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2013-07-01 Case Histories of Jewish Case Histories of Jewish Populations in Italy, Denmark and Bulgaria during the Holocaust Most Reverend Philip Wilson Archbishop of Adelaide Catholic Archdiocese of Adelaide The Abraham Institute, Adelaide 7 July 2013 Ladies and Gentlemen, I want to thank the Abraham Institute for inviting me to address you and for your all turning out this evening to do me the honour of listening to what I have to say. I look forward to your questions, comments and some discussion following the speech. I also acknowledge the Traditional Owners of the land on which we are meeting. I pay my respects to their Elders, past and present, and the Elders from other communities who may be here today. History is naturally a contested area but in speaking tonight I will try to draw from generally accepted themes. It is said that Bulgaria, Denmark and Italy were the places in Europe where Jewish people received the best treatment during the Second World War. But the standard at the time was set very low, so I think it is much better to examine the actual behaviour for what it was so we can then draw our own conclusions on the levels of human failure and prejudice. I think it is often tempting in times of great human failure to look for the good stories to confirm our hopes for the best. No one wants to dwell too much in the failings we suspect may also be in our own hearts. But we learn so much more by being honest about the very real nature of human brokenness and we can pray to God that we be spared such failings. The story of the Holocaust - the Shoah, or 'calamity' in Hebrew - is one of great shame and tragedy. These are stories of evil, but also of fear and failure. I will give a summary of events in Bulgaria, Denmark and Italy including some reflections from people who lived the events. Given my role as Archbishop of Adelaide, I want to look at some of the good and bad aspects of how the Church as an institution and the members of the Catholic Church reacted to the Shoah, then draw some themes and conclusions. Bulgaria Bulgaria has been lauded for saving almost 50,000 of its Jewish citizens from the death camps, which is surely a major achievement for a country that was a member of the Axis Pact with Germany (Vassilev, 2010) But like most things, the story is more complicated than that. Academics have described Bulgaria as having three roles during the Shoah, as rescuer, persecutor and collaborator (Berenbaum et al, 2013). 2 Bulgaria's Jews comprised less than one percent of the population, but appeared to be accepted as members of the community. One of the first attacks on the status of Jewish people was the imposition of the Law for the Protection of the Nation in October 1940. A former Bulgarian Jewish resident of Sofia, Beatriz Rosanes de Samuilov, has written of her memories of the time and asks "From whom did [Bulgaria] have to defend itself? From the malevolent Jews, of course.” (de Samuilov, 2002). Following the approach of Germany, they put a number of restrictions on Jewish people, including on their right to vote and hold public office, own property, live where they wished, marry ethnic Bulgarians and serve in the military (Vassilev, 2010). Later there would be a curfew on Jews and they would be banned from walking on certain main streets (de Samuilov, 2002), they would be required to wear the yellow Star of David on their clothes, houses and businesses. Many lost their jobs, homes, businesses and other possessions and had to pay signficant new taxes. (Vassilev, 2010) Just five months later, the position of the Jewish people became more precarious when Bulgaria joined the Axis Pact in March 1941 with Germany, Italy, Spain, Japan and others, with a key aim to recover territory lost in the Second Balkan War and in World War I. De Samuilov recalls: "through the streets of Sofia could be seen strolling blond men and women with blue eyes. People murmured, 'They must be of the fifth column.' On the first of March, the Bulgarian prime Minister, Bodgan Filov, proudly signed the 'non aggression pact with the Berlin- Rome axis.' On the following day, the blue-eyed blonds changed their civilian clothes for the brand new uniforms of the German army." (de Samuilov, 2002) The Axis Pact did indeed help Bulgaria recover territory. In April 1941 Bulgaria gained responsibility for what became known as greater Bulgaria, which included Macedonia, Aegean Thrace and the town of Pirot in Serbia. All the residents were declared Bulgarian, except for the Jewish residents. This exclusion of Jewish people was to have greater significance later on (Vassilev, 2010). In January 1943, the Bulgarian cabinet agreed to the deportation of Jews in greater