1 May Mo' Chahk, 181 Acanceh, 78 Accession, 92, 133, 140, 142–144

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-66972-6 - The Classic Maya Stephen D. Houston and Takeshi Inomata Index More information

INDEX

1 May Mo’ Chahk, 181 Altun Ha, 107, 286, 310 Andrews, Anthony, 317 Acanceh, 78 Andrews, Wyllys, 75, 84 accession, 92, 133, 140, 142–144, 174, 198, 203, Aoyama, Kazuo, 122, 260, 262, 281 262, 303, 307 Arroyo de Piedra, 41 Adams, R. E. W., 107, 243 artist, 154, 257, 260, 263–266, 268–270, 276, agriculture, xiii, 3, 10, 15, 71, 74, 99, 103, 104, 278, 283. See also scribe 230, 233–239, 248, 288 atol, 219, 241 aguada, 245 axis mundi, 22 Aguateca, 3, 24, 25, 111, 114, 115, 123, 134, 137, 141, 143, 145, 158, 159, 178, 200, Bahlaj Chan K’awiil, 110, 137 204–206, 225, 231, 236, 239, 246, 247, bajos, 10, 74, 94, 96, 233, 235, 236, 243 260–263, 265, 266, 268, 275, 277, 283, bak’tun, 289, 300, 304 285, 295, 299–302, 306 bakab, 134, 141 abandonment of, 115, 295, 296, 298, 300–302, Balakbal, 106 305, 309 Balberta, 251 defensive walls at, 24, 25 balche, 222 ﬂoor assemblages at, 143, 204, 262, 266, 270, Ball, Joseph, 276 272, 285 ballcourt, 70, 94, 116, 134, 189, 214, 259 palace of, 256 ballgame, 72, 259 rulers of, 137, 261, 296 Barton Ramie, 68, 76, 310 scribe-artists at, 265 bean, 219, 229, 242, 248 Structure L8–8 at, 114, 115 Becan, 24, 96, 102, 114, 287 ajaw, 91, 102, 132, 135, 136, 140, 144, 146, 161, Bilbao, 100 169, 172, 174, 188 Bird Jaguar, 111. See “Yaxuun” Bahlam day sign, 59 birth, 20, 22, 44, 45, 57, 58, 61, 146, 149, 152, k’atun-, 60 163 lord, 131–133, 136, 138, 142, 172, 174, 176, Bishop, Ronald, 276, 284 181, 308 Blackman Eddy, 70, 77, 88 Ajaw Bot, 295, 302, 307 Bonampak, 53, 136, 140, 143, 148, 151, 169, aj-k’uhuun, 172–175, 178, 205, 258, 259 183–187, 190, 213, 262, 292, 301 aj-tz’ib, 257, 264 Ake, 111, 316 cacao, 46, 207, 220, 221, 228, 237, 242, 250, almehen. See noble 255 Altar de los Reyes, 23, 138 Cacaxtla, 280, 308, 319 Altar de Sacriﬁcios, 69, 79, 119, 136, 286, cache, 37, 76, 83–85, 90, 137, 153, 251, 276, 290 286, 287, 320

