Cross-Country Skiing
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Exercise Physiology Exercise Physiology – Cellular Respiration
Kristin M Burkart, MD, MSc Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine Outline • Basics of Exercise Physiology Exercise Physiology – Cellular respiration – Oxygen utilization (QO2) – Oxygen consumption (VO2) – Cardiovascular responses Kristin M Burkart, MD, MSc – Ventilatory responses Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine • Exercise Limitations College of Physicians & Surgeons – In normal healthy individuals Columbia University • Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Gas Transport Mechanisms: coupling of cellular (internal) respiration to pulmonary (external) respiration Exercise and Cellular Respiration Exercise requires the release of energy from the terminal phosphate bond of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for the muscles to contract. - Wasserman K: Circulation 1988;78:1060 • The major function of the cardiovascular as well as the ventilatory system is to support cellular respiration. • Exercise requires the coordinated function of the heart, the lungs, and the peripheral and pulmonary circulations to match the increased cellular respiration. Cellular Respiration: Mechanisms Utilized by Muscle to Generate ATP Mechanisms for ATP generation in the muscle Cellular Respiration 1. Aerobic oxidation of substrates (carbohydrates and fatty acids) 2. The anaerobic hydrolysis of phosphocreatine (PCr) 3. Anaerobic glycolysis produces lactic acid Each is critically important for normal exercise response and each has a different role 1 Kristin M Burkart, MD, MSc Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine -
Ski Simulator of Igor Koshutin for Demonstrating and Helping the Novice Skiers/Racers to Learn the Essential Constituent Parts of Skiing
Ski Simulator of Igor Koshutin For demonstrating and helping the novice skiers/racers to learn the essential constituent parts of skiing The invention relates to the field of sport, in particular to ski training simulators, particularly devices for exercises and slalom skills, as well as devices for entertainment. There are a number of known methods of teaching and training for skiers, snow-boarders and water- skiers out of real tracks, as well as devices that implemented such solutions. As an example, there is a well-known way of teaching and training of skiers implemented in a device (patent US 3524641 A63V 69/18, 1970), where turn movements are simulated by moving the skier’s feet left and right while standing on a platform, and the skier balances using poles planted on the floor or ground. One shortcoming of known method is the inadequacy of the feet and body movements to simulate conditions in terms of changing the direction of skis due to a technical solution with the only translatory/linear motion of the carrying element with the platform. Also, there are ways of teaching and training skiers implemented in devices, where a rotating platform with the supporting surface for feet, skis or snowboard moves plane-parallel left-right, rectilinearly (see US patent 5078389, A63V 69/18, 1992) or along arc on the supporting unit (see. US 69/3511499, A63V 18, 1965; FR 1486082, A63V 69/18, 1967) or along arc on the supporting unit made as a beam (NL 8702665, A63V 69/18, 1989; US 4 A63V 69/846463, 18, 1989). -
President's Piece
C A N B E R R A CROSS COUNTRY SKI CLUB, INC Off Piste S P E C I A L 2017, ISSUE 2 7TH JUNE 2017 P O I N T S O F INTEREST: CCCSC July Lodge Weekends— 7-9 & President’s Piece 28-30 July—Page 10 Welcome Hooray it’s winter! Now is the time to go to the Finally, if you haven’t already INSIDE THIS The recent run of clear cold website to check out the club’s done so, please renew your nights has allowed some down- program for this winter. The membership before 1 July to ISSUE: hill ski areas to open a week first July lodge weekend at ensure you continue to receive before the official start on the Kalkite is on in just over 5 this newsletter and can take Backcountry 2 Queen’s Birthday long weekend. weeks’ time (8/9 July). It’s only part in club activities this Emergency We cross country skiers may $70 for 2 nights’ accommoda- season. For more information Guidance have to wait just a little longer tion for the weekend. There are on how to renew membership, Skiing in New 5 for snow to cover the trails and still places available but book or to sign up for a lodge Zealand build a base in the backcountry. early to avoid disappointment. weekend or the Kosciuszko There will be a second lodge Tour, please visit the club’s Touring News 6 It has been a busy autumn. We weekend on 29/30 July. -
Skytechsport Catalogue Print SU
