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The Bull As a Numismatic Type in Magna Graecia, from Archaic to Late Classical

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The Bull As a Numismatic Type in Magna Graecia, from Archaic to Late Classical The Bull As A Numismatic Type In Magna Graecia, From Archaic To Late Classical Period Sep.1 2020 Xi (Chris) He (1434527) Thesis 2020 Chris He 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 1: THE ARCHAIC AND CLASSICAL COINAGE OF SYBARIS ................. 7 1.1 THE ARCHAIC INCUSE COINAGE OF SYBARIS .............................................................................. 12 1.2 ARCHAIC BULLS WITH OTHER ETHNICSE ...................................................................................... 20 1.3 SYBARITE COIN TYPES AFTER 510 BCE ........................................................................................ 32 1.4 COINAGE OF POSEIDONIA .................................................................................................................... 49 1.5. SYBARIS IV AND NEW POLITICAL INFLUENCE ........................................................................... 60 CHAPTER 2: THE COINAGE OF THURIUM ...................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 3: THE COINAGE OF SICILIAN CITIES ........................................................ 87 3.1 COINAGE OF KATANE, KEPHALOIDION AND PIAKOS ................................................................. 92 3.2 COINAGE OF TAUROMENION ........................................................................................................... 102 3.3 THE FOURTH CENTURY ..................................................................................................................... 109 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 114 IMAGES ......................................................................................................................................... 119 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................ 141 2 Introduction The bull emerges as a numismatic type in Magna Graecia in the sixth century BCE and became increasingly frequent across the classical period with multiple variations. This paper concentrates on the stylistic changes and corresponding cultural implications of the bull in western Greek coinages. It starts with the reverted bull of Sybaris from the middle of the sixth century, discussing the possible motivations of this particular selection that originates within the particular geographic and cultural fabric of the city. The paper then explores the potential significance of this motif, which represents the political entity and cultural identity of Sybaris. Noticeably, the reverted bull spread beyond Sybaris and was used by other communities with discreet ethnics. It implies a rather extensive influence of the city in the region, and contributes to the notion of a “Sybarite Empire.” This paper then discusses the appearance of the reverted bull on the issues attributed to Siris-Pyxus and with the ethnic AMI. Both communities contain a mixed demographic composition and exhibit a new communal identity, which might have provoked Sybaris to intervene in their cultural identifications. The reverted bull thus functions as the tool for Sybaris to assert cultural claims and political control of those neighboring communities. Simultaneously, by identifying other populations with the reverted bull, Sybaris actively expanded and redefined the meaning of “being a Sybarite.” As a result, the 3 cultural significance of the reverted bull was further enhanced through these interactions. But the cultural significance of the image is not static but changed according to different contexts. The most radical political change occurred in 510 BCE when the city Sybaris was defeated by Croton. However, the Sybarite cultural identity was preserved through numismatic evidence after the physical destruction of archaic Sybaris. Interestingly, distinct groups interpreted Sybarite identity differently, which is reflected through various adoptions of the reverted bull. This paper details how the Crotoniates may have manipulated the established link between the reverted bull and Sybaris, and how two distinct population groups might revisit the Sybarite identity. Though the bull had been tied firmly with Sybarite identity, the iconography was reinterpreted, altered, and appropriated by different Sybarite groups beyond the single polis Sybaris. Sybarites then attempted to reestablish the city four times throughout the first half of the fifth century. These communities embraced Sybarite identity in various ways. This paper traces the bull appearing in the numismatic output of every re-founding of Sybaris, examines the iconographic changes, and discusses the potential cultural implications and how these changes might correspond to political contexts. In particular, as Sybarite identity was mainly preserved and spread through Sybarite refugees, how the distinct experiences of these refugees might influence the 4 interpretation of this motif? Moreover, the influx of non-Sybarite populations further complicated the definition of Sybarite political identity, and the involvement of populations with distinct origins was assimilated with the Sybarites through altered numismatic expressions of the community, which we will see in the case of refoundations Sybaris III and IV. Simultaneously, it is also important to acknowledge the limitation of the study, as in many discussions, the cultural significance of the bull is flexible, and the interpretation often remains open. Among these iconographic changes of the bull in various communities, the butting bull is noteworthy. Despite the Sybarite origin, it became a constant emblem of a new political entity, Thurium circa 440 BCE. This paper briefly discusses the connection between Thurium and previous Sybaris IV, but mainly focusing on the influence of Thurian coinages in southern Italy and the emergence of a new cultural implication of the butting bull, which is tied closely to a particular group, mercenaries. This butting bull-mercenary link perhaps emerged from the wide circulation of Thurian coinages in southern Italy in the second half of the fifth century and was further consolidated at the end of the fifth century when this type spread and rooted in Sicily with the establishment of mercenary settlements especially under Dionysius I. This paper examines the distribution of the butting in Sicily from the end of the fifth century to the middle of the fourth century. Though the butting gesture per se does not indicate a southern Italian origin, the Thurian style of the butting bull at Katane, 5 nevertheless connects this motif with mercenaries, especially southern Italian mercenaries. At Katane, we perceive the initiation of the butting bull functioning as an emblem of this particular social group. This link was soon consolidated with the spread of the butting bull in Sicily, as we see at Kephaloidion, Piakos, and Tauromenion. But the cultural embodiment of the butting bull is again dynamic. At Tauromenion, as the site was gradually transferred from a fortress to a more proper state in the middle of the fourth century, the militaristic character of the butting bull was diluted and this motif was re-associated with its traditional embodiment such as the river. Considering the arcs of the coin types, it is clear that the image resonated differently for each political body that adopted it. Through tracing the general development of the bull in the issues of Magna Graecia, I hope this paper can provide a glimpse of the multiple and dynamic social role of this numismatic type, which was altered according to various political and cultural contexts, and whose cultural implication might be appropriated and reinterpreted constantly within the dynamic interactions between distinct cultural groups. 6 Chapter 1: The Archaic and Classical Coinage of Sybaris The bull emerged as a numismatic type in Magna Graecia in the sixth century BCE and spread across the classical period with stylistic and iconographic variations. Its origin, lasting duration, broad distribution, and adoption in the western Greek world merit exploration. This chapter focuses on the initial appearance of this type in Greek numismatics, the Sybarite bull, and tries to elucidate the possible motivation of this selection by discussing the historical and geographical context of the employment of the bull. Moreover, the central question focuses on the cultural significance of this motif, as well as how may the Sybarite bull reflect a communal Sybarite identity beyond the polis. Although the archaic city Sybaris was destroyed in 510 BCE, the bull continued existing as a type after this date in surrounding cities, as well as in the succeeding foundations of Sybaris itself with corresponding iconographic changes. On the one hand, by analyzing the constancy of the Sybarite bull, I hope to indicate the cohesion and a common cultural identity that this type symbolizes after the loss of the physical community; on the other hand, it is also important to examine the local alterations, which suggests how different populations adopted, appropriated and reinterpreted the shared identity of the Sybarite orbit. The discussion about Sybarite coinages from the archaic to classical period, however, unavoidably involves the local history of the city that was interwoven in the 7 numismatic development. Therefore, I want to give a brief summary of
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