THE DENTAL MORPHOWY OF THE MAYA

FROM AND SAN PEDRO

Catherine J. Walper

Submitted in partial Mfiliment of the quinments for the degree of Master of Arts

Faculty of Graduate Studies the University of Western Oiitko London. Ontano July, 1999

Katherine J. Walper 1999 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Sewices services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington OttawaON K1AON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Cana& Your fik Voue feterence

Our W Noire roterence

The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une Licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sel1 reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of ths thesis in rnicroform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique.

The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abstrad and kcywor&

Dental trait ahalysis is used by physid anthn,pologists in an attempt to es&f,Iish genetic retationships within and ktween groups and cornmUIIIties . Research on the dental morphology of skeletons of two ancien! Poatclassic Maya villages pvides infomtion on and inter-site clifferences between Maru> Gonzalez and San Pedro,

Belize. Contempomeous and temporal cornpisons of the dental morph010gies of

Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro to Postclassic Laaianai, Historic Tipu, and is also done in order to add to the picture of biological connactious within the larger Maya world. Using statistical analysis (RxC contingency tests and

Standardzed Mean Measure of Distance) the dental traits hmthese sites are compand in order to ascertain similarities andor di fferences in the genetic expression of the traits.

Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro are genetically sirniiar in kir expression of dental ûaits.

Marco Gonzalez is genetically different than Postclassic and Historic Tipu in the expression of traits. San Pedro is genetically different than Postclassic Lamanai and genetically similar to Historic Tipu in the expression of traits. Both Marco Godezand

San Pedro are sirnilar to Selbal and Altar de Sacrificios in tbe expression of traits.

Keywords: Dental morphology, Marco Gonnilq San Pedro, Postclassic Maya, Lamanai,

Tipu, Selbal, Altar de Sacrificios In Loving Memory of my parents:

Donald W.and E.A Feme Hamden I would Iike to acknowledge the support and advice giwn by my thesis sujx~sor,Dr. Chnstim White, without dose patience 1 wodd bave been imable to complete this thesis Thanic-you very much, Chris. I would ahlike to acknowiedge the encouragement of my busband, Doug Walper who hahelped me immeasurably in al1 aspects of this thesis especidly with al1 of the boring work like cdlating, checking and glueing. 1 would like to thad Dr. Michael Spence for his assistance in teachhg me the

ASU system and for his comments regarding the final revisions of ihis thesis. 1 would also Like to thanlr Dr. Andrew Nelson for his guidance and for his comments and

revisions. 1 would also like to aknowledge and thank Dr. Man Mills of the Deparûnent of

Dentistry for al1 his work and his comments on the revisions for this finalized thesis, his

input was greatly appreciated and has made a great difference in the finished product. CeftificattofExaminati0~1 AbstrsadKeywords Wdon Acknowledgements Table af contents List of Tables List of Figures

Cbrpter t Intrductioa and Rerarrh Objectiva 1.1 Research Objectives

2 The Sites and Tbeir Hiory 2.1 Marco Godez 2.1 a The location of skeletom and goods 2.2 San Pedro 2.2aThe location of skeletom and goods 2.3 hanai 2.4 Tipu 2.5 Marco Gonzaleq San Pedro and the larger Maya Worid

3 Tbcory and Literature Survey 3.1 Eariy Tootb Formation 3.2 The Dentition 3.3 Classification of Teeth 3.4 Definitions of Dental Traits 3.4a Trait Interactions 3.5 LitemReview of Applications 3.Sa intra-group affiliations 3. !% Inter-group affiliations 3.5~Group afliliatiops within the larger Geographic am

4 Dental Morphobgy: Methodology 41 4.1 Recording Methods 41 4. la Visual Inspection 42 4. l b Odontoglyphics 42 4. lc Moire Coatourography 43 4.2 Marco Goda and San Pedro: Mahodology 43 4.2a The skeletal sample fiom Maru, Godez 44 4.2b Tht skeletal sample fiom San Pedro 45 4.2~Trait dynS 4.2d Statisîîcal dysi3 4.3 Sources of Emr

5 ResultsandDiscussiom 5.1 Upper Inciser and Canine Shoveiing 5.1 a Intra-site comparisw-Marw GomIez 5. lb Intra-site cornparison-sm Pedro 5.1 c Inter-site cornparisonantemporaneous sites 5. Id Inter-site cornparisob temporal differeuces 5.2 Upper Inciser Winging 5.2a Tntra-site compariso~MarC0Godez 5.2b Intra-site cornparisopsariPedro 5.2~Inter-site compariso~temporaneoussites 5.2d Inter-site corn pirima- temporal Merences 5.3 Incisor, Canine and Premolar Double Shoveling 5.3a Intra-site compaiiso~MarcoGodez 5.3b iutra-site comptuiso11-San Pedro 5.3~Mer-site comparisobcontemporaaeoussites 5.M Inter-site cornparison-temporal differences 5.4 Incisor I and 2 Interruption Groove 5.4a hûa-site com@so~Marw Godez 5.4b Inn-site comparisobsan Pedro 5.4~inter-site comparW6~0aternporaaeoussites 5.4d Inter-site cornparisos temporal differenca 5.5 Mesial Canine Ridge 5.6 Tubercuium Dentale S.6a htra-site compansoemGoda 5.6b Intra4te compariso~SanPedro 5.6~Inter-site comparisorxunternporaneous sites 5.6d Inter-site cornparison- temporai differiences 5.7 Upper ad Lower Canine Distal Accessory Ridge 5.7a lntra-site comparisoÿ.Marco Godu 5.7b lntra-site comparison-San Pedro 5.7~inter-site cornpariso~ternporane~ussites 5.7d Inter-site cornpxiso~temporal di fferences 5.8 Molars 1.2 and 3 Metacone and Hypocoue 5.8a Metacone 5.8b hm-site comprisorMarco Goda 5.8~In-site cornprison-San Pedro 5.8d Inter-site compariso~contempomeoussites 5.8e Inter-site cornparison- temporal differences 5.9Moian 12d3CuspS 80 5% hm-site compriso~MarcoGodez 80 5.9b Ma-site cornparisObSan Pedro 81 5.9~Intemite comparison+mntemporaneous sites 8 1 5.9d Intcr-site curnparisoa- temporal Merences 82 5.10 CarabeIli Ciisps 83 5.1ûa Iatra-site cornpariso~Msrrio&mata 83 5. lob htra-site com~~~n-SanPedro 84 5.10~Inter-site wrnpari~ntemporaneoussites 86 5.1Od hter-site cornparisas temporal diifferences 86 5.1 1 Parastyle 86 5.1 1a Intra-site compariso*Marco Gonalez 87 S. 1lb Inira-site cornpukaMan Pedro 88 5.1 1c Inter-site mmparison-contempomeous sites 89 5.1 1d Inter-site cornparison- temporal clifferences 90 S. 12 Maxiilw and Mandibular Root Numbers 90 5.13 Lower Molars 1,2 and 3 Groove Patterns 91 S. 13a Intra-site cornparison-Marco Godez 91 5.13b htra-site cornparison-San Pedro 92 S. 13c hter-site wmpari*so~nternporaneoussites 93 S.Ud inter-site cornpiirison- temporal differences 94 5.14 Lower Molar Cusp Number 94 5.14a 1.m-sitecornp~~Marco Godez-&st rnolars 94 S. 14b htmsite comparisot~SanPh tüst molars 97 5.14~inter-site comparisaxxntemporaneous sites fint molars 99 5.MInter-site cornparison- temporal diffe~aces Fimolars 99 5.Muitni-site cornparison-Marw Gonzala-second molars 100 5.Mba-site cornpari~~~-SanPedm secod mol ars 101 5.14g Inter& cwipari~~~~~~ntemporaaeoussita second molars 104 5.14h inter-site corn parison- temporal differenca- second molan 104 5.14i Intni-site cornparison-Mafco Gonzsiez-third molars 104 5. Mj intra-site comparisoa-sa0 Pedro- third molan 106 5.14k Inter-site comprison-contemporaneous sites third moh 108

Table Title

Table 2.1 Chronological chart for Lamami, Tipu, Marco Gdaand SanPedro

Table 4.1 Number of individuah per stmtm with analyzed dental traitslMarco Godez Table 4.2 Numbcr of individuais at San Pcmo by xx with adyzmi dental traits

Table S. 1 Upper Incisor and Canine Sboveling-Marco Gonzalez-Total Population Table 5.2 Upper Incisor and Canine Shoveling-Marco Godez- Male T able 5.3 Upper Incisor and Canine Shoveling-Marco Godez- Faale Table 5.4 Upper uicisor and Canine Shovcling-Marw Goda-Iuvenile Table 5.5 Upper ùicisor and Canine Shoveling-San PeûmTotal Population Table 5.6 Upper incisor and Canine Shoveling-San Pedro- Male Table 5.7 Uppr Incisot and Canine Shovelhg-San Pedm Femak Table 5.8 Upper Xncisor and Canine Shoveling-Marco Goaralez- Juvenile Table 5.9 Upper Incisor Winging- Marco Gonzalez-Total Population Table 5.10 Upper Incisor Winging-San Pedro-Total Population Table 5.1 1 Upper uicism, Canine and Remolar Double Shoveling-Manr, Gonzalez-Total Population Table 5.12 Upper incisor, Canine and Premolar Double Shoveling-Marco Gonzalez-Me Table 5.13 Upper Incisot, Canine and Premolar Double Sboveling-Man Gonzalez-Femalt Table 5.14 Uppr lacisor, Canine ad Prcmolar Double Shoveling-Marco Goazalez-Juvenile Table 5.15 Upper Incisot. Canine and Premolar Double Shoveling-San Pedro -Total Population 63 Table 5.16 Uppx Iiicisor, Canine d Premolar Double Shoveling-San Pedro -Male 64 Table 5.17 Upper bisor, Canine and hemolar Double Shoveiing-San Pedro -Fernale 64 Table 5.1 8 Upper Incisor, Canine and Premolar Double Shoveling-San Pedro -Juvenile 64 Tablc 5.19 Uppeiuicisor UitemipionGroovt-Marcoûod~ Total Population Table 5.20 Upper Incisor Intemiptim Groove-MBtco Godez- Mie Table 5.2 1 Upper Inciser InteMption Gmove-Marco Goda- Fernale Table 5.22 Upper uicbr Interruption Gmove-Marco Goda- Juvenile Table 5.23 Upper Incisor intemiption Groove-San Pedm Total Population Table 5.24 Uppr uicisor Interruption Groove-San Pedr+ Male Table 5.25 Upper Inciser Interruption Groove-San Pedro- Female Table 5.26 Upper Incisor Intcmqtion GroovcSaa Pedro- Juvenile Table 5.27 Upper Incisot and Canine Tuberculum Dentale-Marco Godez- Total Population Tahle 5.28 Upper incisor and Canine Tuberculum Dentale-Marco Gollzalez- Me Table 5.29 Upper Incisor and Canùie Tubercdum Dcntale-Marco Godez- Female Table 5-30 Upper Incisot and Canine Tuberculurn Dentale-Marco Godez- Jwenile Table 5.3 1 Upper Incisor and Canine Tuberculum ûentaieSaa Pedro. Total Population Table 5.32 Upper Incisor adCanine Tuberculurn Dentale-San Pedro- Maie TabIe 5.33 Upper hcisor and Cuiim Tuberculum Dentale-San Peûro- Female Table 5.34 Upper Incisor and CMiae Tuberculum Dentale-San Pedro- Jwenrle Table 5.35 Upper and Lower Caaine Distai Acccssory Ri* Marco Goda-Total Population Table 5.36 Upper and hwerCanine Distal Accessory Ridge- Marco Gonzalez- Male

Table 5.37 Upper and Lower Canine Distal Accessory Ridge- Marco Gonzalez- Femaie Table 5.38 Upper and bwer Canine Distal Accessory Ridge- Marco Gonzalez- Jwemilt Table 5.39 Upper and Lowcr Cenine Disiai Accessory Ri* San Pedro- Total Popdation Table 5.40 Upper mdb- Canine Distal Accessory Ri* San Pedro- Male Table 5.41 Upper aod Lower Canine Distal Accessory Ridge- San Pedro- Fde Table 5.42 Upper and Lower Canine Diseal Accessory Ridge- San Pedro- Jwde Table 5.43 Uppa Molar 1.2 and 3 Metacone-Marco Godez- Total Population Table 5.44 Upper Molar 1.2 and 3 Metacoae-Sm Pedm Total Population Table 5.45 Upper Molar 1.2 and 3 Hypoc~iit-MarcoGoa2aIs Total Population Table 5.46 Uppa Molar 1.2 and 3 Hypocone-Marco Godez- Male Table 5.47 Upper Molar 1,2 and 3 Hypoc~ne-MarcoGoozalez- Female Table 5.48 Upper MOIN 1,2 and 3 Hypocoee-Marco Gomlez- Jwenile Table 5.49 Upper Molar 1.2 and 3 Hypocoae-San Pedro- Total Population Table 5.50 Upper Molar 1,Z and 3 Hypocu~~-SanPd* Male Table 5.51 Upper Molar 1.2 and 3 HypoconeSan Pedm Fede Table 5.52 Upper Molar 1.2 and 3 Hypocone-San Pb Jwenile Table 5.53 Upper Molars I,2 and 3 Cusp 5 Marco Godez- Total Population Table 5.54 Upper Molam I,2 and 3 Cusp 5 Marco Godez- Jwenile Table 5.55 Upper Molars 1,2 aod 3 Cusp 5 San Pedro- Total Population Table 5.56 Upper Molan 1.2 and 3 Carabclii Cusp Marco Gonzalez- Total Popukhon Table 5.57 Upper Molus 1,2 and 3 CarabetLi Cusp Marco Gonzdez- Male Tabie 5.58 Upper Molars 1.2 and 3 CarabeIli Cusg Marco Godez- Female Table 5.59 Upper Molan 1.2 and 3 Carabeüi Cusp Marco Gonzalez- Juvet.de

Table 5.60 Upper Molars 1.2 and 3 Carabclli Cusp San Pedro - Total Population Table 5.61 UppaMolars1,2~3CarabelliCuspSpnPedro -Mate Table 5.62 UpperMolars 1,2aad3CarabeUiCuspSanPedro - Fernale Table 5.63 Upper Molars 1.2 aad 3 Caaklli Cusp San Pedro - Jwenile Table 5.64 Upper Molan 1.2 and 3 ParastyIe- Marco Godez- Total Population Table 5.65 Upper Molars 1.2 and 3 Parastyle- Marco Godez- Male Table 5.66 Upper Molars 1.2 and 3 Parastyle- Marco Gonzalez- Female Table 5.47 Upper Molars 1,2 and 3 Pmstyîc- Marco Gonzalez- Juvenilc Table 5.68 Upper Molars 1.2 and 3 Parastyle San Ph Total Population Table 5.69 Upper Molars 1.2 and 3 Parastyle- San Pb Male Table 5.70 Uppr Molars 1.2 and 3 Parastyle- San Pb Female Table 5.71 Upper Molars 1. 2 and 3 Parastyle- San Pb Juveniie Table 5-72 Lower Molan 1.2 and 3 hvepattem- Marco Gonzalez- Total Population Table 5.73 Lower Molars 1.2 and 3 Groow pattem- Marco Gonzalez- Male Table 5.74 Lower Molars 1.2 and 3 Groove pattern- Marco Godez- Fernale Table 5.75 Lower Molars 1,2 and 3 Groove pattern- Marco Godez- Juvenile Table 5 -76 hwer Molars 1.2 ard 3 Grmn pattern- San Pedro- Total Population Table 5.77 Lomr Molm 1.2 and 3 Gmve pattern- San Pedro- Male Table 5.78 Luwer Molars 1.2 and 3 Gmve pattern- San Pedra- Fernale Table 5.79 Lower Molan 1,2 and 3 Grwve pattern- San Pedro- Jwenilc Table 5.80 Lower Molar 1 Cusp number and Pattern- Marco Gonzalez- Total Population

Table 5.8 1 Lower Molar 1 Cusp number and Pattem- Marco Godez- Malt Table 5.82 Laver Molar 1 Cusp number ad Pattern- Mars, Goazal- Fde Table 5.83 Lowa Molar 1 Cusp number and Pattem Mano Goda- Juvemie Table 5.84 Lower MoIar 1 Cusp nmkanâ Pattem- San Pedm- Total Population Table 5.85 hwer Mok 1 Cusp numbei and Pa- San Pedm Male Table 5.86 Lower Molar ir Cusp numkr and Pattem- San Pb Femaie Table 5.W Lowa Molar 1 Cusp number and Pattern- San pedrp. Juvenile Table 5.88 hwer Molar 2 Cusp number and Pattem- Mam Gonzalez- Total Population Table 5.89 Lower Molar 2 Cusp number and Pattern- Mars, Gorualez- Male Table 5.W Lower Molar 2 Cusp numkand Pattem- h4am Godez- Fernale Table 5.9 l Lower Molar 2 Cusp number and Pattern- Mam Go~2aIez- Jwenile Table 5.92 Lower Molas 2 Cusp number and Pattern- Saa Ph TdPopulation Table 5.93 bwer Molar 2 Cusp number and Pattem- San Pedro- Male Table 5.94 Lower Molru 2 Cusp numkr and Pattern- San Pedm Femaie Table 5.95 hwer Molar 2 Cusp number and Pattern- San Pedro- Jwtnile Table 5.96 bwer Molar 3 Cusp number and Pattern-Marco Gonzalez- Total Population Table 5.97 Lower Molar 3 Cusp aumk and Pattern-Marco Goda- Male Table 5.98 Lower Molar 3 Cusp amber and PatternMar#, Godez- Femak Table 5.99 Low Molar 3 Cusp aumkr and PatternMarco Godez- f wenile Table 5.100 Lomr Molar 3 Cusp numkr and Pattem-San Pedm Total Population Table 5.101 Lowr Molar 3 Cusp number and Pattern-San Pedrc~ Male

Table 5.102 bwer Molar 3 Cusp number adPattern-San Ekdm Fernale Table 5.103 Lowa Molar 3 Cusp numkand PattcmSan Pecb Juvenifc Table S. 104 Lower Molar 1 Anterior Fovea- Mar00 Oonmlu - Total Population Table 5.105 hwr Molar 1 Anterior Fovea- MaM Godez- Maie Table 5.106 Loww MO^ 1 Aiitzrioi Fo~-Marco Goda- Femalt Table 5.107 Lowa Molar 1 Anterior Fovek Marco ûodez- Juvenilt Table 5.108 Lower Molar 1 Anterior Fovea- San PeQo - Total Population Table 5.109 Lower Molar 1 Anterior Fovea- San Pedro - Male Table 5.1 10 Lower Molar 1 Anterior Fovea- San Pedro - Female

Table 5.1 11 Lower Molar 1 Antenor Fovea- San Pedro - Juvenilt

Table 5.1 12 Lower Molan 1.2 and 3 Deflcaing WMe- Marco Gonzaia - Total Population 112 Table 5.1 13 hwer Molar~1.2 and 3 Deflecting WrinLle- Marco Godez - Male 112 Table 5.1 14 Lowcr Molan 1,2 and 3 Deflectïng Wrinkle- Marco Godez- Female 112 Table 5.1 15 Lower Molars 1.2 and 3 Deflecting Wrinlde- Marco Goda- fuvenile 112 Table 5.1 16 bwer Molars 1.2 aiid 3 Deflecting Wriaklc- San Pedro - Total Population 113 Table 5.117 bwer Molars 1.2 and 3 Deflecting WrinLla Sen Pedro - Male 113 Table 5.1 1% Lowa Molars 1.2 ad 3 Defleçting Wrinkie- San Pedro - Female 113 Table 5.1 19 Lower Molars 1,2 and 3 ûeflecting WrinLlo San Pedro - Juvenile 114 Table 5.120 Lower Molars 1.2 and 3 Protostylid - Marco Gonzalez - Total Population 115 Table 5.121 Lower Molars 1.2 and 3 Rotostylid - Marco Goda- Male II6 Table 5.122 bwerMolars 1.2 and 3 htostyiid - Marco Oonzala - Female 116 Table 5.123 LowwMolus 1,2and3Ro~d-MarcoGoL1zBf~~- Juvemlt Table S. 124 LowerMolus 1.2and3ProtoBtyîid-SanPedro- Total Population Table 5,125 Lower Molars 1.2 and 3 Protc~Qtid- San Pedro - Male Table 5.126 bwer Molam 1.2 and 3 htostylid - San Pedro - Fernale Table 5.127 Lower Molan 1,2 and 3 Protostylid - San Pedro - Jwede Table 5.12% Lowa Molars 1.2 and 3 Enamel Extensions - Marco Godez- Total Population Table 5.129 Lowcr Molars 1.2 and 3 E-1 Extensions - Manr, Gonzalez - Male Table 5.130 Lower Moiars 1.2 and 3 Enamel Extensions - Maru, Gunzaîez - Female Table 5.131 Lower Molars 1.2 and 3 Erne1 Extensions - San Pedro - Total Population Table S. 132 Lower Molars 1.2 and 3 Enamel Extensions - San Pedro - Male Table 5.133 Lower Molars 1,2 and 3 Enamel Extensions - San Pedro - Female Table 5.134 Lower Molan 1.2 and 3 Enamel Extensions - San Pedro - Juvenile Table 5.135 Luwer Premotars 1 and 2 Odontomes- Marw Godez- Total Population Table 5.136 bwer Premolars 1 and 2 ûdontomes- Marco Godez- Male Tablc 5.137 bwer Premolars 1 and 2 ûdontomes- Marco Gonzalu - Femal t Taûk 5.138 Lower Premolrus 1 and 2 ûdontomes- San Pedro - Total Popdation Table 5.139 Lower Remohus 1 and 2 ûdontomes- San Pedro - WC Table 5-14 Lower Premolars 1 and 2 Odontomes- San Pedro - Femaie Table 5.141 Surnmary of Results

Table 5.142 Results of Standardized Mean Measure of Distance Test Fsun Titie Page Figure 2.1 Map of Bekshowiog Mafco GmZalez and SM Peûro, Lamanai and Tipu 5 Figure 2.2 Marco Godezsiîe map 9 Figure 2.3 Modern San Pedro 12

Figure 3.1 Upper and lower cusp tenninobgy 22 Figure 3.2 The anatomy of a tooth 24 Figure 3.3 The adult permanent dentition 26 . Figure 4.1 The Arizona State Univemity Dental Anthropology System data alkecting Fonn 46 Appendu A Dental Traits Figure Al Inciser t ad 2 shoveling Figure A2 Sbvci shaped incisot Figure A3 Double Sbovelùig Figure A4 Tubercuium Dentale and interruption Grooves Figure A5 Canine distal accessory ridgc Figure A6 The metacone, hypoc~neand cuîp 5 of the upper moh Figure A7 CarabeIlicusp Figure A8 Parastyle Figure A9 Tbe Y, + and X pattern Figure A10 Groove and fissure pattern of the lower molars Figure Al 1 Cusp number-lower molars Figure A 12 Protostylid Figure A 13 Deflecting wrinkle

AppendY B Test of uitra-Okrver Ermr Table B1 Intra-ûbsexver emr Cha pter 1

lntroduethn rad Resorrrh Objectives

The study of dental anthropology is an important factor in reconstmcting the liva of ancient people. Teeth are &en the ôest presewed skeletai remains discovered by archaeologists during excavation. Teeth ean be used to diagnose major stresses in bealth and nutrition through information on plaque, caries and arame1 hypoplasia They CM also be used to obsem cultural practices such as artificial deformation and unintentional defonnation related to wear. Finally, and of parûcular importance hm, since dental traits are, to a large extent, genetically detemine. teeth can lx used to examine biological relationships through morpbological studia tbat attempt to determine genetic sirnilaritics within and between groups over space and time. "The intricate nature of many dentitions nflectp a complex pattern of evoldon and thenby of thtir genetic endowment Tbe phenotypic expression of a tooth-its morphological appearance- very accurately reflects its genotype-the inherited determinant of &utal morphology. Accordingly, inherited dental traits are signifiant genetic markers, providing innghts into limages of familial inheritance (Jordan adAbratns 1992: 288)"

The dental morphology of the people oftwo Postflassic Maya villages, Mm

Godezand San Pedro, , is the fo~ofthis ~search The sites of Marco

Gonzalez ami San Pedro are important to tbe body of knowledge that is king compïled by archaeologists on the ancient Maya The excavation oftwo Maya sites so close to the ocaui in Belize is rare and their relatioaship to other sites bas and will provide insight on these pcoples' way of Me. 1 Rmhomg

The purpose of this thesis is to shidy the dental morphology of the Postclassic coestal populations of Marco Godezand San Pedro, Belize in order to demonstrate any nlatioriships beîweeu these two populations and other geographicdy and econornically related Maya populations such as Postclassic Lamanai and the temporally

(or the) distant Historie Tipu Geographicaiiy and eçonomicaiiy close populations, in general, may be relateû due to mmbageand trade practices or migration Although very few morphological studies of the Maya have been done, both Lamanai and Tipu have been comprehensively analyzed (Lang 1990, Jacobi 1997) and these two sites will be compareci to Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro ushg the Row by Column (RxC) fontingency test employing the g-statistic adjusted using the William's correction factor for small sarnple sizes. Another cornparison will also be &ne behmen Marco Gonzala and San Pedro and the geographically, ewnomically and temporally distant Maya sites of

Seibal and Aitar de Sacrificios in Although ody five morpbologicai traits were analyzed for Seibal and Altar (Austin 1970). one type of statistical analysis, the

Starsdardizcd Mean Measure of Diztamx (SMMD) has provided meaningfid nsults when comparing these sites to Tipu evea with mh a small trait lia (Jacobi 1997). Jacobi found that significant ciifferences occurred wimthese populations were compared and he concludeci that Sethl and Altar were bioIogicalIy distinct hmTipu These sarne five

will be used to compare Selbat and Altar to Marco Gonalez and San Pedro as well as to Lamanai.

