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Xéromphale Des Feuillus (Xeromphalina Fraxiniphila) Sur Les Pas De Huijsman, Mycologue Néerlandais De Renom… François Freléchoux

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Xéromphale Des Feuillus (Xeromphalina Fraxiniphila) Sur Les Pas De Huijsman, Mycologue Néerlandais De Renom… François Freléchoux SZP | BSM 4 | 2020 Pilzporträt 8 | Portrait d'un champignon 8 | Il fungo speciale 8 Xéromphale des feuillus (Xeromphalina fraxiniphila) Sur les pas de Huijsman, mycologue néerlandais de renom… FRANÇOIS FRELÉCHOUX H. S. C. Huijsman (1900-1986) était mé- d’altitude, à l’exemple du bas du canton et lisses qui roulent et glissent parfois decin-oculiste de formation (Bas 1987). de Neuchâtel. Les temps sont révolus sous nos pieds le long des sentiers. Très tôt, il s’est intéressé aux agaricales. où nous trouvions en quantité ces orga- Au-dessus de Neuchâtel, au sud du Il avait établi de très nombreux contacts nismes en septembre déjà, à la faveur Vallon de l’Ermitage, on trouve ces fa- avec des mycologues étrangers, en par- des pluies de fin d’été. Depuis quelques meux placages morainiques qui rendent ticulier avec des mycologues français. Il décennies, nos récoltes sont particulière- le milieu acide localement, en alternance prit sa retraite en 1953 puis, en 1958, ment maigres, malgré des prospections avec les formations calcicoles domi- il s’établit avec son épouse au pied du régulières. Alors, quelle surprise et quel nantes. En exposition sud, thermophile, Jura suisse, en pays neuchâtelois et y bonheur de voir autant de fructifications c’est le domaine de la chênaie pubes- resta durant 11 ans avant de regagner en cette fin d’automne 2019, particuliè- cente (Coronillo-Quercetum) qui est liée son pays natal. Cette période fut très rement arrosée. aux lapiez calcaires. En même exposition féconde pour ses recherches en mycolo- La géologie du lieu est très intéressante. mais sur matériaux siliceux, c’est la chê- gie. Durant sa carrière, il assura alors une Nous sommes en milieu calcaire, mais naie à gesse noire (Lathyro-Quercetum) intense collaboration avec le Rijskherba- quantité de matériaux siliceux ont été qui la remplace (Richard 1965). Passé rium de Leiden (NL). Il publia plus de 70 charriés lors des dernières glaciations, le crêt, dans le vallon de l’Ermitage net- articles scientifiques. venus des massifs alpins, la dernière fois tement plus frais, c’est le domaine de la lors de la glaciation de Würm qui se ter- hêtraie acidophile ou hêtraie à luzules Introduction mina voici 11'000 ans environ. Ces débris (Luzulo-Fagetum) (Richard 1965, De- A l’évidence, le changement climatique rocheux abandonnés sur le flanc sur du larze et al. 1998) qui vient sur le même n’est pas sans importance sur les fructi- Jura ont été remaniés par le ruissellement, substrat. Les luzules, à reconnaître abso- fications des champignons, notamment polis à la faveur de colluvionnements et ils lument sur le terrain, sont certainement en plaine, au-dessous de 500-600 m apparaissent sous forme de galets ronds les meilleures indicatrices d’acidité en milieu forestier. Sur sol mince et calcaire, c’est le domaine de la hêtraie à laiches XEROmpHALINA FRAxiNIPHILA Fructifications | Fruchtkörper (Carici-Fagetum) plutôt thermophile; en milieu mésophile, plus frais et sur sol neutre, on trouve la hêtraie à aspérule odorante (Galio odorati-Fagetum). Que d’associations végétales forestières diffé- rentes sur de petites distances! Nous parcourons ces milieux intéres- sants depuis fort longtemps, également à la recherche de champignons acido- philes. Parmi eux, nous y avons trouvé l’amanite citrine (Amanita citrina), l’ama- nite jonquille (Amanita junquillea), le cortinaire ridé (Cortinarius caperatus), le lactaire à lait d’or (Lactarius chrysorheus), l’hygrophore des forêts (Hygrophorus ne- moreus) ou le splendide bolet châtaigne (Gyroporus castaneus). Nous avons même eu la bonne surprise de décou- vrir, l’automne dernier, le rare tricholome acerbe (Tricholoma acerbum). OUX Alors que nous recherchions ces es- ch pèces le 27 octobre dernier, nous avons É eu la chance de trouver, sur quelques frel m2, de nombreuses fructifications d’un is ÇO très joli petit champignon omphaloïde à pied et chair fermes, à lames décurrentes fran 7 4 | 2020 SZP | BSM d’un beau jaune. Nous avons rapidement de long x 4-6 µm de large; fourche ter- espèces qui fréquentent les régions nor- reconnu le genre Xeromphalina par la minale atteignant 20-30 µm d’envergure. diques, deux espèces poussent sur le ressemblance avec l’espèce printanière Revêtement piléique avec des hyphes bois: X. campanella et X. brunnola. X. que nous connaissons bien, Xerompha- larges (9-15 µm) avec pigment intracellu- cornui est une espèce principalement lina campanella. Mais notre champignon laire brun et d’autres plus étroits (4-7 µm) boréale liée aux conifères humides et était différent, plus grand, et poussait sur avec une double pigmentation pariétale marais à sphaignes. X. cauticinalis est des cupules de faînes (fruits du hêtre, Fa- (très dense) et vacuolaire brune. une