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Menorah Review VCU University Archives Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Menorah Review VCU University Archives 1988 Menorah Review (No. 14, Fall, 1988) Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/menorah Part of the History of Religion Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons © The Author(s) Recommended Citation https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/menorah/14 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the VCU University Archives at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Menorah Review by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. '*' MENO REVIEW• THE JUDAIC STUDIES PROGRAM OF VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY • NUMBER 14 • FALL 1988 gether historical narrative and stories way to appease Hitler was to institute UNFAMIUAR DIMENSIONS of individual heroism, brutality, and an anti-Semitic campaign in Italy. OFTHE HOLOCAUST survival. The campaign started in 1934 when The story begins with the history Mussolini began to encourage anti­ TheI hlliansand the Holocaust: of the Italian Jews. Living in Italy Semitic journalism and halted rather Persecution, Rescue,Surviml since at least 4 B.C., Jews in Italy abruptly in July 1934 when, after the BySusan Zuccotti "experienced a grim succession of assassination of Austrian Chancellor BasicBoo ks restrictions and persecutions, re­ Dolfuss, Mussolini mobilized troops Secretariesof Death:Acco unt6by lieved by brief interludes of calm" (p. to defend Austria from German at­ FormerPrisoners Who Wnted 12). Italian Jews were eventually quite tack.It was in September of that year inthe Gestapo of Auschwitz assimilated and are described by Zuc­ that he made his justly famous com­ Editedby Lore Shelley cotti as looking, dressing, and speak­ ment: ShengoldPublishers, Iru:. ing like everyone else.She goes on to Thirty centuries of history per­ point out that they were educated mit us to regard with supreme and ready to be integrated into Italian pity certain doctrines supported A Review essay by culture. Italian Jews were an integral beyond the Alps by descendants Herbert Hirsch part of Italian society including the of people who did not know how Twenty months after he was cap­ military. Indeed, there were at least to write, and could not hand tured by the Nazis and deported to 50 Jewish generals who served in down documents recording their Auschwitz, Primo Levi returned to Wo rld War I. In addition, Jews made own lives, at a time when Rome his home in Italy and described the " ... significant contributions in busi­ had Caesar, Virgil, and Augus­ moment he crossed the border: ness, banking, and insurance, in the tus (p.30). Leonardo and I remained professions, and in education and Despite the official cessation of the lost in a silence crowded with the arts" (p. 18). Italian Jews, Zuc­ anti-Semitic campaign, anti-Semitic memories. Of 650, our number cotti notes, ". were Italians fanatics persisted and waited for their when we had left, three of us through and through, but many re­ opportunity. Finally, in 1936 Musso­ were returning. And how much mained aware and proud of their Jew­ lini appointed his pro-German son­ had we lost in those twenty ishness" (p. 21). While not religious, in-law, Galeazzo Ciano, as foreign months? What should we find at they were aware of their heritage. minister and allied Italy with Hitler. home? How much of ourselves This period of assimilation did not As Zuccotti notes, "Anti-Zionism had been eroded, extinguished? end when the Fascist Party and Be­ was immediately rekindled with a (The Reawakening, p.372). nito Mussolini came to power in 1922. vengeance. This time, the flames Levi was one of the "lucky" survi­ In fact, many Jews were "loyal fas­ grew into an intense, undisguised vors. More than 6,800 of the 45,200 cists from the start. At least five Jews anti-semitism" (p. 33). It culminated Jews living in Italy did not survive were included among the 119 Italians on November 17, 1938, when the Ra­ the Holocaust. While this survival who met ... to found the ... Italian cial Laws became official policy. rate was one of the highest in occu­ Fascist Party" (pp.23-24). Italian Fas­ These laws were very similar to the pied Europe, the fact remains that 15 cism did not become officially anti­ Nuremburg Laws in Germany: percent of the Italian Jews were mur­ Semitic until Mussolini decided to Marriage between Jews and non­ dered. The story of that murder and promulgate the racial laws in 1938. Jews was prohibited. Jews were survival are told in The Italians and the When Adolf Hitler became Chan­ not permitted to own or manage Holocaust. cellor of Germany on January 30, companies involved in military Where Primo Levi writes movingly 1933, Mussolini, who had already production, or factories that em­ of his experiences and provides won­ been in power for 