Blood Doping - a Literature Review*
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Relation Between Exercise Performance and Blood Storage Condition and Storage Time in Autologous Blood Doping
biology Review Relation between Exercise Performance and Blood Storage Condition and Storage Time in Autologous Blood Doping Benedikt Seeger and Marijke Grau * Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50677 Cologne, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-221-4982-6116 Simple Summary: Autologous blood doping (ABD) refers to sampling, storage, and re-infusion of one’s own blood to improve circulating red blood cell (RBC) mass and thus the oxygen transport and finally the performance capacity. This illegal technique employed by some athletes is still difficult to detect. Hence knowledge of the main effects of ABD is needed to develop valid detection methods. Performance enhancement related to ABD seems to be well documented in the literature, but applied study designs might affect the outcome that was analyzed herein. The majority of recent studies investigated the effect of cold blood storage at 4 ◦C, and only few studies focused on cryopreservation, although it might be suspected that cryopreservation is above all applied in sport. The storage duration—the time between blood sampling and re-infusion—varied in the reported literature. In most studies, storage duration might be too short to fully restore the RBC mass. It is thus concluded that most reported studies did not display common practice and that the reported performance outcome might be affected by these two variables. Thus, knowledge of the real effects of ABD, as applied in sport, on performance and associated parameters are needed to develop reliable detection techniques. Abstract: Professional athletes are expected to continuously improve their performance, and some might also use illegal methods—e.g., autologous blood doping (ABD)—to achieve improvements. -
Exercise Physiology Exercise Physiology – Cellular Respiration
Kristin M Burkart, MD, MSc Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine Outline • Basics of Exercise Physiology Exercise Physiology – Cellular respiration – Oxygen utilization (QO2) – Oxygen consumption (VO2) – Cardiovascular responses Kristin M Burkart, MD, MSc – Ventilatory responses Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, & Critical Care Medicine • Exercise Limitations College of Physicians & Surgeons – In normal healthy individuals Columbia University • Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Gas Transport Mechanisms: coupling of cellular (internal) respiration to pulmonary (external) respiration Exercise and Cellular Respiration Exercise requires the release of energy from the terminal phosphate bond of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for the muscles to contract. - Wasserman K: Circulation 1988;78:1060 • The major function of the cardiovascular as well as the ventilatory system is to support cellular respiration. • Exercise requires the coordinated function of the heart, the lungs, and the peripheral and pulmonary circulations to match the increased cellular respiration. Cellular Respiration: Mechanisms Utilized by Muscle to Generate ATP Mechanisms for ATP generation in the muscle Cellular Respiration 1. Aerobic oxidation of substrates (carbohydrates and fatty acids) 2. The anaerobic hydrolysis of phosphocreatine (PCr) 3. Anaerobic glycolysis produces lactic acid Each is critically important for normal exercise response and each has a different role 1 Kristin M Burkart, MD, MSc Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine -
A Legal Analysis of the WADA-Code Beyond the Contador Case
A legal analysis of the WADA-code beyond the Contador case Faculty: Tilburg Law School Department: Social Law and Social Politics Master: International and European Labour Law Author: Lonneke Zandberg Student number: 537776 Graduation date: March 14, 2012 Exam Committee: Prof. dr. M. Colucci Prof. dr. F.H.R. Hendrickx Table of contents: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 5 1. HISTORY OF ANTI-DOPING .................................................................................................... 7 2. WADA .................................................................................................................................. 8 2.1 The arise of WADA .............................................................................................................. 8 2.2 World Anti Doping Code 2009 (WADA-code) ..................................................................... 8 2.3 The binding nature of the WADA-code ............................................................................. 10 2.4 Compliance and monitoring of the WADA-code .............................................................. 11 2.5 Sanctions for athletes after violating the WADA-code ..................................................... 12 3. HOW TO DEAL WITH A POSITIVE DOPING RESULT AFTER AN ATHLETE HAS EATEN CONTAMINATED -
Tdf 1996-2005.Pdf