Morphological dentai traits will be analyzed in order to evaîuate the following nul1 hypotheses as required by statistical Ming

I.There will be no statisticdy significant difference in the morphology of the permanent dentitions of the skeletal sample from the Postclassic Maya sites of Marco

Gonzafez and San Ph.

2. There will be no significant statistical Merence in the morphology of tk permanent dentition of the skeletal samples ficm Marco Godezand SaPedro when compared to the geographidy and temporally close site of Postciassic Lamanai.

3. There will be no significant statisticd difference in the morphology of the permanent dentition of the skeletai samples fiom Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro when compareci to the geographically close and temporally distant site of Historic Tipu

4.There will be no statisb'cally significant difference in the morphology of the permanent dentitions frorn Marco Gonzala and San Pedro wkn cumpand to the geographically and temporally distant sites of Selhl and Altar de Sacrificios, Guatemala

These nul1 hypotheses were developed in the belief that:

1. There are genetidfamilial nlationships within Marw Godezand San Pedro.

2.- villages of Marco Gonzala aad San Pedro are genetically related in spite of economic and demopphic diffennccs.

3. Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro are related but more distantly to other Maya popu Iatioas such as the geographically close Postclassic Lamanai and Kistoric Tipu

4. Maru, Gonzalez and San Pedro are even more distant! y related to geagraphically and temporally distant sites such as Seibal and Altar de Sacrificios in

Guatemala -4

Also to bc tested is the presence of seddimorphism. Ethm is no significant difference found then the samples of males, fernales and jweniles will be pool4 for most of these dyses.The nuil hypotheses will be addressed in the conclusion of this paper and will be surnmarized in context with the larger Maya world Cbapter 2 - The Sites and their Bistory Marco Godezwas nrst excavated in 1986, by David Pendergast and EliPibeth

Graham fiorn the Department of New World Archaeology at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto. It is siniated at the southem tip of Ambergris Cay in a mangrove swamp and is about 8 kilometres south of the modem town of San Pedro. (Fig. 2.1). Glassman and

Garber (1996) demiAmbergris Cay as king a large island off the mainland in northern Belize. It is approximately 39 kilometen long and it varia in width from 1.5 to

7.5 kilometers. A barrier reef nios perallel to the island approximately 100 to 200 meten from the shore and it is the origin of a large variety of marine resources. From the shore to the mf the wata is shallow, usually les than 2.5 meten deep and is relatively calm. It is guite likely that canœs involved in trade, marine subsistence gathering and site to site travel muid pess safely withui the reef area There are five distinct enviroomentd zones on Ambergris Cay, net including the reef itself. Location can de& the zones such as a wastline beacb or the dand area. Zones are also defineci by their position relative to the height of the limestone plate on the island For example,

wbe~the limestom plate is interior lagoons with mangrove swarnps surrounding

them are forme&

Graham and Pendergasî (1987:2) have called the site of Marco Godez '%lO0

years of prehistory condenscd in a 355 by 185 square me- area" Graham ancl

Pendergast (1987,1989) have provided vimially dl of the information cunently available Figm 2.1 Map of Belize showing Marco Gonzalez and San Pdo, Lamanai and Tipu

(afkr Pendergasî 198130) -7 on the site of Maru, Godez Reliminaiy dates have been given and they indiate that occupation of the site may have occdfiom 300 B.C. to the mid 140's AD. Table 2 1 is a chronologid chart tbat illustrates the tirne-lines for Marco Gonzaly San Pedro,

Lamanai and Tipa "The eadiest material lies below preseiit sea level . . . This is because the cay's geomorphology hes risen about sixty centimetres in the pst two thousand years, accompanied by accretion on the island's windward side (Graham and Pendergast

1987: 2)." Apparently the site was not only rnuch higher but it was also open to the windward brcezes and protected by a much narrower beach than can presently be found at the site. Evidence of early habitation cornes only fiom the excavation of pottery.

Later occupation (AD300-500) is defmed by pottery, structure floors, platforms and burials as well as indications of exploitation of marine resources. The initial excavations wen limited and the 81chaeologists originally believed that during this period Marco

Gonzalez was a xasonally utilized fishing station. Later excavations however, suggest that there is evidence ofa thriving coastal hade mîworL with the pesence of chen, obsidian and ponery fiom as far afield as Guatemala, and even the Valley of

Mexico. From appoximately AD 600 to 800 Marco Godawas evideatly a salt collection and proccssing site. There is venfication of sait working in the thousands of sherds excavateci on the site. These sherds are hmcrudely made but unifonniy produceci vessels that seem to have ken used in the extraction of salt fiom sea water using techniques of evaporahon. The largesi expansion of Marco Gonnila appears to have occurred during the Middle Postclassic period (AD 1 150 to 1300). Al1 of the site's forty-RUK identifieci sûuctures show evidence of a prusperous community in the quantity Page8 and quality of potteiy sherds, the construction, and the apparent use of the buildings

Amfacts and fragments of ceramics that postdate AD. 1300 have beea fod indicating that Marco Gonzalez was occupied into the Historic pend. niete is no evidenœ of construction ofstnictures during the Histonc perid Several visible, but unexcavated structures that appear to be identical to fifieenth centwy structures fond at lamarmi and

Tipi have also been observai at Marco Godez(1987).

Early Pre-Classic 1 (?)1500 B.C.- 800 B.C. 1 LamaMi 1 Middle Pre-Classic 1 800 i3.C.- 400 B.C. 1 amana ai Late Pre-Classic 400 B.C.- 100 B.C. LamWipil M. Gonzalez ------Proto-Classic ' AD. 100-A.D. 250 LmanaiTîipulUGdez Early Classic A.D. 250- AD. 400 LamWipu/M.Go~~Iez - Middle Classic AD.400-AD, 550 Lam~ipulUGo[1~81ez Late Classic A.D. 550-AD.900 Lam Mipu/M.Gonzal ez 1 Taminal Classic 1 A.D. 900-AD.1 OOO 1 LamanairripulUGomIez 1 Early Postclassic AD. 1000-AD.1 150 Larnadipi/M.Gorualez I Middle Postclassic A.D. 1 15û-A.D.1300 LmanaiiTipilUGonzalez Late Postclassic 1 AD. 13WA.D. 1544 LamanaifïipJM.Gonzala I l / San Pedro I Historic 1 A.D.1544-A.O 17OO(?) Lam~ipdM.GonzaIu I IISinP* Table 2.1: Chronological Chart for Lamanai, Tipy Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro (adapted fiorn Pendergast 1989)

The city of Lamanai, a large ceremonid centre tocated at the head of the New

River lagoon (Fig 2.1) appears to have had a major Muence on the Marco Godez Page9 community. Lamanai will bc discussed in more detail in a later section of this chapta.

The pottery found at both places is simüar but wt identical in fonn and decoraiha This suggests that the= was a shareà culnual nom between the two sites that was not just the result of trade. Artisans were probably creating these goods in both Larnanai and Marco

Godez(Graham et al., 1989).

Contact bmmen Marco &da and Larnanai presumably occuned by waterway rather than by an overland route with the New River king the primary conneaion. This belief is strengthened by the fact that the overland route was very dificdt, with large uncrossable areas of swampland to go around. There is a strong possibility that between 900 and 1350 AD the position of Marco Gonzala at the tip of

Ambergris Cay made it a redistribution centre and central point for a cornplex tra& in ritual goods that originated in Lamanai. Endence of this can be fodin the high concentration of goods fomd at Marco Gomala; far too many for normal household use in a town this sin. There is also a possibility that Marco Gonzalez held the poSition of

"gatekeepern and main port for Lamanai and other communities in the am by monitoring the traffic thet codd enter the New River amsince ih position at the end of

Ambergris Cay gave it a mgicposition for watching the waterways on both sides

(Graham and Pendergast 1989).

The Marco Gomatez site (Figure 2.2) is les impressive architecturally than

Lamanai with structures that are made up of low pladorms (30 cm to 4.2 rnetres) and a

few low plaza groupings. The structures are made predominantly fiom reefstone mai blocks and shells. For instance: Stnictrne 3 1, a marine resource processing are* is madc Page 10 up entirely of shells Stone imported fkom the mainland is present only in srnaIl amounts

(Graham and Pendergast 1989).

2

Figure 2.2 MmGodez Site Map (after Pendergast 1989:2) Page 11

a: The Wmleto-d GoqdL

The skeletal material king analyd for this thesis has corne hmbencath the floors of structures shown in Figure 2.2. The skeletons fiom Marco Gonzalez arc predominantly ûom the PostcIassic period as evidend by cenunics found in relation to the skeletons and the structures themselves. Altogether, there bave bem 97 iadividuals excavated fiom the site of Marco Go~lzalezOfthe structures identified in Figm 2.2 the following number of individuals was excavated. Four individuals were found in

Structure 8, seven individuals were excavated fiom Sûucture 11, and four individuals were found in Structure 12. Structure 12 was modified several times and ceramics fond in the uppermost layer cf the building compare with ceramics fiom the late 1400's AD. found at Lamanai and Tipu (Graham and Pendergast 1989). Forty-nine individuals were excavated fiom beneath the floors of Stnicture 14. Note that this structure is much

smaller than nurnber 12. (Pendergast and Graham 1990). Only 3 1 individuls me

tecorded by the original excavators of Structure 14 (Pendergast and Graham 1 &:3) but

mearch in Dr. C. White's lab at the University of Western Ontario identified 18 more

individuals mostly jweniles. It is difficult to assig exact dating to Structure 14 since

the burials in this stnictwe essentiaily destroyed the house flwr. Ail that can be said is

that the burials postdate the structure and that a good date for the structure would only

give an earliest possible date for the burials. Very little of the flmr was left intact af&er

excavation but there are indications that the individuals presumed to be a farnily group

that wen buried under Stnrture 14 were of considerable standing Structure 14 is

located close to the tomcentre and the burial goods, jaguar teeth and olive shell sM1 Page 12 face beads and bird eftigies foimd with the skeletoas are indicative of rank in this society (Pendergast and Grabam 1990).

Pe&Q

Excavations in San Pedro began in the 19ms afk skeletal material and arîifm

were âixovered during hotel construction. There was no impressive architecture

detected here. Ln 1988, during a swey of Ambergris Cay, it was postulatcd thai San

Pedro was strictly a cemetery site for elite buriais, similar to the site of ,

because there was no apparent residential activity (Vail 1988%). This was proven to k

incorrect when burials were found in association with house floors and a midden

(Graham and Pendergast 1994).

Pendergast and Graham (1991 :1) note that San Pedro "la& everything one

nomally associates with ancient Maya communities . It mis originally a village of

thatched structures that was stnuig dong the beach ridge on the windward side of

Ambergris Key. It is now a meter or so of dark brown soil, the product of many years of

living by a good many families. The entire site lies beneath the modern fishing village

and tesort town of San Pedro." Excavation of this site was very dificult since much of

the site was located on private property and a- was denied to the archaeologists. A

concentrated excavation was allowed however, at the Sands hotel grounds in the centre

of the modem town. (Figure 2.3)

Initially, the recovery of artifacts fiom San Pedro was primarily the collectioa of

pottery sherds fiom the fondation anches of a modern building site. niese indicated

that seîtlement of San Pedro originaily occurred arodAD 1400. San Pedro sh Prse 13 pottery styles with both Lamanai and Marco Godezand there is Merpttery evidence that the village suMved until sometime aAer 1544. Four house floors wcn uncovered in 199 1, al1 with buriais beneath them. Two of these floors were destroyed in

Figure 2.3 Modem San Pedm Otdinance SmySeries E755 DOS 4499P Edition 54.S. 1989 Southhampton Pia 14 subquent modem consûuctioll, Duriog the 1993 excavation season a large midden ares was uncovered '.A became tàkiy clear that the refuse haî originated in homes marby-

In some places the anangle of timing suggested tbat material was tossed in fiom the wrth..the dump served more than one fdy(Graham and Pendergut 1994:3)."

a: hmof-t Sm

Altogether 46 individuals were exavated at San Pedro. Several bunoaiswere found imder the house tloor excavated on the grourids of the modern San& Hotel in an area 2 meten by 125 cm . These burials were "a sequence of interments below an excellently preserved house floor. The nstncted space surely tells us that something in the house. which we shall never be able to identify, dictateû choice of burial spot

(Pendergast and Graham 199 1:4)." Al1 other skeletons were aiso exca~afedhm beneath how floors but due to lack of information available it is cunently not possible to discover the exact placement of burials at San Pedn,.

The site of Lamanai is the longest occupied in the ancieut Maya lowlands As stated above, it is located at the head of the New River Lagoon (Fig 2.1) and its riverine environment providecl its citinms with many nutritional resounrs such as fis4 mammals and birds. (Pendetgast 1985)

Thomas Gann origimiiy discovered Lamanai in 1897 dthough extensive excavations only took place recently from 1974 to 1985 under the direction of David

Penderga.hm the Royal Chtario Museum in Toronto, ûntarjo.(1981,1985) As can be deduced from table 2.1 tamanai shows evidence of havhg existecl in one fonn or PW1s amtbn for over 2000 years. The site of Lamanai is iniWre oksites in the lowlaodr

Tbe usuaî Maya site is constructed of a small riesidentid ana that surrounds a central

ceremonid plaza In Lamanai the city is elongateû and borders the lagooa The

ceremonid centre was coastruded during die Chssic piad and thert are Preciassic

stnichrres to the north of the ceremonid central plaza Postclassic building can k

found (o the near south of the central plaza Furdvr south, an Historie period settlcment

that indudes two Spanish churches is present on the site (Pendergast 199 1).

ûfpdcular interest to this study is evidmce tbat during the Postclassic period

cooshuction and modification of buildings in Lamanai continu4 to be as important as

dunDg the Late and Terminal Classic phases; oksites were king abandoued or at least

deddom drastically during this time (Pendergast l985.19W). This suggests that

Marco Goazalez may have thnvcd during this time because of its stroag ties to lnmlnai

as a gatekeeper and trading port as previously noted As a gatekeeper, Marco Gonzalez

provided secrinty for the watenmys tbat led to lunanai and wouid beriefit ccoaomicaiiy

and rnilitarily nom this alliance. As a trading port for Lamanai-produced goods, Marco

Goazaiez would have an cxceflent amnomic base that wodd bc unusd for such a smd

tom

Tipu is located approximately 100 kilometres south of Lamanai on a branch of

the Belize River (Figure 2.1). The modem name of tbe site is Negroman. This site

appears to have imeased in importance as Lamanai beame less promiaent duriag thc

tefininal Postclassic and the early Historic periock dthough then is ceramic evîdence of PaBe 16 occupation of TipdNegmman from the Late PreClasic paiod (Graham 199 1). Contact with Lamaaai during the Late Post-classic is also evident in the ceranÛcs although some minor regional differetlce~are apparent. Cemic trait similarities wntinued into tbe

Historie period at both ramanai and Tipu During the HMcpend, Tipu's ties with eastem coastal commuuities in Belize can be fond in midden deposits of oceaa marine mm.

Health at lamanai and Tipu during the Historie period documents sorne diffnences in the two sites. Skeletons at Lamaoai show serious signs of diseases nich as porotic hyperostosis (White 1988) deTipu shows few incidences of this type of bone pathology (Graham 1989). Availability of marine and mammal resources would have accounted for this discqm.acyat Tipand lamarrai. Graham (1991) suggests that

Lamanai family iik and thenfore the peopie's hedth would bave ban disrupted more sevedy by the Spanish sirice it was more amssiile tiran the mate Tipm Othertyps of similarities a the sites, bowem arc evidenced in the practice of coppr working techniques fodat both Tipu and tamaaai. 'Ihe source of the copper d is appredy dK same, wtiich ntggests sornc kind of a trade ~lctworkcornmon to both sites (Graham

1991). European trade pods such as amkr, brass and possily jet have Plso ken dimredat botlx sites again suggesting that a mde netwodc may have ken continued driring the Historid Colonial pri& (Graham 1991). The Historie setdement dtbe site is the best documenteci in both ethmhistoric and archaeological sounus. The population of Tipu duriog the Historic pendwas Uely the nsuh of xveral migrations of the hi people of thc centrai Peten ares during and &er the Conguest. Ethnohistoric mrds pw 17 suggest that many of the people who found tbemselves at Tipu were either forced into these migrations by the Spanish andlm vduntarily lefi the Yucatan for &&y. ((Joneset ai., 1986). Tipu's position was politically strategi'c since it was so close to Itza tenitoiy.

(Graham 199 1).

n Pedro .adva woa

Marco Godafits the profile of trading ports put forward by Andrews (1990).

During the Preclassic period, occupation sites at smali 6shgcamps dong the of the Yucatan Peuinsula and Belize apparently sewed larger dand sites such as ,

Dnbilchaltun, Aitar de Sacrificios and Seibal by providing tkm vhth marine resom.

Evidence of salt extraction fiom sea miter ming evaporative techniques, such as the indications of the industry found at Marco Goozalez in the Late Classic penod was also prwalent. hgdistance trade in salt to tht south and inland is documenteci at several sites, especially at Cenos, Beline, located at tbc moufh of tbe New River (Andrrws

1990:160).

During the Classic Perïod, trade appean to have incrrased At sites like Ntun Ha and thac is some evidence of üaâe with Teotihuacan sumng "integration of the Maya cuad networks into larger sphems of Mesoamerican trade and culture contacts (Andrews 1990: 160)." The maritime econorny appears to have initiated the kgînning of mngpolitical development of the northern lowlands in the Yucatan

Peninda The polity of , centered at an important agficdtural site, located approximatcly 40 Irilomeûes fmm the cuast ernerged as a centrat shipping and hading point in a north-wuth curridor between the coest and anas Mernorth (Andrews 1990). Pasc 18 During the Terminai Ciassic ard Earty Postclassic periods, it bas been suaested tbat the Itza state established a "aetwork of outpostswon the wrth and west coasts of tbe

Yucatan peninsula (Andrews 1990:161). This aüowed the Itza to establish both ecowmic and ditary a\rtbority over a large ana Thae is some archaeologid endence that the

Itza presence may have extended into nortbem Belize and Ambergris Cay. This is borne out in infodonfrom Marco GadezFor example, Northem Yucatecan plumbate ponery and date were found by Graham and Pendergast (Vail 1988). Much of the building was accomplished at Marco Gonzakz durhg this period, suggestiag that this was the economically strongest pend in its history.

During the Middle to Late Post-clawic period and after the abandonmentlcollapse of Chichen Iba, the trading commllILities that were to be found on the north and west coasts of the Yucatan Peninsuia decrrased in population and nurnber. On the east cuast of the peninsula and into Belize, however, the trading actworks and settiements thnved

Several proviacial chiefdoms replaced the Itza Jiate and these, too, were supporteci by the mngcoastal trade networlw (Andrews 1990). MmGodez appears to have becn a part of tbis ûade network since it is apparent that the tom's prosperity continueû into the

Middle Postclasic. San Pedro appears to have been eitk a part of the trade networLs or to have knefincd fiom its pximity to them Severai artif- were tecovered hmthe

site by Gann in the early part of this century. These artifacts indicated bat San Pedro

was receiving goods hmthe Colha region of Belize (ch). and the Maya heartland of

Guatemala (gnenstone, obsidian) (Va1 1988).

