DOCSLIB.ORG

Utilization of Araceae by Local Community in Cisoka Village, Cikijing Sub-District, Majalengka District, West Java, Indonesia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Utilization of Araceae by Local Community in Cisoka Village, Cikijing Sub-District, Majalengka District, West Java, Indonesia BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 19, Number 2, March 2018 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 640-651 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d190236 Utilization of Araceae by local community in Cisoka Village, Cikijing Sub-district, Majalengka District, West Java, Indonesia ASEP ZAINAL MUTAQIN, MUTHI FATHARANI, JOHAN ISKANDAR, RUHYAT PARTASASMITA♥ Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran. Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21, Jatinangor, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia. Tel. +62-22-7796412 ext. 104. Fax. +62-22-7794545. ♥email: [email protected]; [email protected] Manuscript received: 30 June 2017. Revision accepted: 21 March 2018. Abstract. Mutaqin AZ, Fatharani M, Iskandar J, Partasasmita R. 2018. Utilization of Araceae by local community in Cisoka Village, Cikijing Sub-district, Majalengka District, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 640-651. Various species of Araceae plants are widely used by the tribes of Sunda as food. However, cultivation is increasingly rare inWest Java region, and is found in some places only. One area where many people still grow Araceae plants is Cisoka Village, Cikijing Sub-district, Majalengka District, West Java Province, Indonesia. This paper aims to explain the reason for the cultivation of Araceae by the local community in the Village of Cisoka. This study used a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, but the former was used more than the latter The primary data were collected through structured and semi-structured interviews, participant observation, exploration, and plant sample collection. The data were analyzed descriptively with emic and ethic approaches. The results of the study showed that 20 species and 13 varieties (landraces) of Araceae plants were used by the community. The parts of plant traditionally used by the commumity were tuber, petiole, and leaf. The utilization of the Araceae plants were categorized into 4 main functions, namely, as food, medicine, decoration, and fish feed. The species of Araceae were commonly cultivated in various agroecosystem types, mainly home gardens, gardens, and rice fields. Keywords: Araceae, Cisoka Village, utilization INTRODUCTION interrelated with various natural resources. Each village ecosystem has various local potential natural resources. Indonesia has been known as a country having high The rural people have been determined by availability of diversity of ethnic groups (cf. Sastrapradja 2010; Wijaya et the local natural resources (Kurniawan and Asih 2012). al. 2014; Iskandar 2016). At least 159 ethnic groups have Plants are considered as the main natural resources been recorded throughout Indonesian islands. These essentially needed to support the human life because Indonesian local communities have various cultures and humans are not able to produce self-generated natural sources of household income. Indeed, various local plants ingredients such as those produced by plants to support have been utilized by the local people which is strongly their daily lives. The plants are commonly used by people related to economic, spiritual values, culture, health, for various purposes, including food, clothes, indigenous cosmetic, and medicine (Prananingrum 2007). According textiles, medicines, poisoning materials, building materials, to Maffi (2004), Ellen (2006), and Partasasmita et al. craft materials, and dye materials (Polunin 1994; Balick (2017), cultural diversity and biodiversity have a strong and Cox 1996; Iskandar et al. 2017; Partasasmita et al. correlation in various aspects of the bio-cultural system. 