,680,000 TBN Berge Bobotov 2021 Isle of Man 210,000 1,680,000 Berge Daisen 2014 Panama 207,872 1,616,000 Berge Dachstein 2020 Isle of Man 207,600 1,660,800 Berge Lygnor 2009 Panama 206,330 1,971,609 Berge Odel 2007 Panama 206,330 1,052,108 Berge Kuju 2006 Isle of Man 206,312 1,052,000 Berge Bimberi 2006 Liberia 203,153 1,625,224 Berge Dinara 2005 Liberia 203,000 1,624,000 Berge Sarstein 2017 Isle of Man 182,200 1,792,547 Berge Ishizuchi 2011 Panama 181,458 1,174,112 Berge Tsurugi 2010 Panama 181,403 1,408,000 Berge Kosciuszko 2014 Panama 181,394 1,174,112 Berge Matterhorn 2010 Isle of Man 180,323 1,408,000 Berge Rosa 2006 Isle of Man 180,230 1,297,600 Berge Atlas 2008 Panama 180,180 1,440,000 Berge Song Shan 2010 Isle of Man 180,154 1,440,000 Berge Stanley 2011 Liberia 180,145 1,440,000 The Berge Bulk Fleet List Cont.
    [Show full text]