Tour de France Top Overall Three Finishers Noting Anti-Doping Rule Violations and Allegations Year First Second Third 1996 Bjarne Riis on May 25, 2007 Riis issued a press release that he Jan Ullrich Implicated in Operación Puerto and was barred from the Richard Virenque On October 24, 2000, he admits in a also had made "mistakes" in the past, and in the following press 2006 Tour de France and fired by his T-Mobile team. He received a French court to doping knowingly but not willingly. The conference confessed to taking EPO, growth hormone and two-year suspension for Puerto involvement (8/22/11 – 8/21/13), Swiss cycling association suspended him for nine months cortisone for 5 years, from 1993 to 1998, including during his and results disqualified since 5/1/2005. victory in the 1996 Tour de France. 1997 Jan Ullrich Implicated in Operación Puerto and was barred from Richard Virenque On October 24, 2000, he admits in a French court Marco Pantani In the 1999 Giro d'Italia, he was expelled the 2006 Tour de France and fired by his T-Mobile team. He to doping knowingly but not willingly. The Swiss cycling association due to his irregular blood values. Although he was received a two-year suspension for Puerto involvement (8/22/11 suspended him for nine months disqualified for "health reasons", it was implied that – 8/21/13), and results disqualified since 5/1/2005. Pantani's high hematocrit was the product of EPO use. Later, it was revealed he had a hematocrit level of 60 per cent after his crash in 1995, above the later limit of 50. -
Uphill Or Downhill Cross-Country Skiing Presentation of an Easy Applicable Performance Protocol for Youngsters
Research Article J Phy Fit Treatment & Sports Volume 1 Issue 3 - January 2018 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Benedikt Gasser DOI: 10.19080/JPFMTS.2018.01.555565 Uphill or Downhill Cross-Country Skiing Presentation of an Easy Applicable Performance Protocol for Youngsters Benedikt Gasser* Swiss Health & Performance Lab, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Switzerland Submission: January 02, 2018; Published: January 11, 2018 *Corresponding author: Benedikt Gasser, Swiss Health & Performance Lab, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Switzerland, Tel: ; Fax: +413163138 07; Email: Abstract Cross-country skiing consists of different performance relevant components. In this study we aimed to analyze downhill and uphill skills in a sample of young cross-country skier in order to compare them to each other to provide training recommendations accordingly and to make recommendations for an easy applicable performance diagnostic protocol in cross-country skiing for young sportsmen. Therefore, twelve cross-country skiers absolved two performance tests: an exhausting uphill course as well as the same course downhill. Course times, maximum and average heart rates, blood lactate concentration, BORG-Scale (6-20) were measured uphill respectively downhill. Interestingly a close relationship between body weight and downhill course time was detected (R2= 0.754) pointing out relevance of this parameter. Athletes now can position themselves within the sample as good uphill or downhill skier and analyzes allow cross-country skier to position himself as good beuphill done or with downhill a high-intensity skier. When training detected block? weaknesses in downhill skiing eccentric muscle activity could be specifically trained e.g. due some days with alpine skiing. -
Ranking the Greatest Cyclists of All Time
The Outer Line The External Perspective On Pro Cycling Rankinghttps://www.theouterline.com The Greatest Cyclists Of All Time Who are the greatest male cyclists of all time? That would make a good trivia question at the cycling club’s annual dinner, and it’s sure to provide fodder for unending debate. Think about it: How many of us in America know enough cycling history to even come up with five good names? Sure, you could list the men who have won five Tours de France: Anquetil, Merckx, Hinault, and Induráin. (I’m omitting Armstrong, whose seven victories were officially annulled.) But that’s only four names. And Le Tour, of course, is only one race. Most of us don’t know our cycling like we know our baseball. Any baseball fan past infancy knows the names Ruth and Gehrig, Mantle and Mays, Clemens and Bonds. But American cycling fans would be hard- pressed, I think, to remember — let alone spell — the names Joop Zoetemelk and Roger de Vlaeminck. Both of those men, as it turns out, probably belong on any list of all-time greats. Zoetemelk was a Dutch ironman who started and finished the Tour 16 times (and won it once). De Vlaeminck was a Belgian steam engine who won the brutal Paris-Roubaix four times, the marathon Milano-Sanremo three times, and Tirreno-Adriatico, the Race of the Two Seas, six times. I know all of this thanks to CyclingRanking.com, a well-researched and well-documented site that attempts to list, in order, the greatest professional men’s cyclists of all time.The site is a labor of love by a Dutch family that started out as a kitchen-table exercise in the 1970s, and it will humble even the most studious cycling fans. -
Respiratory Compensation Point During Incremental Exercise As Related to Hypoxic Ventilatory Chemosensitivity and Lactate Increase in Man
