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Reformist Muslims in a Yogyakarta Village Reformist muslims in a yogyakarta village The Islamic Transformation of Contemporary Socio-Religious Life Reformist muslims in a yogyakarta village The Islamic Transformation of Contemporary Socio-Religious Life Hyung-Jun Kim Department of Anthropology Division of Society and Environment Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies February 1996 Published by ANU E Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] This title available online at: http://epress.anu.edu.au/reformist_citation.html National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Kim, Hyung-Jun. Reformist muslims in Yagyakarta Village : the islamic transformation of contemporary socio-religious life. Bibliography ISBN 1 920942 34 3 (pbk) ISBN 1 920942 35 1 (online) 1. Religious life - Islam. 2. Muslims - Java. 3. Religion and culture - Indonesia - Java. 4. Java (Indonesia) - Religion. I. Title. 299.9222 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design by Teresa Prowse Printed by University Printing Services, ANU This edition © 2007 ANU E Press Islam in Southeast Asia Series Theses at The Australian National University are assessed by external examiners and students are expected to take into account the advice of their examiners before they submit to the University Library the final versions of their theses. For this series, this final version of the thesis has been used as the basis for publication, taking into account other changes that the author may have decided to undertake. In some cases, a few minor editorial revisions have made to the work. The acknowledgements in each of these publications provides information on the supervisors of the thesis and those who contributed to its development. For many of the authors in this series, English is a second language and their texts reflect an appropriate fluency. Table of Contents Foreword xiii Abstract xv Acknowledgements xvii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Review of Studies about Islam in Java 3 1.2. Organisation and Objectives of the Study 10 Chapter 2. Recent Socio-Economic Developments in Kolojonggo 15 2.1. Kolojonggo: A Hamlet in Yogyakarta 18 2.2. Introduction of the Green Revolution 21 2.3. Development of the Rural Labour Market in Kolojonggo 24 2.4. Differentiation of Peasants in terms of Landholdings 35 2.5. Summary 47 Chapter 3. From Bamboo Langgar to Brick Masjid: Islamic Development in Kolojonggo 51 3.1. Development of Islam under the Dutch Colonialism 53 3.2. Islamic Development after the Independence of Indonesia 58 3.3. From Bamboo Langgar to Brick Masjid 67 3.4. Islamic Development after the Construction of the Masjid 73 3.5. Summary 80 Chapter 4. The Islamisation of Everyday Life 83 4.1. Religious Activities of Muslim Villagers 84 4.2. Salat and the Fast 93 4.3. Islamic Law and Everyday Life 97 4.4. The Islamisation of others© everyday life 103 4.5. Summary 108 Chapter 5. The Islamisation of Village Tradition 111 5.1. The Process of Kendhuri 112 5.2. Various Occasions to Celebrate Kendhuri 113 5.3. Islamic Development and Kendhuri 116 5.4. Islamising the Meaning of Ritual Foods 125 5.5. Syncretism and Tradition 127 5.6. Constructing a New Islamic Tradition 132 5.7. Summary 139 Chapter 6. Reformist Islam and Supernatural Beings 143 6.1. Previous Situation of Belief in Supernatural Beings 143 6.2. Reformist Attack and Supernatural Beings 149 6.3. The Position of Supernatural Beings 155 6.4. The Diversification of Villagers Seeking Ilmu 166 6.5. Summary 172 Chapter 7. Muslim and Christian Relations in Kolojonggo 177 vii Reformist Muslims in a Yogyakarta village 7.1. Development of Christianity in Java and Yogyakarta: Some Statistical Considerations 178 7.2. Development of Christianity in Kolojonggo 183 7.3. Clarification of the Boundary between Muslims and Christians 189 7.4. Expansion of Religious Difference in Non-Religious Domains 192 Chapter 8. War of Words: The Muslim Villagers© View of Christians, Christianity and Christianisation 203 8.1. Harmony and Tension in Everyday Life 204 8.2. Conversion; Ideological War 212 8.3. Superiority of Islam 220 8.4. Summary 226 Chapter 9. Concluding Remarks 229 Appendix A. Socio-Economic Developments in Kolojonggo before 1965 239 A.1. Economic History of Yogyakarta in the 19th century 239 A.2. Reorganisation in the Principalities 245 A.3. Rural Economy in the Old Order Period 254 Appendix B. The War of Words: Voices of the Christians 261 Bibliography 277 viii List of Tables II.1: Area and Population in Yogyakarta in 1990 17 II.2: Population in Kolojonggo in 1971 and 1993 19 II.3: Places