Proud Partner of US Olympic Ski & Snowboard Team How it works? The screen for the virtual slope can be the standard Virtual slope synced size and format to every movement or it can be a super wide panorama screen on the simulator Touch control screen of the simulator Drive system and sensors are placed inside the simulator Every simulator can be equipped with a ski or snowboard imitator, Optical safety system that automatically about 2-3 minutes are required to detects all potential dangers and switches change from skis to snowboard off the power drive 2 What technology do we use? Smart sensors Powerful drives to track your motion to recreate G-force The simulator knows everything you are doing with your Powerful motors are responsible for simulation of physics skis or snowboard. and biomechanics of skiing. Multiple built-in sensors track all the parameters, such as We put most of our time and efforts to transfer the position of your skis on the slope and your edging the G-force as is from the slopes onto a ski and angles snowboard simulator Software creates Fully immersive the exact sensation virtual reality of skiing The main computer of the ski simulator empowers you to A unique 3D-engine and an exclusive Panorama screen choose your trails and adjust all the snow conditions, with incredible 4K resolution generate a huge image of the including hard-packed, soft or icy snow. It can also running slope. generate bumps on the slope and create mogul-like Everything you do on the simulator syncs to the slope. -
The Development of Interactive Ski-Simulation System by Physics-Based Analysis
( The Development of Interactive Ski-Simulation System By Physics-based Analysis Moonsub Jin, Chunho Choi, Bummo Ahn, Sayub Kim, Kyungryul Chung Wellness Technology R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea [email protected] Abstract In this paper, we have developed a ski-simulation system to obtain more information about the physics-based simulation models using Newton’s second law of motion. We present a real time simulation of ski playing by using the physics-based modeling and verify physics models through field test. We applied these models and parameters by regression analysis to develop interactive ski-simulator. The developed ski-simulator analyzes user’s full body and center of mass using Kinect device in real time and provides feedback about force, velocity and acceleration for user. As a result, through the develop- ment of interactive ski-simulator, we accumulated experience and skills based on physics models for development of sports simulator. Keywords: Physics model, Sports simulator, Regression analysis, Kinect, Center of Mass 1. Introduction This research deals with human body physics mod el and its application to come up with ways to ma Development of a variety of hardware and software ke interactive ski simulation system more real for u has led to a great number of virtual environments and sers. There are two factors influencing speed of sk simulation programs that provide users with virtual i: environment and user’s movement. The ratio of t reality on computers. It is, especially, notable that an he tangential force and the normal force is called t interactive simulation system is under development, he coefficient of kin etic friction. -
Business in Brief
Business in brief 1. MARKET TENDENCIES The number of people in the world, who are engaged in skiing, is growing rapidly and according to various estimates by 2020 will exceed 500 million of people. During the past 3 years skiing season at European ski resorts has decreased by 30% due to warm and less snow winters. People want to enjoy skiing in the mountains but also tend to train in advance before the visit. This kind of dynamic stimulates the demand for ski services, including the development of indoor ski clubs. Some European countries with the population of 9-10 million have about 40 ski clubs and each has 2-3 «endless slope» ski simulators. We know from our experience, that the population of up to 50 thousand people, who are living within 20-25 minutes away, would be enough to provide the positive financial business of the club. In developing countries with the income level lower than the European one, ski vacations are gaining pace. Therefore, 1 club will open for every 200,000 citizens at first. The next 3-4 years will increase this ratio to 1 ski club for every 100,000 citizens. Indoor ski club guarantees the low level of competition in the niche of active recreations and the annual 100% level of demand. Due to the Proleski unique features, it is possible to get more than 65% of regulars with high and long-term customer loyalty. Ski Club - is a profitable and perspective business: The indoor Ski Club - is one of the fastest growing and profitable businesses with low competition among the outdoor activities (the increase of demand - more than 100% annually). -
Blood Doping - a Literature Review*