377

378 Index

cah, 24 chert, 10, 95, 122–124, 241, 266, 267, 281, Cahal Pech, 70, 76, 79 285–287, 299 Calakmul, 23, 88, 106, 109, 127, 136–138, 140, Chiapa de Corzo, 83, 84, 98, 100 148, 150, 156, 157, 172, 184, 204, 209, 244, Chicanel, 78, 82, 86, 87, 93, 98, 101, 120 252, 254, 256, 307, 308 Chichen Itza, 4, 12, 23, 61, 116, 118, 200, 255, dynast, 137 287, 294, 310, 312, 313, 315–319 dynasty, 105, 110, 140 ballcourts at, 116 fall of, 302, 306 causeways at, 24 rulers of, 141, 148 Cenote of Sacrifice, 282 war, 61, 110, 140 ceramics, 311 calpolli, 44, 51 foreign influence, 308, 313, 319 Canbalam, 255 government, 314 Cancuen, 117, 137, 150, 277 ruling families, 314 candelero, 107 war, 316 Caracol, 24, 62, 109, 110, 116, 127, 134, 171, chiles, 220 178, 216, 234, 235, 241, 244, 275, 286, Cholula, 308, 315 305, 308 chultun, 246, 294 Caana at, 114 Chunchucmil, 24, 112, 113, 158, 241, 251, 255, rulers of, 62 282, 311, 316 terraces at, 241 Ciudad, Andres,´ 284 war, 109 Cival, 76, 83, 85, 89, 90, 102 causeway, 24, 94, 96, 112, 118, 200, 247, 252, Clark, John, 68–70, 84, 285 254, 298, 312 climatic change, 232, 293–295, 318 cave, 10, 23, 26, 27, 31, 32, 62, 138 Coba, 20, 24, 33, 112, 120, 293, 311, 316, ceiba, 22, 24 318 Ceibal, 46, 69, 76–84, 91, 94, 108, 117, Coe, Michael, 258, 264, 266 139, 291, 300, 302, 305, 306, 309, Cogolludo, Diego Lopez´ de, 6 316, 318 Colha, 68, 70, 95, 241, 286, 310 foreign influence, 290, 308, 316 collapse, 239, 262, 281, 288, 295, 300, 301, Preclassic, 69, 77, 84, 85 304–306, 309, 312 rulers of, 108, 137, 295 Classic Maya, xvii, 30, 232, 288–290, 292–294, war, 110 300, 304, 308, 318, 319 cenote, 8, 127, 245, 294 Olmec, 24 ceremony, xv, 32, 36, 46, 116, 142, 146, 154, Preclassic, 100 164, 248, 262, 296, 300. See also ritual comal, 219 accession, 304 Comalcalco, 118, 174 calendrical, 307 commoner, 188. See nonelite fire-entering, 27 community, xiv, 14, 15, 24, 30, 32, 34–36, mass, 38, 246 39–46, 51, 53, 62, 63, 65, 67, 76, 77, 79, public, 82, 161, 244, 246, 247, 296 81, 82, 94, 95, 102, 103, 112, 134, 159, Ceren,´ 220, 225–230, 233, 237 160, 162, 178, 208, 217, 228, 240, 241, Cerros, 88, 89, 94, 96 246, 248, 249, 255, 275, 284, 286, 315 ch’e’n. See cave civic, xiii, xvii, 56 ch’ok, 144, 173, 189 corporate, 39 Chacsinkin, 76, 84, 85 identity, 275 Chahk, 57, 89, 188, 195, 198, 199, 204, 207, membership, 50 208, 269 moral, 28, 36, 40, 63, 65, 160 Chak Xib Chahk, 174 multiethnic, 314 Chalchuapa, 73, 86, 100 sedentary, 73 Chan Chahk K’ahk’nal Ajaw, 312. sense of, 230 See Lord Chahk spatial organization, 25, 26 Chase, Arlen, 81, 94, 244, 275, 305 congregacion´ , 24, 243 Chase, Diane, 81, 94, 244, 275, 305 conquest, 39, 71, 101, 182, 218, 308, 309, 319