Where the Villagers Registered in the 1971 Census Lived in 1993 20 II.4: Inputs and Outputs for Rice Cultivation Per Cropping (per 1000m2) 23 II.5: Last School Attended by Villagers Aged between 15 and 34 25 II.6: Primary Occupations of All Male Villagers Aged above 15 in Kolojonggo 27 II.7: Primary Occupations of All Female Villagers Aged above 15 in Kolojonggo 33 II.8: Cases of Land Transactions in Kolojonggo between 1950 and 1993a 36 II.9: Land Purchased by Pak Tio’s Household between 1972 and 1978 37 II.10: Land Price in Sumber in 1951-93 38 II.11: Rice Producers’ Terms of Trade (TT) in Yogyakarta (1976=100) 41 II.12: Cases of Sawah Transactions after 1980 44 II.13: Land Ownership and Sawah Cultivation in Kolojonggo in 1971 and 1993 46 II.14: Sawah Owned by Three Groups of Landholders in 1943-93 (%) 47 III.1: Participation of Male Villagers Aged over 15 in the Collective Prayers in 1994 77 IV.1: Religious Activities of an Islamic Activist 91 VII.1: Percentage of Christians in Java (City and District / Urban and Rural) 180 VII.2: Percentage of Christians in Central Java and Yogyakarta 183 A-1: Landholdings in Kolojonggo in 1943 251 A-2: Landholdings in Kolojonggo in 1960 255 A.3. Table A-3: Land transactions in five hamlets in Sumber (1950-1964) 256 A.4. Table -4: Size of Sawah owned by Land Buyers Before They Bought Land between 1950 and 1964 257 List of Figures Figure II-1: The Special Region of Yogyakarta 16 Figure III-1: Number of Attendants at the Collective Prayer during the Fasting Month in 1994 74 Figure VII-1: Percentage of Christians in Java and Indonesia (1930-1990) 179 Figure VII-2: Number of Christians in Java (1930-1990) 179 Figure VII-3: Percentage of Christians in 82 Districts in Java. 181 Figure A.1: Use of Sawah under Foreign Planters 243 List of Plates Plate 1: A Bird’s-Eye View of Kelurahan Sumber. The areas surrounded by trees are residential areas. 50 Plate 2: Female Harvesters with the ani-ani. 50 Plate 3: Improvement of the masjid before the coming of the fasting month in 1993. 81 Plate 4: View of the masjid in Kolojonggo just before the beginning of the fasting month in 1993. 81 Plate 5: Salat Idul Fitri in Sumber 109 Plate 6: Sacrifice of a Sheep for Idul Adha in Kolojonggo 109 Plate 7: The Contents of a besek. Round bread at the centre of the besek is apem; underneath the apem is ketan (glutinous rice); and two brown compote made of yams (ketela) are kolak. 141 Plate 8: Ingkung 141 Plate 9: The celebration of a kendhuri. The man who sits the third from the left at the side of the wall and who raises his flat hands over the lap is the kaum. 142 Plate 10: The recitation of the Quran in the Wedding ceremony. 142 Plate 11: Moment of Chaos in a Jathilan performance. 175 Plate 12: The Last Scene in the Drama performed by Muslim Youth (Drama No. 1 in the text). From left to right: Dhukun; Parjo’s father; Street musician from Parjo’s village; Parjo; Parjo’s wife. 175 Plate 13: Bu Nangun’s house Before Reconstruction. 201 Plate 14: Gotong-royong Mobilised by Muslim Villagers to build Bu Nangun’s House. 201 Foreword This study by Hyung-Jun Kim of a village in Yogyakarta presents a remarkable case-study of the processes of reform and renewal that are occurring widely throughout Indonesia today. Rarely have these profoundly important processes been examined at the local level in such detail. As a case study, this work offers significant insights that carry well beyond a single village. Such insights provide the basis for a critical understanding of contemporary socio-religious change. Hyung-Jun Kim's stated objective in this work is to consider how Islam is ªunderstood, interpreted and practicedº. In many villages, perhaps most villages in Java today, this is no longer a simple matter. Taken for granted practices can be questioned and abandoned, reaffirmed or reinterpreted. To a certain extent, this has become part of the quiet dynamic of daily life. In the case that Kim Hyung-Jun studies here, however, this whole process has come much more to the fore in an effort to Islamize daily life. When as a graduate student, Hyung-Jun Kim set out to find an ªordinary Javanese villageº in which to do his fieldwork, he had no idea that the village he had selected was the site of concerted efforts by a small group of committed young men to remake their village and its traditions in the light of their understanding of a reformist Islam. In his study, Hyung-Jun Kim provides an understanding of this village setting and then proceeds systematically to examine local efforts at reform and their consequences for the social life of the community.
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