Br. J. Sp. Med; Vol 23 Review Br J Sports Med: first published as 10.1136/bjsm.23.2.84 on 1 June 1989. Downloaded from Blood doping - a literature review* Mark Jones' MB, BS, Dip Sports Med and Dan S Tunstall Pedoe2 DPhil, FRCP There is increasing evidence that the technique of reinfus- Heterologous blood doping involves the infusion of blood ing an athlete's stored blood prior to competition to im- from one or more cross-matched donors. prove performance has been used on many occasions. Although early experimental results were controversial and the precise mechanism by which the technique improves Techniques of blood doping performance is still debated, there is now strong evidence that if the blood doping produces a sufficient rise in total red cell mass there are significant improvements in Heterologous blood doping physiological variables such as maximum oxygen uptake, Use of a matched blood donor has the advantage that lactate buffering and thermoregulation. These physiologi- the athlete does not have to suffer the detraining ef- cal changes are matched by improvements in endurance fects of venesection. The blood can be used im- performance. These may persist in diminishing degree for mediately and, if so, has not suffered any deleterious several weeks, but have to be weighed against the detrain- ing effect produced by the repeated venesection required to effects from storage. The disadvantages are the poten- obtain an adequate amount of stored blood for autologous tial transfer of infection, such as hepatitis and AIDS, reinfusion. and possibilities of transfusion reactions. Heterolog- Experimental evidence suggests that the transient in- ous blood transfusion or packing is also easier to detect crease in blood volume and cardiac output following rein- with an appropriate blood sample. -
Uphill Or Downhill Cross-Country Skiing Presentation of an Easy Applicable Performance Protocol for Youngsters
Research Article J Phy Fit Treatment & Sports Volume 1 Issue 3 - January 2018 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Benedikt Gasser DOI: 10.19080/JPFMTS.2018.01.555565 Uphill or Downhill Cross-Country Skiing Presentation of an Easy Applicable Performance Protocol for Youngsters Benedikt Gasser* Swiss Health & Performance Lab, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Switzerland Submission: January 02, 2018; Published: January 11, 2018 *Corresponding author: Benedikt Gasser, Swiss Health & Performance Lab, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Switzerland, Tel: ; Fax: +413163138 07; Email: Abstract Cross-country skiing consists of different performance relevant components. In this study we aimed to analyze downhill and uphill skills in a sample of young cross-country skier in order to compare them to each other to provide training recommendations accordingly and to make recommendations for an easy applicable performance diagnostic protocol in cross-country skiing for young sportsmen. Therefore, twelve cross-country skiers absolved two performance tests: an exhausting uphill course as well as the same course downhill. Course times, maximum and average heart rates, blood lactate concentration, BORG-Scale (6-20) were measured uphill respectively downhill. Interestingly a close relationship between body weight and downhill course time was detected (R2= 0.754) pointing out relevance of this parameter. Athletes now can position themselves within the sample as good uphill or downhill skier and analyzes allow cross-country skier to position himself as good beuphill done or with downhill a high-intensity skier. When training detected block? weaknesses in downhill skiing eccentric muscle activity could be specifically trained e.g. due some days with alpine skiing. -
Respiratory Compensation Point During Incremental Exercise As Related to Hypoxic Ventilatory Chemosensitivity and Lactate Increase in Man
Japanese Journal of Physiology, 50, 449–455, 2000 Respiratory Compensation Point during Incremental Exercise as Related to Hypoxic Ventilatory Chemosensitivity and Lactate Increase in Man Nariko TAKANO Physiology Laboratory, Department of School Health, Faculty of Education, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920–1192 Japan Abstract: The pulmonary ventilation–O up- sures were normalized for body surface area. In ~ ~ 2 take (VE-VO2) relationship during incremental ex- the males, the individual difference in RCP was ercise has two inflection points: one at a lower inversely correlated with those of HVR and V~O , termed the ventilatory threshold (VT); and Dslope (p,0.05), and in the females, similar ten- 2 ~ another at a higher VO2, the respiratory compen- dencies persisted, while the correlation did not sation point (RCP). The individuality of RCP was reach statistically significant levels (0.05,p, studied in relation to those of the chemosensitivi- 0.1). There was no significant correlation be- ties of the central and peripheral chemorecep- tween RCP and HCVR in either sex. A multiple tors, which were assessed by resting estimates linear regression analysis showed that 40 to 50% of hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR) and of the variance of RCP was accounted for by hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), respectively, those of HVR and Dslope, both of which were re- and the rate of lactic acid increase during exer- lated linearly and additively to RCP, this relation cise, which was estimated as a slope difference being manifested in the males but not in the fe- (Dslope) between a lower slope of V~CO -V~O re- males without consideration of the menstrual ~ 2 2 lationship (VCO2: CO2 output) obtained at work cycle. -
By a Harvard Pump and Analysed