During the late Postclassic, both Marco Godezand San Pedro seem to have w 19 @cipted in W*ngwith Lamanai anâ other sites in Bel& even though mu& of the

trade network and many of the tradllig centres neahy wen abanQned

Andrew's defines four types of Maya ports "1) ports of embarkation to offshore

islands, 2) portr-~~trade,3) amsial traasshipment ports and 4) seapwts of inlard

polities." (Andrem 1990: 163) Thrre of the port types seem ?O k exemplified by the site

of hdam Gonzala altbough it is likely that Meadof king a port of cm--

Marco Gonzalez was Iikely the site to which meinland travelers were embarlcjng *it

was one of the main centers on the island of Ambergris Cay. hhw hnzalez also seems

to have been a port-of-trade or centrai point of exchange, a transshipment pon wberc

Longdistance goods "were diverted to inland communities" (Andrews 1990: 164-165)

and a seaport of an inland polity, i.e. Lamanai. These definitions agree with Graham and

Peadergast's (1987,1989,1990,199 1) açcounts of the site. These 8ccounts rritcrate the

belief that Marco Gonzalez was likely a bading port for goods from Lamanai and was

also a tnanufacturllig center for certain typs of rinial gooQ Vail (1988) sugg;csts that

Ambergris Cay mis predominantly one of many coastal transshipment ports on che

eastem edge of the Yucatan Peninsuia Sk also (1988) suggests thit it belonged to a

network of smdl nllaga that did not produce any goods, ody traded them. The

efonomic and manutacturing tics and the cerarnic and architectmal similarities to thc

inland city of Lamanai are not considered in Vail's accormt so it appears that Graham

and Pendergast's hypotheses an more acceptable at this point

As can be deduceâ hmthe above information, Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro

did not exist in a vacuum. Thy were part of cornplex economic end political networks Page 20 that had fk-reaching consequenceq. These two sites, altbwgb relatively mail in size an importani m that they are pieces of the tqer Maya puzh. Chapter 3

Tbeo y and Litenturc Sarvey

Physicai anthropologists use many tools in thek studies of ancient people.

The infocmaiion derived hm these studies can be incorporated into a larger body of data that will assist in the reconstruction of the past % is well hown that teeth are the best ptesewed of human skeletai mains and -fore studies of the teeth of archaeological populations have long been used to gather data on agYig, health, nutrition and cultural practices of groups and incüviduals. The theory behind the study of tooth morphology begins with a basic understanding of the biology of early tooth formation and the composition of the dentitiou. Understanding of the rnechanics of variation allows for more cornplex anaiysis of the traits that will be discussed in the literature swey of applications of studies nf tooth morphology.

Certain details ofcromi and root formation are very important to dental anthropulogists. Al1 teeth have certain characteristics that requirc some discussion hm.

The principal area of interest for dental anthropologistr U the inwr marne1 epithelium since the cells nom this layer increase through mitosis as do al1 cells. In teeth,

this gives rise to surfàce morpbology. In multiasped teeth like molars, the rate of

cellular expansion in al1 directions (mesial, distal, lingual and buccal) exceeds the rate at

which the tooth gemi Uicreases in diameter. This is expnssed in what is seen as a fold-

like appearance of the i~erenamel epithelium with the earliest fol& conesponâing to what becorne the major cusps of the crown on al1 human and other primate molars.

Experiments with the artificial remova! of the follicle at this stage of development dts in the tooth germ resembling a disk-shaped structure with little epithelial folding These experiments indicate the important mechanical fiction of the enclosing follicle and its part in cusp formation. Later fol& of the epithelial cells resdt in the formation of the dentinoenamel junction (Scott and Turner 1997: 78)

Figure 3.1 Upper and lower molar cusp teminology (after Jordan and Abrms 1992: 304) a- upper molar b-lower molar

Figure 3.1 is an illustration of cusp terminology. In general, cusps calcify in

order, from mesial cusps to buccal cusps, with the hypocone in upper molars and the

hypoconulid in lower molars king the last to calcify. This cm be seen fiom examples: in Page 23 the deciduous upper second molars the paramne is the fïrst cusp to calcify. In the following order the pmtocone, metacone and hypocone calci@ In In tbeduous lower second molars the protoconid, metaconid ,hypoconid, entoconid and hypoconulid calci@

in thU order. The mesiobdcusp of either the upper or lower molan (paracone,

protoconid) is always the first to calcify suggesting that they are "homologues to the

primitive xptilian cone (Scott and Turner 1997:79)." Any interference with these

developmental sequences such as trauma, nutritional or physical stress and epidemic

diseases of childhood can nsult in unusual morphological features such as

supemumeraxy teeth and missing teeth (Scott and Tumer 1997: 80). For example, if a

trauma has occurred during the cusp formation., then t&e twth may nmr erupt and may

be considered missing. Morphological features caused by trauma, nutritional or

physical stress are present only within the one individual who haexperienced the

stressor. These features are not received or passed on genetically. Dental

morphologies that are inherited can be traced within fàmily gmups from to

child or in monozygotic hKin shidies (Sofaer et al., 1972, Suarez and Spence 1974).

Hillson (1996: 6-67) describes the dentition in &tail. Figure 3.2 iUustrates a

cross section of a twth. Anatomically, each tooth is divided into a crown and a root. The

clinid crown is the part that can be seen in the mouth, and the clinical root is em bedded

in the jaw. The tooth is made up of a tissue called dentin that is covered by enarnel on the

anatomical cmwq mentum on the anatomical root The cingulum is founâ on the

lingual aspect of most anterior teeth and can be defined as a protuberance at the cervical Page 24 one third of the anatomic crown The pulp chamber is located in the center of the tooth

In each upper and lower jaw there are hvo first iacisors, two second incisors, two canines, four prernolars, two first molars, two second molan and possibly two third rnolars dthough this last is variable. Incisors are generally convex on the labial (lip) side and concave on the lingual (tongue) side. They are divided into four rather indistinct lobes. Upper incisors are usually larger than lower incison. Canines have a single central cusp with a very prominent cingulum bulge on the lingual si&. Upper

axts ol roiataon I

Figure 3.2 The anatomy of a tooth (after Hillson: 11) Page 25 premolars have two cusps, one on each of the buccai (cheek) and lingual sides. Size of the two cusps are similar. LOwr premolars have two or diree cusps with the single buccai cusp king dominant The one or two lingual cusps are smaller. Upper molars generally have four main cusps, three of wbich an quite large and form a triangular or trigonid sbape. The fourth (distolingual) cusp is much smaller. Lower molars also have four cusps but fonn a more equal rectangular shape.

33 Claention of Te

Figure 3.3 is a diagram of adult permanent dentition As can be seen from the illustration teeth are metameric. Metameric stnicnins are those that are repeated within the body and that may show duplication with variation Metameric structures can be found in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Crown and root variation in teeth is not random, but is likely caused by position of the tooth within the jaw, and gradients of vanations occur in adjacent teeth within a class that are sirnilar within any dentition.

(Scott aad Tumer 199732)

Field theory, (Butler 1963) the first attempt at explanation of the gradients of variation found in the dentition, suggested that then are three classes of teeth, the incison, canines and molars. In this proto-genetic mode4 a 'field substance,'or what we wodd now cal1 a gene, instnicts each tooth germ to becorne one of an incisor, canine or molar depending on it position in the jaw. Since teeth develop in a mostly anteroposterior direction it was bypothesized that the least amount of variability in trait expression would occur on the tint tooth (key tooth) within a field or class. These teeth would therefore be the nnt incisor, the canine, and the fint molar. In this mode1 the premolars are considered to be wcak and extremely variable rnolars.

U&e Butler's field model, the clone mode1 (Osboni 1978 in Scott and Tumer

1997) suggested that tooth growth is controlled fiom within the tooth rather than by an outside gene or othex influence. Osbom suggests that within each key tooth there is a

'prirnordium' or single progenitor that controls tooth gr0wt.h Fmm this initial progenitor

Figure 3.3 The adult permanent dentition (ofter Scott and Turner 1997: 17) Pose27 primoda are cloned to produce the rest of the teeîh Gradients of variation occm because the xcondary teeth show weaker Qvelopment of ûaits. Teeth develop both in an anterior and posterior direction in this mode1 and premoîars in particular are evidnice of this irregular dcvelopment pattern siace the nnt premdar is the most variable toc& in the human dentition (Jordan and Abrams 1992). It is important to note that molan an uniîkely to adhere to this rnodel since especially second and meIy tbird molan arc les variable in the exhibition of expression of traits. It is likely thai elements of both the field d the clone rnodels will eventually explain the gradients of variation found in thc dentition

The most commoniy used morphological classes uîilkd by cunent dental

researchen were proposed by Dahlberg (194%) wtio adapted Butler's field theory by

including pnmolan as a separate field along with the kkors, canines and molars The

most mesid or anterior tooth of each morphological cles is co~sideredto be the most

stable while the diseal twth of each of the four pups is considerrd to be relatively

variabk. The mesial teeth (central incison. canines, first pmnolars and fim molars)

theriefore show low variation in size within a popdaticm, the Ieast variable expression of

crom aad roat traits, and little fl uctuating asymmetry. Distal teah (iateral incison,

second pnmolars adsecond and thud molars) show lugcr size differentîatiom witbin

populations, pater variability in trait expressions and en mon asyumetrical (Scott and

Tumer 1997: 84).

Scotî and Tumer (1997) consider that tbere is rclabively good evidemr

supporthg the sepmate premolar field or class of teeth ppedby Dahlberg (194%). Rge 28 Firsf upper premolars an not pticularly molariform. Secondly, first pmnolars unislly have two (60%) or three mts (4%)/.)le second premolan usually have one, unliltc the molm that other researchers consider them to be and thirdly, ageneasis more oh occm in second premolan. If premolars arc subsurned into the molar field the uppr premolars would be expeded to be sha@ likt molm, sccond premolars would Wreh have two or thra roots rathm than one and fklly, ageneis is more comain the laJt tmth of a class (ie. the third molar, upper second incisor or the lower second premolar).

The genetics of trait variatioas are not well undentood so it is important tbat mearchers take this into account Early researchen who studied the genetics of tooth crown morphology believed that the traits were under strong hereditary conûol. It was thought that morphological traits were passed on tbrough simple modes of inheritance.

However, the observation of imperceptible gmdes of obvious traits such as tbc

Carabdi's cusp has always been made, suggesting that more cornplex modes of inheritance may k at work. Early arguments for simple modes of deritance includeû themies of modifying geno, or environmental factors to account for variation. Latcr researcbers postulat4 a mode1 for quasi-coabinuous van-ation tbat is very usefiil fa observing mwn traits (Scott and Turner 1997). Nichol(1989) suggests that a mmbination of simple and polygenic inheritance is most likely and this mode1 seerns to have some merit as well. Scott and Turner (1997) also suggest that some morphological traits are affected by environmental factors. For ewnple: most fluctuathg asymrnetry

(see Chapter 4) is amibutable to environmental factors since individuals bave only one

gewtype worlririg on both sida of the dentition 33..

Met& variation is directly measurabie ad non-mebric hvokfeatuns that are xored for their preseoce. absena, development dorsbape. Non-meûîc tmhs occur in ail parts of the skeletw and are otten uscd to meagun biologid nlationships within aiid between human populations. %y of tbese traits bave high heritabilities as

iodicated by th& tendency to cluster in famüies and in dosely related gioups ." (Lang

1990: 15) Non-meüic moqhological vanvan8ntsin tceth bave two types of expression: one

is major éeviation fiom the mrmd dentition such as supanumerary teeth or anornalots

fomutions; the second is minor variations in cusps, ridges and fissure patterns. (Scott

and Turner 1997) Early rrsairchm who explond the subject of dental morphology

foc4on "frequency differences among various racial groups ." ( Lang 1990: 21) Ooe

of the first authon who recognued dental trait fkquernk was Hrdlicka (1920) who

snidied and provided a sde for SCOM~shovel-sbaped incha. This was a subjective

deand it was won recognizeû that a need for Stahdardinib'on in classification mehds

was ttquired (Barksdale 1972: 1 16). DahIberg (1945,1950) eddnssed this need for

staadafdizatioo and pmduced a series of plitpua hmdentai impnssions that showed

wit variants. Tbese plaques could subsequentiy k wd by al1 mearchers although

waMDgs aboded regardhg the problerns that could occw with cornparhg results

baween researchea (Mayhall 1992: 59). Altbough still in use, the Dahlberg plaques are

not the recommended standard (Builcrtra and Uklaker 1994). Tumer et al., (199 1) have

producecl a series of plaques calleci the ANoM State University (ASU) dental

anthropology system that can be wiâely used by d researcbers although some of the PigcM same wamings apply. Short definitions of some common den181 variants used by cesearchers and that corne fiom the standardid ASU sydem put fodby Tmet al., (1991) are included in Appendix A for clarification of theory and rnethodology behind tbe shrdy of dental morphology @illm1996: 86102). The trait ht fo& in

Appendix A includes al1 of the traits that wen found on the teeth at Marco Godezand

San Pedro.

4a Tmteractiqp~

Morphological crown traits are found wîthin morphological classes of teeth (for example die first, second and third molan). Relationships can be determined betwten the strength of trait expnssioa on the key tooth d pfe~enceor absence of a trait on the secondary tooth Exampla can be found in shoveling on the upper incicison, if the trait is strongly pment on the fint incisor it will be expsdon the xçond, the Carabelli cusp on upper Ml and M2, and the protostylid on lower Ml and M2, to name only thne of several associations (Scott and Tunm 1997: 1 10-1 12).

Anotha interaction that is of interest to nscarchee of tooth morphology is the relationship betmcn rnissing third molars and missing teeth in other tooth classa especially upper lateral incisors, lower centrai incisors and lower second premolars

(Scott and Tumer 1997:126). This is calied anodontia and although not proveri to be bereditary, certainly bas a tendency to KI in fiimilies (Woelfel 1982).The lack of the

Carabelli tntit is weakly asso~ietedwith wngenitally missing molars within sorne

populations but this is certainly not a definitive relationship, dthough it aads to be

mted (Scon anci Tumer 1997: 128). witemeReview omw

Researchers midy tooth moqhology ia an attempt to phbath ancient aod modem individuaïs within a fdyor srnall village (intra-group affiliation), between nUages (inter-group afliliation), or within a largcr geographic region Complex modes of

inheritance are evident even wben the most obvious traits are obse~edat any of thm

thelevels of diflierentiation (Scott aiid Turaef 1997: 259).

Of interest to physical anthropologistr hidying archaeological populations is the

Iowest level of trait differentiatio~famlies within a cemetery that represents a village

group. This is often the staiting point for mon comprehensive anaiysis of the inter-group

affiiiation and the larger geogtaphic area

One study has been done on a modem population of Australian Aboriginals

called the Yuendumu This shidy traced the frequencies of the entoconulid or sixth cusp

on mandiiuiar molars withiri families adbctween siblings in this srnail group

(Tomsend a al., 1990). The reseatchm found highty similar occuffenas for siblings in

the expression of thU trait.

Recent shidics on archaedogid populations the! have elemeuts of this type of

rrsearch in dental morphology have occurred in different parts of the world. One mi@,

reportai by Iobnand Love11 (1994), focuses on a cemeteiy at Naquada, Egypt The

site has thte cemeteries contained withiri it d it is podated that the people in one,

Cemetery T are different than those in the 0th two cemeteries which appear to have a

sinpie parent population. The tirne framc for the site (relatively short) iïkely means that Page 32 Cemetery T reflects the presence of a ding elite group who intermarried rather than a pupwtio originally *Me from the general population adchanged over tim.

A study of a nineteenth century fmily cemetery UnderIines the value of ushg both and dental noemetric trait adysis for âeducing fadial relatioaships.

These data, taken from skeletons fiom the Wise cemetery m Markham, Ontario identifid unlcnown adult and subaduit skeletons as king biologically relateci individuals (Spence 1996).

Christensen (1998) also found non-rnetric cranial and dental trait analysis to be valuable in analyzing familial relationships in the Valley of Oaxaca. . Dental traits such as supemumerary tee&, and congenitai absence of the lateral incisocs uidicated familial relationships between individuals exûivated fiom two tornbs, 15 kilometres apart

One of three midies that have been done in this area by dental morphology researchers who have midied the Maya is also one of the most recent, completai by

Jacobi (1997) on the colonial Maya of Tipu, &Lk. Tbe goal ofthis shsdy was to iavmigatetbe relationships of Spanish and Maya burials at the Tipu church as well as to cornpan the teeth of this population with other. prehistoric, historic and modem Maya grooups. Finally, it was hoped that the morphological traits would identify familiai relationships. the reai faus of intra-groups affiliation midies. Jacobi found that the study sample were indigenous Maya and there appeareci to be no Maya-Spanisb admixture. The population appeareâ to k homogeneous. Many hait occurrences were w 33 shown to have insignifiant dinerenm. Identifying faaiilid relationships within this cemetery was not conclusive aithough some evidewe ofsbared dental traits in iadmdd cases is apparent.

A sligbtly eariier anaiysis by Lang (1990) investigated the dental morphology of

Postclassic and Histonc perd skeletons fiom Lamanai, Belize in an attempt to reveal geaeratiod and genaic similacities in one populatioli, She found that the= was signifiant biologicai divergence be~nthe Postclassic site of Lamanai and the

Historic Tipu samples.

Austin (1970) explorrd fivc dental morphological traits in the skeletal populations at Ntar de Sacrificios and SeLal, Guatemala in another study that atternpted to deduct hm-group associations. He found that there was slightly more geographic diRerem than temporai diffennce between the populations.

These last three midies will ail be included in the cornparison of dental aait fiequer~5esthat will follow.

Variance within popdations can lead zrsearchers to thc pursuit of definiog genetic diversity. This is done by considering the aext level of differentiation. Analysis of inter-group affiliation includes groups who are joined by language, kinship, exchenge of mates and geographical area (HiIlson 1996, Swtt and Tumer 1997).

Throughout the world, mhenhave examined dental morphological traits tbat disptay inter-group atfiliation. For example, Native Amencan archawlogical populations Page% fiom the Ohio Valley have been studied (Johnsion and Sciulli 19%) for @ences of the Ut0 Aztecan pmoIar wudly found ody in southwestern WAztecan speakers.

Presence of this relatively rare trait in several tnbes in the Ohio Valley among non üto- mecan speakers indiCates inter-group affiliation

Beny (1976) studicd the dental traits of su< Eitropeaa populations to assess both inter-pup atnliations ic. between groups in Heidelberg and Borm and pmps in the

Orkney and Shetland Islands and between groups in Northwest England and Southeasteni

England, and affiliations between the larger geographic area Tbe first must be doae in order to provide Uiformation on the second part of the research

in the Maya research on Tipu (Jacobi 1997) and Lamanai (Lang 1990) that 9 discussed in the previous a dental cornplex was derived for Tipu and was used to segregate any Spanish intennents. These data were tben cornparrd to each other, thto data from Lamanai (Lang 1990). The results of the cornpankm Ween Maya sites and time pends are patticuiary interesthg in light of thc worli that will follow on Manco

Godezand San Pedro, Belize, since the conclusions stated by Jacobi (1997) on the dental morphology of Tipu wiU be useM for cornparison purposes. Lang's (1990) work on Lamanai will also be useful for cornparison since Jacobi (1997) suggests that

Lamami, which is closely nlated to Marco Go112alq had a great deal more admixture in its population as a result of having larger numbers of Yucatecan refugees than Tipu niese inter-group affiliations (Maya) ain be utnircd in comprehending an affiliation within a larger North American geographic area The third level of dinerentiation is that of groups within a large area. 'Ine analysis of smaller grov resuits in the formation of comprehensive dentai complexes. These complexes are tbcn used in the identification of dental variation over larger areas.

Dental complexes for smdler groups within large groups of people with shilar dental characteristics have been developed by many resean:kn ovatirne. Tbese inclwk early analyses of shovel-shaped incisors in Native Ameicans (Hrmif ka 1920).

Dahlberg (l%3) provideci mermorphological data on Native Amencans and Moorees

( 1% 1) lwked at the Meut people. Hanihani (1967) reu>gmzedthe 'rnongoloid dental complex' found in the deciduous and later, adulf dentitions of Asians and Native

Ameriuuis. The complex includes high fkquencies of upper kiwr shoveling, the deflecting minkle and protostylid and cusp 7 on LM2 (Scott and Tumet 1997). Studies of other modern populations have been conducted by ~scarcherssuch as Mayhall et al.,

(1982) who analyzeû a group of North American whites and defincd a Caucasoid dental complex hmthis. Goose and Roberts (1982) looked at a small group of Welsh childm in orûer to add to this dental cornplex Scott and Dahlàrg (1982) suggested that any studies conducted on modern populations should k do* in tandem with projects that collect gendogical data, anthroporneûic data and other gewtic &ta as tar as is possible so that the maximum amount of evidencc is collected

An attcmpt at understanding heritability was suggested by Turner (1967) using admixture as the critena for microevolutionary analysis The discnte traits that were Page 36 ndied wcre CarabeUi's cusp, hypocone ofthe seccjnd moIar ami shoveling of the lateral

inchfor three populations. Turner beiieved tbat these traits couid be used for cstimating the amount of admixture in existhg hybridized popdations. This experiment

was relatively succesfiil when compared to Imwi bldgroups of the thepopulations

sirice the rdtswerc similar. Tmrpoints out mors (ic fimi, the amount of Eumpean

admixhire incluâed was wt taken into proper itocount and smnâ, sampling emrs) that

may have affectcd the results and offen suggesb*onsfor improving the work.

Turner (1971) and otbers have also midi& populaîioas in a slightly differeat

manner fot the world-wide occurrence of three-rooted mandiiular molars and the

significance of this trait to Amerîcan Indian origins. Asim characteristics such as the

tkee rooted mandiibdar molar *la be found in Ale* Esho and Native Americaas.