espèce amère des forêts de conifère gus sylvatica) alors que le second nommé Caulocystides renflés à la base et mixtes, présente aussi sous Betula vient sur bois très vermoulu de résineux. (> 30 µm), jusqu’à > 110 µm de long, en zone subalpine riche en mousses et Un examen attentif nous réserva une s’amincissant en un long filament tor- lichens, souvent en milieux humides. Fi- belle surprise: Xeromphalina fraxinophila, tueux, rassemblées en petites touffes; nalement X. fraxinophila est une espèce la seconde observation dans notre pays paroi épaisse noire et contenu cellulaire à saveur douce liée aux forêts de feuillus, mentionnée dans la base de données jaune. p. ex. Populus, Fraxinus, Alnus et Fagus. Swissfungi (www.swissfungi.ch). Rhizomorphes très fins, noirs, reliant la Le travail le plus complet sur le genre est base du pied au substrat. celui d’Anthonin & Noordeloos (2004) Xeromphalina fraxinophila A.H. Smith 1953 Hyphes bouclées dans tout le champi- qui fournit une clé très complète, des Syn. Xeromphalina fellea var. fageticola Bon gnon. descriptions de chaque taxon et qui référence les nombreuses collections Chapeau 1,3-2,6 cm, convexe, nette- Station et habitat examinées en Europe et aux USA. Et ment déprimé vers le centre, strié par Récolte de nombreux exemplaires ap- c’est là que l’on apprend que Huijsman transparence, brun foncé au centre parus sur des cupules de faînes le 27 a récolté X. fraxinophila à Neuchâtel, à (Y90-M80-C40, Küppers 1991), de- octobre au vallon de l’Ermitage à Neu- la Coudre le 26 novembre 1958! venant brun orangé (Y90-M60-C10) vers châtel (562'350 E / 205'950 N, alt. Ces auteurs résument d’ailleurs parfai- le bord puis jaune (Y90-M30-C00) vers 570 m). Leg Herbarium de Genève No tement les principales caractéristiques la marge. Cuticule lisse, mate. Champi- G00273781. de cette espèce: relativement grandes gnon faiblement hygrophane, jaunissant La station se trouve sur moraine, en ter- fructifications pour le genre, stipe dis- par le sec. rain siliceux sur sol acide. Le hêtre (Fagus tinctement pubescent sur toute sa lon- Lames étroites (1-) 1,5 à 2 (2,5) mm, sylvatica) domine les strates arborescente gueur, poils du stipe fasciculés s’effilant fortement décurrentes sur le pied, mo- et arbustive. La strate herbacée est peu dans leur partie terminale, saveur douce, yennement serrées (10-15 par cm de couvrante avec les principales espèces spores grandes pour le genre, venue marge), interveinées en profondeur, jau- suivantes: Luzula luzuloides, Prenanthes sous les feuillus, chéilocystides rares ou ne (Y90-M20-C00). purpurea et Fagus sylvatica (nombreux se- absentes selon les auteurs. Stipe 4-5,5 cm de long et (1-) 1,5-3 mis). Le sol est couvert de litière de hêtre Les deux récoltes mentionnées par mm de diamètre, s’amincissant du haut et de très nombreuses faînes. L’associa- Swissfungi (celle de G. Meyer à St-Blaise en bas, ferme et à consistance cartilagi- tion végétale se rapporte à une hêtraie en 2011 et la nôtre) et celle de Huijs- neuse, mat sur toute sa longueur, creux, à luzules (Luzulo-Fagetum) association man en 1958 ne sont distantes que de brun orangé (S20-Y80-M60) sous le cha- mésophile avec le hêtre sur sol acide quelques kilomètres seulement. peau, brun foncé (S80-Y40-M70) vers le (Richard 1965, Delarze et al. 1998). La Notre champignon correspond sans bas et de nouveau brun orangé plus bas. strate muscinale est peu couvrante avec doute à celui trouvé par Marqua en Le pied est hérissé de poils noirs vers Polytrichum strictum et Dicranum scopa- Allemagne en 2008 dont la description le haut et élargi d’hyphes formant un rium. Quelques espèces fongiques aci- est accessible sur Internet. Les champi- feutrage orangé vers le bas, s’évasant et dophiles caractéristiques de l’association gnons ont également poussé sur cupules devenant fermement coalescent au sub- sont mentionnées dans l’introduction. de hêtre et la description correspond très strat. Champignons souvent fasciculés bien à la nôtre, notamment en ce qui sur les cupules de faînes, celles-ci abon- Observations concerne la saveur douce. L’auteur rap- damment parcourues de rhizomorphes. Le genre Xeromphalina est relativement porte que cette espèce est américaine Chair très mince (1-2 mm), ferme, bru- facile à déterminer. Les champignons et qu’elle n’est connue en Europe que ne. Saveur douce. sont petits, de la taille d’un marasme depuis quelques années seulement. Spores elliptiques, lisses, à paroi avec la même consistance ferme et En revanche, la description de X. fraxi- mince, hyalines, amyloïdes et acyano- une allure omphaloïde. Le chapeau est nophila donnée par Hahn (2002) d’un philes; longueur (6,1-) 6,55-7,25 (-7,9) ombiliqué, glabre, brun à jaune orangé champignon de petite taille qui présente (moy.=6,90; 1 SD= 0,35; n=41), largeur et un peu strié par transparence. Les un pied fin et brillant ayant poussé sur (3,2-) 3,36-3,84 (-4,2) (moy.=3,60; lamelles sont décurrentes le plus sou- litière de mélèze (Larix decidua) pourrait 1SD=0,24; n=41), rapport longueur/lar- vent, jaunes.
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