Maya Gottkönige Im Regenwald

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Maya Gottkönige Im Regenwald MAYA GOTTKÖNIGE IM REGENWALD Herausgegeben von Nikolai Grube unter Mitarbeit von Eva Eggebrecht und Matthias Seidel Punta Holchit Cabo Catoche GOLF VON MEXIKO Isla Isla Cerritos Contoy Progreso Dzilam Gonzáles Isla El Meco Xcambo Mujeres Tizimín Culuba El Rey Archäologische Stätten der Mayakultur Komchen Motul 27 m Cancún Isla Cancún Staatsgrenze Punta Boxcohuo Dzibilchaltun Mexikanische Bundesstaatengrenze Izamal Ek Balam Merida Ake Fernverkehrsstraße Kantunil Balankanche- Punta Nimun Chochola Acanceh Höhlen Korallen Valladolid Maxcanu Ikil Xcaret Sumpf Chichen Chichimila Mayapan Yaxuna Itza Oxkintoc Cozumel Ticul Mani Coba Isla de Uxmal Mulchic Yucatán Tancah Cozumel Jaina Xcalumkin Kabah Loltún Punta N Celarain 0 100 km Punta Nitun Labna Tulum Hecelchakan Sayil P Muyil Xlapak uuc Campeche Señor Y Santa Rosa Okop U Xtampak e s Punta Morro n C Quintana e Felipe Carrillo Punta Pájaros Seyba Playa h A Chunhuhub Puerto Edzna C Dzibilnocac T Á Champotón Tabasqueño 129 m N Roo Villa de Hochob CAMPECHE- Guadalupe BAI Reforma Agraria Campeche 212 m Punta MEXIKO Xicalango Laguna de Francisco Nadzcaan Términos Escárcega Morocoy Ciudad del Balamku Becan Banco Frontera Xpujil Dzibanche Chetumal Punta Carmen Chicanna Herradura Chinchorro r Sanchez Paraíso e Santa Rita Magallanes Kohunlich s Hormiguero u Comalcalco Río Bec Hondo o Cerros p Usumacinta r t l m Grijalva Noh Mul l a Corozal KARIBISCHES u 365 m w P District Los S Cárdenas Tabasco Calakmul Ambergris Alacranes Cuello Orange Walk Caye MEER Villahermosa Villa El Triunfo New Uxul San Pedro Benito Juárez La Milpa River Laguna Balancán Lagoon Rosario Macuspana S El Mirador Naachtun Caye Caulker a Río Azul Caye Chapel Emiliano Zapata n Lamanai Altun Ha Teapa P Long Caye Tortuguero e Nakbe Orange Walk d Belize Pomona r Xultun District Turneffe Northern Caye o Belize City Islands Palenque Tenosique Uaxactun Río Chancala District Northern Blackbird Lighthouse de Pino Suárez Nakum Lagoon Caye Malpaso Belmopan Agua Azul- El Perú El Zotz Tikal elize Tecpatán 2470 m Piedras B Southern 2450 m Kaskaden Naranjo Lagoon Half Moon Caye Negras Yaxha BELIZE F Motul de E Presa M Yajalón El Cayo Lago Xunantunich Netzahualcóyotl es 1550 m La Pasadita San Jose Peten Itzá E e Stann R ta Topoxte Mountain Dangriga C Ocosingo Naha La Mar Yaxchilan La Florida Pine Ridge Creek (Stann Creek) e Tonina Vaca- Tobacco Chiapa n U Ucanal s District Glovers Ocozocoautla Zinacantán t su Flores Cayo Caye de Corzo r a Lacanja m n Reef l La a Distr. i Victoria Peak G d c Mopán a La Libertad t 1120 m R Tuxtla rijalva2783 m San Cristóbal e in Petén Caracol n GOLF VON Cintalapa C Selva t u E de Las Casas Bonampak a Plateau I Gutierrez hi Itzan Dos Ixkun o a Lacandona M R p Pilas a HONDURAS a Seibal Ixtutz y R ía Venustiano s Sacul a Toledo ah 2224 m A B Carranza M la Altar de Lubaantun District B Sacrificios Aguateca Poptún Ranguana Caye s de Villa Chiapas la Isla de Roatán Flores Machaquila The Snake Is Nim Li Cayes Tonalá Comitán Chinkultic Naj Tunich Tom Owen´s Caye de Domínguez Punit S Xutilha Sapodilla Caye i Presa Pusilja Cabo de Isla de Utila e de la Angostura San Mateo 719 m