The hquencies of this trait derind hmstatistical analysis indicate that there is a closer

relation betwccn the peoples of modem soukastem Asia and Native Ameriûuis thaa

between Meut-Eskimos and Native AmencanS. Tumer (1971) suggests that sucb

homogeneity of the three-rwted mandidar molar trait in Amcrican Indians indicates

that îbc tmit is non-adaptive anci is king maintaineai in an equilibrium statc for

Amaian indian groups. There is, however, indication ofvariability of the three rooted

msadiidar molar in Aleut-Eskimos and wbat Tumer (1971) ails PR-[ndians, suggesting

tbat tbree migrations into the New World may bave occdwith three different

mcestd groups king represented This is further bonout by linguistic divisioas

(Tumer 1971). An expanded version of this theory can k fomd in Tumer (1985) when Pa.@ 37 he discusses the Mongoloid dental complex put fodby Hanihara (1967) and Turner's detailed description of the two ciiffereut dental patterns found within the complex These are Sinodonty and Sundadooty. Sinodonty is fodin tbe north and is chmcterized by

"pter thquencies of shoveIing double shoveliag, the tubercuium dentale, canine distal accessoxy ridges, parastyle, entomnulid, rndaconuiid and potostylid-.. traits that add mass to the tooth crown ...pnsumably selecicd for under the dentally demanding

Arctic-lk conditions of north-easteni Asia ." (Turner 1985: 35) Sundadonty, forud in the south, is characterized by simplification of the traits that are pcsent. Luwer cusp and mot-numbers are also characteristic. Polymsia was ppkdwitb pffons with these ûaiaits

. These definitions are used to broaden Turner's hypotheses regarding Native American origins and the possibility of three migrations hmAsia

Towosend et al., (1990: 271) put fowda 'characteristic Ausbalian dental cornplex distinct fiorn either Mongoloid or Caucasoid patterns" This included entoconulid on mandida.molars and the metaconde on maxiliary molars and also

some widence of asymmeby in these traits, a pattern that is different Born the other

complexes. This pattern aui be diWc for aboripd teah

In archaeologicd populations, Turner (1979) demonstrated the use of dental

morphology in order to establish that an ancieut group d1ed the Jomon, found in Japaq

are not actually ancemal to the Japanese but to the modem Ainu and that they may have

been early ~*ctiituialistswho entered Japan in tbe late Pleistocene. This type of midy

illusîrates thc value of dental morphology in establishg gemtic relationships over time Page 38 and geography. This article is also very intereshg since it appears that then was a possibility that the Jomon used a high carbohydrate cultigen as a food source. There U evidence of m*esfound in the dentition of these people. This paper should be viewed with some warincss sktbe hypotbeses prrsented suggest that the pupwas totally isolated 'ïhis ~nclusioais questionable for thne reasons. First, since the Jomon wen hunten; hum udyrange over large anes in search of game and oAen have social and trading relationships with othets groups. Second, the papa also %tes that the Jomon had no maritime capabilities but wete fisbernien; fishernieri ofien developed some maritime capabilitia in order to secure the best fish. 'Ihird, this group seemed to have had cerarnic similarities with other groups, *ch suggests that they had contact with these groups and wen therefore not totally isolated.

The above research illustrates some of the previous wodc that bas Id to the current thougM on pupafiliations within a larger geographic area Most recently,

Scon and Tumer (1997) have postulateci the existence of five world-wide subdivisions of humans based on demal traits as well as geography, language. and cultural history. Figure

3.4 is a map of the world showing the tive subdivisions used for organizing data on world morphologid variation. These subdivisions should be approacbed with some caution since it is aecessory to rrcognize that al1 modern popdations are geneticaiiy mixed due to various circumstances such as migration, invasion, colonization and trade. The five classifications are based on data hmthe early Neolithic period to AD. 1500 in order that the least muntof group movement k documented Post A.D. 1500 goups are aot Page 39 used in the classification system due to the major movement of people after this time. nie modern Popuiations are placed hto the classification system basai on the greatest nurnber of morpbolo~caltraits observed.

The five classifications are as follows (Scott and Turner 1997). Finf the Western

Eumians or Cau*isoids who include the populations of Europe, North Africa and Asia

Figm 3.4 World map of the major subdivisions for organizing morphological dental

traits -40 and who show close biological ties. The second group is Sub Saharan Afnca which

includes groups in West Africa and South Africa. The San, who are biologically distinct

from these other groups are included separately within Sub Sahara Afnca. The third

group are the Sino-Amerîcans or Mongoloids which include the Japanese, the Chinese

(except for a mal1 number in the muthem am), North and South Amencan Indiam and

Eskirno-Aleut The fourth group are the Sunda-Pacific including the southern Chinese,

south east Asians, Polynesians and Micronesians. The final and fifth groups is Sahul-

Pacific *ch include Australia, New Guinea and Tasmania. Melanesia is included in

this group but this is a problematic classification due to the heterogeneity found within

the Melanesian population.

A papa by Townxnd et al., (1990) points out sume difficulties in the above

types of morphological midies. These authors state that the samples used in many studies

are "of pure aboriginal ancestry. " Then are no criteria listed for the traits utilized so it is

dificuit to assess the validity of this statement but suggesting complete isolation for a

modem population is questionable. This is certainly truc and the asswnptlon of pure

ancestry is often taken for granted in archaeological populations, but, as demonstrated in

the above articles, morphological traits do continue in observable nurnben over time. Chapter 4

n-: n-: Metbodolwy

The study of tooth morphology is a valuable device that is used for tnicing genetic relationships between and withh skeletd populations. The previous chapter details meof the theories that researchers have put fornaid regarding the value of the information gleaned fiom the aiialysis of teeth. This chaper dixusses the methodologies of observation and statistical analysis used in studying tooth morphology.

Tooth crowns are formed during infancy and childhood, therefore shidy of the

morphology of teeth cmbe conducted on sarnples that range €rom infants to older adults.

Morphological variation can be analyred both by metric (measurable) and non-metric

(non-measurable) means. nie focus of this thesis is on these non-metric variations in

teeth since they can be used to chart trait frcquencies as a means of reconstnicting

relationships within and betwecn populations such as those of Marco Gonzalez and San

Pedro.

4.1 Recordh Methm

There are three possible methods of recording morphologid traits. They are:

visual inspection,odontoglyphics and moire contourography. The research on Marco

Gocr~ilezand San Pedro was &ne using visual inspection since this is the most acceptai

method of analysis. Odontoglyphics and moire contourography are both very expensive

methods of anaiysis and due to their expense are beyond the scope of this research. Page 42

The most acceptai method of trait recordin& aad the one used for the research containeci in this thesis, is visual inspection using the ASU system as the cornparison standard The t& can be anaiyzed in several ways Traits can be scoreû on the teeth fiom hman skeletons, fiom extracted teeîh and hmliving humans. Wax bite impressions and plaster casts can k taken fiom living subjects and these can be scored using the ASU systern (Scott and Turner 1997). Many of the traits are extremely subtle and careM visual observation with a magnifying glas and strong light is often requireci

Wear, caries and chipping are ail modifications that affkct the morphology of the tooth crown and should be considered before determinhg a trait's absence or presence. (Scott and Tuner 1997) Wear occurs soon after the emption of a tooth and degrees of Wear vary, depending on the tooth, its position in the mouth, and other factors such as the healtb and nutrition of the individual.

4. l b CMoatm

Odontoglyphm is the study of the "grooves, fissures, sulci and fosae that

separate cusps and their cornponentsn(Scott and Turner 1997: 64). Variations in these

pattern are thought to show consistency that has a genetic basis and that can be tniced

geographically. These patterns are recorded through negative relief images provided by

wax-bite impressions and the mehod is most of?en pradced by dental anthroplogists in

Russia This method is mrely practiced by dental anthropologists outside Russia and is a

new avenue for Merriesearch Page 43

Another new, and costly method of aaalyzing morpbological traits is Moiré countourography (Scott and Turner 1997). This is a photographie technique using specific lighting distance and object positionhg criteria in order to obtain a quasi-three dimeasional image. A perpendicular and horizontal Moird grid is placed at the ais of the lem. This results in an image that resembles a topographie map. This method is usediil in obtaining both three dimensional measurements and for obse~ngwn-rnetric traits of

teeth It is particularly usehl in obseMng very small and subtie traits ~chas tubercles

on the marginal ridges of the upper molars (Scott and Turner 1997). This method is rnost

suitable for use on children's teeth since newly empted teeth deliver the best rrsults

because of lack of Wear.

43Marco WmIez and San Pedro: Methodolm

This is the fim dental morphology midy that has ben perfonned on the skeletal

populations frorn Marco Gonzalu and San Pedro, Belize. The following sections will lay

out the composition of the skeletal sarnples that were utilizcd in this mdy and will

explain the steps taken in analysis of the teeth The skeletons from Muco Godaand

Sen Pedro wen al1 analyred using approved methods of aging (pubic symphysis, dental

emption and Wear, the ossification of the epiphyses of long bones) and sexing (the angle

of the sciatic notch, cranial traits, the presendabsence of the preawicdar sulcus) human

skeletal remains before the commencement of this research, Page 44

The skeletal sample from Marco Gonzala consists of a total of 97 indhiduals. For the purposes of this thesis, only individuais who had at least one tooui present could be consiàereû for genetic hait dysis. Key teeth were used for the nnal analysis but al1 teeth tbat were prrsent were scored. In Marco Godez, 39 individuals met the criterion

for snidy. Of tbese individuals 10 were adult males, 13 were adult fernales, 8 were adults

with no sex disceniable and 8 were j weniles under 18. The following table indicates the breakdown of the utilid sample by the number of skeletons found under each stnicture

excavated at the site.

Table 4.1: Nmber of individuals per structure with analyzed dental traits

The status of individuals buried at Marco Gonzalez is difficuit to ascertain fiom

the burials midied in this research. Associated artifacts ( olive shell skd1 faced beads,

bird effigies and jaguar teeth) and location are two factors that suggest individuals

excavated hmbeneath Structure 14 may have kenof relatively hi& status. Familial

nlationships fiom Structure 14 will be explorai through this riesearch Page 45

2b -eletal Sawle from Sgp Peürq

The skeletai sample fiom San Pedro consists of a total of 46 individuals. Of these,

28 individuals bad at lest one tooth that muld be anaiyzod for genetic traits. These could not be broken dom by structure as was done above for tbe Mam Gonzalez data but they could be analyzeû by sex Table 4.2 illustrates the infonnatioa

Males Fernales Adultis) Jwenila 1 SanPedrototal 9 10 1 8 Table 4.2 Number of individuals at San Pedro by suc

There is no way of ascertaining status or placement of burials at San Pedro siace there is no information currentiy available on associated artifkts or stnicnirrs.

4.2~Trait

As stated above, trait dysiswas accomplished through visual inspection of the teeth of the individuals. Each tooth was examined and xord using the ASU (Turner et al., (1991) plaque systern discussed in Chapter 3 and all scons wre recorded on the recording fonns (Fig. 4.1). This is pinstaking work. A rnagnïfying glas and a strong ligbt are required anci were used to achieve the optimum resuito in the shngof traits.

Since the researcher was inexperienced at this type of analysis, especially at the beginning of tbe work, the San Pedro sample mis completely dyzedhMce to assure quality of results. A random sample of ten percent of the MmGodez sarnple was also analyzed a second time. AppendBc B presents a table detailhg the muhs of this test.

Al1 unusual abnormaiities of the jaw and teah were also reuirded dong witb the position of any caries present on individual teeth. Mutilations of the teeth and the presence or Figure 4.1 Thc Arizona State University dental anthropology system data collecting forni (after Turner a al., 199 1: 29) Pia 47 absence of bypoplasia and penodontal disase were dm noted Althougb not iised for this thesis this recording of otbcr dental @lems mil assist Mun rcsauchers in tbeir work

* Il-

Statistical dysis for this research began with the coosûuction of fhquency tables for ail of the traits that are present at Marco Godezand San Pedro. This was achieved using Quattro Pro 7, a basic spread sheet program, and has resdted in over

450 tables of data. These tables include the total population frepuencies, and individual male, female and juvenile fkequencies for the traits that were studied for

Marco Gonralez and San Pedro. Frequency tables similar to those constructed here

(Chapter 5) are found in al1 morphological studies of this type (Austin 1970, Lang

1980, Jacobi 1997, Scott and Turner 1997). The observed frequencies are rquid for chi square and row by column tests. The percentages deived hmthe 0bse~ed ftequencies are used for the mean measure of distance tests (see below).

The Chi square test has traditionaüy been usai for dental trait variant analysis (lang 1990, Austin 1973, Johnson and Love11 1994). The chi square t

applied to two groups of data to test theu independence hmone another

(Wonnacott and Wonnacott 1990). Chi square and RxC contingency tests are

f?equency tests and are used to determine whether observed data differ Corn

expected data enough to reject the nul1 hypothesis (Ho) at the5 0.05 Ievel. Anasis

of the fiequencies Born Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro was done by means of the Pag 48 RxC (row by column) contingency test using the g statistic. The g statistic is calculated in the same rnanner as the chi square but is adjusted f ogarithmically to duce the chance of analytical error. For small sample sizes, the g statistic is fbrther adjusted using William's correction in order ta decrease the Type 1 statisticai error

(Madrigal 1998) (ie. too many signifiant diReremes occunhg, suggesting rejeztion of the ndhypothesis) that cm occur when using the regular g-statistic on small samples. Sarnple sizes <3 are also analyzed usirtg the William's corrected g- statistic but Type 1 statistical error is more likely in these cases. This RxC contingency test using the William's comxted g statistic is recornrnended as king more flexible ie. more accurate, than the straight Chi-square test. ( Sokal and Rohlf 1996, Madrigal

1998). For the purposes of this study, the BlOMstat (Version 3.2) computer program wa~used to calculate al1 RxC contingency tests using the William's correcteci g statistic.

RxC contingency tests were conducted to compare males and fernales, Mars,

Godezto San Pedro, Marco Godezand San Pedro to Postclassic Lamanai as bath

septeaad pooled samples and Marco Gotvalez anci San Pedro to Historic Tipu as both

pooled and separate sarnples. Separate and pooled samples were analyzed so that the

most accurate statistics could be produced. It was found that pied sarnples gave

the most accurate results.

The mean measure of distance (MMD) was also calculated by computer using

the MMDl (Wright 1995) computer program. MMD has been utiIized by Page 49 researchers attempting to demonstrate relationships among people in a large gebgraphic am (Scott and Turner 1997, Jacobi 1997, Hillson 19%). For this thesis

MMD was calculated in an attempt to clarify the relationship beh~eenMarco

Godez and San Pedro, as well as underiinhg the more distant relationships between the two villages and Tipu and Lamanai. Tu add a greater regional wrnponenf MMD was perfomed on data fiom the geographically more distant and temporally earlier sites of Early and Late Classic Seibal and Altar de Sacrificios

(Austin 1970) in order to explore mit relationships with these sites as well. In order to çorrect for differing sample sizes the Standardized MMD w used (SMMD)since the Tipu Maya sample was so much larger than the others. This works when the

MMD is divided by its Standard Deviation. Eight traits were chosen for the MMD anaiysis. Five of these traits were used because they were analyzed for aU sites.

Tbese five traits are first incisor shoveling, the Carabelli cusp of the fint upper molar, O@ the upper second molar hypoconc, lower molar one cusp 5 adlower molar kgmovc pattern Three other braie were chosen by the researcha because they are ofla quite variable in their expression in different populations. Tbtsc thnt traits werc adable for al1 sites excep Selbal and Altar de Sacrificios. Tky are the second incisor tubedm dentaie, the lower canine distal accessory ridge and the tower nnt molar dcf'tecting wrinkle. It should be understood that it is difficult and problematic to compare data from different obsewers and of differing sample sizes and that these may affect the outcorne of the test. TheRxCooatiagencytestsandthcMMDtestwaeall&iieonthe keytccthar defined by Scott and Tumer (1997) when tomparhg Marco Goaralez and San Pedro to

Postclasic Lamanai, bricLamanai, Historic Tipu, Early and Late Seibal and Early anci Late Altar de Saaificios. The key teeth usually have the sîmngest expression of any given trait ancl for this reason are cbnsidered to give tbe most acciwte statistical

Xomatioe Although other teeth in the tooth row may bave the same trait cxpesjed, thty are usually cunsidaed to be more variable (Scott and Tm1997). Key teeth were analyred wbenever possible in this research and any variation in theu use is noted in the rcsuhs and discussion. Not dl key teeth were exarnined the MMD tests since Austin

(1970) did not analyz thc teeth using the standard ASU system (1991) due to the fact that it was not availablc to him. Austin (1970) did use gradients of thc traits that were the sameastbeASUsystcmsothatitwaseasytourehisdataaadsincethcMMDtest measures the abseoce or pnsence of a tmif his data could be coasidend relevant to this researcb. For the most part, Austin did use key teeth in bis aoalysis but the= arc instances wtKre he did mt aad these are aoted in the text. This makes the SMMD test intehgbut incu~:Iusivc.

The major sources of enor in assessing tooth morphology are Uitm and inter- observer error. The standardid plaques of Dahlberg anci Tirmer et al., discussed above have alleviated this pblem to some de- but have wt obliterateû it Note that the

ASU cmts werc avaiile to Tunia and his colleague for tcsting before they werc

pubüshed in 1991. Nichol adTurner (1986) have demon~batedthat although therr was -51 some intetdxewer enor that results from using the ASU casts, statistical aaalysis dernomûaîes tbat the emr was negiigiiible and therefore there were insignifiant diffennces in the nsults. Three traits used in this thesis &, howwer, have somc observer nliabiîity problems: the tuberculum dentale, the canine distal iuxesory ndge and the anterior fovea (Nichol and Turner 1986). This is motha muon two analyses of the dentitions frorn Marco Godez and San Pedro were conducted in order th& the best results would be avalable. Appendk B illustrates that there was no intra-obsemer crror for these three traits.

Another source of emt is a population being represented by ody a few individuals. For example, in a midy by Tomwnd et al., (1990), al1 but four of the dental samples wre taken hmindividuais under twenty years of age . This can skew data oa traits that are affécted by Wear. It is therefore important that al1 age groups k represented so that the degrees of expressioa of a mit through life can be observai The dentitions of young people are usually les wom than those of older pemns so a population under tmnty years of age would quite likely show hi& degrecs of certain trait expressions. Another problem is that of rnissing teeth botb pre adpost mortem

Teeth mising premortem cao be mistaken for congenitally absent teeth or fdst evidence of dental mutilation Teeth rnissing jmtmortem cut dom on research matenal.

This affccts a sample of any sort and canfui recorùing of this is important For the purposes of tbis research, congenitally absent teetb were scored only when the abseace was observable in the alveolar borie. This methodology is common to other ~searchas of dental morpboIogy (Jacobi 1997, Lang 1990). Page 52

Flwtuating a~yrnmetryor sidedness is defined as 'îninor and random deviaîions hmsymme~y...caused by local background noise during keIopmeat (Scott and

turne^ 1997: 96)."

There are several dflenmt methods for apprmching fluctuating asymmetry in the shdy of dental morphology, *hg si& using one side only, or a combination of these

(Lang 1990: 27)" Poolhg is not recommended since it fahifies the sample size by counting each individual twice for each trait. (Turner et al., 199 1). The best method,

according to Turner a al. (1991), is the individual wunt or the tooth on whichever si&

that displays the highest degrec of expression of a variant should be used for statisticai

pur- but with both sides king scoreci and recordd This last method is the one that

wiU be used for the statistical dysis in this thesis.

Lang (1990 ) indicates that there is a similar problem between pooling and

separating tooth morphologies by su^ Some traits like the Carabelli cusp (Tuner and

Hanihara 197) and labial convexity (Nichol et ai., 1984) are affectcd by sexd

dimorphism and nccd to be treated accordingly. In archaeologicai populations the

perceotage of individuais that canwt be sexed is often quite large. Rernmiag these

sampla nom analysis busethey canot be sexed greatiy limits any researcb. This

decision mut be deoa the basis of îhe population king studied ui this thesis,

pooling of the Jarnples will be used due to the large number of unxxed uidividuals

(aduits and jweniles) pnsent in the sample. Traits that show grrat sexusl dimorphism

will be mrded sepsrately so that greatly skewed data arr mted in the final conclusions. Page 53 Environmcntal fkctors such as diet, occupation and individual habits may dso play a part in mocphologicaI variant expression (Berry 1976, Speine 19%). For example,

Towasend et al., (1990) hypothesize tbat in aboriginal populations variants such as the entoconulid may be selected for since it povides greater masticaîory force. Caries and attritioa also affect morphologie statistics and rmforhulaiely then is no method for wntrolling for th.For purposes of this research any variati~usthat are affected by caries and attrition will be eliminated. Chapter 5

Results and Dkussioa

As explained in Cbapter 4, dl data on Marco Godezand Sm Pedro wen pthered using visual inspeftion and dong with data fiom other sites were subject to

s

Pedro, Postclassic Lamanai, Historic Tipu, Early and Late Seibsl and Early and Late

Altar de Sacrificios were analyzed using these stab'stical meth&. The results fiom

Marco Gonzalez and San Pcdro were pooled wherever possible for the purposes of the

RxC contingency tests in order to provide the largest possible sample size for testing.

Also âiscussed here is a group called the Tipu Maya (Jacobi 1997). This group

consists of 600 skeletons that were excavated from beneath and surroundhg the same

colonial mission church fiom which Lmg's (1990) Historie Tipi sample of 50

individuds was taken, so her sarnple is included in Jacobi's work. Results from both

Lang and Jacobi are similar. Any ciifferences in their analyses of trait fkquencies at

Historic Tipu will be noted and tested. From his analysis, Jacobi (1997) believes that his

study sample are aii Maya witb littie or no admixture with the Spanish This concurs with

Lang's (1990) resdts even though her sample was only partial.

r IaWr a~f&oveli~ern

High fnquencies ofshoveling considered to be in the 6@W% range, are found

among East and North Asians arid Native Amencans. Law frequencies of shoveling are

found among the Empe8n groups (Scott and Turner 1997). Shovel-shaped incisors are PDge 55 very prevalent at bot.Merco Gomalez and San Pedro. From Table 5.1 it can be sexn that at Marco Godasome degree of shoveling U present in 94.7% ofcentral incisors,

93.3%of lateral incisors and 62.5% of canines in the total population

The fkquencies of shoveling are distriiuted fairly evenly amoag males at lOW for the first incisor, 10%for the second incisor and 85.7% for the canine. (Table 5.2)

Fernales display fnquencia at 8û% for the fim incisor. 83.3% for the second iacisar and

50% for the canine (Table 5.3). Jweniles with permanent teeth bave frequenci& of

1W! for the first and laterd inciwrs and the 75% for the canine (Table 5.4) . RxC contingency tests (g adj.. 3.9458 p=.4134) conducted on the key tooth, the first incisor, indicate no significant difierence in the occurrence of the hquency of this trait between males and females at Marco Gonzalez

S. 1b bm-site c0-n-S~ PodCp

Table 5.5 indicates that 87.5% of the total population of San Pedro have shovei- shapad central incisors, 93.8% have shovel-shaped lateral incisors and 42.996 have

shovel-shaped canines.