2017). The Araceae or talas family has been recognized as The level of local knowledge of utilization of various one of the largest monocot families and it is widely used by plants by each local community group is determined by local communities. Various plants categorized as the family many factors, including the level of differences in culture of Araceae have played important roles in social and and local condition. This is the basis of ethnobiology economic functions such as daun sente (Alocasia studies (cf. Lizarralade 2004; Sunderland 2004; macrorrhizos (L) Schott) (Bachtiar 2002) and umbi suweg Cunningham and Choge 2004; Zen and Kopez-Zent 2004; (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson) Iskandar 2012). (Firman et al. 2016). Umbi suweg is mainly used as On the basis of the human ecology and ethnobiology, medicinal materials. In addition, several species are used as the local communities have strong interrelationship with food, aesthetic, and rituals. Leaves, stems, and tubers are their environment components. To fulfill their daily needs, predominantly used as food source and medicinal materials the local communities need various biotic and abiotic (Heyne 1987). components, such as food, oxygen, and water, as primary Cisoka, is one of the villages in the Sub-district of human needs. They also have secondary needs, including Cikijing, District of Majalengka, West Java Province, communication among the community members, education having diverse species of Araceae. The local community of system, fulfillment of material and wealth (Suparlan 2005). Cisoka has utilized plants of the Araceae family for various The village ecosystem consists of many components. The purposes. However, the local knowledge of the Cisoka main component is the rural people. This is continuously people on utilization of various plants of the Araceae MUTAQIN et al. – Utilization of Araceae in Cisoka Village, West Java, Indonesia 641 family has not been studied and documented. Therefore, predominantly planted with mixed annual and perennial this study aimed to explain the reason for the cultivation of crops, but it is located outside the home garden and hamlet Araceae by the local community in the village of Cisoka. area. Unlike both home garden and mixed garden system, The results of the study may be used for the government to the garden is commonly planted with monoculture crops, manage and to conserve the plants of the Araceae family to such as corn, cassava, etc. be used for supporting the sustainable development. Three The home garden, mixed garden and talun systems can aspects are discussed in this paper, namely the species and be categorized as traditional ecosystems. Because those landraces, utilization of plants, and cultivation of the agroecosystems are predominantly planted with mixed plants. annual and perennial plants, their vegetation structure is similar to that of the forest vegetation. As a result, they also have various ecological functions, including hydrological MATERIALS AND METHODS function, protection of soil from erosion, provision of wildlife habitats, and conservation of local plant genetic or Study area gene pool. This study was carried out in the Village of Cisoka. The rice fields of the Cisoka Village can be divided into This area is situated in the Sub-district of Cikijing, the two types, namely the irrigated rice field system and the District of Majalengka, the Province of West Java, rain-fed rice field. The irrigated rice fields are Indonesia (Figure 1). predominantly cultivated with rice two or three times in a On the basis of the agricultural land use systems, the year, while the rain-fed rice fields are commonly planted Village of Cisoka has several agroecosystem types, namely with rice only one or two times a year. In dry season, the the home garden (pekarangan), garden (kebun) and mixed rain-fed rice fields are traditionally cultivated with non-rice garden (kebun campuran), talun, and rice fields (cf. crops, such as corn, onion, and sweet potatoes. Iskandar and Iskandar 2011). Home garden is the land On the basis of tradition, the plants of the Araceae surrounding the house commonly planted with mixed family, such as talas, have been planted by the people of annual and perennial crops, having various functions, Cisokan, in different agroecosystems, including namely providing staple foods, traditional medicines, homegarden, garden, mixed garden, and rain-fed rice spices, vegetables, fruits, and ritual materials and adding fields, particularly in dry season. aesthetic views. Like home garden, mixed garden is Figure 1. Location of research in the Village of Cisoka, the Sub-district of Cikijing, the District of Majalengka, West Java, Indonesia 642 BIODIVERSITAS 19 (2): 640-651, March 2018 Procedures Where, This study used both qualitative and quantitative Nt = number of samples (respondents) methods, but the qualitative one was used more than the Nt = total population quantitative one (Creswell 2009). The qualitative method P = largest possible proportion (0.50) was emic based on ethnobiological approach, mainly used Z = normal variable value (1.96) to assess local knowledge of the Cisoka community of d = error (0.1) various plant species