Sheep and Goats
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Outbreak of Sheeppox in Farmed Sheep in Kyrgystan: Histological, Eletron Micro- Scopical and Molecular Characterization
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2016 Outbreak of sheeppox in farmed sheep in Kyrgystan: Histological, eletron microscopical and molecular characterization Aldaiarov, N ; Stahel, A ; Nufer, L ; Jumakanova, Z ; Tulobaev, A ; Ruetten, M Abstract: INTRODUCTION On a farm in the Kyrgyz Republic, several dead sheep were found without any history of illness. The sheep showed several ulcerations on lips and bare-skinned areas. At necropsy the lungs showed multiple firm nodules, which were defined as pox nodules histologically. Intherumen hyperkeratotic plaques were visible. With electron microscopy pox viral particles were detected and con- firmed with q PCR as Capripoxviruses. Although all members of the Capripoxvirus genus are eradicated in western countries, this study should remind us of the classical lesions observed in poxvirus infections. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17236/sat00076 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-126889 Journal Article Published Version Originally published at: Aldaiarov, N; Stahel, A; Nufer, L; Jumakanova, Z; Tulobaev, A; Ruetten, M (2016). Outbreak of sheep- pox in farmed sheep in Kyrgystan: Histological, eletron microscopical and molecular characterization. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde, 158(7):529-532. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17236/sat00076 Fallberichte | Case reports Outbreak of sheeppox in farmed sheep in Kyrgystan: Histological, eletron micro- scopical -
Experimental Infection and Genetic Characterization of Two Different
viruses Article Experimental Infection and Genetic Characterization of Two Different Capripox Virus Isolates in Small Ruminants Janika Wolff , Jacqueline King, Tom Moritz, Anne Pohlmann , Donata Hoffmann , Martin Beer and Bernd Hoffmann * Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; janika.wolff@fli.de (J.W.); jacqueline.king@fli.de (J.K.); [email protected] (T.M.); anne.pohlmann@fli.de (A.P.); donata.hoffmann@fli.de (D.H.); martin.beer@fli.de (M.B.) * Correspondence: Bernd.Hoffmann@fli.de; Tel.: +49-3835-17-1506 Received: 8 September 2020; Accepted: 26 September 2020; Published: 28 September 2020 Abstract: Capripox viruses, with their members “lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV)”, “goatpox virus (GTPV)” and “sheeppox virus (SPPV)”, are described as the most serious pox diseases of production animals. A GTPV isolate and a SPPV isolate were sequenced in a combined approach using nanopore MinION sequencing to obtain long reads and Illumina high throughput sequencing for short precise reads to gain full-length high-quality genome sequences. Concomitantly, sheep and goats were inoculated with SPPV and GTPV strains, respectively. During the animal trial, varying infection routes were compared: a combined intravenous and subcutaneous infection, an only intranasal infection, and the contact infection between naïve and inoculated animals. Sheep inoculated with SPPV showed no clinical signs, only a very small number of genome-positive samples and a low-level antibody reaction. In contrast, all GTPV inoculated or in-contact goats developed severe clinical signs with high viral genome loads observed in all tested matrices. -
Recombinant and Chimeric Viruses
Recombinant and chimeric viruses: Evaluation of risks associated with changes in tropism Ben P.H. Peeters Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Division of Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands. May 2005 This report represents the personal opinion of the author. The interpretation of the data presented in this report is the sole responsibility of the author and does not necessarily represent the opinion of COGEM or the Animal Sciences Group. Dit rapport is op persoonlijke titel door de auteur samengesteld. De interpretatie van de gepresenteerde gegevens komt geheel voor rekening van de auteur en representeert niet de mening van de COGEM, noch die van de Animal Sciences Group. Advisory Committee Prof. dr. R.C. Hoeben (Chairman) Leiden University Medical Centre Dr. D. van Zaane Wageningen University and Research Centre Dr. C. van Maanen Animal Health Service Drs. D. Louz Bureau Genetically Modified Organisms Ing. A.M.P van Beurden Commission on Genetic Modification Recombinant and chimeric viruses 2 INHOUDSOPGAVE RECOMBINANT AND CHIMERIC VIRUSES: EVALUATION OF RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN TROPISM Executive summary............................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 7 1. Genetic modification of viruses .................................................................................................9 -
Comparative Analysis, Distribution, and Characterization of Microsatellites in Orf Virus Genome