At San Pedro, males show a 75% fiequency of first incisor shoveling, 1Wh of second

incisor shoveling and no shoveling on the canine. (Table 5.6) Females at San Pedro

show kquencies (Table 5.7) of 1Wh on the first and lateral incisors and 14.3% on the

canines. For jweniles, IOWA of individuais with permanent teeth have fint incisor Page 57 shoveling, 66.7 % have second hcisor shoveling and no juveniles have canine shoveling

(Table 5.8).

The RxC contingency tests coaducted on the fint incisor indicate that there is a

significant difference in the fhquencies baween males and females for this trait at <.O5

(g adj. 9.3991, p= -0244). This signifies that males and females differ in the expression of Pagc 58 this irait in this sample fiom San Pedro.

A very anomalous trait examined at San Pedro was founâ on the upper nght incisor ofthree ipdividuals. This trait can be considered to be a fom of shoveling. The tmth itseif'was rotated so that the Lingual aspect of the tooth was reoriented distally. The lingual sinface of the crown appears twisted with the area at the cingulum being constrictecl and cone shaped. This does not appear to be bard-shaped shovelhg. This anomaly appears in two adult males aged 45-50 and 35-49 and an adult female aged 25-

30 years. This trait is vhally the sarne in al1 thrce individuals and this may suggest that there is some genetic relationship among these three people. There are no other overt

similarities in trait expmsion in the dentitions of these three individuals.

Data fiom the key tooth (1 1) at Postclassic Maru, Gontalez and San Pedro were

comjmred to each other and to data fiom the contempomus site of Postclassic

L tamanai which also has high fiequencies of shoveling The RxC wntingency test

comparing Marco Godezto San Pedro was not signifiant for first incisor shoveling at

<.O5 (g adj.. 7.2772 pt .2008) suggdng that MmGoda and San Pedro are

biologically similar for the expression of shoveling of thc first incisor.

The RxC contingency test cumparing a pooled sample fiom Marco Gonzaln and

San Pedro to that of Postclassic Lamanai showed significant difference at <.0001. (g adj.

26.8608 p=.Oûûû). There is a statistically significant biological difference between

MmGodq San Pedro and Postclassic Lamanai for incisor shoveling. Page 59

The RxC contingency test cornpuhg a pooled sample fiom Marco Goozalez and

San Pedro to Historic Tipu bad significant ciifferences at the <.OU level (g adj. 18.3583 p=.0004). There is a statistically significant biological dinerence between Manr,

Gonzaleq San Pedro and Histone Tipu for incisot sbovehg

5.2 UpOer mrWin-

At Maru, Godez 6rst incisor bilateral winging (Table 5.9) occurs in 21.1%of

the total population. This corresponds to the intermediate occurrences of the trait in East

and Central Asia, the American Arctic and the Sun&-Pacific (Scott and Turner 1997).

At Marco Conzalez al1 incidences of winging occur in individuals excavated fiom

under structure 14, two males and two fernales. This may suggest that genetically nlateû

individuals were buried together under Süucture 14 ot Marco Goazalez One male and

one female were aged 30 to 40 years and onmale and oue femaie were aged W.This

may have bcen a group made up of older and younger sibiing or it may have been two

older siblings living with the children of one or both The age of 40+ was mrely attained

in this population (Walper 1997) so the older individuak would be considered quite

elderly.

The total population of San Pedro (Table 5.10) has a generaily high occurrence of page 60 bilateral winging at 50% along with groups hmNorthem Siberia, Northwest Nd

Arnerica, North and South America (Scott and Tumer 1997).

At San Pedro, two fernales, two jweniles and 1 male exhibited incisor wiaging

Groove patkms and cusp aumkrs on the fint and second lower molars were also similar in one female and one juvenile of this group. These two may have kengenetically relatd

Men compared, the RxC contingency test was not signiticantly different for frequencies of incisor winging for Marco Gonuilez and San Pedro at <.O5 (g adj. 3.1 12 r.0777).

Winging was not analyzed for Postclasic Lamanai (Lang 1990).

52dInter-siteropacisom

By con- wuiging is not as prevaieat for the tempodly distant Tipu Maya at a

13% frequency (Jacobi 1997). This suggest that the people of MmGonzalez and San

Pedro are biologically distinct in the expnssioo of this trait nom the people of Tipil

5.3 Inci-e nad Prernolar Double Sbovelig~

5.3a MeCompaBSon-Marco Ce

Marco Gonzalez (Table 5.11) has a 66.7% occurrence of this trait in upper

central inciwrs, 53.3% in the upper lateral incisors, 37.5% in the canines and t 1.8% in

the premolars. The fint incisor the key tooth and is used for analysis of the trait. The Frequency found in the fint incisor is similar to that of groups such as

Amencan indians who are classified as having high freqwncies of double shoveling

(Scott anci Turner 1997).

Males at Maru> Gonzala (Table 5.12) express the trait at 60% for the first incisor, 50% for the second incisor, 14.3% for the canine and 14.3% for the premolar.

Fernales (Table 5.13) express the trait at 60% for the first incisr, 4û?! for the second incisor, 42.9% for the canine and 20% for the premolar. Jweailes (Table 5.14) express the hait at 66.7%for the fint incisor, 100% for the second incisor, and IWh for the canine and 0% the premolar.

The RxC contingency test for male and female fiequencies of double sbveling fiom

Marco Gonzalez had no significant difference at the < .O5 level.(g adj. 1.2973 p.7298) Page 62 Page 63

San Pedro (Table 5.15) bas a 43.75% occunence of double shoveling in upper central incisors, 25% in upper lateral incisors, 19% in upper canines and 15.8% in upper first premolars for the total popuiatioa Double shoveling of the first incisor at San Pedro is sirnilar to groups with intemediate occurrences of the trait in East and North Asia and the Amencan Arctic (Scott and Turner 1997).

Expression of double shoveling of the fvst incisor occurs at 33.3%. for the second incisr at 33.3%. for the canine at 12.5% adfor the premolar at 14.3%for males (Table 5.16).

For females (Table S. 17) expression of double shoveling occurs at 25% for the first

incisr. does not occur for the semnd inch, at 42.9.h for the canine and 33.3% for the

premolar. For juveniles (Table 5.18). 80% express the trait on the first incisor. 50% on

the second incisor, 33.3% on the canine and 25% on the premolar. Low grade double

shoveling (ASU Grades 1-3), as is observai in this analysis, is affected by some tooth

Wear as an individual ages and this is the probable cause of the higher percentages of

double shoveling in jweniles with pennenent teeth (Scott and Turner 1997).

Page 65 There is no sexual dimorphism apparent in the occurrence of the fiequencies of this ûait on the fht incisor nom San Pedro at <.O5 (g adj. .809p.6700).

The RxC contingency test cornparhg the total populations of MmGodez to

San Padro indicates no signifiran ciifferences in the frequencies of double shoveling for the first incisor. (g adj. 9.0405 y. .1075).

Lang (1990) reports extremely high frequencies of double shoveling of the first incisor (the key tooth) at Postdsssic Lamanai (94.7%).These frequencies also occur fiorn Grades 3 to 5, al1 of which are strong expressions of the trait The majority of expression of double shoveling occurs from Grades 1 to 3 at both Marco Godezand

San Pedro. An RxC contingency test using a pooled sarnple from Marco Gonzalez and

San Pedro and the data hmPostclassic Lamanai indicates a signifiant difference

(<.ûûûl) in the frequencies of this trait (g adj. 29.5137 p- ,0000486). It is interesthg to note that 15 individuals of a total of 34 fiom Marco Gonzalez and San Peûro do aot express this trait in any fom and only one individual of 19 fiom Postclassic Lamanai does not express this trait. This suggests that the people of Marco Godezand San

Pedro are biologically distinct in the expression of this trait fiorn the people of

Postclassic Lamanai.

At Historic Tipu (Lang 199û), there is a fkequency of 81.8% for double shoveling The Tipu Maya frrquencies (at 63%) as reported by Jacobi (1 997) are closer to those of Marco Gomala and San Pedm. The RxC contingency test cornparing a pw 66 pooled sample fkm Marco Godezand San Pedro to Historic Tipu shows no signifiant difference at <.O5 if mimdd (g adj. 12.65 13 p=.0489). Although very close to having a significant divergence in the pooled sample it is believed that this cm be considered to be an insignifjcant difference in light of the &ta from the more comprehensive Tipu Maya fiequeuciies In order to test this, RxC contingency tests were run on the data from Marco Gomalez and San Pedro separately comparing them to the data fiom Histonc Tipu For Maru, Gonzalez the difference was insignificant at <.OS (g adj. 10.3520 r.1 106). For San Pedro the difference was insignificant at <.O5 (g adj.

12.46 19 p=.0524). Thus, for fruluencies of double shoveling of the fint incisor, Marco

Gorualez and San Pedro *in be said to be biologically similar to Historic Tipu

5.4 Incbor 1 and 2 InteroloripBlGrpPr,e

The second incisor is the key tooth (Scott and Turner 1997) and both Maru>

Gonzalu and San Pedro are sirnilar to the intermediate classification groups of Western

Ewiaand Soutbern Pacific (Scott and Turner 1997).

The interruption groove is pnsmt in 16.7% of central incison and 2W of lateral

incison at Marco Gonzalez (Table 5.19).

Expression of the hait in males (Table 5.20) is 33.3% for the fmt incisor and

16.Ph for the second incisur. Expiwion of the trait in fernales (Table 5.21) is 33.3% for Page 67 the second incisor. There is no trait expression for the first incisot. Expression of the trait in jweniles with permanent teeth (Table 5.22) is 33.3% for the first incisor. The=

is no expression of the trait observable for the permanent second incisor. Uany of the jwenile permanent teeth were not fiûîy observable because they were unempted and this

is the probable reason for the lack of visible expression of this trait The RxC

contingency test indicates no sexual dimorphimi apparent for this trait on the second

incisor or key tooth at <.O5 (g adj. -382 p.5365).

San Pedro (Table 5.23) has a 6.7% incidence of this trait in central incisoa and

4324 in laterai incisors. Page 68

Expression of this tmit occurs in 37.5% of laterai incisors in males (Table 5.24) and does not occur in central iacisors. Expression of this trait occurs in 40% of lateral incisors in females (Table 5 .Z)and does not occur in central incison. Expression of this trait occurs in 25% of central incisors and 66.7% of lateral incison in juveniles (Table

5.26) with permanent teeth. The mal1 sample size of 3 individuals is the probable reason

for this high muency in juveniles.

The RxC contingency test comparing Marco Gomalez and San Pedro indicated 69 an insignificant ciifFerence betwem the two at <.O5 (g adj. 6.5992 r.0858) for the intemption gmve of the second incisor. The first inciser was also testeâ for divcrgcnce and was also found to be insignificant at <.O5 (g adj. 3.73 18 p= .2919).

This trait was not riecorded for Postclassic Lamami.

The Tipu Maya have a similar moderate kquency of expression of the interruption groove of the second incisor, wkn compared to Marco GonzaIez and San

Pedro, at 2 1% (Jacobi 1997).

55 Mesial Canine RiW

This ûait does not occur at either MmGonzalez or San Pedro.

&

The second inch is the key tooth used for analysis for the tuberculum dentnle.

At Marco Gonzalez (Table 5.27). 33.3% of the füst and lateral incison, kd

58.3% of the canines express the trait

Males (Table 5.28) express the trait at 57.14% on the first incisor, 50% on the

second incisor, and 57.14% on the canine. Females (Table 5.29) express the trait at

16.7% on the fnt incisor, 33.3% on the ~condincisor and 42.9% on the canine.

Jweniles with permanent teeth (Table 5.30) acpnss tk ûait at 50% on the first khr, Page 70 and 75% on the canine. There is no expression of the trait on the second incisor. Small sarnple size (1 iadividual) and uneruptad teeth are both reasons for the lack ofthis trait on the second incim. The high percentage on the first incisor is most probably due to small sample size (2 jweniles). The high pementage on the canine is similar to the male and fernale samples and may be representaîive for this population.

There is no sexual dimorphism apparient for the tuberculurn dentale at Marco

Gonralez at <.OS (g adj.. 2.3275 r.5073). Page 71

55b -on-Sm

At San Pedro (Table 5.3 1), 14.3% of centrai incisors, 46.7% of lateral incisors and 38.1% of the canines express the trait

Mala (Table 5.32) express the trait at 16.7?! on the fbt hcisor, 50% on the second incisor and 37.5% for the canine. Females (Table 5.33) express the trait at 50% on the second iocisor and 25% on the dm. There is w expression of the trait on the firsi incisor. Jweniles (Table 5.34) express the trait at 20% on the fim incisot, 33.3 % on the second incisor and 60% on the canine. There is no semial dimorphisn apparent for the tuberculum dentale at San Pedro at <.O5 (g adj.. 1.5569 p- -6692).

It is intensting to note that ofthe seven indiviemanifdg the tuberculum dentale on the second incisor at San Pedro, five werr numbered with 1 1-2 and aaother idcntifying number. There wm3 males, 1 fdeand t juvenile in this group. This may be an indication of geaaically similar individuais king brrried together.

The RxC contingency test comparing Marco Godezto San Pedro found no significant differences in the ~uenciesof second incisor hibcrculum dentale at .a5 (g adj. 2.2918 p=.6823). nie Riberculum dentale is present in 1Wh of lateral incisors at

Postclassic Lamanai. A pooled sarnple of data from Mar«, Godez and San Pedro compared to Postclassic Lamanai indicates that a sign'ficant difference occumd at

~.Oûûûûûi(g adj. 43.6265 1.812 10"-9).

T& hibercdum dentale is present in 59.9% of lateral incisors at Historic Tipu

A poolcd sarnple hmMarco Gonzalez and San Pedro compand to Historie Tipu has significant divergence at <.O000 1 (g adj. 27.6847 p- -0000042).

At Marco Gonzalez, (Table 5.35) 25% of individuals with upper canines and

3 1.5% of iadividuals with lower canines have the CDAR Males (Table 5.36) express the trait at 14.3%fhquey for rrpper canines and

42.g0!% in lower canines. Fedes (Table 5.37) expnss the irait a! 14.3% in the uppcr canine and 14.3% of lower canines. Juveniles (Table 5.3 8) express the trait at 1Wh in upper canines and 66.m in lower canines. This trait is very susceptible to wear and the high frequencies of this trait that are observed in juveniles nflect this. Page 74 There is no apparent semal dimorphism in the fiequacies hmMarco Godez for the upper distal amsocy tidge using the RxC contiugency test at <.OS. (G adj.

1.8447 p=3976).niere is no apparent sexuai dimorphism in the fiecpencies From Marco

Godez for the lower canine distal accessory ridge at <.OS. (g adj. 1.272 p =.2594).

Pedrp

At San Pedro (Table 5.39) 38.1% of individuals with upper canines and 31.25% of individuals with lower canines express the canine distal accessory ridge.

Males (Table 5.40) at San Pedro express the trait at 25% for the upper chine and

M.!for the lower canine. Fernales a? San Pedro (Table 5.41) express the trait at 37.5%

for the upper canine. T'here are no expressions of the lower canine distal accessoiy ridge

for fernales at San Pedro. Jwcnilcs (Table 5.42) express the tsait at 60% on the upper

canine and 1Wh on the lower canine. Then is no apparent sexual dimorphism in the fkquencies for the upper canine distal accessory ridge at San Pedro at <.O5 (g adj. 1.104 1 r.7761).The= is ahno apparent sexual dimorphism in the frequencies for the lower canine distal accessory ridge at San Pedro at<.05 (g adj. 4.1390 p .lî6t)

The RxC contingency test comparing Marco Gonzalez to San Pedro 1s not signi ficantly different for frequencies of the upper caninedistal accessory ridge (g adj.

2.5708 p= .6320). The RxC cuatingency test cornparkg Marw Gonzalez to San Pedro for differences is significant at the <.O5 level for hquencies of the lower canine distal accessory ridge (g adj. 12.0467 p= .O 17). Marco Godezand San Pedro an biologically distinct for the expnssion of the lower canine distal accessory ridge.

The RxC cuntingency test on a pooled sample fkom Marco Gonralez and San

Pedro comparecl to Postclassic Lamanai is significantly different at the <.(Ml level (g adj.

19.6 1 15 p=.0006) for the upper canine distal accessory ridge.

A pledsample fiom Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro cornpareci to Postclassic

Lamanai indicates signifimt ciifferences at <.O00 13 (g adj. 30.0608 p= 1.340 IW6)for the lower &ne distal accessory ridge. Page 76

Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro are biologically distinct fiom Postclassic Lamanai for frequencies of both the upper aad lower canine distai accessory ridges.

5.7d m-e C~mDanso~TDiffernices

The RxC contingency test cornparhg the ciifferences in a pooled sample hm

Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro to Historic Tipu is si@cmt at <.ûû1 (g adj. 17.3501 p=.0006). Separated sarnples of fr#~et~~ieshm Marco Gonzalez (g adj. 15.913û p=.ûû 12) and San Pedro (g adj. 12.0633 p=.0072) indicate significant diffaences at the

<.O 1 levet for the upper canine distal accessory ridge.

An RxC contingency test on pooled fiuencies fiom Marco Gonzalez and San

Pedro compared to frequencies fiom Historic Tipu was done and was signifiant at the

<.O1 level (g adj. 1 1.4045 p=.0097). This significant difference is indicative of the conceniration of trait expressions at the O and 1 ASU grades at Marco Gonzala,and the mon equally distnbuted trait expressions found at San Pedro and Historic Tipu.

8 Mob1. ad3a Metaone dEvwepp~

Scott and Tumer (1997) test the statistical significaocc of molar cusp numbers by analyzing the absence of the bypocoae cm the second molar. They do not test the metacone statistically, only note its piesence. This methodology was used here. The second molar is the key tooth for statistical Ming for the hypocone. 5.8aMetacone

The metacone is present on al1 fint and second molan at Marco Gonzala (Table

5.43) and San Pedro (Table 5.44) with all of the concentration of its expression found on gradients 3 and 4. The metacone is miuing on some third molars at Marco Godezand Pose77 San Pedro. Third molars are rare1y twted due to their variability in sin, cusp number and pattern

At MmGonzalez presence of the hypowne is found in gradients 3 and 4, the moderate to large cusp sizes. At Marco Gonzalez vable 5.45) then are no individuals without a first molar hypocone, l6.m of the individuals with second molars have no bypocone and 80% of individuals with third moiars bave no hypoc~ne.The key twth fiequency is similar to the intemediate grade found in peoples of the Suda- Pacific,

East Asia, Jomon, Amencan indian, and North Afnca (Scott and Tumcr 1997).

Males (Table 5.46) at MmGodez do wt have the hypo~neon 28.6% of second molars and 100% of third molars. Fernales (Table 5.47) at Marco Gomlez do wt express the hypocone on 50% of third molan. The hypocone is present on al1 first and Page 78 second molars for females. Jweniles with permanent teeth (Table 5.48) have the

Tbe RxC contingency test cornparhg males to females was not significantiy

different for fnquencies of the hypocone at Marco Goiualez (g adj. 3.4234 r.1806)

At San Padro presence of the hypocone is found in the gradients 3 and 4; the

moderate to large cusp sizes. At San Pedro, (Ta& 5.49) 36.8% of the individuais with

second molars have no hypocom and 66.7% of individuals with a third molar havc no

hy~ocone.This percentage on the second molar key tooth is slightly higher than Scott

and Turner's (1997) highest fnquency of 35% for peoples of Europe, India, Northeast

Sikria and the Amencan Arctic. page79 Malcs vble 5.50) at San Pedro have no hypocone on 16.m of second molars and 75% of third rnolars Fernales ÇTeble 5.5 1) have no hypocoac on 42.m of second molars ad66.7% of third molars. Jweniles with permanent teeth (Table 5.52) have no hypocone on Wh of second molars and 1000/o of third molars

There is no apparent seddimorphism in the hquencies for lack of hypocone at San Pedro (g adj. 2.2515 v.5219).

The RxC contingency test on the key tooth for the lack of the hpne

camparing Marco Godezto San Pedro is significantly different at the <.O5 level. (g

adj. 1 1.191 2 p=.0107). Thc higher fkqueacies of this trait fouad at San Pedro are the

reason for this statisticaîly significant diEerence. Marco Godezand San Pedro an -80 biologically distinct for f'kquencies of the lack of hypocone in the second molar.

Lang (1990) reports high fiquencies of absence of the second molar hyparm

for Postclassic Lamanai (27?!). A pooled sample hmMarco Gonzalez aiid San Pedro

is also signifiant at the <.O1 level (g adj. 11 p==.;.0079. Marco Godezand San

Pedro are biologically distinct hmPostclassic Lamanai for fiequencies of the lack of

hypocoae on the second molar.

Pooled hquencies from Marco Godezand San Pedro were wrnpared to

Historic Tipu for the hypocone. This RKC contingency test was not significady

di fferent (g adj. 6.0733 p=. 1O8 1). *

Cusp 5 is present in a very mal1 percentage (5%) of fint molan, in only one

individual hmMaiço Gonzala (Tabk 5.53). It is not present in either second or third

molais. Page 81

The one juven.de (Table 5.54) who manifests the at Marco Gomalez ha a strong expression of cusp 5 at the 4' gradient Neither maies nor fernales express the trait

5.9b Intra-site compaeso- Pedrp

Cusp 5 is present in only one individual (5%) fiorn San Pedro (Table 5.55).The

one expression of cusp 5 et San Pedro is very 4 at the lugradient and is found in a

female.

The 5% frequency of Cusp 5 found at both Marco Gonalez and San Pedro is

substantially lower than the 10% lowest average discussed by Scott and Turner ( 1997)

for Western Eurasians and SineAmenans

Marw Godezand San Pedro an exactly the ~awin their expression of Cusp 5 page 82 fresuencies at 5%. For this reason pied samples firom Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro were used in the cornparison with Postclassic Lamami and Historic Tipu for this trait in order to pvide the greatest amount of information.

Tbesc frsquencies are much lower thm those of Postclassic Lamanai at 55%. The

RxC coatingency test compariag Marco Godez and San Pedro to Postclassic Lamanai is signifiant at the <.O005 level (g adj. 14.241 r.0002).Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro are biologically distinct hmPostclassic Lamanai for frequencies of Cusp 5 on the upper first molar.

ZUItuer-site C~moansons-TempPralNfkr~ces

'Ibe fnsuency of occunence of this trait for Historic Tipu is 38.4%. The RxC contingency test corn parhg the diffmnce between Marco Gon;ralez/San Peâro ad

Historic Tipu is significant at the <. 01 level (g adj. 6.888 p=.0087). According to these data Uatu, Gouzalez and San Pedro are biologically distinct from Histone Tipu for fnquencies of Cusp 5 on the first upper molar.