Index 379

Copan, 3, 11, 12, 15, 17, 110, 111, 114, 117, Edzna, 96, 102, 112, 138, 216, 241 122, 132, 134, 135, 138, 140, 148, 172, 174, Ek Balam, 112, 136, 141, 311, 316, 318 178, 189, 194, 198, 201, 206, 208, 211, 213, El Baul,´ 98 232, 237, 246, 260, 264, 272, 275, 281, 287, El Cayo, 132, 175, 180 289, 301 El Chayal, 280 architecture, 200, 213, 259 El Meco, 316 ceramics, 100, 122, 174 El Mirador, 24, 78, 84, 86, 88, 89, 91–94, 96, 98, collapse, 304 100–102, 104, 105 palaces, 114 El Peru,´ 110, 148, 150 Preclassic, 71, 72 El Porton,´ 99 rulers, 110, 140, 303 El Zapote, 106 stelae, 119, 137 El Zotz, 112, 155 subsistence, 232 elite, 22, 23, 38, 42, 44, 48, 55, 63, 66, 72, texts at, 107 95–99, 102, 103, 119, 122, 171, 178, 196, tombs, 108, 264 200, 206, 209, 212, 215, 216, 218, 239–242, corn, 36, 61, 218, 219, 228. See maize 244, 246–248, 253, 269, 276–278, 280, 281, court, xiv, xv, xvii, 34, 52, 134, 150–154, 161, 283, 285, 292, 294, 301, 302, 306, 312, 314 166–168, 173, 175, 181, 182, 185–189, 205, activity, 61, 110, 309, 313 256, 257, 268, 269, 275, 278, 298, 319 burial, 73, 92, 99, 124, 216 diplomacy, 258 control, 45, 241, 286 faction, 42, 154 ideology, 71 metaphor, 154 language, 6 performance, 200 power, 25, 104 size, 153 scribe, 259, 264, 268, 270, 287 courtier, 39, 153, 259 woman, 221 Cozumel, 316 Estrada-Belli, Francisco, 89 Cuello, 68, 70, 76, 77, 82, 90, 96 Culbert, Patrick, 236, 239 Fash, William, 72, 259, 289 cultivation, 47, 67, 220, 230, 233, 236, 238, 288 feast, 27, 34, 41, 42, 70, 81, 202, 222, 230, intensive, 96, 230, 237, 239, 243, 248 278 maize, 53, 74, 242 feathered serpent, 80, 273, 315 techniques, 232, 234 Fialko, Vilma, 80, 107 wetland, 236, 237, 239, 248 figurine, 34, 77, 82, 95, 107, 124, 146, 178, 206, 274, 276, 308 death, 22, 26, 29, 31, 34, 37, 106, 132, 137, 152, Fine Gray, 122, 281 164, 166, 173, 174, 196, 208, 210, 211, 215, Fine Orange, 276, 281, 304, 308, 310, 314 216, 259 fine paste ceramics, 281, 308, 309 deer, 137, 190, 200, 202, 223, 228, 239 fire-serpent, 71 deforestation, 66, 74, 100, 234, 238, 294, 301 fishing, 255, 273 Demarest, Arthur, 72, 99, 277, 292 fortification, 96, 102 Dos Pilas, 21, 61, 109–111, 134, 144, 146, 150, Freidel, David, 101 172, 177, 200, 204, 207, 239, 247, 279, 286, 295, 296, 302, 306 Grube, Nikolai, 139, 145, 204 architecture, 186 Guaytan, 277 fall, 300, 301, 306 texts, 137, 140, 172 Hammond, Norman, 76 tombs, 279 Hansen, Richard, 68, 74, 81, 82 drought, 175, 219, 220, 293, 294, 318 Harrison, Peter, 236, 306 Dunning, Nicholas, 74, 234, 236, 245 Hero Twins, 90, 94, 98, 132 dwelling, 22, 26, 81, 176, 178, 179, 200, 201, hill, 31, 34, 39, 70, 150, 251, 252 215, 223, 231, 248. Seeresidence Hix Witz, 301 Dzibanche, 105, 109 hmen, xvii, 61 Dzibilchaltun, 69, 88, 112, 120, 275, 282, 311 Holmul, 67, 76