and varieties (landraces) of Araceae. The quantitative method was applied to assess the Respondents were determined by profession, namely as percentage of the community who predominantly cultivated farmers or garden owners. On the basis of the formula, the plants of Araceae and used these plants for various from the total population (N) of 130 households of farmers, purposes. The qualitative data were mainly collected by 55 households were selected. various means, including observation, semi-structured or in-depth interview, and participant observation, while the quantitative data were collected by the structured interview (cf. Martin 1995; Cunningham 2001; Newing et al. 2011). = 55.23 ≈ 55 Observation and participant observation Observation
Load more

Recommended publications
  • National Transportation Safety Committee Ministry of Transportation Republic of Indonesia 2012
    FINAL KNKT.12.05.09.04 NNAATTIIOONNAALL TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTTAATTIIOONN SSAAFFEETTYY CCOOMMMMIITTTTEEEE Aircraft Accident Investigation Report Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Company Sukhoi RRJ–95B; 97004 Mount Salak, West Java Republic of Indonesia 9 May 2012 NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION SAFETY COMMITTEE MINISTRY OF TRANSPORTATION REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA 2012 This Final report was produced by the National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC), 3rd Floor Ministry of Transportation, Jalan Medan Merdeka Timur No. 5 Jakarta 10110, Indonesia. The report is based upon the investigation carried out by the NTSC in accordance with Annex 13 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation Organization, the Indonesian Aviation Act (UU No. 1/2009) and Government Regulation (PP No. 3/2001). Readers are advised that the NTSC investigates for the sole purpose of enhancing aviation safety. Consequently, the NTSC reports are confined to matters of safety significance and may be misleading if used for any other purpose. As the NTSC believes that safety information is of greatest value if it is passed on for the use of others, readers are encouraged to copy or reprint for further distribution, acknowledging the NTSC as the source. When the NTSC makes recommendations as a result of its investigations or research, safety is its primary consideration. However, the NTSC fully recognizes that the implementation of recommendations arising from its investigations will in some cases incur a cost to the industry. Readers should note that the information in NTSC reports and recommendations
    [Show full text]
  • In Vitro Pharmacology Studies on Alocasia Sanderiana W. Bull
    Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2016; 5(2): 114-120 E-ISSN: 2278-4136 P-ISSN: 2349-8234 JPP 2016; 5(2): 114-120 In vitro pharmacology studies on Alocasia Sanderiana W. Received: 26-01-2016 Accepted: 27-02-2016 Bull P Selvakumar P Selvakumar, Devi Kaniakumari, V Loganathan Department of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India. Abstract Objective: This research is to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activity of ethanolic Devi Kaniakumari leaf, stem and root tubers extracts of Alocasia Sanderiana W. Bull. Department of Chemistry, Methods: Anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extracts of leaf, stem and root tubers of Alocasia Quaid-E-Millath Government Sanderiana W. Bull was evaluated using proteinase inhibiting activity and protein denaturation inhibiting College for women, Chennai, activity methods. Asprin 20-100 μg/mL was used as standards for both the methods. Antidiabetic activity India. was measured using in vitro α-amylase inhibiting activity and in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition assay methods. Acarbose 20-100 μg/mL was used as standard for both the methods. V Loganathan Department of Chemistry, Results: Leaf shows more anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activity than the stem and root. Periyar University, Salem, Conclusion: Alocasia sanderiana W. Bull plant shows anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activity due to Tamilnadu, India. presence of various phytoconstituents and it could be a source of new compounds. Keywords: Anti-inflammatory activity, Antidiabetic activity, Araceae, Alocasia sanderiana 1. Introduction Alocasia sanderiana W. Bull is a plant in the Araceae family. Alocasia Sanderiana W. Bull is also known as the kris plant because of the resemblance of its leaf edges to the wavy blade of the kalis dagger (also known as kris plant).
