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EVOLUTION OF THE

A Historic Timeline BY: SARAH DYER | COM 9660 ORIGINS OF (INCL. ALPHABET)

• Numbers for the purpose of record keeping is thought to have started long before the • Written language began in 3200 B.C. in Mesopotamia and in Mesoamerican 600 B.C. (see map) • The original alphabet was developed by Semitic* people living in or near (Sinai desert around 1700 B.C.) (see image) • Egyptians used specific symbols • This style of writing was quickly adopted by neighboring peoples (i.e. Canaanites, Hebrews & Phoenicians) Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_writing • Phoenicians spread to the word to Asia, Arabs, Greeks and Spain • Writing was done right to left, left to right and vertically • Chinese characters were rather long which caused the use of an enormous amount of space; whereas symbols with greater meaning took up less space Source: http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/alphabet.html and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_writing Image: www.lexiline.com THE INFLUENCE OF ANCIENT EGYPT (3500 B.C. – 600 A.D.)

• Circa 3500 B.C. : Sumerian clay tablets used alphabet – symbols pressed into clay tablets - dried or fired to set; considered the earliest form of the book • 2400 B.C. : – grass-like, aquatic plant grown in the Nile delta of Egypt. Egyptians used for – plant cut into strips, pressed together and dried to form a writing surface • Papyrus was used all the way up to the 8th or 9th centuries A.D. – the first block in Egypt wouldn’t come until 1250 A.D.

Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_writing A IS BORN (600S-200S B.C.)

• 600 B.C. : Writing system developed. Mediterranean cultures favored left- to-right writing and • 200 B.C. : “” marks the beginning of being bound at one end – used by Greeks & Romans • Codex were framed and backed by wood; good for note taking, mobile writing surface • Two or more tablets were joined with thongs or cords (like three ring binder) • Codex books entered Europe, surprising the around the 5th century A.D.

Image Sources: www.jfpenn.com and www.lib.monash.edu.au CHINA’S IMPRINT ON (105S-1040S A.D.)

• 105 A.D. : Cai Lun invented papermaking using bark, hemp, old rags and used fish nets; the improved process spread throughout the world • 400- 600 A.D. : Illustrated and handwritten developed. Earliest illustrated manuscripts were written on (made of calf, or ) – replacing papyrus as main resource • Handwritten books were detailed with gold and silver, creating colors and showing design elements • Used by Muslim and European cultures up until the invention of movable type • 868 A.D. : The first book is printed on paper in China • Chinese used a block of wood that had characters carved in reverse • was placed on woodblocks to create multiple copies on paper or parchment • 1041 A.D. : Chinese invent movable type • Chinese characters caused problems because of length, whereas the European language proved successful much later due to its limited alphabet Image: english.cntv.cn

Image: www.lausd.k12.ca.us MODERN REVOLUTION IMPROVES (1400S-1770S A.D.)

• 1440 A.D. : German inventor Johann Gutenberg developed the – key to the spread of the printed word in books • 1455 A.D. : The Guttenberg (42-line) completed • 1490 A.D. : Printed books widespread in Europe • By 1500 A.D. Literacy grows and about 35K books have been printed with about 10M copies in circulation • 1501 A.D. : Aldo Manuzio designs a smaller and less expensive book to replace the large and heavier Codex; the precursor to modern books 1639-1640 A.D. : Puritans ship modern printing press to the American colonies and print America’s first book, The Bay Psalm Book – delivered to Cambridge, MA 1774 A.D. : Chlorine is discovered and used to bleach white the pages MODERN TIMES IN BOOKS (1790S-1900S A.D.)

• 1791 A.D. : American Congress passed the First Amendment to the Constitution allowing for Freedom of the Press • 1832 A.D. : Books are wrapped in paper jackets • 1860 A.D. : “Dime novels” are printed on cheap, coarse paper • 1875 A.D. : The U.S. has 257 public where citizens can access books freely, cheap reprints are published in series called “libraries” • 1933 A.D. : Nazis begin in Europe • 1939 A.D. : Pocket Books enters paperback market • 1941 A.D. : Starting the first mass distribution system for books Image: www.otrr.org

INCEPTION OF TECHNOLOGY (1950S-2000S A.D.)

• 1958 A.D. : The first ever microchip is invented kicking off the computer revolution and opening doors to technological advancement of the book • 1986 A.D. : The American Encyclopedia is put on CD-ROM • 1990 A.D. : The Second , Oxford English Dictionary becomes available in book or CD-ROM form • 1991 A.D. : The Internet is made available for commercial use • HTML code is written and precursor to the creation of the World Wide Web; creation sets the stage for current uses of the book • 1995 A.D. : Books are sold online • 1998 A.D. : The U.S. alone has 70K book titles in circulation and there are 50K publishers ELECTRONIC BOOK BOOM! (2001 A.D. - PRESENT)

• 2001-2006 A.D. : E-Books (electronic books) are launched • Handheld, book-sized electronic units for commercial sale and public consumption • E-Books open the door to electronic text and graphics of old and new novels • 2003 A.D. : Online retailer Amazon.com scans texts of 120K books for internet users to buy online and increases the demand for electronic versus printed books • 2006 A.D. : Japanese-based cell phone novel via text message emerges • 2007 A.D. : The Amazon Kindle is developed. First automated reading device and revolutionary platform for displaying e-books or other text for readers • 2008 A.D. “BookSnap” technology developed. A quick scanning process of books making digital PDFs more readily available in electronic format • The technology today drives the full completion of all books into electronic format Image: www.cscoutjapan.com • The technology is time consuming and cumbersome, meanwhile more technological advancements may beat the race to transfer all books into e-books APPENDIX THE EVOLUTION OF THE BOOK WORKS CITED

• TIMELINE SOURCE: http://www.fastcompany.com/1511803/teacher-where-do-e-books- come