380 Index

household, 27, 41, 42, 45, 48, 49, 51, 53, 77, 86, K’inich Toobil Yopaat, 305 115, 118, 152, 168, 178, 186, 227–230, 238, K’inich Yax K’uk’ Mo’, 108, 114, 213 240, 243, 256, 268, 272, 286 k’uh, 173, 195, 197, 198, 208 activity, 54, 122, 230, 272, 286 k’uhul, 132, 136, 140, 146, 195, 197, 198, 308 archaeology, xvi K’uk’ Bahlam, 106 organization, 70 Kabah, 312 hunting, 25, 67, 188, 190 kaloomte’, 141, 174 Kaminaljuyu, 73, 79, 84, 90, 97, 99, 100, 108 ideology, 44, 53, 54, 72, 80, 90, 103, 230 Kichpanha, 92 Ik’ site, 301, 308 Kidder, Alfred V., 12, 99, 289 Isla Cerritos, 255, 316 Kohunlich, 117 itz’aat, 161, 187, 257, 262, 263 Komchen, 69, 78, 94, 95 “Itzamnaaj” Bahlam, 111, 301 “Itzamnaaj” K’awiil, 279, 302 La Amelia, 141, 295, 297 Itzan, 136, 139 La Blanca, 73, 79 ixik, 54, 140, 146 La Joyanca, 216 Ixkun, 302 La Lagunita, 99 Ixlu, 306 La Libertad, 84, 85, 98 Ixtepeque, 280, 281 La Mar, 59, 181, 183, 200 Ixtonton, 302, 309 La Milpa, 26, 236, 303 Ixtutz, 252 La Venta, 26, 71, 72, 76, 79, 83–85, 97–99 Izapa, 97, 98, 198 Labna, 316 Izapan style, 98, 99 Lacanha, 140 “Lady Six Sky,” 110 jade, 3, 47, 72, 76, 84, 92, 93, 122, 124, 125, Lakamtuun, 301 143, 178, 224, 250, 264, 277, 280, 282, 299 Lamanai, 88, 89, 286, 310 Olmec, 97, 279 Landa, Diego de, 6, 47, 146, 270, 272, 312, 314 source, 10 Laporte, Juan Pedro, 13, 80, 107, 252 “Jade Sky,” 303 Loltun, 92 jaguar, 9, 24, 133, 138, 144, 239 Lord Chahk, 312, 316, 318 Jaina, 175, 216, 255 Los Higos, 281 Jasaw Chan K’awiil, 110, 263, 306 Los Horcones, 108 Jester God, 82, 97, 261 Los Naranjos, 100 Jimbal, 306 Lowe, Gareth, 84 Joya de Ceren.´ See Ceren´ Joyce, Rosemary, 68, 272 Machaquila, 117, 137, 262, 305, 308 Juun Ajaw, 32, 160 maize, 32, 36, 66, 120, 160, 195, 207, 208, 218, Juun Tahn Ahk, 149 219, 221, 222, 228, 232, 233, 236, 237, 239, Juun Tzak Took’, 305 242, 248, 282 grinding, 42, 124 K’ahk’ Tiliw Chan Yopaat, 111 pollen, 66 K’ahk’upakal, 315 symbolism, 74, 242 K’an Mo’ Bahlam, 108 Maize God, 22, 90, 92, 97, 198, 200, 242, 255 k’atun, 58, 60, 111, 137, 173, 302, 308 mam, 212, 214 k’awiil, 57, 140 Mamom, 68, 75, 78, 79, 82, 83, 86, 102 K’awiil, 148, 207, 272 manioc, 66, 220, 228, 237 K’awiil Chan K’inich, 295 mano, 61, 124 K’axob, 70, 76, 77, 82, 284 market, 15, 172, 184, 252, 253, 268, 278 K’inich, 195 Martin, Simon, 105, 109, 139 K’inich Janahb Pakal, 110, 140 Mathews, Peter, 314, 319 K’inich K’an Joy Chitam, 111 Mayapan, 6, 270, 310 K’inich Kan Bahlam, 111 McAnany, Patricia, 76, 82, 243, 275, 286 K’inich Tatbu Skull IV, 301 men’s house, 55, 70