    [Show full text]
  • Communication for Empowerment Assessment Report: Indonesia
    Communication for Empowerment Assessment Report: Indonesia Content Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank AJI Aliansi Jurnalis Independen – Alliance of Independence Journalists AMAN Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara – Indigenous Peoples Alliance of Archipelago ARGP Asia Regional Governance Programme Asteki Asosiasi Televisi Kerakyatan Indonesia – Association of People Centered Television Indonesia ATVKI Asosiasi Televisi Komunitas Indonesia –Association of Community Television Indonesia BCG Boston Consulting Group BPS Biro Pusat Statistik - C4E Communications for Empowerment DPR Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat – Indonesian Legislative Body or Parliament FITRA Forum Indonesia untuk Transparansi Anggaran – Indonesian Forum for Budget Transparency FM Frequency Modulation FOI Freedom of Information GSM SIM card Global System for Mobile Communications Subscriber Identification Module card ICT Information and Communication Technology IDRD Institute of Dayakology for Research and Development ILO International Labour Organization ITE Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik – Information and Electronic Transaction KPI Komisi Penyiaran Indonesia – Indonesian Broadcasting Commission KR Kalimantan Review MNCTV Media Nusantara Citra Televisi NGO Non-governmental Organization PLN Perusahaan Listrik Negara – State Own Electricity Company PT Perseroan Terbatas – Limited Company PTPN Perseroan Terbatas Perkebunan Nusantara – Indonesian State Own Plantation Company Puskesmas Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat – Community Health Center RCTI Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia REDD
    [Show full text]
  • DKBM Indonesia
    FOODGROUP FOODNAME ENERGY PROTEIN FATS CARBHDRT CALCIUM PHOSPHOR IRON VITA VITB1 VITC F-EDIBLE (BDD) F-WEIGHT AA Arrowroot 102 1.00 0.20 24.10 28.00 35 1.70 0 0.06 2.0 100 100 AA Belitung 145 1.20 0.40 34.20 26.00 54 1.40 0 0.10 2.0 85 100 AA Belitung kukus 145 1.20 0.40 34.20 21.00 48 0.90 0 0.08 1.2 100 100 AA Beras benir 339 7.70 4.40 73.00 22.00 272 3.00 0 0.55 0.0 100 100 AA Beras giling 360 6.80 0.70 78.90 6.00 140 1.00 0 0.12 0.0 100 100 AA Beras giling pelita I/1 366 7.60 1.00 78.90 59.00 258 0.80 0 0.26 0.0 100 100 AA Beras giling pelita II/1 396 9.50 1.40 77.10 68.00 171 1.40 0 0.26 0.0 100 100 AA Beras jagung 345 9.10 2.00 76.50 14.00 311 3.70 0 0.17 0.0 100 100 AA Beras ketan hitam 356 7.00 0.70 78.00 10.00 148 1.00 0 0.20 0.0 100 100 AA Beras ketan hitam kukus 181 4.00 1.20 37.30 9.00 144 1.70 0 0.06 0.0 100 100 AA Beras ketan hitam tumbuk 360 8.00 2.30 74.50 10.00 347 6.20 0 0.24 0.0 100 100 AA Beras ketan putih 362 6.70 0.70 79.40 12.00 148 1.00 0 0.16 0.0 100 100 AA Beras ketan putih kukus 163 3.00 0.40 35.70 4.00 55 0.70 0 0.07 0.0 100 100 AA Beras ketan putih tumbuk 361 7.40 0.80 78.40 13.00 157 3.40 0 0.28 0.0 100 100 AA Beras merah tumbuk 359 7.50 0.90 77.60 16.00 163 0.00 0 0.21 0.0 100 100 AA Beras merah tumbuk 352 7.30 0.90 76.20 15.00 257 4.20 0 0.34 0.0 100 100 AA Beras merah tumbuk (kukus) 149 2.80 0.40 32.50 6.00 63 0.80 0 0.06 0.0 100 100 AA Beras paboiled 364 6.80 0.60 80.10 5.00 142 1.00 0 0.22 0.0 100 100 AA Beras pecah kulit 335 7.40 1.90 76.20 12.00 290 2.00 0 0.32 0.0 100 100 AA Beras rojolele 357 8.40
    [Show full text]
  • Detailed Final Report
    An urgent conservation call from endemic plants of Mount Salak, West Java, Indonesia I Robiansyah* and S U Rakhmawati Research Center for Plant Conservation and Botanic Gardens - LIPI. Jl.Ir.H. Juanda 13 Bogor 16003, West Java, Indonesia *[email protected] Abstract. Mount Salak is part of Mount Halimun-Salak National Park in West Java, Indonesia. It is home to five endemic plant species that are very susceptible to human interference due to their close proximity to human settlements. The deforestation rate of the area was 1,473 ha or 1.3% of the total area each year. Using eleven line transects with a total length of 44.76 km, the present study aims at providing data on current population and conservation status of these five endemic plant species. The results showed that there was an urgent conservation call from Mount Salak as all five targeted species were unable to be located. Furthermore, two invasive species that might possess serious threat to the endemic plants were observed during the survey: markisa (Passiflora sp.; Passifloraceae) and harendong bulu (Clidemia hirta; Melastomataceae). Based on these results, the present study assigned all the endemic species as Critically Endangered according to the IUCN Red List Category and Criteria. To conserve all the endemic plant species in Mount Salak, several recommendations were given and discussed. 1. Introduction Plants are fundamental part of terrestrial ecosystem and provide support systems for life on earth. For human, plants provide many essential services that underpin human survival and well-being, such as source of food, clothes, timber, medicines, fresh air, clean water, and much more.