The mal1 sample of 50 individuais utilUed by Lang (1990) in her research on

Historic Tipu produccd obsewed frequencies that were very hi&. mis may k due to

non-randomness in her simple. nie Tipu Maya hmwhich Lang's sample was drawn,

however have a very low fnquency nite for cusp 5 at 7% (Jacobi 1997), similar to those

of Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro at 5%. The RxC contingency table compring pooled

fiequencies fiom Marco Godezand San Pedro to the Tipu Maya are not significantly

different (g adj. 169 r.6814). These data suggest that Marco Godezand San Pedro

are biologicaliy similar to the Tipu Maya for kqtmcies of Cusp 5. The first molar U the key tooth for this trait. Ali grades of expression were scod and tested For both Marco Godezand San Pedm incidences of CarabeIli cusps on second and third molan are very low and are nshicted to the fint grade of expression

At Marco Godez (Table 5.56). 50°h of the individuals with a fiist molar show some sign of the Cmbelli cusp but only 15% express the trait fiom grades 5 to 7. This is within the 101~-intermediaterange for East Asians (Scott and Turner 1997). Individuals with second molars express the trait at 12.5% a! grade 1. hâividuals with third molan express the trait at 2PA at gra& 1.

Males (Table 5.57) at Marco Godado not acprss the Carabelli Cusp on the

first molar fiom $rades 5 to 7. Expression of the trait occurs in grades 1 to 4 at 50% for

the first molar. 'Che irait is expressed at 33.3 % at grade 1 on the second molar and 25%

at grade 1 on the third wilar.

Fernales (Table 5.58) at Marco Ootuaîez ex- the trait on the first moloier hmgrades Page 84 5 to 7 at 14.3%. Expression of the Carabelli cusp occurs from grades 1 to 4 at 14.3% on the fint molar. Ch the second molar the trait is expressexi et 16% for grade 1. On the third molar the Carabdi cusp is expressed at grede 1 at 25%. Jweniles with pemawnt teeth (Table 5.59) express the trait at 25% on the fint molar for grades 5 to 7, for grades 1 to 4. There is no expression of the Carabelli cusp on second or thUd molars for juveniles at Mar«> GodezAt Marco Gonzalez a jwenile expresses the hi&& scure for the trait at grade 6.

There is no apparent sexual dimorphisrn in the expression of the Carabelli cusp

(grades 1 to 7) at Marco Gonzala (g adj. 3.1 70 1 p-. 5298).

At San Pedro (Table 5.60), 66.7% of individuais witb a first molar show

indications of the Caraklli cusp but only 5.6% express the trait fiom grades 5 to 7. This

is within the range of low fiequency groups of North Asia, EskirneAleut, American

indiais, Jomon and Ainu (Scott and Tumer 1997). For second molars 5.9% of individuals Ps%e 85 express the trait at grade 1 and 8.3% of individuals with third molan express the trait et grsde 1-

Males (Table 5.61) show no incidences of the trait fiorn grades 5 to 7 but do express the trait at 80% nom grades 1 to 4. Males have no Carabelli cusps on second and third molars. Fernales (Table 5.62) have no Carabelli cusps hmgraâes 5 to 7 but do express the trait at 25% f?om grades 1 to 4. On second molan the trait is expressed at

1 1.1% at grade 1, and it is 16.7% on third molars at grade 1. Juve&s with pcmanent teeth (Table 5.63) express the trait at 14.3% nom grades 5 to 7 and 71.4% fiom grades 1 to 4. The trait is not expressed on the sccond or third molars. At San Pha jwenile expresses the highest score for the trait at grade 6.,

Sm- Wgc 86 There is no apparent sexual dimorphism for the Carabelli cusp (Grades 1 to 7) on the fust molar at San Pedro (G adj. 2.6568 P-4476).

The RxC cuntingeacy test cornparhg dineriences in MmGoda aiid San

Pedro for fiequenciesi of the Carabelli cusp is insignificant (g adj. 3.1467 p=. 7902).

Marco Godezand San Pedro are biologically similar in their expression of this trait

At Postclassic Lamanai, 52.3% of individu& express the Carabelli Cusp in

grades 5 and 6. Lang (1 990) did not score pie7 in her analysis. From grades 1 to 4,

3 8.1 % of individuals have the trait The RxC contingency test comparing di fferences of

the pooled results (grades 1 to 6 or 7) fiom Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro cornpand to

Postclassic Lamanai was also significant at the <.O1 level (g adj. 22.0763

p=.W 12).Marui Gonzalez and San Pedro are biologically distinct firom Postclassic

Lamanai for frequencies of the Carabelli cusp.

At Historic Tipu 19.2% of individuals express the Carabelli cusp at grades 5 and

6 on the first molar. From grades 1 to 4 the trait is pmnt at 500h. Pooleû data hm

Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro are also show to have insignificant differences (g adj.

8.3606 p= -2129) whcn corn@ to Qla hmhistorie Tipu (grades 1 to 6 or 7). Manri

Gonzalez and Sm Pedro are biologically similar to Historic Tipu in the expression of

fiequemies of the Carabelli cusp. 5Jlhmw

The third molar is the key tooth for thc parastyle. Page 87 ia~eC~coGo&

The parastyle is prescrit at MmGoazalez (Table 5.64) on Molar 1, at S%,

Molar 2, at 15.8% and Molar 3, at 10%.

Males (Table 5.65) express the parastyle at 16.7% on the second molar and do not express the hait on the fint or third molars. Females (Table 5.66) express the trait at

14.3% on the fust rnolar, 28.6% on the second molar and 25% on the third molar.

Jweniles (Table 5.67) with permanent teeth do not express the trait on any molar.

There is no apparent semial dirnorphism in the expression of the parastyle on the third rnolar at Marco Goda(g adj. ,750 r.3864). - --

It is of prticuiar interest to note that fora individuals (1 male and 3 females) who expressteSStheparastyle on aoy molar wen excavateci hmbeneath Structure 14 at

Marco Gonzalez One other fernale displays the trait and was excavated fiom beneath

Structure 11. Since this is a very nue trait, tbex Structure 14 individuals were ldcely a

related gmup and the femaie with the parastyle excavated fiom under Structure 1 1 is

quite possibly genetically related to the individuals fiom Structure 14. One of tbe females

was aged 40+ and the other individuals were ail aged 25 to 30 years. The older individual

may have ken the parent adthe younger may have bcen ber children or they may aii

have been siblings.

The parastyle is present at San Pedro (Table 5.68) on Molar 1 at 22.3% and molar

3 at 18.2%. Molar 2 has no incidence of this trait.

Males (Table 5.69) at San Pedro express the parastyle on 20% of first molars and

25% of third motars. Females (Table 5.70) have an incidence of 14.3% on the fint molar

and 25% on the third rnolat and juveniles (TabIe 5.71) express the trait at 33.3% on the first rnolar.

There is no apparemt sexuai dirnorphism in the kquencia of the parastyle at Sari

Pedro (g adj. 1.8654 P.3937).

nie RxC contingency test comping Marco Gonzalu and SM Pedro for

differrnccs in the frequencia of the puastyle was insignificant (G adj. 2.3489 p=3WO).

M~IWOomlez and San Pedro are biologically similar for fiequencies of this trait

Absence or presence of the trait mis scored, not grades of expression, on al1 first

molars, not third molars, in order to compare with Lang's (1990) rnethodology. The

differe~lcewas not signifiant for either Marco Gomalez or San Pedro. Marco Gonzalez

and San Pedro are biologically similar to Posrclassic Lamanai for first molar expression

of the parastyle.

5.1 Id htlade Comparison- Temppral Di- Page 90 of the parastyle.

nie trait was scoreci by absence or ptesence rather than by grades of expression, on el1 first molars. Aithough third mlars are considend to be the ky twth fbr the parastyle, first molars were used in order to cornpan with Lang's (1990) mahodology.

The difference was not signincaut for either Marco Godaor San Pedro. Marco

Gonzalez and San Pedro are biologically similar to Historie Tipu for first rnolar expression of the parastyle. Jacobi (1 997) àid a~lyzethe third molar parstyle for the

Tipu Maya and he found that the mit was expresseci on 4% of third molars. Tbe RxC contingency test cornparhg Marco Gonzaln and San Pedro in a pool& sample to the

Tipu Maya for the absence or presence of this trait on the third molar wes aot significantly different (g adj. 2.543 r.1108). Marco Gonrala and San Pedro are biologically similar to the Tipu Maya for frequencies of the parastyle. .

Al1 teeth that were loose were examined for abnormal mot numkrs in both

Marco Godezand Sen Pedro. Thm wm only two abnormalities observeci in the teeth

that were available. One molar from each of two individuals (one male Ml, one female

M3) hmSan Pedro exhibitcd taurodontism. These individuals were wt excavated

within the same group.

Teeth mre not removed hmthe maxilla or mandile in order to analyze rwt

number so there is no way at this the of detennining whether thm were any other

abnormalities in the majority of the teah present. It is suggested that X-rays of the teeth Page 91 and roots would be an option for Merce~eafch in this area

merMan 1.2. 3 Groove Pa&m

5.138 mKak2

At MmGomala (Table 5.n)-13.6% of first molm exhibit the Y pattem wïth the + pattern being most prevalent at 5û%; 26.3 % of second molars exhibit the Y pattem, again with the + pattem king most cornmon at 63.2% and 33.3% of tbird molars exhibit the Y pattern with the X pattern king more prevalent at 66.7%. The key second molar therefore falls into the intemediate range found in East and South Afnca,

Melanesia and New Guinea (Scott and Turner 1997).

Males (Table 5.73) at Marco Godezexpress îhe Y pattern at 16.7% on the first molar, 25% on the second molar and not at dl on the third rnolar. Fernales (Table 5.74)

express the Y pattern at 33.3% on the second rnolar and 66.7?!%on the third molar. Then

is no expression of the Y- panmi on the first molar. Jweniles with permanent teeth

(Table 5.75) express the trait at 33.3% on the first molar and 1000%~on the second molar

(only 1 individual), and not et al1 on the third molar. The~is no apparent seddimorphism in the frequencies for the Y-pattern on the second molar at Marco Oo~ez(g adj. .IO1 p= .7501).

Of some interest are the presence of five individuals excavated from under structure 14 at Marco Gonzalez who exhibit the second molar Y pattern; they are the oniy individuals fiom Marco Godezwho do W. niese iadinduals may have been gnetically nlateû.

At San Pedro (Table 5-76), 27.7 % of fint molars exhibit the Y pattern, with the

X pattern king mod prevalent at 55.6%; 38.W of second molars exhibit the Y pattern with the + pattmi king more common at 50./. and 85.m of third molars exhibit tbt Y pttem, the highest pievalence for tbis tooth. The second molar key tooth fdls within the same intemediaie range as that of Marco Godez

Males (Table 5.77) at San Phexhibit the Y-panem at 40% on the fint molar, Page 93

50% on the second molar and 75% on the third molar. Fernales (Table 5.78) express the trait at 33.3% on the first molar, 33.3% on the secoad molar and 100% on the ihud molar. Juveniles with permanent teah (Table 5.79) exbibit the !rait at 14.3% on the first molar. 28.6% on the seand molar and not at all oa the third molar.

There is no apparent sexual dimorphism in the fiequencies of the Y-pattern on the seconci molar at San Pedro Cg adj. $737 p=.6461).

The RxC mntingency test comparing Marco Gonzalez to San Pedro for differences in the ûquencies of the gmove pattern on the second rnolar was insignificant

(g adj. 4.905 1 p=.086 1). Marco Godezand San Pedro are biologically simitar in their expressions of grwve patterns.

The perceutage of Y patterns for Marco Godezand San Pedro are similar to those of Postclassic Lamanai (3 1.4%) which falls into the same intermediate fiequency mge mg1990).

An RxC contingeacy test was done on a pooled sample from Marco Gonzalez and

San Pedro testing the absence or presence of tbe Y-pattem with an insignificant page 94 difference (g adj. .O68 r.7938). Marco Gonzaia and San Pedro an biologidy similar to Postclassic Lamanai in their expression of this trait

Historic Tipu has a very low frequency of the Y-pattern of the second rnolar at

1 1% similar to that of Aitar de Sacrificios at 7% (Austin 1970).

A pooled sample hmManr, Go~ualezand San Pedro wmparing the absence or presence of the Y-pattern to Histonc Tipu was done. The difference was significant at the <.O5 level (g adj. 5.286 p=.0215). Marco Godezand San Pedro are biologically distinct hmHistoric Tipu for the second molar Y pattern m Al1 cusps five and six an found in grades 3,4 and 5 ie. medium to very large sk for both Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro.

5.14a hmksbe mngarkm Marco Go-

Four cusped fhtmolan are relatively rare in most world populations (Scott and

Turner 1997). At Marco Gondet (Table 5.80). 3 1.8% of fint molars have four cusps,

45.6%of first molars have five cusps, 18.1% of first molars have six cusps and 4.5% of first molars have seven cusps. This is a very high percentage of 4 cusped first molars and is in the range of high frrquency Western Eurasians. For cusp six, Marco Gonzalez is in the low intemediate range along with peoples from SubSaharan Afnca, South Siberia and New Guinea. For cusp seven, it is in the low fiquency range of groups from Western

Euiasiq SbAmerica Sunda- and SbPacific areas. (Scott and Turner 1997). Page 95

Males at Marco Godez(Table 5.81) exhibit Cusp 4 a! 16.6% and Cusp 5 at

83.4% on the tint molar. There an no expressions of Cusps 6 or 7 on the firnolar. Fernales (Table 5.82) exhibit Cusp 4 at 42.9%. Cusp 5 at 28.596, Cup6 at 14.3% and Cq7 at 14.3 % on the first molar.

Juveniles (Table 5.83) exhibit Cusp 5 at 25% and Cusp 6 at 75% for the fint molar. There are no expressions of Cusps 4 or 7 for juveniln

There is no apparent sexual dimorphism for the expression of Cusp 4 (g adj. There is no apparent ddimorphism for the expression of Cusp 4 (g adj.

1.981 r.15933, Cusp 5 (g adj. 3.726 p=.0536), Cusp 6 (g adj. 369 P.3513) or Cusp 7 (g adj. 369 r.3513) for the first molar

At San Pedro (Table SM), 1 1.8% of Fust molars have four cusps, a hi&

cusps and 29.4% have six cusps, again in the low intemediate range, similar to Marco

Page 99

Juveniles Fable 5.87) express Cusp 5 at 28.6% and Cusp 6 at 71.4% for the first molar,

Then is no apparent sexual dimorphism in the e-on of Cusp 4 Cg adj. 2.208 p=. 1373), or Cusp 5 (g adj. 2.208 p=. 1373) for the first molar at San Pedro. The 5 iadividuais who express cusp 6 a! San Pedro are all juveniles. Cusp 6 is prwe to wear and this may be the reason for its lack of expression in adults. epFirstMolara-eo~

The RxC contingency test comparing differences in the frequencies of Cusps 4,5,

6 and 7 on the first molar at Marco Godezand San Pedro was insignificant (g adj.

3.13 16 p- .3718). Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro are biologically similar in the expression of cusp numben on the first molar.

nie RxC contingency test comparing the pooled sample fiom MmGonzalez and Saa Pedro to Postclassic Lamanai for the difEerence in fiequencies of cusp numbers for the fint molar was significant at the <.O5 level (g adj. 10.7665 p .MM). Marco

Gonzala and San Pedro are biologically distinct hmPostclassic Lamanai for expression of this trait.

The RxC contingency test comparing the pooled sample fiom Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro to Historie Tipu Cor the difference in fropuencies of occmnce of cusp numben on the first molar was signifiant at the <.O005 level (g adj.. 16.3955 p= ,0003).

Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro are biologically distinct for expression of this trait when cornparrd to Historic Tipu. Page 100

Second molars at Março Godez(Table 5.88) have four cusps at 63.15%, five cusps at 3 1.6% and six cusps at 5 .Z%.For four cusps this is within the hi& intemediate rang of groups hmNew Guinea. Melanesia and East Afhca (Scott and

Turner 1997).

Males (Table 5.89) at Marco Gonzalez express Cusp 4 and 5 at 50% each on the second molar. Fernales (Table 5.90) express Cusp 4 at 83.3% and Cusp 5 at 16.7% on the second molar. There are no 6 cusps for males or fcmales Page 101

Juveniles (Table 5.9 1) express Cusp 6 at 100.h (1 individual) on the second mola..

There is no apparent sexual dimorpbism in the expression of fiequencies for Cusp

4 (g adj. 1.354 p=.2445) or Cusp 5 (g adj. 1.324 p= 2445) at Marco Gonzalez

At San Pedro (Table 5.92) cusps 4 and 5 occm in 38.W of the individuals with second molars and cusp six occurs in 222% of individuals with second molars. For four cusps this is within the low intermediate range that includes, South Afncan, Eastm and Page 102

Northem Asian groups (Scott and Tumer 1997).

Males (Table 5.93) express Cusp 4 at 75% and Cusp 5 at 25% on the second molar. Females (Table 5.94) express Cusp 4 at 49.9%, cusp 5 at 33.4% and Cusp 6 ai

16.7% on the second moiar. Page 103

Juveniles (Table 5.95) express Cusp 5 at 57.1% and Cusp 6 at 42.9% on the second rnolar. There are no 4' cusps present.

There is no apparent sexual dimorphism in the expression of fiequencies of Cusp

4 (g adj. -552 p= .457ï), Cusp 5 (g adj. .O67 p= .7956) or Cup6 (g adj. .7 14 ~3981)at

San Pedro. Three of the four individuais expressing Cusp 6 are jweniles and the third is

a female aged 17-19 years, also demograpbical1y considereû to k a juvenile (Waipa

1997). This is furthet evidencr of the efféct of wear on the 6' cusp in adults. Page 104

The RxC contingency test compîng the fkquencies of occmceof Cusps 4.5, and 6 et Marco Godaand San Phwas insigdicant (g adj. 3.0760 v.2148) for the second molar. Marco Goriralez and San Pedro are biologically similar in the expression of cusp nmbers of the second molar.

The RxC contingency test cornparhg the pooled sample from Marco Goda

and San Pedro to the frequencies fiom Postclassic Lamanai for the dinerences in cusp

numben on the second molar was insignificant (g adj. 1.4748 p- .4784). Marco Godez

and San Pedro are biologically similar to Postclassic Lamanai for expression of this trait.

This is the third trait, dong with the Y-groove pattern and the parstyle that indicates that

Marco Gonzalcz. San Pedro and Postclassic Lamanai are biologically similar.

The RxC contingency test cornparhg the pooled sample nom Marco Gomala

and San Pedro to the fkequencia hmHistoric Tipu for cusp numbers on the s~cond

molar was insignificant (g adj. 5.5094 p=.0636)

At Marco Gonzalez (Table 5.96) third molas have cusp four at 66.7%, cusp five

at 16.7% and cusp six at 16.6%. Page 105

Males (Table 5.97) at Marco Gonzalez express Cusp 4 at 66.7% and Cusp 5 at

33.3% on the third molar. Fernales (Table 5.98) express Cusp 4 at 66.Ph and Cusp 6 at

33.3%. Jweniles with permanent teeth (Table 5.99) have no third molan.

There is no apparent sexd dimorphism in the expression of Cusp 4.5 or 6. Al1 have the same statisticaily insigni ficant dinerence. (g adj. O p 1)

At San Pedro (Table 5.100), Cusp four is present in 57.1% of the individuals,

cusp 5 is ptesent in 28.6% of individu& and 14.3% of third molars have cusp su

present. Page 107

Males (Table 5.101) at San Pedro express Cusp 4 at 100%. Fernales (Table 5.102) express Cusp 4,5 and 6 at 33.3%. Jweniles (Table 5.103) with permanent teeth have no third rnolars at San Pedro. There is no apparent sexual dimorphism for Cusps 4.5 or 6 for the third molar (g adj. -762 p=.3 826). Page 108

5.14k hter-site Comaanson-~~~ra''~~

The RxC contingency test comparing Marco Gonzalez to San Pedro for

differences in the occurrence of the frequencies of cusp numben of the third molar was

not significant (g adj..6892 pr .7085). Marco Godezand San Peûro are biologicaily Page 109 similar in their expressions of cusp numbers on the third molar.

The RxC contingency test comparing a pooled sample fiom Manr, Goozala and

San Pedro to Postclassic Lamanai for divergence was insignifiant for th fkquencia of cusp nurnbers on the third molar.

5.141 Inter-sitcon-WdMolar-TemQQd DiffkmGG

The RxC wntingency test comparllig MamGodez and San Pedro to Historic

Tipu for differences in the frequencies of the occurrence of cusp ambers on the third molan was insignificant (g adj. 2.7102 p=.2579).

5 Anterior Fovep

Even though this trait is analyzed for four grades, it is only rcored for presence

and absence since attrition affects the grading in older individuals. The trait does not

disapptar during life but it does decrease in distinctness.

3- 1 5a Intra-site Cauwism-Marco Gontalez

At Marco Gonzalez (Table 5.104) the anterior fovea is prcsmt on 70.8.96 of tirst

molars.

Males (Table 5.105) exhibit the trait at 66.7% on the fim molar. Femaies (Table

5.106) exhibit the trait at 7 1.4% and j weniles (Table 5.107) express the trait at 8W. Muta-

There is no apparent sexual dimorphism in the fiequencies of the first molar antenor fovea (g adj. 2.0455 -630) at Marco Gonzalez

5.15b Intra-site C-sm&mj?edt~

At San Pedro (Table 5.108) the anterior fovea is present on 73.7.h of first rnohs.

Males (Table 5.109) express the trait at 50%. females (TaMe 5.110) at 66.7% and juveniles with permanent molars (Table 5.1 1 1) at lûû??. Page 111

Therc is no apparent sema1 dimorphism in the fnsuencies of the anterior fovea of the fint molar (g adj.. 1.2109 p- -7504).

The RxC contingency test comparing Marco Godezto San Pedro for fiequencies ofthe anterior fovea was insignificant (g adj. .4532 p=-9779).Marco

Godezand San Pedro are biologically sirnilar in the expression of the fkquencies of the anterior fovea.

Lang (1990) did not use the MUsystem to anal- the anterior fovea, so data could aot be compand for this mit at Postclassic Lamanai.

5-uiter-siteonir>an=mpPcalD~

The RxC contingency test comparing the pooled sample Marco Gonnilez and San

Pedro to the Tipu Maya for differences in the fkquencies of the anterior fovea was insignificant (g adj. .193 p=.6602) This is the ninth trait that indicates that San Pedro and

Tipu are biologically similar and the seventh trait chat indicates that Marco ~odezand

Tipu are biologically similar.