Japanese Journal of Physiology, 50, 449–455, 2000 Respiratory Compensation Point during Incremental Exercise as Related to Hypoxic Ventilatory Chemosensitivity and Lactate Increase in Man Nariko TAKANO Physiology Laboratory, Department of School Health, Faculty of Education, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920–1192 Japan Abstract: The pulmonary ventilation–O up- sures were normalized for body surface area. In ~ ~ 2 take (VE-VO2) relationship during incremental ex- the males, the individual difference in RCP was ercise has two inflection points: one at a lower inversely correlated with those of HVR and V~O , termed the ventilatory threshold (VT); and Dslope (p,0.05), and in the females, similar ten- 2 ~ another at a higher VO2, the respiratory compen- dencies persisted, while the correlation did not sation point (RCP). The individuality of RCP was reach statistically significant levels (0.05,p, studied in relation to those of the chemosensitivi- 0.1). There was no significant correlation be- ties of the central and peripheral chemorecep- tween RCP and HCVR in either sex. A multiple tors, which were assessed by resting estimates linear regression analysis showed that 40 to 50% of hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR) and of the variance of RCP was accounted for by hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), respectively, those of HVR and Dslope, both of which were re- and the rate of lactic acid increase during exer- lated linearly and additively to RCP, this relation cise, which was estimated as a slope difference being manifested in the males but not in the fe- (Dslope) between a lower slope of V~CO -V~O re- males without consideration of the menstrual ~ 2 2 lationship (VCO2: CO2 output) obtained at work cycle. -
By a Harvard Pump and Analysed
Br J Sports Med: first published as 10.1136/bjsm.10.2.62 on 1 June 1976. Downloaded from 62 MAXIMAL EXERCISE STUDIES IN SCOTTISH ATHLETES A. G. LEITCH, B.Sc., M.R.C.P. and L. CLANCY, B.Sc., M.R.C.P. Department of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, University of Edinburgh ABSTRACT We have studied maximal oxygen uptake, maximal heart rate, maximal exercise ventilation and the ventilatory response to exercise in 24 male and 14 female Scottish athletes. The values for maximal oxygen uptake are similar to those reported in other international studies. In eight athletes repeat measurements of maximal oxygen uptake 7-1 1 months after the initial study showed no change from the initial values. The values for the ventilatory response to exercise in our athletes were normal. The relationship is discussed between maximal oxygen uptake and ventilatory responses to exercise, hypoxia and hypercapnia and it is suggested that these may be related to athletic event. INTRODUCTION legible recordings were not obtained for the entire minute a value for heart rate was calculated from more The few studies of maximal oxygen uptake (V02 max) than 15 consecutive complexes in the last minute of in British athletes (Pugh, 1970; Watson & Devenney, exercise. In this way, values for maximum heart rate 1972) are not adequate to allow comparison with results were obtained in all but one subject. V02 max was obtained from athletes in other countries (Saltin & measured by a modification of the method of Taylor et Astrand, 1967; Spryranova & Pariskova, 1971; Malhotra al (1955) using a motor driven treadmill. -
Dimeo and Henning Final.Pdf
This is an Accepted Manuscript of a chapter published by Taylor & Francis Group in Fincoeur B, Gleaves J & Ohl F (eds.) Doping in Cycling: Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Ethics and Sport. Doping in Cycling: Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Routledge, pp. 177-188. https://www.routledge.com/Doping-in-Cycling-Interdisciplinary-Perspectives-1st- Edition/Fincoeur-Gleaves-Ohl/p/book/9781138477902 The Decline of Trust in British Sport since the London Olympics: Team Sky’s Fall from Grace Paul Dimeo and April Henning Abstract The success of Team Sky has been over-shadowed by a range of allegations and controversies, leaving significant doubts around their much-vaunted pro anti-doping stance. This chapter aims to contextualise these doubts within the wider frame of British sport, and more specifically the decline of trust. We trace the emergence of Team Sky from the National Lottery funded track team, arguing that the London Olympics was a pinnacle of medal-winning and public admiration. The turn towards professional road cycling was accompanied by new approaches to medicalisation. The Fancy Bears hack of WADA’s database, whistle-blower insights, Government inquiries, and media scrutiny have presented the public with sufficient evidence and critique to undermine the reputation of Team Sky’s management and riders. Other factors have contributed to the decline of trust, not least evidence of doping from the Russia investigations, the leaked IAAF blood files, the role of the IAAF senior managers, the conflict between WADA and the IOC over banning Russian athletes, and other related debates. We argue that the high-profile debate over the use of drugs in British professional cycling can be understood as symptomatic of a wider malaise affecting British sport, which in turn can be contextualised, explained, and seen as part of a broader shift in scepticism regarding political leaders and media organisations. -
