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Immortelle (Xeranthemum Annuum L.) As a Natural Source of Biologically Active Substances

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Immortelle (Xeranthemum Annuum L.) As a Natural Source of Biologically Active Substances EXCLI Journal 2011;10:230-239 – ISSN 1611-2156 Received: September 14, 2011, accepted: November 20, 2011, published: November 24, 2011 Original article: IMMORTELLE (XERANTHEMUM ANNUUM L.) AS A NATURAL SOURCE OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES Milan S. Stanković*, Ivana D. Radojević, Olgica D. Stefanović, Marina D. Topuzović, Ljiljana R. Čomić, Snežana R. Branković Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Republic of Serbia ∗ corresponding author: Tel.: +381 34 336 223; Fax: +381 34 335 040 e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, total phenolic content and flavonoid concentrations of methanolic, acetone and ethyl acetate extracts from Xeranthemum annuum L. were investi- gated in this study. The total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and ranged between 101.33 to 159.48 mg GA/g. The concentration of flavonoids in various X. annuum extracts was determined using spectrophotometric method with aluminum chloride and the results varied from 22.25 to 62.42 mg RU/g. Antioxidant activity was monitored spec- trophotometrically using DPPH reagent and expressed in terms of IC50 (µg/ml), and it ranged from 59.25 to 956.81 µg/ml. The highest phenolic content and capacity to neutralize DPPH radicals were found in the acetone extract. In vitro antimicrobial activity was determined by microdilution method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) have been determined. Testing was conducted against 24 microorgan- isms, including 15 strains of bacteria (standard and clinical strains) and 9 species of fungi. Statistically significant difference in activity between the extracts of X. annuum L. was ob- served and the acetone extract was found most active. The activity of acetone extract was in accordance with total phenol content and flavonoid concentration measured in this extract. The tested extracts showed significant antibacterial activity against G+ bacteria and weak to moderate activity against other microorganisms. Based on the obtained results, X. annuum can be considered as a rich natural source of polyphenolic compounds with very good antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Keywords: immortelle, Xeranthemum annuum, antimicrobial capacity, antioxidant, phenols, flavonoids INTRODUCTION white-tomentose beneath and about 30 mm long and 2-7 mm wide. Flowers are light- Immortelle, Xeranthemum annuum L., purple or pink forming individual capitula, belongs to the family Asteraceae (Compo- up to 5 cm wide, having a hemispherical sitae), subfamily Cichorioideae, tribe involucre. It is a thermophilic species and Cardueae, subtribe Carlininae. Four species inhabits arid rocky meadows and dry, belong to the genus Xeranthemum in the rocky, sunny and thermophilic habitats flora of Europe. X. annuum is an annual along roadsides, fields and vineyards in herb, growing to 50 cm, with a thin and Southern Europe and Anatolia (Xeran- spindle-shaped root and a tree with a small themum, 1975). number of linear to oblong leaves that are 230 EXCLI Journal 2011;10:230-239 – ISSN 1611-2156 Received: September 14, 2011, accepted: November 20, 2011, published: November 24, 2011 A large number of known medicinal gated on bacterial and fungal strains by mi- species belonging to the family Asteraceae crodilution method. are used in phytomedicine and pharmacy. For very long time medicinal plants of this MATERIAL AND METHODS family have been used in the treatment of Plant material many diseases of the digestive, respiratory, In August 2009 aerial parts of X. annu- and cardiovascular systems and skin dis- um were collected from natural populations eases, as well as for the preparation of bev- on Plackovica hill in the region of Vranje erages, and as culinary spices. The species sity in south Serbia: (position: of the family Asteraceae are very rich in 42°34′51.94′′N, 21°53′53.90′′E, altitude: phenolic compounds with very strong bio- 1075.00 m, exposition: E, habitat: arid logical activity and they exhibit strong anti- thermophilic rocky meadows). Plants oxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral identified were confirmed and voucher and antiproliferative effects (Özgen et al., specimens deposited at the Herbarium of 2004; Boussaada et al., 2008; Jayaraman et the Department of Biology and Ecology, al., 2008; Muley et al., 2009; Kasim et al., Faculty of Science, University of Kragu- 2011). jevac. The collected plant material was air- Literature data indicate that the X. dried in darkness at ambient temperature annuum is a medicinal plant in traditional (20 °C). The dried plant material was cut up medicine and it is applied as a source of and stored in tightly sealed dark containers. active substances (Vogl-Lukasser and Vogl, 2004; Watson and Preedy, 2008). However, Chemicals there is very little data on laboratory Organic solvents and sodium hydrogen phytochemical studies and biological carbonate were purchased from „Zorka activity of extracts and isolated components pharma“ Šabac, Serbia. Gallic acid, rutin from X. annuum, which points to the fact hydrate, chlorogenic acid and 2,2-diphenyl- that the plant has not been explored 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were obtained completely. The existing data often provide from Sigma Chemicals Co., St Louis, MO, chemical properties of secondary USA. Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent, and metabolites from X. annuum and the aluminium chloride hexahydrate (AlCl ) description of the most common 3 were purchased from Fluka Chemie AG, metabolites (Zemtsova and Molchanova, Buchs, Switzerland. Nutrient liquid 1979; Skaltsa et al., 2000). medium, a Mueller–Hinton broth was Bearing in mind that the family purchased from Liofilchem, Italy, while a Asteraceae comprises species that are well Sabouraud dextrose broth was obtained known in phytomedicine and pharmaceu- from Torlak, Belgrade. An antibiotic, doxy- tical industry, it is obvious that the cycline, was purchased from Galenika evaluation of X. annuum as a new source of A.D., Belgrade, and antimycotic, flucona- natural medicinal substances may contri- zole was from Pfizer Inc., USA. All other bute to the knowledge about the use and solvents and chemicals were of analytical importance of the family. grade. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore X. annuum as a new potential natural source of effective antioxidant and Preparation of plant extracts antimicrobial agents, as well as its total Prepared plant material (10 g) was phenolic content and flavonoid concentra- transferred to dark-coloured flasks with tions. Antioxidant activity, phenolic content 200 ml of solvent (methanol, ethyl acetate, and flavonoid concentrations are deter- acetone) and stored at room temperature. mined by spectrophotometric methods and After 24 h, infusions were filtered through in vitro antimicrobial activity was investi- Whatman No. 1 filter paper and residue was re-extracted with equal volume of solvents. 231 EXCLI Journal 2011;10:230-239 – ISSN 1611-2156 Received: September 14, 2011, accepted: November 20, 2011, published: November 24, 2011 After 48 h, the process was repeated. ing the method described by Tekao et al. Combined supernatants were evaporated to (1994), adopted with suitable modifications dryness under vacuum at 40 °C using rotary from Kumarasamy et al. (2007). The stock evaporator. The obtained extracts were kept solution of the plant extract was prepared in in sterile sample tubes and stored in a methanol to achieve the concentration of refrigerator at 4 °C. 1 mg/ml. Dilutions were made to obtain concentrations of 500, 250, 125, 62.5, Determination of total phenolic contents 31.25, 15.62, 7.81, 3.90, 1.99, 0.97 µg/ml. in the plant extracts Diluted solutions (1 ml each) were mixed The total phenolic content was deter- with 1 ml of DPPH methanolic solution mined using spectrophotometric method (80 µg/ml). After 30 min in darkness at (Singleton et al., 1999). The reaction mix- room temperature (23 °C) the absorbance ture was prepared by mixing 0.5 ml of was recorded at 517 nm. The control sam- methanolic solution (1 mg/ml) of extract, ples contained all the reagents except the 2.5 ml of 10 % Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent extract. The percentage inhibition was cal- dissolved in water and 2.5 ml 7.5 % Na- culated using the equation: % inhibition = HCO3. The samples were incubated at 100 x (A control – A sample)/A control), 45 °C for 15 min. The absorbance was de- whilst IC50 values were estimated from the termined at λmax = 765 nm. The samples % inhibition versus concentration sigmoidal were prepared in triplicate and the mean curve, using a non-linear regression analy- value of absorbance was obtained. Blank sis. The data were presented as mean values was concomitantly prepared with methanol ± standard deviation (n = 3). instead of extract solution. The same proce- dure was repeated for the gallic acid and the Test microorganisms calibration line was construed. The total Antimicrobial activity of acetone, ethyl phenolic content was expressed in terms of acetate and methanolic extract was tested gallic acid equivalent (mg of GA/g of ex- against 24 microorganisms including fifteen tract). strains of bacteria (standard strains: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Determination of flavonoid concentrations Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, in the plant extracts Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, The concentrations of flavonoids was Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, determined using spectrophotometric Bacillus subtilis ATCC
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