5.16 ~flsahgWQk j. 16- ~ntra-site~o-co

At Manr, Godez(Table 5.11 2). the deflecting minkle is present in 5û% of first molan, 11.1% of xcond molan and 12.5% of third molars. Thc first molar falls into the high frequency groups of North Asia and the Amencas (Scott and Turner 1997). Males (Table 5.1 13) express tbe trait only on the first molar at 55.5%. Fernales

(Table 5.1 14) exhibit the trait at SV!%for the first molar, 16.7% for the second molar and

25% for the third rnolar. Jweniles (Table 5.1 15) with permanent teeth express the trait at 75% on the first rnolar or@.

There is no apparent sexuai dimorphism in the expression of the Frpsuencies of the deflecîing wrinkle on the key tooth, the first molar ( g adj. 1.0289 r.7943)at Marco

Godez Page 113 5-ite

At San Pedm (Table 5.1 16). the deflecting wrinkle is pmnt in 55.6% of First molan and 1 1.2% of second rnolars. nie deflecting wrinkle on fht molars at San Pedro also fails into the same high frrquency groups as Marco Gonzalez

Males (Table 5.1 17) at San Pedro expms the trait at 60% on the fint molar and

20% on the second molar. Fernales (Table 5.1 18) exhriit the hait at 5OO/o on the fint

molar and 16.7?!?!on the second molar. Juveniles with permanent teeth (Table S. 119)

express tbe irait at 57.1% oa the tira molar oaly. There is no apparent sexual dimorphism in the expression of the frequencies of the first molar deflecting wrinWe at San Pedro (g adj. 1.8407 p= -3984).

J.1 6c Mer-site Cw,pa&onICo-

The RxC contingency test cornp.ring differences at Marco Gonzalez to San Pedro for frequencies of the first molar defiecting wrinkle was insignificant (g adj. 6.6897 p=. 1532). Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro are biologically similar in the expression of the deflccting wrinkle.

An RxC contingency test comparing poolcd hquencies fiom ManA, Gokalez and San Pedro to Postclassic Lamanai was not significantly different (g adj. 3.356 p=

.0670).

Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro are biologically similar to Postclassic Lamanai in the frequency of expression of the deflecting wrinkle on the fint molar.

5 16d hm-site Co~n-TemppralmkmKss

The test on pooled Frequencies fiom Marco Gomlez and San Pedro (g adj.

1.820 p= .1773) was insignificant when compared to Historic Tipu. Page 115

Marco Gonzalez and San Pedm are biologically similar to Kistoric Tipu for frequencies of the deflecting wrinlde on the first molar. . 5.17 DWTw-

nien is no expression of the distal trigonid crwt on any molar at eithcr hhm

Gonzalez or San Pedro.

5.18 Protosm

5.18a IwteCo-CO Go-

At Marco GotlzaIez (Table 5.120). 24% of tirst molan bave soine expression of the trait, 16.7% of second molars have some expression of the trait and 44.4% of third rnolars have some expression of the trait The strongest expressions (@es 6 aad 7) of the protostylid occur on the third rnolar in Marco Gonzalez.

Males (Table 5.12 1) at Marco Gonzalez exhibit the protostylid on 14.3% of fust molars, 12.5%of second molars and 40% of third molars. Females (Table 5.122) express the trait at 12.5% on the first mofar and 50% on the third molar. Juveniles witb permanent teeth (Table 5.123) exhibit the trait at 20% on the first rnolar. There is w apparent sexual dimorphisrn in the tiequencies of the protostylid on the first molar at Marco Goda(g adj. 1.8484 p= .3968).

At San Pedro, 27.8% of firJt molars have some expression of the trait, 3 1.2 % of second molars have some expression of the trait and 50% of third molars show some expression of the tniit although al1 three molan show weak (grades 1-3) expressions.

(Table 5.124). Only one male exhibits a grade 6 expression of the trait. Page 117

Males (Table 5.125) at SM Pedro exhibit the trait at 20% on the fint molar, 2M on the second molar and 25% on the therd molar. Fernales (Table 5.126) exhibit the trait at 50% on the second molar and 75% on the third molar . Jweniles with pemüuient teeth

(Table 5.127) bave the ûait on 28.6% of first molars and 20% of second molan.

There is no apparent sewl dïmorphism in fiequencies of the molar one

protosîylid at San Pedro (g adj.. 1.3 172 pt.5176) Page 118

The RxC contingency tests comparing Marco Godezand San Pedro for differences in the h-equencies of the protostylid on the first molar (g adj. 3.9685 p=

.5540), second molar (g adj. 5.12 10 p .1631) and ihird molar (g adj. 3.02 11 g; .6%7) found insipifkant difierences. Marco Godezand San Pedro are biologically simils for expressions of frequencies of tbe pcotostylid

The RxC contingency test cornparhg tbe pooled fiquencies fiom Marco

Gomalez and San Pedro to Postclassic Lamanai found ~ig~ficantdifferences at <.O5 level (g adj. 9.00 1 1 p= .O 1 1 1).

A pooled sarnple of fraluencies of the protostylid between Marco Gonzalez and

San Pedro and Historic Tipu was insignificant at <.O5 level (g adj. 24.04% p5.994 10"

-6). Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro are biologkally simillu to Historic Tipu

5.1 9 Uq~erand LowermelEIteasioac

This is scored for statistical analysis on the fint molar of the maxillary

dentition (Scott and Turner 1997). Since no maxillary rnolars expms this trait at either

Marco Gonzalez or San Pedro analysis of enamel extensions were done on the

mandibular rnolars.

At Marco Gonzalez only 3 individuals, a male, a female and an individual of

unknown age and sex excavated fiom beneath Structure 14 at Marco Gonzalez display

this irait (1 mm in lemgth) on the second molan of the mavillary dentition. This ms probably a genetically-related group.

For the mandibulac dentitions at Mam Gada (Table 5.1 î8), ehamcl extensions occur in 15.4% of first molars, 3 1.6% of second molars and 14.3% of third molars.

Males (Table 5.129) express the trait at 27.3% on the first rnolar, 25% on the second molar and 12.5% on the third molar. Females (Table 5.130) exhibit the trait at 9% on the first molar and 12.5% on the second molar. There are w enamel extensions found on jwenila with permanent teeth Thm is no apparent sexual dirnorpiiun in the expression of fiequencies of the enamel extensions on the fiat molars at Marco Goda(g adj. 1.123 p= .2892).

At San Pedro (Table 5.13 1), emel extensions occur in 3 1.25% of first

Males (TabIe 5.132) exhibit the trait at 20% on the fmt molar and 20% on the second molar. Fernales (Table 5.133) exhibit the ûait at 20% on the first mohr and 40% on the second molar. Juveniles (Table 5.134) exhibit the trait at 28.6% on the fint molar. Page 121

There is no signifiant semai dimorphism for the expression of mandiibular fint molar enamel extensions since both males and fernales exhiiit the trait at 20%.

The RxC contingency tat compsring differences between Marw Godezand

San Peâro was insignifiant for frequencies of enamel extensions of the first molar (g adj. 1.7311 p= .4208)

The results of the &C contingency test comparing Marco Gonzala (g adj.

27.437 r.00001) and San Pedro (g adj. 13.575 r.002) separately to Postclassic

Lamanai resdtcd in differences that are significant for both at the <.O1 level. Marco

Goiualez and San Pedro are biologically distinct nom Postclassic Larnanai for the frequencies of the mandibular fust molar enamel extensions.

The results of the RxC contingency test cornparing the frequencia of enamel extensions of the mandibular motars at Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro with thdse of

Historic Tipu wen (g adj 1.14 p.2857) insipificant at the <.O5 level. 1

Marco Gonzalez (Table 5.135) has a 13.3% fnquency on fint premolars and a

23.1% fiequency rate on second premolars. These are both in the highest but still rare range of the Asian and Amencan populations. Scott and Turner (1997) designate three grades of odontomes, extremely rare or alrnost absent, very rare and nue, with rare king the highest grade. Males (Table 5.136) at Marco Gondez expnss tbc trait at 25% on the first premolar and 28.6% on the second premolar. Females (Table 5.137) express the trait at

16.7% on the second premolar ody.

Tbm is no apparent sexual dimorphism in the freswncies of the premolar

odontome at Marco Gonzaiez (g adj. -762 p= .3826)

5.20b LlmSiJe c-

At San Pedro, (Table 5.138) 7.1% of fint premolan show expression of the trait

and 18.2% of second premolan show expression of the trait. These are also in the rare

range for this trait (Scott and Turner 1997). Page 123

Males @le S. 139) and fernales Fable 5.140) at San Pedro expnss the trait at

1 20% on the second premolar oaly.

There is no sexuaI dimorphism in the fkqueacies of th odontome at San Pedro.

The RxC contingency test comparing Marco Gonzala to San Pedro for the fiequencies of the expression of odontomes of the first pmnolar was insigni ficant (g adj.

.261 r.6093) as was the test for îhe second pemolar (g adj. ,079 p=.7790).

The RxC contingency test cornpar@- the pooled frrquencia fiom Marco Godezand San Pedro to Postclassic Lamami was signifiant at the <.O5 level (g adj. 8.233 p-004 1).

The resdts of the RxC contingency test cornparhg ManGonalu and San

Pedro separately to Historic Tipu for fkquencies of the odontome were signifiant for both Marco Gonzala (g adj. 4.822 p -0281) end San Pedro (g adj. 4.822 .0281) at Page 124 the <.O5 level and indicates that Marco Godez and San Pedro were biologically distinct hmHistoric Tipu in their expression of the odoatome. -1 Supernu- Te&. Co-I Absegeepgd P- te- At Marco Godez, two individuals bave supanuxnaary teeth in the maxiih anci one of these had two. MG1 2/3, a 35-40 year old male has an unerupted supernumetary tooth situated in the centre of the maxilla This tooth goes through the base of the nasal cavity di rectl y through the nasal spine. The other individual MG 14/27 a 3040 year old male, has two supemurnerary teeth, one of which is in a similar position to that of MG

12/3 and the other tooth is fomd on the lingual side of the normal tooth row directfy behind the upper right central incisor. These two skeletons wcre buried in structures that

were located beside one antother (Figure 2.2).

One individual, MG 1 118 a 4Ck male, nom Marco Gonzalez exhibits the

congenital absence of premolan and third molars. This is the oniy evidence of this trait

found. 5Aaua&h.

At San Pedro, one individual, SP 11-3/1 a 20-25 year old female, has two

supemumerary teeth, one posterior to the third upper molar and an empty socket for a

supemumerary tooth postaior to the nght upper canine. One 4û+ male, SP 1745 has a

peg shaped lefl thitd molar present. t

Table 5.141 summarizes the above resdts- Yes indiCates that there is evidcrice of 125 biological disthmess in the expression of the tra-it No indicaks that there is a biologicd similarity in the trait expression

Trait (key MG mlf SP m/f MGvs SP MGBPvs MG/SPvs

tooth) - PCLamat18i Wipu wingiag no no no - Y- Il shovel no Y= no Y= Y= 1 Il dbt shvl no no no Y= no

Intem. p. no no no C. - Tuber. Dent no no no Ys Y= 3 UCDAR no no no Y= YeS . * LCDAR no no , Y= Y= . Y= 1 M2 hypo w no Yes Yes Y= 1 1 MlCuspS - - no Y= no i MI Carab no no no Y= no I M3Paras. no no no no no 1 M2Ypatt no no no a0 Y= . Ml Cusp # no no QO Y= Y= 1 M2Cusp# no no 110 no no M3Cusp# no no no no no Anter. Fov no no no - no

Defl. wnnk no no no M) IH) Rotostylid no no no Y= no 1 Enam Ext no no no Y= no

Ociontomes no no M) Yes YeS Table 5.141 Stll~llllaryof Resulto MG-Marco Gonzaleg SP-San Pedro mlf-male fernale Page 126

52mafor MMS~ ownce MMD

In order to undentand the relationship bctwcen other Maya populations and

Marco Godezand San Pedro the SMMD (Standardized Mean Measure of Distance) test was perfomied Table 5.142 presents the resdts of this test. Any value over 2.00 is signincaat This test includes àata on traits hm Postclwsic Lamami, Historie Tip,

Early and Latc Seiiand Early and Late Altar & Saaificios. Seibal aad Altar de

Sacrificios (AD.300-750 Early and AD.750-900 Late) were includcd for the SMMD test in order to test Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro against sites at greater temporal and geographic distance. These two sites were not iacluâed in the testiag above because ody five traits were analyzed for their presence or absence. The five were not analyzed ushg the ASU system, since it was not available to Austin (1970) so ody presence and

absence of traits could be recorded SMMD analyres presence and absence of traits so it

was believed that adding these data to the test would add a regional element to the

analysis that would be valuable to Maya research

As can bc xni from Table 5.142 signifiant values can be found in compering

both Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro to Postclassic Lamanai. These results mirror the

what has bendiscovered in the rest of this thais. Lamanai does not xem to be closely

biologically nlated to either Marco Gonzalez or San Pedro although they were

economically nlatcd. From architectural evidence, Lamanai is believed to have been

originally settled hmthe Peten in Northcrn Guatemala (Loten 1985).

The SMMD aiialysis used to compare Marw Gonzaleq San Pedro and Historic

Tipdïipu Maya show signincant differe- This is mprising in light of the biological Page 127 closenes among the three suggested by the RxC contingency tests and obsewatioas

found above. The explamtion for this discRpancy probably lies in the large Tipu Maya

sample sUe and the fact that 5 of the eigbt traits tbat were examineci for the SMMD test

had significant differences or close to sigaificant differences Men subjected to the RxC

Tabte 5.142 ResuIts of Standardized Mean Measure of Distance Test

contingmey tests. Since these traits were the only traits observed in cornmon for the sites

and were the only traits that could be d for SMMD, this weighted group of Gits may

have skewed the data for comparing Marw ûonzale San Pedro and Tipa

The significant differences fouiid when comptaring Postclassic Lamanai, Historic

Lamanai and Historic Tipu with Early and Late Seibel and Altar cuncur with the SMMD

test performed by Jacobi (1997) as discdin Chapter 1. Jacobi suggests that these

sites are biologifally distinct hmeach other because of migration patterns since

Lamanai and Tipu are more closely linked to Northern Guatemala and the Peten. This is

consistent with the &ta fhm Lamanai. The data fiom Tipu, howwer an subject to the

same pmblem with sampIe size and a weighted group of traits as discusscd in the previoirs puagraph.

ït is interesthg to note that theïs no sigeificance in the differences that compare Marco Godaand San Phto Eariy ad Late Selhl or Early and Lafe Aitar de Sdcios. Boîh of these latter sites wen wntempomeous with each 0th and were pari of the ClAc period inlaad power centers. (AD.3W50 Earfy and AD. 750-900

Late). Manr, Godez may have been looked upas one of many economically advantageous sites near the newest centers ofpower on the lucrative irade routes that circled the Yucatan Peninsula and continued into cuastal Belize and Guatemala Marco

Gonzalez is beiieved to have been occupied as early as the Late Reclassic (Table 2.1) and would have been available as a &ment site when people who were fonsidcred to be rnercbant elite moved to coslstal areas like Marco GonzaJez fiom these southern- lowlad centers during the Terminal Classic period (Shr1994). Gene flow occm when spatially separatecl populations move, making the groups iovolved genetically simila.to one mo~.This aui bt progresive, ovet time end through pneratioas or cm occur quite quickly when a large nrnnber of people migraie at one thne (Harrison et al.,

1990). The resuits ofthe SMMD t- umpruiog Marco Godezand San Pedro with

Selhl and Altar de Sacrificios, are consistent witb these popedes of gene flow.

in order to cunstruct a mon definîtive analysis of migration and gene flow over time and distance, many more comprebensive Maya dental rnorphology studies must

dom using the ASU system. These studies would provide enough &ta to assemble a

Maya dental cornplex that would be invaluable to furtbcr researcb. Chrpter 6

Condusion

The dental morphoiogical analysis of the individuals from Marco Gonzala and

San Pedro, Behhas resuited in the conclusions tbat foUow:

1. There is no sexual dimorphism apparent in the expression of any trait at Mam

Godez Only one trait of twenty (first inciser shoveüog) shows any indication of sexual dimorphism at Sm Pedro. Pooled data are therefore used for al1 analyses.

2. The populations of Marco Gonzala and San Pedro motbe diffenntiated on the bisof this group of traits. Only two of twenty traits on key teeth (10%) ssbowed significant difl'nces in their frequencies. The fint nul1 hypothesis stating that thete will be no statistically significant differeace ia the morphology of the permanent dentitions of the skeletal samples hmthe Postclassic Maya sites of Marco Goda and

San Pedro is accepted; Marco Godezand San Pedro are biologically sunilar in their expression of the majority of mia. Thus it Y reasonable to conclude tbat the individuais at the two sites are drawn fiom the same regionai population.

3. When cornpanxi to tbe contemporaneous si& of Postclassic Lamanai twelve of seventeen ûa& (70.5%) show significant ciifference h pooled samples fiom hdam

Goozalez and San Pedro. The sccond nul1 hypothesis states that krewill be no signifiant statistical differenœ in the morphology of the permaaen? dentitions of the skeletal samples nwP Marco Goritalez and San Pedro when cornparrd to the geographically and temporally close site of Postclassic Lamanai. This nuIl hypothesis is rejatsd; Março Gomala and SaPedro are biologically distinct in theù expression of P* 130 the majority of traits, fiom Postclassic Lamanai. Thus while Marco Godaare probably derived nom the same regiod population, ihat population daswt inclrdc thc contemporary site of Postclassic Lamanai.

4. The temporally lata and gcogaphically disEaat site of Historie Tipi demonstnited signifiant differenccs in nine of nineteen traits (47.4%) when compared to pooled samples fimm Marco Gomlez and San Pedro. Fmm these data it appaus that

Marco Godezand San Pedro are biologically simiar to Historic Tipu The tbird null hypothesis states tbat there will be no signifiant sad difference in the morphology of the permanent dentition of the skeletal sarnples from Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro when corn pared to the geographicaily close and temporally distant si te of Historic Tipu

ïhis nul1 hypothesis is acceptcd for San Pedro and Marco Godezsince the expression of the majority of traits indicates biological similarity among Marco GodeSan Pedro and Historic Tipu. Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that the individuals at Merw

Goaaileq San Pedro and Historic Tipu are dram hmthe samc population

5. When Marco Gonzalez and Sen Pedro are cornparrd to the geogaphically and temporally distant sites of SeiM and Altar de Sacrificios, the statisticai SMMD test indicates that there are biological similarities in trait expressions. The fourth nul1 hypthesis states that there wïll be no signifiant staîistical difference in the morphology of the permanent dentition of the skeletal sam ples nom Marco Gomlez and San Pedro when compareci to the geographicaily distant and temporally eariier sites of SetW and

Altar de Sacrificios. This null hypothesis can be 8ccepfed for the five traits that are held

in cornmon at al1 of the sites. Thus, Marco Godezand San Pedro are apparent dram hma similar population as tbose of Se1h.I and Aitar de Sacnficia

6. nie fkquencies for the majority of traits dyzdhm MUGO &~lzalla and

San Pedro cornpan relatively weli with £hquenciesreported for East and North Asians and Native Arnericam. niese results are similar to tbose hm&Maya populatioirz

The fieyencies of the traits analyzed for Março Godezand San Pedro an consistent with okMaya populations, eqxxiaiiy those of Tipu, Seibal end Altar de Sacrificias suggestjng that Marco Gonzalez ~IKISan Pedro may belong to a Maya dental cornplex.

7. At Maru, Gontaleq burials excavated nOm beneath Süucture 14 have soine evidence of relatively hi& status artifacts (jaguar teeth, bird effigies, skull shaped beads) king present. Individuals nom this structure also display some intmsting trait morphologies. hisot winging, the parastyle, the second molar Y-pattern and mdIary second molar enamel extensions are afmost exclusive to individuais found beneath

Sbucturr 14. The oniy exception to this is one female, excavated from beneath Stniaim

11, with the parastyle. These individuais may have been r fàmily ppas suggcsted by these four, relatively rare The associated artifacts found with these individuais suggsts that thy may have been of a diffemt status than other individuah at Marco

Godez Marco Godezis biologically distinct in the expression of both winging aad the Y-pattern molar and is similar for the parastyle when cornpared to Historic Tipu and is biologically similar for expression of the pamsty1e and the Y-pattem molar when compareâ to PostclaJsic Lamanai. This is consisistent with a possibüity that the individuah hmShucture 14 may have corne hmhanai. One hypothesis mi@ bt that this 'famiy' group hmLemanai wen oveiseen of the indurtry and gateway at Psge 132

Marco Gmdez since tbere is so much evidence of the importance of these to Marco

Goazala' relationship to Postclassic Lamamll.

nKse results provide some biological evidence to support thc archaeological mode1 thrt Marco Godezaad San Pedro were part of a loug distance trading and immigration route that spanned an area hmGuatemala around the Yucatan Peninsula

The gedcsimilaritia in tbe tooth morphologiks among Se~hl,Altar de Sacrificios and

Marco Godezand San Pedro suggest that Ume were connections between these

centea afthough more research is necded on largcr numbers of skeletai samples in orch

to make any assumptions. The morphologifal similarities and differences that mur in

the cornparisons among Marco Gonzalez and San Pedro and Postclassic Lamanai and

Historic Tipu are consistent with the complexity that typify any midy of the ancieat

Maya. Arcbaeological data on ponery and architecture suggest that there were close

economic ties between Lamanai and Marco Godez, apedly. The dental morphology

suggests that, although they may have been mtempor;uieous aad trading gooâs, the

people of Marco Godezand San Pedro wae not gendcally similar to those of

Lamanai. The oniy exception to this the apparentiy high statu group excavaml ûom

beneath Stwtm14 at Marw Oodeqwho xcm to be morphologically lhked to

Larnanai. ûne hypothesis Might be that perhaps this apparently higher status household

was the trading link between Marco Gonuilez and Lamanai. This type of individual

association is difficdt to establish without more corroboratim from other archacological

aiid biological sources, but it certahly suggests tbat there is an interesthg relatioaship.

Morphologka! simiiarities ktare apparent among Mar#, Godez, San Pedro and Page 133

Historic Tipu are coasiktent with ethnobistorical and arcblogical data that suggest diat successive migrations of people fkm Belize and the Yucatan occumd afkcontact with the Spaish (Jdi1997, Sbarer 1994, Gtaham a al.. 1989).