A Fool's Game: Blood Doping in Sport
Performance Enhancement & Health 3 (2014) 54–58 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Performance Enhancement & Health j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/peh A fool’s game: Blood doping in sport a,b,∗ c Cindy R. Towns , David F. Gerrard a Dunedin Hospital, 201 Great King St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand b University of Otago Bioethics Centre, Dunedin, New Zealand c Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, New Zealand a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: ‘Blood doping’ involves the transfusion of blood into an athlete’s circulation to boost their oxygen carrying Received 27 March 2014 capacity. The procedure has been used in endurance events such as cycling and skiing but is prohibited by Received in revised form 7 November 2014 the World Anti-Doping Agency. The validity of restrictions on performance enhancement including ‘blood Accepted 10 November 2014 doping’ has been challenged. However, the argument for legalisation fails to recognise the significant risks Available online 4 December 2014 inherent to the use of blood products that include: immune reaction, bacterial contamination and the transmission of viral disease. The argument also fails to recognise the disparities in health resources that Keywords: would render athletes from less wealthy nations at much greater risk. There are significant, health risks Doping in sports associated with blood doping; this seriously compromises claims for legalisation. Blood doping Ethics © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction received a suspended jail sentence for providing transfusions to athletes in 2013 (Staunton, 2013). -
Maximal Time Spent at Vo2max from Sprint to the Marathon
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Maximal Time Spent at VO2max from Sprint to the Marathon Claire A. Molinari 1,2, Johnathan Edwards 3 and Véronique Billat 1,* 1 Unité de Biologie Intégrative des Adaptations à l’Exercice, Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, 91000 Evry-Courcouronnes, France; [email protected] 2 BillaTraining SAS, 32 rue Paul Vaillant-Couturier, 94140 Alforville, France 3 Faculté des Sciences de la Motricité, Unité d’enseignement en Physiologie et Biomécanique du Mouvement, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-(0)-786117308 Received: 6 November 2020; Accepted: 8 December 2020; Published: 10 December 2020 Abstract: Until recently, it was thought that maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was elicited only in middle-distance events and not the sprint or marathon distances. We tested the hypothesis that VO2max can be elicited in both the sprint and marathon distances and that the fraction of time spent at VO2max is not significantly different between distances. Methods: Seventy-eight well-trained males (mean [SD] age: 32 [13]; weight: 73 [9] kg; height: 1.80 [0.8] m) performed the University of Montreal Track Test using a portable respiratory gas sampling system to measure a baseline VO2max. Each participant ran one or two different distances (100 m, 200 m, 800 m, 1500 m, 3000 m, 10 km or marathon) in which they are specialists. Results: VO2max was elicited and sustained in all distances tested. The time limit (Tlim) at VO2max on a relative scale of the total time (Tlim at VO2max%Ttot) during the sprint, middle-distance, and 1500 m was not significantly different (p > 0.05). -
Cross-Country Skiing
Nytt fra idrettsforskingen: Rapport fra “European College of Sport Science” Norges Idrettshøyskole arrangerte i år den store forskingskonferansen “European College of Sport Science”. Vi har fått tillatelse av arrangøren å presentere en del foredrag (abstract) som er av interesse for langrennstrenere. Vi har delt presentasjonene i to: 1) abstract som omhandler langrenn og 2) abstract som omhandler utholdenhetstrening rettet mot elite utøvere. Abstracts er på engelsk, og viktige referanser er vedlagt nederst på hvert enkelt abstract. God lesning! CROSS-COUNTRY SKIING: PREDICTION OF CROSS-COUNTRY SKI SEASON PERFORMANCE BASED ON A LINEAR REGRESSION MODEL OF LABORATORY ROLLER SKI CAPACITY AND VO2MAX TEST Naef, N., Steiner, T., Müller, B., Wehrlin, J.P. Institution: Swiss Federal Institute of Sports, Magglingen, Switzerland Introduction: Cross-country (XC) ski-specific testing is used to support elite athletes regarding their training control as well as to predict performance of competitive ski season (Alsobrook & Heil, 2009, Staib et al., 2000). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the results of two different laboratory preseason roller ski tests and the XC ski performance of the following season as well as its predictability with a linear regression model. Methods In October 2008, 14 male XC skiers of the Swiss National U20 (n=5), U23 (n=2) and Elite (n=7) Distance Ski Team completed two laboratory roller ski tests on a large motor-driven treadmill. Athletes performed a maximal diagonal stride test to measure VO2max. 24 hours later they carried out a maximal double poling capacity test with self selected speed during three stages of eight minutes (5 min at 3° inclination and 3 min at 5° inclination) to establish maximal possible distance.