    [Show full text]
  • Ornamental Garden Plants of the Guianas, Part 3
    ; Fig. 170. Solandra longiflora (Solanaceae). 7. Solanum Linnaeus Annual or perennial, armed or unarmed herbs, shrubs, vines or trees. Leaves alternate, simple or compound, sessile or petiolate. Inflorescence an axillary, extra-axillary or terminal raceme, cyme, corymb or panicle. Flowers regular, or sometimes irregular; calyx (4-) 5 (-10)- toothed; corolla rotate, 5 (-6)-lobed. Stamens 5, exserted; anthers united over the style, dehiscing by 2 apical pores. Fruit a 2-celled berry; seeds numerous, reniform. Key to Species 1. Trees or shrubs; stems armed with spines; leaves simple or lobed, not pinnately compound; inflorescence a raceme 1. S. macranthum 1. Vines; stems unarmed; leaves pinnately compound; inflorescence a panicle 2. S. seaforthianum 1. Solanum macranthum Dunal, Solanorum Generumque Affinium Synopsis 43 (1816). AARDAPPELBOOM (Surinam); POTATO TREE. Shrub or tree to 9 m; stems and leaves spiny, pubescent. Leaves simple, toothed or up to 10-lobed, to 40 cm. Inflorescence a 7- to 12-flowered raceme. Corolla 5- or 6-lobed, bluish-purple, to 6.3 cm wide. Range: Brazil. Grown as an ornamental in Surinam (Ostendorf, 1962). 2. Solanum seaforthianum Andrews, Botanists Repository 8(104): t.504 (1808). POTATO CREEPER. Vine to 6 m, with petiole-tendrils; stems and leaves unarmed, glabrous. Leaves pinnately compound with 3-9 leaflets, to 20 cm. Inflorescence a many- flowered panicle. Corolla 5-lobed, blue, purple or pinkish, to 5 cm wide. Range:South America. Grown as an ornamental in Surinam (Ostendorf, 1962). Sterculiaceae Monoecious, dioecious or polygamous trees and shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple to palmately compound, petiolate. Inflorescence an axillary panicle, raceme, cyme or thyrse.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Physicochemical Analysis of Alocasia Sanderiana W.Bull
    International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research ISSN: 2455-4685, Impact Factor: (RJIF 5.28) www.pharmacyresearchjournal.com Volume 1; Issue 3; March 2016; Page No. 01-03 Physicochemical Analysis of Alocasia Sanderiana W.Bull 1 P. Selvakumar, 2 Devi Kaniakumari, 3 V. Loganathan 1, 3 Department of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India. 2 Department of Chemistry, Quaid-E-Millath Govt. College for women, Chennai, India. Abstract The present investigation reveals standardization which includes moisture content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble extractive value and loss on drying of Alocasia Sanderiana W.Bull ethanolic leaf, stem and root tuber extracts. Total ash value is useful in determining authenticity and purity of drug and also these values are important quantitative standards. Total ash value of plant material indicated the amount of minerals, and earthy materials present in the plant material. Analytical results showed the total ash higher value was 3.30% w/w in ethanolic root tuber extract of alocasia sanderiana. Percent weight loss on drying or moisture content of ethanolic leaf, stem and root tubers extracts is 63.69%, 73.35% and 75.63%. The less value of moisture content could prevent bacterial, fungal or yeast growth. Leaf ethanolic extracts having less value compared stem and root tuber extracts. Ethanolic leaf extracts shows more antimicrobial activity. The higher amount of acid-insoluble siliceous matter present in the tuber extracts of A.Sanderiana was 0.95w/w%. The water-soluble extractive value indicated the presence of sugar, acids, and inorganic compounds. The ethanolic root tuber extract have higher value of water soluble extractive values.
