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Jeponlinefebruary2019 Bara.Pdf 1 Journal of Exercise Physiology online February 201 9 Volume 2 2 Number 1 EditorOfficial- in Research- Chief Journal of JEP online Tommythe American Boone , PhD Society, MBA of ReviewExercise Board Physiologists Changes in the C ardiorespiratory F itness of M en and Todd Astorino, PhD Julien Baker,ISSN 1097 PhD - 9751 W omen in V arious A ge G roups Steve Brock, PhD Lance Dalleck, PhD Crystina L. B. P. Bara, Danilo L. Alves, Maria A. Ruy - Barbosa, Diogo Eric Goulet, PhD de P. Palumbo, Bruna B. Sotomaior, Leandro da Silva, Marcelo B. Robert Gotshall, PhD Alexander Hutchison, PhD Leitão, Raul Osi ecki M. Knight - Maloney, PhD Len Kravitz, PhD Physical Performance Studies Center, Federal University of Paraná, James Laskin, PhD Curitiba, Brazil Yit Aun Lim, PhD Lonnie Lowery, PhD Derek Marks, PhD ABSTRACT Cristine Mermier, PhD Robert Robergs, PhD Bara C LBP , Alv es, DL, Ruy - Barbosa M A , Palumbo DP, Chantal Vella, PhD Sotomaior BB, da Silva L, Leitão MB, Osiecki R . Changes in the Dale Wagner, PhD C ardiorespiratory F itness of M en and W ome n in V arious A ge Frank Wyatt, PhD Ben Zhou, PhD G roups. JEP online 20 1 9 ; 2 2 ( 1 ): 1 - 10 . The purpose of this study was to c ompare the VO 2 max between the sexes and in different age groups in the Brazilian population. A total of 6 , 590 cardiopulmonary tests were performed of healthy individuals , regardless of physical activity level, of both s exes between 11 and 45 y rs of age (3 , 482 Official Research Journal of the American Society of women and 3 , 108 men, respectively). The tests were performed Exercise Physiologists between January 2012 and December 2017, and the oxygen consumption was measured directly with a gas anal yzer. The ISSN 1097 - 9751 subjects of both sexes were divided into 7 age groups: G1 (11 to 15 yrs old); G2 (16 to 20 y rs old); G3 (21 to 25 y rs old); G4 (26 to 30 yrs old); G5 (31 to 35 y rs old); G6 (36 to 40 yrs old); and G7 (41 to 45 y rs old). The results showed a main effect of sex (F (1) = 16665.5, P< 0.001; ES = 0.157), age group (F (6) = 75.4, P< 0.001; age (F (4) = 4.7, P = 0.003, ES = 0.003). Significant reductions were found in males between groups G2 and G3, G4 and G5, and G5 and G6 (P< 0.01). Comparing the sexes, men showed higher values of VO 2 max in all age groups (P< 0.001). In summary, although VO 2 max values are higher in males, the decline in this group was more pronounced over time. We recommend that physical activity should be promoted in the Brazilian popul ation, especially among males. Key Words : Cardiopulmonary Test , Physical Activity, VO 2 max 2 INTRODUCTION Cardiorespiratory fitness is usually expressed as maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) or metabolic equivalent (MET), which can be estimated through a variety of maximum or submaximal running tests performed in the field or in the laboratory (21) . C ardiorespiratory fitness is also an important marker of cardiovascular health (16,30) , in addition to being classified as the fourth risk factor for cardiovascular disease (14) . It is more strongly associated wit h all - cause mortality than risk factors such as obesity, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes (5) . Consequently, there is considerable interest in studying factors that lead to differences in cardiorespiratory fitness. Several studies describe changes in VO 2 max through aging in men and women (6,17,33) . It is suggested that VO 2 max may decline approximately 10% per decade from the age of 25 to 30 in active and sedentary adults of both sexes (6,12,13,18,27) . On average, men hav e a higher VO 2 max than women, which is primarily due to the ir higher ventricular ejection volume, hemoglobin concentration, muscle mass , and lower body fat (9) . In a recent systematic review, Lamoureux et al. (21) estimated temporal trends in cardiorespiratory fitness of more than 2.5 million apparently healthy adults between 1967 and 2016 and the associations with health, socioeconomic , and environmental indicators. The study found a significant decline in a dult VO 2 max since 1980 that suggest ed a decline in population health. Declines were higher fo r men than for women, and for young adults (<40 y rs old) than for middle - aged adults ( ≥40 y rs old). However, the data were obtained in the population of eight high - and upper - middle - income countries, indicating the inexistence of these analyzes in low - and middle - income countries. In another study, Ekblom - Bak et al. (11) described trends in the