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Comparative analysis, distribution, and characterization of microsatellites in Orf virus genome Basanta Pravas Sahu1, Prativa Majee 1, Ravi Raj Singh1, Anjan Sahoo2 & Debasis Nayak 1* Genome-wide in-silico identifcation of microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in the Orf virus (ORFV), the causative agent of contagious ecthyma has been carried out to investigate the type, distribution and its potential role in the genome evolution. We have investigated eleven ORFV strains, which resulted in the presence of 1,036–1,181 microsatellites per strain. The further screening revealed the presence of 83–107 compound SSRs (cSSRs) per genome. Our analysis indicates the dinucleotide (76.9%) repeats to be the most abundant, followed by trinucleotide (17.7%), mononucleotide (4.9%), tetranucleotide (0.4%) and hexanucleotide (0.2%) repeats. The Relative Abundance (RA) and Relative Density (RD) of these SSRs varied between 7.6–8.4 and 53.0–59.5 bp/ kb, respectively. While in the case of cSSRs, the RA and RD ranged from 0.6–0.8 and 12.1–17.0 bp/kb, respectively. Regression analysis of all parameters like the incident of SSRs, RA, and RD signifcantly correlated with the GC content. But in a case of genome size, except incident SSRs, all other parameters were non-signifcantly correlated. Nearly all cSSRs were composed of two microsatellites, which showed no biasedness to a particular motif. Motif duplication pattern, such as, (C)-x-(C), (TG)- x-(TG), (AT)-x-(AT), (TC)- x-(TC) and self-complementary motifs, such as (GC)-x-(CG), (TC)-x-(AG), (GT)-x-(CA) and (TC)-x-(AG) were observed in the cSSRs. -
National Program Assessment, Animal Health: 2000-2004
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska 10-5-2004 National Program Assessment, Animal Health: 2000-2004 Cyril G. Gay United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Program Staff, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub Part of the Agriculture Commons, Animal Sciences Commons, and the Animal Studies Commons Gay, Cyril G., "National Program Assessment, Animal Health: 2000-2004" (2004). Publications from USDA- ARS / UNL Faculty. 1529. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub/1529 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. U.S. government work. Not subject to copyright. National Program Assessment Animal Health 2000-2004 National Program Assessments are conducted every five-years through the organization of one or more workshop. Workshops allow the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) to periodically update the vision and rationale of each National Program and assess the relevancy, effectiveness, and responsiveness of ARS research. The National Program Staff (NPS) at ARS organizes National Program Workshops to facilitate the review and simultaneously provide an opportunity for customers, stakeholders, and partners to assess the progress made through the National Program and provide input for future modifications to the National Program or the National Program’s research agenda. -
Characterization of the Rubella Virus Nonstructural Protease Domain and Its Cleavage Site
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, July 1996, p. 4707–4713 Vol. 70, No. 7 0022-538X/96/$04.0010 Copyright q 1996, American Society for Microbiology Characterization of the Rubella Virus Nonstructural Protease Domain and Its Cleavage Site 1 2 2 1 JUN-PING CHEN, JAMES H. STRAUSS, ELLEN G. STRAUSS, AND TERYL K. FREY * Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303,1 and Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 911252 Received 27 October 1995/Accepted 3 April 1996 The region of the rubella virus nonstructural open reading frame that contains the papain-like cysteine protease domain and its cleavage site was expressed with a Sindbis virus vector. Cys-1151 has previously been shown to be required for the activity of the protease (L. D. Marr, C.-Y. Wang, and T. K. Frey, Virology 198:586–592, 1994). Here we show that His-1272 is also necessary for protease activity, consistent with the active site of the enzyme being composed of a catalytic dyad consisting of Cys-1151 and His-1272. By means of radiochemical amino acid sequencing, the site in the polyprotein cleaved by the nonstructural protease was found to follow Gly-1300 in the sequence Gly-1299–Gly-1300–Gly-1301. Mutagenesis studies demonstrated that change of Gly-1300 to alanine or valine abrogated cleavage. In contrast, Gly-1299 and Gly-1301 could be changed to alanine with retention of cleavage, but a change to valine abrogated cleavage. Coexpression of a construct that contains a cleavage site mutation (to serve as a protease) together with a construct that contains a protease mutation (to serve as a substrate) failed to reveal trans cleavage. -
Measles and Rubella Initiative Outbreak Response Fund Application Standard Operating Procedures