    [Show full text]
  • Atoll Research Bulletin No. 503 the Vascular Plants Of
    ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN NO. 503 THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MAJURO ATOLL, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS BY NANCY VANDER VELDE ISSUED BY NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON, D.C., U.S.A. AUGUST 2003 Uliga Figure 1. Majuro Atoll THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF MAJURO ATOLL, REPUBLIC OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS ABSTRACT Majuro Atoll has been a center of activity for the Marshall Islands since 1944 and is now the major population center and port of entry for the country. Previous to the accompanying study, no thorough documentation has been made of the vascular plants of Majuro Atoll. There were only reports that were either part of much larger discussions on the entire Micronesian region or the Marshall Islands as a whole, and were of a very limited scope. Previous reports by Fosberg, Sachet & Oliver (1979, 1982, 1987) presented only 115 vascular plants on Majuro Atoll. In this study, 563 vascular plants have been recorded on Majuro. INTRODUCTION The accompanying report presents a complete flora of Majuro Atoll, which has never been done before. It includes a listing of all species, notation as to origin (i.e. indigenous, aboriginal introduction, recent introduction), as well as the original range of each. The major synonyms are also listed. For almost all, English common names are presented. Marshallese names are given, where these were found, and spelled according to the current spelling system, aside from limitations in diacritic markings. A brief notation of location is given for many of the species. The entire list of 563 plants is provided to give the people a means of gaining a better understanding of the nature of the plants of Majuro Atoll.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Phylogenetic Regionalization of Marine Plants Reveals Close Evolutionary Affinities Among Disjunct Temperate Assemblages Barna
    Phylogenetic regionalization of marine plants reveals close evolutionary affinities among disjunct temperate assemblages Barnabas H. Darua,b,*, Ben G. Holtc, Jean-Philippe Lessardd,e, Kowiyou Yessoufouf and T. Jonathan Daviesg,h aDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA bDepartment of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa cDepartment of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom dQuebec Centre for Biodiversity Science, Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada eDepartment of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada; fDepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida campus, Florida 1710, South Africa gDepartment of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada hAfrican Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa *Corresponding author Email: [email protected] (B.H. Daru) Running head: Phylogenetic regionalization of seagrasses 1 Abstract While our knowledge of species distributions and diversity in the terrestrial biosphere has increased sharply over the last decades, we lack equivalent knowledge of the marine world. Here, we use the phylogenetic tree of seagrasses along with their global distributions and a metric of phylogenetic beta diversity to generate a phylogenetically-based delimitation of marine phytoregions (phyloregions). We then evaluate their evolutionary affinities and explore environmental correlates of phylogenetic turnover between them. We identified 11 phyloregions based on the clustering of phylogenetic beta diversity values. Most phyloregions can be classified as either temperate or tropical, and even geographically disjunct temperate regions can harbor closely related species assemblages.
    [Show full text]
  • Restoranoran Jilid 2
    Prihastuti Ekawatiningsih, dkk. RESTRESTORANORAN JILID 2 SMK RI HAN U DA W Y T A U N T I Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Direktorat Jenderal Manajemen Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Hak Cipta pada Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Dilindungi Undang-Undang RESTRESTORANORAN JILID 2 Untuk SMK Penulis : Prihastuti Ekawatiningsih Kokom Komariah Sutriyati Purwanti Perancang Kulit : TIM Ukuran Buku : 17,6 × 25 cm NUG EKAWATININGSIH, Prihastuti. a Restoran Jilid 2 untuk SMK oleh Prihastuti Ekawatiningsih, Kokom Komariah, Sutriyati Putwanti --- Jakarta: Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan, Direktorat Jenderal Manajemen Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2008. x, 166 hlm Daftar Pustaka : Lampiran A Glosarium : Lampiran B ISBN : 978-979-060-003-4 ISBN : 978-979-060-005-8 Diterbitkan oleh Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Direktorat Jenderal Manajemen Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Tahun 2008 KATA SAMBUTAN Puji syukur kami panjatkan ke hadirat Allah SWT, berkat rahmat dan karunia Nya, Pemerintah, dalam hal ini, Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan Direktorat Jenderal Manajemen Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, telah melaksanakan kegiatan penulisan buku kejuruan sebagai bentuk dari kegiatan pembelian hak cipta buku teks pelajaran kejuruan bagi siswa SMK. Karena buku-buku pelajaran kejuruan sangat sulit didapatkan di pasaran. Buku teks pelajaran ini telah melalui proses penilaian oleh Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan sebagai buku teks pelajaran untuk SMK dan telah dinyatakan memenuhi syarat kelayakan untuk digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran melalui Peraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Nomor 45 Tahun 2008 tanggal 15 Agustus 2008. Kami menyampaikan penghargaan yang setinggi-tingginya kepada seluruh penulis yang telah berkenan mengalihkan hak cipta karyanya kepada Departemen Pendidikan Nasional untuk digunakan secara luas oleh para pendidik dan peserta didik SMK.