Br J Sports Med: first published as 10.1136/bjsm.10.2.62 on 1 June 1976. Downloaded from 62 MAXIMAL EXERCISE STUDIES IN SCOTTISH ATHLETES A. G. LEITCH, B.Sc., M.R.C.P. and L. CLANCY, B.Sc., M.R.C.P. Department of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, University of Edinburgh ABSTRACT We have studied maximal oxygen uptake, maximal heart rate, maximal exercise ventilation and the ventilatory response to exercise in 24 male and 14 female Scottish athletes. The values for maximal oxygen uptake are similar to those reported in other international studies. In eight athletes repeat measurements of maximal oxygen uptake 7-1 1 months after the initial study showed no change from the initial values. The values for the ventilatory response to exercise in our athletes were normal. The relationship is discussed between maximal oxygen uptake and ventilatory responses to exercise, hypoxia and hypercapnia and it is suggested that these may be related to athletic event. INTRODUCTION legible recordings were not obtained for the entire minute a value for heart rate was calculated from more The few studies of maximal oxygen uptake (V02 max) than 15 consecutive complexes in the last minute of in British athletes (Pugh, 1970; Watson & Devenney, exercise. In this way, values for maximum heart rate 1972) are not adequate to allow comparison with results were obtained in all but one subject. V02 max was obtained from athletes in other countries (Saltin & measured by a modification of the method of Taylor et Astrand, 1967; Spryranova & Pariskova, 1971; Malhotra al (1955) using a motor driven treadmill. -
20. Cross-Country Skiing
20 CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING Cross-country, or Nordic, skiing is rated by "There is safety in numbers," certainly applies to many experts as one of the best forms of aerobic anyone who goes cross-country skiing . No matter conditioning . It promotes overall physical fitness how skilled, those who ski in remote areas should because it requires the use of muscles in both the always have at least one partner. upper and lower body . This sport is increasing in popularity every year, partly due to the current national focus on fitness and also to the increasing COMPENSATING FOR LOWER LIMB LOSS expense of downhill skiing . Cross-country skiing combines an exhilarating winter sport with the In cross-country skiing, the legs work in a breathtaking beauty of ever-changing terrain . It gliding motion, which can be likened to skating, that does not require heavy or cumbersome clothing; is relatively nontraumatizing to the residual limb. recent developments in wind-resistant and water-re- The gliding motion takes considerable practice to pellent fabrics allow skiers to be out in the coldest master and can be particularly challenging for those weather in lightweight, body-contoured attire. with lower limb loss . However, forward propulsion Unlike some of the other activities included in is not accomplished strictly by movement of the this section, acquired skill, technique, and good phys- legs, especially on trails . Effective use of ski poles is ical fitness are prerequisite to the enjoyment and needed to gain momentum and maintain balance. benefit of trail and cross-country skiing . Navigating This requires upper-body, shoulder, and arm various types of terrain in the high altitude of most strength, as well as proper technique for coordinat- cross-country ski trails places great demands on the ing the use of ski poles with the strides of the legs. -
Maximal Time Spent at Vo2max from Sprint to the Marathon
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Maximal Time Spent at VO2max from Sprint to the Marathon Claire A. Molinari 1,2, Johnathan Edwards 3 and Véronique Billat 1,* 1 Unité de Biologie Intégrative des Adaptations à l’Exercice, Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, 91000 Evry-Courcouronnes, France; [email protected] 2 BillaTraining SAS, 32 rue Paul Vaillant-Couturier, 94140 Alforville, France 3 Faculté des Sciences de la Motricité, Unité d’enseignement en Physiologie et Biomécanique du Mouvement, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-(0)-786117308 Received: 6 November 2020; Accepted: 8 December 2020; Published: 10 December 2020 Abstract: Until recently, it was thought that maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was elicited only in middle-distance events and not the sprint or marathon distances. We tested the hypothesis that VO2max can be elicited in both the sprint and marathon distances and that the fraction of time spent at VO2max is not significantly different between distances. Methods: Seventy-eight well-trained males (mean [SD] age: 32 [13]; weight: 73 [9] kg; height: 1.80 [0.8] m) performed the University of Montreal Track Test using a portable respiratory gas sampling system to measure a baseline VO2max. Each participant ran one or two different distances (100 m, 200 m, 800 m, 1500 m, 3000 m, 10 km or marathon) in which they are specialists. Results: VO2max was elicited and sustained in all distances tested. The time limit (Tlim) at VO2max on a relative scale of the total time (Tlim at VO2max%Ttot) during the sprint, middle-distance, and 1500 m was not significantly different (p > 0.05).