M&RI SOP Feb 24, 2020 Final Measles and Rubella Initiative Outbreak Response Fund Application Standard Operating Procedures This update of the M&RI ORF Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) includes the following modifications: 1. To encourage countries to submit applications for ORF support early in the evolution of the outbreak in order to effectively stop measles virus transmission before it becomes more widespread, M&RI will monitor indicators of timeliness of outbreak response immunization in accordance with Immunization Agenda 2030 guidelines; 2. To accelerate the process to receive support, M&RI has removed requirements for advance notification when requesting ORF support and has established a limited timeframe to evaluate the application for ORF support and to provide feedback or issue a decision letter; 3. To more comprehensively address outbreak response linked to timely and efficient use of vaccine, M&RI will allow for greater flexibility in areas of support on an exceptional basis and with adequate justification; 4. To reduce the likelihood of requested additional information or clarifications from M&RI, the SOPs provide greater detail regarding the key data elements and analysis recommended when investigating measles outbreaks and preparing reports, plans and budgets; 5. To maximize use of outbreak investigations and their follow up to strengthen immunization systems, M&RI requests countries to include findings from root cause analyses and, based on these, plans to improve routine immunization, surveillance and outbreak preparedness in the required post-outbreak report. A. Background The Measles and Rubella Initiative (M&RI) has provided funding through an outbreak response fund (ORF) since 2012 to support bundled vaccine and operational costs for measles and rubella outbreak response immunization (ORI), with Gavi supporting up to a total of US$10 million per year for Gavi-eligible countries. -
25 May 7, 2014
Joint Pathology Center Veterinary Pathology Services Wednesday Slide Conference 2013-2014 Conference 25 May 7, 2014 ______________________________________________________________________________ CASE I: 3121206023 (JPC 4035610). Signalment: 5-week-old mixed breed piglet, (Sus domesticus). History: Two piglets from the faculty farm were found dead, and another piglet was weak and ataxic and, therefore, euthanized. Gross Pathology: The submitted piglet was in good body condition. It was icteric and had a diffusely pale liver. Additionally, petechial hemorrhages were found on the kidneys, and some fibrin was present covering the abdominal organs. Laboratory Results: The intestine was PCR positive for porcine circovirus (>9170000). Histopathologic Description: Mesenteric lymph node: Diffusely, there is severe lymphoid depletion with scattered karyorrhectic debris (necrosis). Also scattered throughout the section are large numbers of macrophages and eosinophils. The macrophages often contain botryoid basophilic glassy intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. In fewer macrophages, intranuclear basophilic inclusions can be found. Liver: There is massive loss of hepatocytes, leaving disrupted liver lobules and dilated sinusoids engorged with erythrocytes. The remaining hepatocytes show severe swelling, with micro- and macrovesiculation of the cytoplasm and karyomegaly. Some swollen hepatocytes have basophilic intranuclear, irregular inclusions (degeneration). Throughout all parts of the liver there are scattered moderate to large numbers of macrophages (without inclusions). Within portal areas there is multifocally mild to moderate fibrosis and bile duct hyperplasia. Some bile duct epithelial cells show degeneration and necrosis, and there is infiltration of neutrophils within the lumen. The limiting plate is often obscured mainly by infiltrating macrophages and eosinophils, and fewer neutrophils, extending into the adjacent parenchyma. Scattered are small areas with extra medullary hematopoiesis. -
Diagnosis and Treatment of Orf
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Diagnosis and treatment of orf Author : Graham Duncanson Categories : Farm animal, Vets Date : March 3, 2008 When I used to do a meat inspection for an hour each week, I came across a case of orf in one of the slaughtermen. The lesion was on the back of his hand. The GP thought it was an abscess and lanced the pustule. I was certain it was orf and got some pus into a viral transport medium. The Veterinary Investigation Centre in Norwich confirmed the case as orf and it took weeks to heal. I have always taken the zoonotic aspects of this disease very seriously ever since. When I got a pustule on my finger from my own sheep, I took potentiated sulphonamides by mouth and it healed within three weeks. I always advise clients to wear rubber gloves when dealing with the disease. I also advise any affected people to go to their GP, but not to let the doctor lance the lesion. Virus Orf, which should be called contagious pustular dermatitis, is not a pox virus but a Parapoxvirus. It is allied to viral diseases in cattle, pseudocowpox (caused by the most common virus found on the bovine udder) and bovine papular stomatitis (the oral form of pseudocowpox occurring in young cattle). Both these cattle viruses are self-limiting, rarely causing problems. Sheeppox, which is a Capripoxvirus, is not found in the UK or western Europe. However, it seems to have spread from the Middle East to Hungary. -