Index 381

metate, 61, 124, 228 Palenque, 3, 9, 11, 12, 58, 106, 137, 138, 145, midwife, 199, 207 173, 174, 195, 203, 213, 214, 262, 272 Miller, Mary Ellen, 183, 301 architecture, 114, 117, 118, 142, 157, 274 moat, 96 ceramics, 122, 276, 284 monkey, 188, 262, 263 rulers, 111, 144, 148, 211, 301 Monte Alban,´ 97, 103, 104 texts, 20, 38, 59, 106, 134, 140, 172, 200, 203 Motagua, 10, 76, 251, 277, 280 tombs, 113, 174, 198 Motul de San Jose,´ 138, 267, 302, 314 war, 110, 140 multepal, 314 Pasion,´ River/region, 69, 74, 100, 108, 110, 117, 120, 232, 245, 277, 290, 301, 302, 304, naah, 26, 49, 142, 179, 259 308 Naj Tunich, 23, 62, 138, 191 Paso de la Amada, 70 Nakbe, 76–78, 80–82, 88, 89, 93, 96, 97, 235 Patan, 61 Nakum, 12 patio group, 70, 96, 156, 225, 229, 230 Namaan, 301 Pendergast, David, 107 Naranjo, 12, 73, 110, 122, 146, 150, 236, 279, Peten Itza, Lake, 167, 188, 199, 209, 309, 314 305 Piedras Negras, 12, 42, 114, 132, 141, 149, 179, fall, 302 183, 187, 207, 214–216, 258, 276, 281, 286, rulers, 57, 278 303 texts, 105 architecture, 115, 156, 157, 182, 206, 285 war, 109, 110 ceramics, 122, 178, 281 nobility. See noble fall, 294, 301, 309 noble, 45, 63, 164, 166–172, 174, 176, 178, 181, monuments, 91, 138, 144, 188, 213–216, 257, 182, 186–188, 191, 276 266 house, 52 rulers, 203 title, 136, 172, 174, 176 texts, 140, 148, 210 woman, 148, 180, 186, 213, 270 plaza, 45, 79, 82, 84, 85, 112, 157, 248, 302 Nohmul, 316 pochteca, 280 nonelite, 42, 49, 124, 178, 206, 209, 212, 216, politics, 5, 105, 127, 232, 240, 248 246, 275, 277, 283, 294, 298, 309 pollen, 66 Nuun Ujol Chahk, 110 Pomona, 20, 59, 92, 134, 140, 173, 181 Popol Vuh, 36, 55, 89, 90, 98, 160, 164, 198, obsidian, 10, 76, 122, 123, 228, 250, 260, 266, 218, 265, 269 281, 285, 299 prisoner, 43 blade, 102, 122, 124, 228, 267 Proskouriakoff, Tatiana, 12 exchange, 251, 256, 280, 314 Pueblito, 252, 253 green, 106, 107 Puerto Escondido, 68, 75 hydration, 17, 304 Punta de Chimino, 108, 300 tool production, 285–287 otoot, 26 queen, 146, 148, 186, 275 Oxkintok, 109, 112, 136, 158, 311, 316 Quelepa, 100 Oxpemul, 306 Quirigua, 11, 108, 111, 119, 135, 174, 200, 246, 303, 316 Pachuca, 280 Pakal, 113, 148, 174, 203, 211. See K’inich ramon´ , 221, 222, 238 Janahb Pakal Reents-Budet, Dorie, 266 palace, 32, 155, 157, 162, 180, 181, 298, 301, religion, 16, 34, 36, 45, 63, 102, 194, 199, 204, 305, 306 246, 264 activity, 115, 154, 156, 157, 182, 276 Rice, Prudence, 281, 284, 289 architecture, 114, 182, 256, 263, 268 Ringle, William, 94, 95, 315 depiction, 131, 154, 186, 222 R´ıo Azul, 78, 96, 106, 107, 214, 221, 236, 286, economy, 153, 174 287 in Chiapas, 98, 100 R´ıo Bec, 114, 158, 176, 233, 243

382 Index

ritual, See also ceremony 80. snake, 9, 24, 136, 148, 193, 209, 308 accession, 142 “Spearthrower Owl,” 106 ancestor veneration, 80 squash, 220, 228 blood-letting, 285 Stephens, John Lloyd, 11 calendrical, 182, 289 Stuart, David, 106, 138, 257, 289, 314 courtly, 145 subsistence, 67, 74, 220, 237, 248 dance, 137 dynastic, 148 Tahn Te’ K’inich, 261, 295, 296, 298, 299 fire-entering, 173, 215 Tajumulco, 280 funerary, 247 Takalik Abaj, 73, 79, 86, 90, 98, 100 household, 77, 82, 95, 102, 206 talud-tablero, 107–109, 118 in caves, 27 tamales, 41, 169, 219, 220, 241 performance, 85, 204 Tamarindito, 49, 133, 179, 247, 293, 295 public, 38, 246, 247 Taube, Karl, 24, 74, 80, 90, 97, 98, 260 purification, 35, 229 Tecolote, 180, 181 space, 94, 118, 134 temple, 115 termination, 251, 298, 299, 306 activity, 202 water, 72 architecture, 32, 80, 112, 270 woman, 53 construction, 114 Roncador, 281 minor, 95, 230 triadic, 98 sacrifice, 90, 96, 97, 104, 146, 174, 182, 215, Teotihuacan, 24, 26, 103, 104, 106–109, 120, 301 140, 141, 184, 197, 203, 212, 280, 282, 308, sajal, 173, 175, 176, 179–182, 187, 189 319 sakbih, 24, 31, 33, 96 Teotihuacan influence, 107, 108 sak-hu’nal, 143, 261, 296, 306 Te p e u , 120, 121 Salinas de los Nueve Cerros, 282 textile, 61, 124, 127, 144, 148, 158, 178, 204, salt, 10, 46, 95, 112, 241, 252, 282, 312, 320 230, 255, 270, 272, 274, 275 San Bartolo, 82, 90–93, 97, 101, 102, 198, 199 Thompson, Eric, 12, 289, 314 San Isidro, 76, 83, 84 Tikal, 11, 12, 17, 81, 105, 107, 109, 139, 271, San Lorenzo, 71, 72, 97 276, 287, 289 San Mart´ın Jilotepeque, 280 architecture, 17, 20, 78, 88, 89, 91, 112, 114, Sanders, William, 259, 288 116, 200, 246, 251, 252 Saturno, William, 90 ceramics, 68, 278, 284 Sayil, 117, 238, 312 external relations, 108, 109, 137, 138, 172, Scarborough, Vernon, 94, 100, 245 308 Schele, Linda, 101, 314, 319 fall, 302, 306, 309, 318 scribe, 154, 189, 224, 263–265. See also artist monuments, 48, 213 activity, 91, 257, 260, 264, 266, 268, 278 Mundo Perdido, 80, 85, 87, 93, 107 deity, 263, 266 rulers, 57, 109, 110 depiction, 258, 259, 264 texts, 106, 107, 132, 141 status, 187, 257, 263, 268, 270, 287 tombs, 54, 99, 263, 279 sculptor, 154, 182, 187, 188, 266, 269 war, 61, 127, 137, 244 shaman, 61 Tlaloc, 106 Sharer, Robert, 108 tollan, 308 Sheets, Payson, 225, 228, 237, 285 Tonina, 19, 119, 214, 273 Shield Jaguar, 111. See “Itzamnaaj” Bahlam architecture, 158 Shook, Edwin, 12, 99 fall, 300, 306, 318 Sihyah K’in Chahk, 305 monuments, 119, 160, 273 Sihyaj Chan K’awiil, 109 rulers, 301 Sihyaj K’ahk’, 106, 107, 184 texts, 160, 173, 174, 179, 262 slave, 47 war, 111 Smith, Ledyard, 12 tortilla, 219, 222, 241