11 years, began to ployed over one hundred people derful portrayals of character, Susan get disturbed over German expan­ or exceeded a certain value. Zuccotti describes the history of the sionism. Mussolini regarded Austria They could not own land over a Holocaust in Italy. She brings to- as being within his sphere of influ­ certain value, serve in the armed ence and he "had every intention of forces, employ non-Jewish Ital­ resisting German expansion here" ian domestics, or belong to the (p. 29). Mussolini decided that one Fascist party. Their employment 2 in banks, insurance companies, pending roundup by at least October supplying the persecuted. The best and national and municipal ad­ 9, one week before it actually oc­ that can be said of him is that he ministration was forbidden (p. curred" (p. 126). He also knew, she allowed others to take great risks and 360). indicates, that the "orders said that that he fulfilled his institutional man­ To be sure, Italian anti-Semitism the jews were to be 'liquidated' " (p. date at the expense of moral leader­ lacked the extreme ideological base 126). Even though he knew that the ship" (p. 135). of German anti-Semitism. Zuccotti jews were being sent to death camps, The effect of the October roundup argues that "Italian antisemitism had he said nothing. Zuccotti then asks was to send jews into hiding. While no ideological base, but was the "What might the Pope have done be­ most of the Italian population product of mindless and cynical op­ fore October 16?" She points out that watched passively, others rescued portunism" (p. 40). Even though the a private threat would certainly not jews and still others participated in enforcement provisions were never have stopped the SS but would have the persecution. "From early Decem­ as severe as those in Nazi Germany, "placed the Pope on sounder moral ber 1943 to mid-February 1944, the the total effect on Italian Jews was ground" (p. 126). He also could have Holocaust in Italy was conducted pri­ quite devastating. Te achers, public warned the jewish community about marily by Italians according to Italian employees, and professional people the impending roundup and could rules. From the very beginning, how­ immediately lost their jobs, and stu­ have protested the event after it oc­ ever, Nazis supervised and tried to dents had their education curtailed. curred. The Pope's only public com­ interfere" (p. 170). Zuccotti weaves Italian jews reacted with "shock and ment "appeared in the Vatican News­ throughout the remainder of the disbelief" (p. 43). While other seg­ paper . on October 25-26 after book individual stories and historical ments of the society remained silent, most deportees were dead" (p. 130). narrative. She provides enlightening the situation of the Italian jews pro­ Finally, Zuccotti asks why the Pope discussions of "Survival in Italy" gressively deteriorated. remained silent. After dismissing (Chapter 10); "Switzerland" (Chapter In june 1940 Italy became Hitler's several proposed explanatons she 11), including personal accounts of official ally in the war, and Italian points out that jews were hidden in attempts to cross the border; "The police immediately began arresting churches, monasteries, and convents Best of Their Generation: Italian jews foreign jews. They were incarcerated, and that it was feared that any vigor­ and Anti-Fascism" (Chapter 12), for the most part, in city prisons in ous protest would disrupt Vatican­ which examines resistance; and con­ which conditions were quite horrible. German relationships and jeopardize cludes with a summary and the ques­ In addition to the prisons and intern­ tion: "Why, then, did so many Italian ment camps, a system of "enforced jews survive?" When the Jews from Italy residence" was employed as a kind Zuccotti discusses several hypo­ arrived at the death camps, of internal exile whereby individuals thetical explanations. First, she notes they were met by a fate or families would be sent to small that the fact that "the Holocaust be­ common to all victims. remote villages. While Italy was offi­ gan late in Italy was helpful," and cially an anti-Semitic country and did second, that by September 1943 the imprison jews, the Italian govern­ the safety of the hidden jews. A sec­ German army had been defeated in ment did not "release a single jew to ond possible factor is that "condem­ Russia, North Africa, and Sicily, and the Nazis for deportation," until the nation of the Holocaust might pro­ the defeat of Hitler was seen as a country was occupied by the Ger­ voke Nazi reprisals against Catholics distinct possibility. Yet, as Zuccotti mans in September 1943. in German-occupied countries, as accurately notes, the occupation of On Saturday, October 16, 1943, well as even more terrifying persecu­ Hungary did not take place until German SS security police sur­ tion of the jews" (p.
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