Thcse hypotkses indicatc the importance ofethmhistorical and archaeologicai coatext in interpnting any type of ostcological data Dental rnorphological studies such as this are only one part of a large, mmpkx mystery. More osteological infofmatioo, including dental trait analysis on Maya skeletom that corne fiom extensive geographical areas and chroaological the peiods, an required in order to put together mmprehensive biological and histoicai data Andrews, A P. 1990 Tk deof trading ports in Maya civi~o~"in Vision ond Revision in Mqyrr Mies, F.S. Clancy and P.D. Hanison eds. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico m.pp. 159467

Austin, D.M 1970 Dentai Micr~evolutionm Two Ancient Miyu Communities, unpubhhed Masldsthesis, Pennsylvania Stak University

Barksdale, J. T. 1972 "Appcpdix III: A Descriptive aisd Comparative investigation of Dental Morpho1ogy," in Physical anthropology ofthe Eczstern Highlands of New Guina RA Littlewood, ed Seattle: University of Washington Press

Berry, k C. 1976 "7h Anthropological Value of Minor Variants of the Dental Crom" in Ameriaan Journal of PhySiCOI AnthropoZogy 45: 257-268

Buikstra, J. E. and DHUbelaker 1994 st-/or maCufleclion from Hlo~nSkdeld rem ai^, ~~ Archacological Swey Rcsearch Series No. 44. Fayetteville: Arkansas Archaeologid Swey

Butler, P.M. 1963 Tooth morpbology and primate evolutioam in Dental A~hp~ogy,DR Brotbwcll ed New Yorlc: Pergmon Rm, pp 1- 13 - 1982 %me pmblems of the ontogeay of tooth pattenrp" in Teeth: Fom Fundi001mrd Evoiution. B. Cardoon ed New York: Columbia University Press. p 44-5 1

Christiansen, AE 1998 Tkeldevidence for familial interments in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mn0c0, HOMO, 49: 2 pp 273-288 Page 135

Chase, A.F. and PMRice 1985 The Lowlmd Moyo Pariclwis Ausbin: University ofTexas RCps

Clancy F.S. and P.D. Hanison 1990 Vision and Revision in Mo)o sttdies, AIbuquergue: University of New Mexico Ress.

A~hpoZogy3: 97-7-103

194% Tk changhg dentition of man" in lodof the Amerim Dentai Association 32: 676-90

'The evolutionary signi ficance of the protostylid", in American Jodof Physd Anthpology 8: 15-25

"A wing-like appearance of upper central incison among American indians. JoumaI ofDenfaI Resemch, 3 8: 203-204

McAspects of Evolibion of the Hman Dentition," in Generics d Denlui Hdh,C. J. Wiîkop, cd. New York: Mffiraw-Hill, pp. 1 13- 120

'Analysis of the Amencan Indm dentition" in Dental Anthropology, D.R Brothwll, ed., New York Pergamon Ress

A common dental morphotrophic nictor the Carabelli cusp. Jdof the Americun Dental Associutiort, 3 1: 784-789

Glassman, D.M and J.F. Garbcr 1996 " Land Use, Diet and theu Effccts oo the Biology of the Rehistoric Maya of Northem Ambergris Cay, Belize. Submitted for inclusion in Reconstm~lingAmient Miyu Diet ed. C.D. White

Goose, D. H. and E.E. Roberts 1982 3ize and Morphology of Childrea's Teeth in North Wales" in Teeih: Fonn Fundon and Evdution, B. Cardoon, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 228-236 Graham, E. and DMPenikpî 1987 Tays to ihe Kingdomn in ROM Ar&edogiail Nwsletter, 2(18): 1-4 - 1989 Txc8vations at the MmGodez site, Ambergris Cay. Belize, 1986" in Jodof Field Archaedogy 16: 1- 16 - 1994 'The San& of The: Sm Pedro, Ambergris Caye, 1993" in ROM ArJrawIogrogrdNewslefter. 2(52): 1-3

Grahafn E. 1991 Archaeological insights into Colonial Period Maya life at Tipu, Belize." in CofronbimConrequences: The Sponish borderIQndS in Pm-Americun perspecrive, Vd. M. David Hurrt Thomas ed. Washington, Srnitbonian Institution Ress. pp. 319-335.

Graham, E., DMPendergast and G. D. Jones 1989 "Ch the Fringes of Conquest: Maya-Spanish Contact in Colonial Belize" in Science 246: 1254- 1,259

Harrison, GA., J.M. Tamer, D.Pilbeam and P.T. Baker 1990 Hummr Biofogy,An introd~ionto humun evofution,variation, growth and adaptabilify,mird Edition, Oxford: Mord University Press

HaniIlara, K. 1967 Tacial characteristics in the dentition," in Jouniof of Dental Resewcir, 46: 923-926

Hillson, S. 19% Dental Adhp~Iw,Cambridge: Cambridge University Rcls

Hsâlicka, A. 1920 3hovel Shapd TeethWin Anseriean JozunuI of Physiail Anthmpology 3: 429-465

Hurst Thomas, D. 199 1 ColdianConsequences: me wnish borderlands in Pan-Amerian Perspective. Washington: Smithsonian Mtution Press

JacObi, KP. 1997 "Dental Genetic Structuring of a Colonial Maya Cemetery, Tipu, Belizew in Bones of the Mi:SIudies of Ancienz Skeleîons " S.L. Whittington and Page 137 DM.Reed &.

Johnson, AL. end N.C. hveU 1994 'Wological Differentiation at Predyaaastic Nqu&, Egypt An Analpis of Dentai Marphologicd Traits" in Americon Joumal of Physicril Anihroplqgy 93: 427-433

Johnston, C.A aad P. W.Scia 19% Technicd Note: U~~ I%xxm?arsin Obi0 Vaky Populations" in American JOU~MZof Physicrrl Anrhropology 100293-294

Jones, GD.RR Ka& and E. Grahm 1986 Tipu: A Maya town on the Spm-shcolonial fiontier." in Archoeofogy 39: 40-47

Jordan, R and L. Abms 1992 Krouï 's DedAmtomy und Occlusion 2d ed St Louis: Mosby bus, B.S. 195 1 Tarabelli's anomaly of the maxillary molar teeth. Amertwt Jomd of Human genetics, 3 : 348-35 5

Lang, C. A 1990 The Dental Morphohgy of tlte Mbyafmm Lama~tand Tipunpublished Master's thesis, Trent University

I.)ten,ES. 1985 '2amanai Postclassic,* in The LowIond Mqy4 Pos~c~ussiçAF. Chase and P.M Rice eds. Austin: University of Tucas Press. pp 85-90

Madrigal, L. 1998 Wisticsfuor Anthropiogy, Cambridge: Cambridge

Mayhall, J. T. 1992 Techniques for the Shidy of Dental Morphology" in Skl'd Bioiogy of fast Peoples: Reseurch Meth& pp. 59-78

Mayhall, I. T., S. R Saunders and P.L. Bekr 1982 "The Dental Morphology of North American Whites: A Reappraisal, in Teeth: Form Fmtion and Evolzttiorr, B. KiIRen ed. New York: Columbia University Ress. pp. 245-258 MohMg, A. 1997 Prencliminary Reparti Dental calculus in two Maya Popdations San Pedm mi Uarco Godeqin the Ambergris Cay, Belize. paper pesented et 29annual meeting of Canadian Association ofPhysid Anthropology, London Ontario

1962 'Geneiic Considerations in Dental Anthropoh&' in Genetics and Dental Heu& C.J. Witkop, ed. New York: McGraw Hill pp. 10 1-1 12

Nicbl, C. R. 1989 "Cornplex Segregation Aoalysis of Dental Morpbological Varianif in Ameriuu, Jodof Physiwl Anrhropology 78: 37-59

Nichol, C. R and C.G.Tuma 1986 Ynüa and Interobserver comrdance in ClassiSing Dental Morphologf in Americmi Jodof Physicol Anrhropufogy 69299-3 15

Nichol, C. R. C.G. Tumer anâ kA Dahlôerg 1984 "Variation in the convexity of the human maxillary incisoi labial surface. in Amricon Jodof Plrysicui Anfhroplogy. 63: 36 1-370

198 1 Reiize: Surnmary of excavation resultq 1974- 1980" in Jd of Field Archeology. 8: 29-53

1985 %amanai, Belize: An updated view" in ne Low!and Miyu Postclussic, AI. Chase and P.M. Rice cds. Austin: University of Texas Press, pp. 91- 1O3

1990 "Up hmthe dusi: the central Iowiancls Postclasic as seen fiom Lamanai and Marco Gonzaieq Belize," in Vision and Revision ~nMiqm Stdies, F.S Clancy and P.D. Hanison eds. Albuquerque: Univmity of New Mexico ResJ pp. 169-77

1991 The Southem Lowlands contact experience: The view hmLamaw. klize." in CddianConseqtrences: The SwkhBorderfimis in Pan- Amer- Perspective, Vol. III, David Hunt Thomas, ed. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Prim. pp. 337-354

Pendergast, D. M aad E Graham 1990 Ishd Paradise(??): Marco Goda1990 in ROMArciuieoltgiCQI Newsletter 2(4 1): 14

1991 TheTown Beneath tbe Tom 199 1 Excavaîiousat San Pedro, Ambergris Caye, Belize" in ROM ArchoeoI0giCOI NewsIetter 2(45): 1-4

Scott, G.R 1980 'Toputaiion variation of Carabelli's trait, Htmum Biolugy, 52: 63-78

Scott, G. R. and A.A. Dahlberg 1982 "Micro differentiation in Tooth Crown Morpbology Among indians of the Amencan Southwest," in Teeih: Fonn Fundion mid Evolution, B. Cardoon ed New Yorlr: Columbia University Press

Scott, G. R. and C.G.Turner II 1997 The unfhroplogy of modern human teeth Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Sharer, RJ. 1994 The ancienî Maya; F@h editioq Stanford- Stanfd University Rcss

Sofaer, J.A., C. J. MacLean, and HL Bailit 1972 "Hmdity and Morphological Variation in dyand Late Developing Teah of the same Morphological cl-" in Archives of Oml Biology 17:811-816

Sokal, RR.and J. Rohlf 1995 Biometry 3" edition, New York: W.H Freeman

Spence, MW. 1996 'Wonmetric Trait Distribution and the Expressioa of Familial Relationships in a Nineteenth Cenhuy Cemetery* in Northeart A~hropdogy52: 5347

Suarg BKand MA. Spence 1974 The Genetics of Hypodontia" in Jodof DMuf Resed 53:781 Taylor, RUS. 1978 V'imin Morphology of Teeth, Springfield: Charles C. niomiu

Townsead, G.,H Yamada and P. Smith 1990 "Expression of the Entomnulid (sixüi cusp) on Maodibul~rMoiar Teeth of an Australian Aboriginal Population" in Ameriwa Joumal of Phpical Anthroplogy, ûî: 267-274

Turner II, CG. "Micro evolutionary Interpretation hmthe Dentition* in hericmi Journal of Physid Anthroplogy 30: 421426

Three-Routeci Maadiiular First Permanent Molan and the Question of Amerkan Indian ûrigiosn in Americon Jozunaf olPhysicol Anrhroplogy 34: 229-242

"Dentai Anthropological Indications of Agriculture Amoiig the Jomoa People of Central Japan" in Americon Journal ofPhyscal A~hropology 51: 619636

"The Dental Search for Native Amencan Ongins* in Our ofhio: Peupling the Ameriazs und the Pacflc R Kirk and E. Sharyeds. Canberre: Journal of Pacific History, pp. 13-78

Turner Ii, C.G.and K Hanihara 1977 uAdditionai feahucs of Ainu dentition," in Arnericmi J& of PhpicQI A~hropollogy46: 13-24

Turner II, C. G.,C. R Nichol, and G. R Scott 199 1 " Scoring Procedm for Key Morphological Traits of the Permanent Dentition: The Arizona State University Dental Anthropology systemn in Advancm in Dentd Anthropoiogy M. A. Kelley and C.S. Larsen eds. New Yok Wiley-Lis. pp. 13-31

Vail, G, 1988 The mchueology of cua.staI Beke, MonkBAR international Series 463

Walper, CJ. 1997 PreRctimiiuuy Paleodemographic Analysis of Marco Godezand San Pedro, Belize;" ppr presented at 25. annual meeting of Canadian Association of Physical Anthropology, London, Ontaio.

White, C. D. 1988 The Ancient Maya hmLamami, Belize: Dia and health over 2,000 years." in Cadian Review of Physicul Anfhpilogy. q2): 1-2 1

Woelfel, J. B 1984 Dentaï Amtomy. 3"' edition Philadel*a: Lea and Febiger

Wonnacotf T. H and R J. Wonnacott 1990 Intr&ctory Slai&tics for business ond Economici. New York: John Wiley and sons.

Wright, R 1995 Program MMD 1, in file MMD l .zip includhg MMD 1.EXE and MMD 1.TXT, Beta Version The traits that follow were use-for the purposcs of the rrscarch conducted on the dental morphotogy OC individuais from Marco Godezad San Pedro. Please note that al1 defuitions, unles otherwise cited are taken fiom Hillson (1996: 86- 102).

1. Shovelhg (Figiires Al and A2)

This variant occurs when the marginal ridges are very prominent and surround a fossa that has varying degrees of depth on the lingual surface. The ASU system indiaites seven grades of sboveling. in ail populations, shoveling occurs most ofien in upm

incison but can be present in lower incison as well.

Figure Al uicisor I d 2 Shoveling (aftcr Hilison 19%: 87) Page 143

Figure A2 Shovel-shaped incisor (after Woelfel 1984 Figure 5.6)

2. Incisor Winging

For this variant the central incisors are rotated bilaterally in the socket in a

mesiolingual direction so that a V shape is formed This rare trait was first analyzed by

Dahlberg (1959). Thm is no ASU plaque for this variant although it is scored in the

ASU system by the degree of rotation.

3. Double Shoveling of the incisors, canines and premolars (Figure A3)

Figure A3 Double Shoveling (aiter Woelfel 1982: Figure 5.12) Wge 144 Double shoveling ù often related to shoveling of the incison but it does not occur in the same fresuencies (Scott and Tunm 1997). Double shoveling axurs on the labial surface of the incisors, canines and pmnolars and is scoreâ by the degree of marginal ridging The ASU plaque scores 6 grades of double shoveling

4. Tuberculun Dentale adinterruption Grooves (Figure A4)

The tubenulum dentale is a variant which is found predominantly on the lingual surface of the upper incison. The hibercles cm be expressed in their least form by ridges and in kirgreatest fonn by full cusps. The interruption groove is fond on the IUiguaI surface of the first and lateral incisors. It is a srnall furrow that crosses the cingulum and can be sihiated mesially, distally or medially on the tooth The ASU system of classification scores al1 three positions (Turner et al., 199 1).

Figure A4 Tubercdum Dentnle and Interruption Grmves (aAer Woelfel 1982: Figs. 2.3 1

and 2.32) Page 145

5. Canine Ridges (Figure As)

There are two plaques in the ASU systm that adQesr canine ridges. The canine distal8ccessory ridge is fond in both upper and lower canines. It is situated on the lingual surfiof the tmth and is found between the tooth apex the distoluigual marginal idge (Turner et al., 1991). It is scored in 5 gdents 6rom nothing, very faint to very pronounced The canine distal accessory ridge is %e only mwn trait identified to date that appears to show a consistent sex dimorphism across diverse sarnples (Scott and

Tumer 1997: IM)."The Bushman Canine (Mesid Accessory Ridge) is a very rare variant and is not found in Marco Gonzalez or San Pedro or Xistoric Tipu. It does occur

Figure AS Canint distal accessory ridge (after Hillson 1996: 89)

6. Molar cusps (Figure A6)

The ASU system provides plaques for cusp 3, Meâacone, cusp 4,

Hypocone, cusp 5, metaconule, Cusp 6, entoconulid or sexm tuberculum, and cusp 7,

metaconulid or tuberculurn intermedium. The degrees of expression of the cusps are

illustfated on the plaques. Page 146

! !

Figure A.6 The metacone, hypocone and cusp 5 of the upper rnolars (after HiIlson 1996:

90)

Page 148

This variant is found at the base of the mesiolingual cusp and can k recorded in many sizes fiom a mal1 tuberde to a fiil1 sized cusp. This trait has bcen studied more than any of the other traits listed in the ASU system and different recording procedures

for the tmit have resuited in a very cornplex body of information (Dietz 1944, Kraus

195 1, Dahlberg 1963, Scott 1980). Scott and Tumer(1997) believe that the variability of

grooves and pits that are scored by different rrsearchen make study of this trait difficult

to compare across populations. They suggest that oniy grades 5 to 7 in the ASU systern

be considered in malpis of Carabelli's cusp although most researchers, inclucîing Scott

and Turner, use ail grades from 1 to 7 ia their discussions of incidences of the Carabelli

trait. For purpoxs of ihis analysis, grades 1 to 7 will be discussed with mialattention

given to grades 5 to 7.

8. Parastyle (Figure A8)

nie parastyle is found on the buccal surface of the mesiobuccal cusp or cusp 2 on

al1 three upper molars. The key tooth for the pamstyle is the third molar. This trait was

fint discussed by Bo& (1916) hocallecl it the paramolar hiberde. It was named the

parastyle by Dahlberg (1945). The ASU system remgrires 4 grades of the parastyle.

Figure A8 Parastyle (ahHiUson 1996: 93) Page 149 9. Grmve and Fissure pattems on the mandiibular molars (Figure k9and A. 10)

There are thne groove pattems classified by the ASU system. They are Y, wtiere cusps 2 and 3 are in contaa. +, where cusps 1 to 4 are in contact and X, where cusp 1 and

4 are in contact BUCCAL HYPOCONlO

ENTOC&ID MÈTACONIO LINGUAL

Figure A9 The Y,+, and X pattems (after Jordan and Abrams 1992: Figure 20.1)

Thex patterns cm be characteristic to taxa. For example the Dryopithecur and the great ape pattern is characteristicaily a Y pattern, either Y5 or Y6. in Homo, first, second and third molars rnay or may not have different patterns. The second rnolar is considered to k the key tooth for analysis of the grwve pattern and the Y pttm is the key pattern for snidy (Scott and Tumer 1997)

10. Cusp numbecs ( Mandibulu Mohs) (Figure A. 1 1)

The ASU system defines 3 grades of cusp nurnber: cusps 1 to 4 present, cusp 5 is also present and cusp 6 is also present nie 7"' cusp is also scored but is rarely observed.

These are scored on dl three molars, with the first and second molars king the key teeth for cusp 4, the first molar the key tooth for cusps 6 and 7 (Turner et al., 1991). Page 150

Figure A. 10 Groove and fissure patterns of the lower molars (after Hillson 1996: 55) Page 15 1

Figure A. 1 1 Cusp nurnbers-lower molan (after HiIlson 1996: 95) i 1. The protostylid (Figure A 12)

This variant is found on the buccal side of the rnesiobuccal cup of molan one, two and hceof the Iower molars ahhough the highest kquencies usdly occur on Page 152 molars one and thne (Wlson 1996). It can be expressed in its least form as a pit and in its most promineai fom as a small cusp and is usually associated with the buccal groove. neprotostylid was fint discussed by Mberg (1947). Then an seven grades of expression for this trait in the ASU systern. Strong expressions of the trait grades 4-1 an usualiy scored; weaker expressions of grades 1 to 3 are usualiy not analyrtd (Scott and

Turner 1997). The first molar is the key tooth for study of the ptostylid and at both

Marco Godezand San Pedro the first rnolar does wt exhibit any higher grade than 4 of trait expression. Only one individual at Marco Gonzalez has a grade 4 expression of the trait. For this reason, al1 grades were scored for the statisticai analysis. This methodology was alw used by Lang (1990) for data hmLamanai and Historic Tipu.

Figure A. 12 Rotostylid (afler Hillson 1996: 97)

12. Deflecting WrinLle (Figure A. 13)

This variant is a fold in the dista1 side of the mesiolingual cusp of the lower fim

molar. It has pronounced L-shape when viewed from the occlusai surface. The deflecting

winkle is found on the first, second and third molars. It is scored for absence and 4

grades of expression The First molar is the key tooth for analysis (Tiimer et al., 199 1). Page 153

- Figure A. 13 Dcflecting wrinkle (der Hülson 1996: 97)

13. Anterior Fovea;

A deep triangular depression distal to the mesial marginal ridge beîween the protoconid and the metaconid round on the lower rnolars. This ûait is most diagnostic when found on the first lower molar. t 4. Enamel Extensions

Enamel extensions are fodat the cervical rnargin of the mwn and coasist of small tongua of enarnel that extend toward and between the mots. Tbey are found on upper and lower premolars and molars. They are scored for dysisonly on ibe upper dentition. The kcy tootb is the first molar (Hillson 1996)

15. Premolar Odontomes

Odontomes occurs on the both the maxillary and mandibular premolar occlusal surface and are described as pin-shaped spikes of enamel (Tumer a al., 1991). They are a rare variant and both premolars are key teeth for the aMyns of this trait. (Scott and

Tumer 1997). Page 154

Appendix B

Test of Intra-observer Emr

In order to ascertain the degree of intra-obsemer error present in this study, a random sample of 2% or 8 of the skeletoos From Marco Godawere re-examinad blindly for all traits. A 10"h mdom sample of a population is ofkn uscd for n- examinations of this type but it was believed that a 20% sample wddbe more accurate for this dysis. This rezxarnination occwed approximately MI moath (1 * analysis

May 1998.2'" anaiysis August 1998) aAer the original analysis. Nichol and Turner

(1 986) indicate that any ciifference in the sconng that is > 1 is signifiant. Any square marked with a no indicates that there is no signi ficant ciifference ( that is: less than or equal to 1 trait level) in the observations obtained in the second dysis when cumpared to the first a~alysis.The table that follows is a summary of these riesults:

I Incisurs Canines Molar f MoIar 2 Molar3

Shovel no no n - - 1 1

Dbl shvl 12.94~1 no - II n 1 Int Gr. no no - - - 1 TD no no - - -

UCDAR no no LI - œ 1

Meta - LI no no no 1 HW - no no no 1 CuspS - - no no no

Cara a - no 12,50/at no

Para O - no no no i Page 155

7

Incisors , Canines Molar 1 Molar 2 Molar 3 b 1

EE œ - no no QO L Odont - - - a -

LCDAR no no rn - œ

AF - - no œ -

Gr. Patt - O 110 M) 110 L

Cusp# - II no a0 110

DW u - no IK) no I - J Proto - - no no no 1

cusps - - no M) no

Cusp6 - œ no no no

Cusp7 - C da da nia 1 EE - - no no no . Table BI htra-ûbserver Error- no= no ciifference or

The tceth that wen R-analyzed were: MG 1 In, MG Wlb, MG Lot 80% MG 14L23,

MG 14/16, MG 14/17, MG 14/7c, and MG 12B