A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates
veterinary sciences Review A Scoping Review of Viral Diseases in African Ungulates Hendrik Swanepoel 1,2, Jan Crafford 1 and Melvyn Quan 1,* 1 Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (J.C.) 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +27-12-529-8142 Abstract: (1) Background: Viral diseases are important as they can cause significant clinical disease in both wild and domestic animals, as well as in humans. They also make up a large proportion of emerging infectious diseases. (2) Methods: A scoping review of peer-reviewed publications was performed and based on the guidelines set out in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews. (3) Results: The final set of publications consisted of 145 publications. Thirty-two viruses were identified in the publications and 50 African ungulates were reported/diagnosed with viral infections. Eighteen countries had viruses diagnosed in wild ungulates reported in the literature. (4) Conclusions: A comprehensive review identified several areas where little information was available and recommendations were made. It is recommended that governments and research institutions offer more funding to investigate and report viral diseases of greater clinical and zoonotic significance. A further recommendation is for appropriate One Health approaches to be adopted for investigating, controlling, managing and preventing diseases. Diseases which may threaten the conservation of certain wildlife species also require focused attention. -
Orf, Also Known As Sheep Pox, Is a Common Disease
ORF http://www.aocd.org Orf, also known as sheep pox, is a common disease in sheep-farming regions of the world. Human infection with the orf virus is typically acquired by direct contact with open lesions of an infected animal. However, infection from fomites can also occur due to the virus being resistant to heat and dryness. An infected person will usually have a single nodular lesion at the point of contact, on the hand or forearm. The cause of orf is attributed to the orf virus. This virus is a member of the parapoxvirus genus which also contains milker’s nodule virus. The parapoxvirus genus is a member of the poxviridae family which also includes small pox and cowpox viruses. Orf is considered a zoonotic disease, meaning it affects animals; yet humans can contract the disease from infected sheep and goats. However, the orf virus is not transmitted human-to-human. Occupational acquisition of the disease is the most common means of contraction of the virus. Once a human is infected with the parapoxvirus a nodular lesion will appear. This lesion evolves through several stages. It begins as a papule but then progresses into a lesion with a red center surrounded by a white ring. The lesion then becomes red and weeping. If the lesion is located in an area with hair, temporary alopecia (hair loss) occurs. With further progression, the lesion becomes dry with black spots on the surface. It then flattens and forms a dry crust. The lesion then heals with minimal scarring. The progression of this disease occurs in about 6 weeks. -
Whole-Proteome Phylogeny of Large Dsdna Virus Families by an Alignment-Free Method
Whole-proteome phylogeny of large dsDNA virus families by an alignment-free method Guohong Albert Wua,b, Se-Ran Juna, Gregory E. Simsa,b, and Sung-Hou Kima,b,1 aDepartment of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; and bPhysical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 Contributed by Sung-Hou Kim, May 15, 2009 (sent for review February 22, 2009) The vast sequence divergence among different virus groups has self-organizing maps (18) have also been used to understand the presented a great challenge to alignment-based sequence com- grouping of viruses. parison among different virus families. Using an alignment-free In the previous alignment-free phylogenomic studies using l-mer comparison method, we construct the whole-proteome phylogeny profiles, 3 important issues were not properly addressed: (i) the for a population of viruses from 11 viral families comprising 142 selection of the feature length, l, appears to be without logical basis; large dsDNA eukaryote viruses. The method is based on the feature (ii) no statistical assessment of the tree branching support was frequency profiles (FFP), where the length of the feature (l-mer) is provided; and (iii) the effect of HGT on phylogenomic relationship selected to be optimal for phylogenomic inference. We observe was not considered. HGT in LDVs has been documented by that (i) the FFP phylogeny segregates the population into clades, alignment-based methods (19–22), but these studies have mostly the membership of each has remarkable agreement with current searched for HGT from host to a single family of viruses, and there classification by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of has not been a study of interviral family HGT among LDVs.