Bulgaria - from those territories that Bulgaria had only recently acquired (Berenbaum et al, 2013). By March 1943, more than 11,000 Jews from the new Bulgarian territories had been sent to Auschwitz and Treblinka, where only 12 survived (Vassilev, 2010). There had been protests. Transport of the Thracian and Macedonian Jews led to protests from senior Orthodox clergy and some parliamentary deputies from the governing parties. We are told that "Archbishop Stefan of Sofia, who had by chance come upon a sealed boxcar carrying Thracian Jews in the most horrific conditions, sent several urgent telegrams and personal appeals to the monarch, expressing his shock and in vain pleading with him to stop the deportations." (Vassilev, 2010) Protests about the deportation of Jewish people from the new territories of Bulgaria were unsuccessful. But when police started to assemble Jews from prewar Bulgaria for deportation, widespread public opposition stopped the government. (Vassilev, 2010) 3 So the deportation of Bulgaria's Jews was not averted because of the virtues of King Boris III or the government, but political pragmatism. Rossen Vassilev, a former Bulgarian diplomat to the United Nations and academic, tells us that "following the government majority's open rebellion in the Assembly and amidst a rising tide of public concern and indignation, on May 20 the king ordered the evacuation of Sofia's 20,000 Jews and their internment in the countryside which was the first step in transporting them out of the country ... The monarch postponed for the time being any new deportations to Poland, but never cancelled them. All able-bodied Jewish men were conscripted and sent to forced labour camps throughout Bulgaria where they were organised in slave-like working gangs. Now Boris could simply tell the Germans that he needed his Jews to build and maintain Bulgaria's roads and railways (whether he believed him or not, there was not much that Hitler -- beset with a succession of military calamities on the Russian front -- could do)." (Vassilev, 2010). The Jews in forced labour camps faced very poor conditions, but knew they were faring better than others when they witnessed trains full of Greek Jews going through Bulgaria on the way to the concentration camps. (de Samuilov, 2002). Historian Michael Berenbaum said of the Bulgarian labour camp authorities, "they were willing to torture, maim, persecute, harass - not kill. They had a red line. In the context of Nazi Germany, that was a virtue. In the context of anything else, that was a horror." (Lipman, 2004). The cabinet revoked the Law for the Protection of the Nation in August 1944 in the days before the Soviets took control of the country. After the war as many as 45,000 of the 48,000 Jews in Bulgaria emigrated to Palestine (Vassilev, 2010). In 2008, Bulgarian President Georgi Parvanov spoke in Jerusalem saying “When we express justifiable pride at what we have done to save Jews, we do not forget that at the same time there was an antisemitic regime in Bulgaria and we do not shirk our responsibility for the fate of more than 11,000 Jews who were deported from Thrace and Macedonia to death camps." (Berenbaum, 2013) Tzvetan Todorov, a Franco-Bulgarian philosopher in his book "The Fragility of Goodness: Why Bulgaria's Jews Survived the Holocaust", says: “Looking back and reflecting on the rescue of the Bulgarian Jews, one comes to realise that no one individual or single factor could have brought it about….Men of conscience and courage…would have struggled in vain if the king had not decided to take their side; and they themselves would not have acted as they had if they had not felt that the Bulgarian citizens, with some few exceptions, stood behind them in their efforts….All this was necessary for good to triumph, in a certain place and at a certain time; any break in the chain and their efforts might well have failed. It seems that, once introduced into public life, evil easily perpetuates itself, whereas good is always difficult, rare, and fragile. And yet possible” (Todorov, p. 40). 4 Denmark Having earlier stated that Bulgaria was said to have had three roles with regard to the Jews during World War II, that of rescuer, persecutor and collaborator, Denmark has been criticised in similar terms as rescuer, expeller and collaborator (Vilhjalmsson and Bluudnikow, 2006). The Danish government pursued what has been called a 'cooperation policy' with the Germans during the Second World War, though its critics have called it a collaboration policy. Denmark has a good reputation as having saved the almost 8,000 Danish Jews in October 1943, when they were helped to cross the narrow strip of water between Denmark and Sweden.
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