    [Show full text]
  • History and Current Status of Systematic Research with Araceae
    HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS OF SYSTEMATIC RESEARCH WITH ARACEAE Thomas B. Croat Missouri Botanical Garden P. O. Box 299 St. Louis, MO 63166 U.S.A. Note: This paper, originally published in Aroideana Vol. 21, pp. 26–145 in 1998, is periodically updated onto the IAS web page with current additions. Any mistakes, proposed changes, or new publications that deal with the systematics of Araceae should be brought to my attention. Mail to me at the address listed above, or e-mail me at [email protected]. Last revised November 2004 INTRODUCTION The history of systematic work with Araceae has been previously covered by Nicolson (1987b), and was the subject of a chapter in the Genera of Araceae by Mayo, Bogner & Boyce (1997) and in Curtis's Botanical Magazine new series (Mayo et al., 1995). In addition to covering many of the principal players in the field of aroid research, Nicolson's paper dealt with the evolution of family concepts and gave a comparison of the then current modern systems of classification. The papers by Mayo, Bogner and Boyce were more comprehensive in scope than that of Nicolson, but still did not cover in great detail many of the participants in Araceae research. In contrast, this paper will cover all systematic and floristic work that deals with Araceae, which is known to me. It will not, in general, deal with agronomic papers on Araceae such as the rich literature on taro and its cultivation, nor will it deal with smaller papers of a technical nature or those dealing with pollination biology.
    [Show full text]
  • Rain Garden Plants
    S. Lignum Vitae (Guajacum sanctum) Date: October 27, 2012 Native to the Caribbean, Lignum-vitae (Tree of Life) is a showy large shrub or small tree with shiny evergreen leaves, light gray bark, and the bluest flowers you will ever see on a tree. Lignum-vitae has the hardest wood of any commercially harvested tree; it is Rain Garden Plants very heavy (it will not float), close-grained and split resistant, and is valued for propeller shaft bushings, machine parts, and USDA-NRCS, other applications in which its natural resins make it self lubri- cating. Lignum-vitae also is the source of gum guaiacum, a resin St. Croix Environmental Association once used to treat syphilis, arthritis, gout & sciatica. (SEA) & Horsley Witten Group, Inc. T. Flamboyant (Delonix regia) Flamboyant is native to Madagascar (where it is endangered), but it is culti- vated world-wide, including in the Carib- bean. It is a legume so it has nitrogen- fixing and soil-improving properties. Its dense shade and root system prevent other plant species from growing under it, and its wide-spreading roots can damage building foundations and pavement. The seed pods are used in the USVI as a percussion instrument known as a ‘shack-shack.’ U. Christmas Palm (Veitchia merrillii) Christmas palms are native to the Phillip- ines, but are cultivated world-wide, in- cluding in the Caribbean. 53 Hope & Carton Hill, St. Croix, USVI USDA-NRCS Caribbean Area 654 Plaza, Suite 604 654 Muñoz Rivera Ave. Tired of rutted roads? Hato Rey, PR 00918-4123 Phone: 787-766-5206 Do your part and disconnect! Call your HOA for details.
    [Show full text]