Index 383

Tortuguero, 126, 134 winik, 27, 54, 57, 132, 144 torture, 30, 54, 190, 301 witz. See hill Tres Islas, 108 Triadan, Daniela, 261 Xa’an Arriba, 252 Tzakol, 120, 121 Xcalumkin, 136, 176, 177, 187, 255 tzuk, 26, 51, 137 Xoc, 86 Xochicalco, 308, 319 Uaxactun, 12, 78–80, 88, 89, 106, 114, 141, 162, Xpuhil, 114 172, 212, 286, 302, 306 Xultun, 106 Ucanal, 305, 306, 308 Xunantunich, 177, 305 use-wear, 122, 124, 260, 262, 285 Usumacinta, River/region, 69, 173, 175, 176, Yax Nuun Ahiin, 106, 109 180, 191, 276, 281, 289, 294, 308, 310 Yax Pahsaj. See Yax Pahsaj Chan Yopaat, 259, Uxmal, 116, 117, 312–314, 316, 318, 319 303 Yax Pahsaj Chan Yopaat, 259, 303 Valdes,´ Juan Antonio, 13, 89 Yaxchilan, 165, 173, 181, 187, 197, 202, 207, 211 architecture, 158 wahy, 138, 208, 209, 217 ceramics, 281 wahyib, 26, 200 fall, 294 Waka’. See El Peru´ monuments, 148, 172, 187, 189, 197, 202, 210 Wakna, 80, 93 rulers, 111, 136, 212, 301 war, xv, 23, 43, 47, 62, 96, 182, 189, 273, 292, texts, 106 295, 296, 300, 301, 315, 316, 320 Yaxha, 12, 68, 106, 113, 137, 236, 302 warfare, 46, 48, 55, 104, 188, 290, 292, 295, 301, Yaxuna, 78, 112, 312, 316 303, 316. See war “Yaxuun” Bahlam, 111 Waxaklajuun Ubaah K’awiil, 111, 302 Yich’aak K’ahk’, 110 weaving, 61, 148, 270, 272, 274, 275 Yik’in Chan K’awiil, 110 Webster, David, 96, 259, 304 yitaj, 314 were-jaguar, 71 Yuknoom Ch’e’n, 109, 110, 137 wetlands, 6, 10, 24, 26, 74, 100, 233, 236, 237, “Yuknoom Head,” 109 245 Willey, Gordon, 16, 229 Zapote Bobal, 135