Cancuen Tres Puntas Puerto Punta Sal r Ixtatán Cortés a ú Punta Izopo r Ángel Albino Corzo Alta l La Ceiba a Verapáz Puerto U Tela Huehuetenango Barrios M Cruz Pijijiapan Si anta a er GUATEMALA S Choloma ra de El Estor d d ra Lago Aguán 3518 m 3834 m e Quiché r Izabal San Pedro Sula r los ie de Izabal e Cuchumatanes Cobán 2532 m S Quimistán El Progreso Olanchito Zaculeu Quirigua s Travesia Huehuetenango na Escuintla Volcán de Tacana Polochic Mi Macuelizo Santa Rita 4092 m Baja as Salamá de l Yoro Volcán deTajumulco Verapaz erra Los Higos Huixtla Si 3015 m Florida San Antonio 4220 m Utatlan de Cortés Izapa Zacualpa Zacapa Río Amarillo Quezaltenango Mixco Viejo Motagua o Lago Tapachula r e Santa Rosa HONDURAS n de Yojoa Iximche Copan li de Copán Puerto Madero CIUDAD DE Chiquimula l Santiago Atitlán Antigua a G Abaj Volcán Atitlán Guatemala GUATEMALA l Juticalpa e 2849 m Takalik 3596 m 3976 m Kaminaljuyu d Siguatepegue El Baul ra Bilbao Lago de ier Sta. Lucia Amatitlán Amatitlán S Comayagua Cotzumalguapa La Esperanza Champerico Metapán La Democracia Escuintla Jutiapa Cuilapa Tegucigualpa Chalatenango Marcala Danlí Chalachuapa Santa Ana Cihuatan V. de Santa Ana Tazumal Yuscarán El Paraíso Puerto 2386 m Ceren Santa Ana Quetzal San Andres Ilopango Mejicanos Sonsonate 1950 m San Ocotal Santa Tecla Salvador San Nacacome Acajutla Vicente San Miguel Zacatecoluca Somoto San Lorenzo Choluteca PAZIFISCHER OZEAN EL SALVADOR Usulután La Unión NICARAGUA Punta San Juan Punta El Triunfo San José Estelí PROLOG Nikolai Grube „Wer wird der Prophet sein, wer wird der Priester sein, der die Sprache der überall sonst auf der Welt. Liest man noch in vielen Büchern, die Maya hätten ein- Hieroglyphen deuten wird?“ – mit dieser Frage endet das Chilam-Balam-Buch von fache Brandrodung betrieben und ausschließlich Mais angebaut, so zeigt sich jetzt, Chumayel, geschrieben von einem Maya zur Zeit der spanischen Kolonialherrschaft, dass sie schon seit der Präklassik intensive Formen der Landwirtschaft entwickelt einem Maya, der offensichtlich nicht mehr die geheimnisvollen Schriftzeichen seiner hatten und Hochbeete und Kanäle in Sumpfgebieten anlegten, intensiven Gartenbau Vorväter lesen konnte. Niemand wusste mehr von den großen Städten, keiner kannte betrieben und komplexe Bewässerungssysteme planten. Unbekannt waren bis vor weni- mehr die Namen der alten Könige, verboten war der Glaube an die alten Götter, zer- gen Jahren die großen präklassischen Städte in Nordguatemala. Hier haben neue schmettert lagen ihre tönernen Abbilder auf dem Boden. Selten war das Klischee Ausgrabungen den Beginn städtischer Zivilisation im Tiefland um ein halbes Jahr- von der versunkenen Kultur so zutreffend wie für die der Maya. Als der Forschungs- tausend weiter zurückdatiert. Und erst seit zwei, drei Jahren wissen wir sicher, in reisende John Lloyd Stephens 1840 im dampfenden Urwald die überwucherten Monu- welcher Sprache die Schreiber der Maya ihre Botschaften verfassten. Die Entdeckun- mente der Stadt Copan fand, bemühte er ebenfalls die Metapher des Versunkenseins: gen halten an. Wo immer Archäologen den Spaten ansetzen, ist mit Überraschun- „Die Stadt lag vor uns wie eine zerborstene Barke inmitten des Ozeans, die Masten gen zu rechnen. Wer ahnte