estimated VO 2 max (from 1995 to 2017) of a submaximal cycle ergometer test of Swedish workers, aged between 18 and 74 yrs old and variations between women and men of different age groups. The authors found a steady and pronoun ced decline in mean cardiorespiratory fitness in Swedish adults with greater reductions in males and young age. Considering the importance of the contribution of studies with outcome variables directly related to cardiovascular health, the purpose of this study was to compare VO 2 max between the sexes and in different age groups to provide a better understanding of the differences in cardiorespiratory fitness in the Brazilian population. METHODS Subjects This study was conducted using data from 6 , 590 ca rdiopulmonary tests of 3,108 healthy male subjects and 3,482 female subjects ( regardless of their level of physical activity ) between 11 and 45 yrs of age . The tests were performed between January 2012 and December 2017 in a private clinic in the city of C uritiba - PR . All the tests were supervision of a medical specialist in sports medicine and cardiology in a temperature - controlled room. This study was carried out in accordance with the ethical standards established by the Declaration of Helsinki (3) . 3 Procedures The subjects underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test in an Inbrasport - ATL® treadmill exercise treadmill. O xygen consumption (VO 2 ) was directly measured with a Metalyzer II gas anal yzer . T he data were analyzed using data from the software Metasoft (Cortex Leipzig, Germany) and ergo PC Elite (Micromed Brasilia, Brazil). T he t ests were interrupted when the individual reached maximum heart rate (220 - age), voluntary exhaustion , or any other abnormalities that were observed during the test . All the test were carried out in accordance with the meth od established in the Guideline of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (15) . The subjects of both sexes were divided into 7 age groups: G1 (11 to 15 yrs old); G2 (16 to 20 yrs old); G3 (21 to 25 yrs old); G4 (26 to 30 yrs old); G5 (31 to 35 yrs old); G6 (36 to 40 yrs old); and G7 (41 to 45 y rs old). Statistical Analy ses Descriptive data were reported as mean , standard deviation ( ± SD) , and confidence interval (95% CI). The normality of the data was verified through the Komogorov - Sminorv test. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to verify the difference in VO 2 ma x (dependent variable) between sexes and age groups (independent variables). When a significant difference was found, the Tukey post hoc test was used for multiple comparisons. All analyzes were performed using Statistica® software ( version 7.0 ) . Statistic al significance was set at an alpha level of P< 0.05. RESULTS Table 1 show s the descriptive values of VO 2 max (mean ± S D, 95% CI) in females and males in different age groups. The ANOVA showed interaction between sex and age group (F (4) = 4.7, P = 0.003 , ES = 0.003). In females, post hoc tests showed a tendency to significant reductions in VO 2 max between G1 and G2 (P = 0.052) and G6 and G7 (P = 0.053). In the male sex, significant reductions were found between G2 and G3 (P<0.001), G4 and G5 (P = 0.003), G5 and G6 (P = 0.002), and a significant reduction between G6 and G7 (P = 0.051). Comparing the sexes, men showed higher values of VO 2 max in all age groups (P<0.001). The main effect of sex was found (F (1) = 16665.5, P<0.001; ES = 0.157), in which men p resented higher VO 2 max values when compared to women (P<0.001). In addition, the main effect of the age group (F (6) = 75.4, P<0.001; ES = 0.048) was found with significant reductions in VO 2 max between groups G2 and G3 (P<0.001), G4 and G5 (P=0.008), G5 a nd G6 (P<0.001), and G6 and G7 (P<0.001). 4 Table 1. Descriptive V alues of VO 2 max in F emale s and Males in D ifferent A ge G roups. VO 2 max Sex Age G roup N Mean ± SD CI (95%) Females G1 (11 - 15) 125 38.79 ± 0.73 37.35 40.22 G2 (16 - 20) 165 35.55 ± 0.64 34.30 36.80 G3 (21 - 25) 300 34.92 ± 0.47 34.00 35.85 G4 (26 - 30) 601 35.48 ± 0.33 34.82 36.13 G5 (31 - 35) 782 34.66 ± 0.29 34.09 35.24 G6 (36 - 40) 797 33.29 ± 0.29 32.72 33.86 G7 (41 - 45) 712 31.93 ± 0.31 31.33 32. 53 Males G1 (11 - 15) 302 48.26 ± 0.47 47.34 49.18 G2 (16 - 20) 431 47.28 ± 0.39 46.51 48.06 G3 (21 - 25) 451 43.78 ± 0.39 43.02 44.53 G4 (26 - 30) 779 44.04 ± 0.29 43.47 44.61 G5 ( 31 - 35) 1145 42.48 ± 0.24 42.00 42.95 G6 (36 - 40) 1260 41.06 ± 0.23 40.61 41.52 G7 (41 - 45) 1127 39.94 ± 0.24 39.46 40.42 5 - 1 - 1 * Figure 1.
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