vor 1997, dass unter dem Schutt der Akropolis von Ek zerbrochen, der Name ausgelöscht, die Besatzung umgekommen. Niemand war ge- Balam eine geradezu sensationell unbeschädigt erhaltene Stuckfassade verborgen blieben, der erzählen konnte, wem das Schiff gehört hatte, wie lange es unterwegs gewesen war, und was schließlich seinen Untergang herbeiführte. Ein einziges Rät- sel, ein dunkles, undurchdringliches Rätsel …“ (Abb. V). Es waren weder Priester noch Propheten, die die Hieroglyphenzeichen gedeutet haben, sondern Wissenschaftler, Reisende und Abenteurer. Zu Fuß und mit dem Busch- messer bewaffnet durch den Dschungel marschierend, haben sie immer neue Städte im grünen Ozean der tropischen Vegetation entdeckt (Abb. II). Am Schreibtisch zwi- schen Bücherstapeln und Computerausdrucken sind sie der Astronomie dieses Volkes auf die Spur gekommen. Unter der sengenden Sonne knien sie auf dem freigelegten Fußboden eines Hauses und zeichnen Millimeter für Millimeter die Spuren eines zer- drückten Kieferknochens nach, der einem vor 3000 Jahren beigesetzten Maya gehörte. Mosaiksteine, die erst zusammengenommen ein Bild ergeben. Aber endlich wissen wir von der Besatzung, kennen den Namen des Schiffes und sogar des Kapitäns, der es steuerte. Hundert Jahre nach der rhetorischen Frage im Chilam-Balam-Buch von Chumayel sind Wissenschaftler nun auch dabei, die Hieroglyphen zu enträtseln. Ein neues Bild der Maya In kaum einem anderen Bereich der Altertumswissenschaften haben sich Kennt- nisse und Ideen so stark und so vollständig verändert wie in der Maya-Forschung. Das Wort von einem Paradigmenwechsel ist hier in jeder Hinsicht angebracht. Glaubte man vor einigen Jahrzehnten noch, die Maya seien friedliche Maisbauern gewesen, die von Priestern zur Beobachtung der Sterne und Verehrung der Zeit angehalten wurden, so hat sich herausgestellt, dass die Maya von Königen und Fürs- ten regiert wurden, die genauso machtversessen und eitel waren wie Potentaten Vorhergehende Doppelseite: II Alfred Percival Maudslay in Chichen Itza. Adlige mit heiligen Bündeln und Räuchertaschen. Glasplattenfotografie von H. N. Sweet, 1889 Palenque, Chiapas, Mexiko, Bank von Tempel XIX, Der britische Naturwissenschaftler Alfred Percival Mauds- Westseite; Kalkstein; Spätklassik, 736 n. Chr. lay (1850–1931) war ein Pionier der Maya-Forschung. Im Alter von 30 Jahren hatte er von den Ruinen von Copan und Quirigua gehört und beschlossen, diese Orte zu be- I Geomorphologische Karte des Maya-Gebietes sichtigen. Aus einem kurzen Aufenthalt wurde eine lebens- Die Region Mesoamerikas, die von der Maya-Kultur ge- lange Passion. Maudslay besuchte und erforschte auf lan- prägt ist, umfasst ein Gebiet von etwa 500 000 km2 und gen Reisen die Städte Palenque, Copan, Quirigua, Chichen verteilt sich auf fünf moderne Staaten. Itza, Tikal und Yaxchilan. 11 Die vulkanischen Böden des Hochlandes sind durch gewaltige Auswürfe von Das Tiefland Bimsstein und Asche im Tertiär und im Pleistozän entstanden. So hat sich eine meh- rere hundert Meter dicke Ablagerung gebildet, die von einer dünnen Schicht frucht- Der Bergregenwald der Verapáz-Region geht im Norden allmählich in das erd- baren Bodens bedeckt ist. Regen
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