Distinguishing Characteristics of the Seeds of Garden Flowers of Utah and a Key for Their Identification

Home , Cerastium biebersteinii, Dianthus caryophyllus, Dianthus plumarius, Iberis umbellata, Reseda odorata, Xeranthemum

Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

1954-08-01

Distinguishing characteristics of the seeds of garden flowers of Utah and a key for their identification

Naia H. Burkey Brigham Young University - Provo

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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Burkey, Naia H., "Distinguishing characteristics of the seeds of garden flowers of Utah and a ek y for their identification" (1954). Theses and Dissertations. 8028. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8028

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DISTINGUISHINGCHARACTERISTICS OF THE SEEDS OF GARDENFLOWERS OF UTAH ANDA KEY FOR THEIR IDENTIFICATION

A THESIS SUBMITTEDTO THE DEPARTMENTOF BOTANYAND THE GRADUATESCHOOL OF BRIGHAMYOUNG UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENTOF THE REQUIREMENTSFOR THE DEGREEOF MASTER OF SCIENCE

NAIA H. BURKEY BRIGHAMYOUNG UNIVERSITY PROVO, UTAH AUGUST1954 This thesis by Naia H. Burkey is accepted in its present form by the Thesis Committee as satisfying the thesis require- ments for the degree of Master of Science, August, 1954. PREFACE

The author wishes to express her appreciation to the organizations e.nd persons who have aided her in the working out of this problem. The Ferry-Morse Seed Company of San Francisco, California, was especially generous in contributing a large number of the seeds used in this study. Other helpful contributions of seeds were mede by the Mandeville-King Company, Inc. of Rochester, New York, and by the Halle.well Seed Company of San Francisco, California. Dr. Bertrand F. Harrison, chairman of the Botany Department of the Brigham Young University, has been most helpful in directing the work and in offering constructive criticism throughout the period of study. Ernest F. Reimschiissel, of the faculty of the Brigham Young University, made a generous contribution from his personal seed collection, and extended the use of his library of books and pamphlets on cultivated plants. Many others of the Brigham Young University faculty and students of the Botany and Agronomy Departments have given helpful suggestions and encoura.gement. Thanks are due also to Mrs. Alex Hedquist for her willing permission to collect plant specimens from her gardens, which contain meny species of plants not found in most flower gardens.

iii TABLE OF' CONTEN'11 S Page PREFACE.• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • iii

LIST OF' ILLUSTRATIONS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• viii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION•••••••••••• ...... 1 II. MATERIALSAND METHODS ••• • ••••••••••••••••••••••• 5 III. PRESENTATIONOF DATA•••• ...... 8 Seed Key to Families of Garden Flowers ••• • • • • 8 Descriptions and Keys to Genera and Species.. 15 Polygonaceae...... • ...... • 15 Polygonum orientale...... 15 Chenopodiaceae...... 15 Kochia scoparia... • • • • • . • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • 15 Amaranthaceae...... 15 Am.e.ranthus tricolor.... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 16 Amaranthus hybridus...... • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • 16 Celosia argentea...... 16 Nyctaginaceae...... • • ...... • • . • 16 Mirabilis jalapa...... 16 Portulacaceae •••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••• 16 Portulaca oleracea...... 17 Carophyllaceae...... • • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 17 Cerastium biebersteinii...... 17 Dian thus barba tus. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 18 Dianthus caryophyllus...... 18 Dianthus deltoides...... 18 Dianthus plumarius. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 18 Lychnis coronaria... •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• •• 18 Gypsophila paniculata...... 18 Gypsophila elegans...... • • . • . • • • • • • • . • • • • • 18 Ranuncu.laceae .•...•...... •...... • 19 Anemone hupehens is • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 19 Delphinium els.tum...... 19 Delphinium cheilanthum...... ••••••• 19 Aquilegia vulgaris...... 19 Nigel la damascena...... • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • 20 Papav~raceae...... 20 Papaver nudicaule...... 20 Papaver orientale...... • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • 20 Papaver rhoeas...... •• • • • • • • • . • •• 21 Eschscholzia californica...... 21 iv Page Platystemon californicus ••••••••••••••••••• 21 Capparidaceae ••••••••••••••• ...... 21 Cleome spinosa •...... •...... •.....• . . . . 21 Cruciferae •...•....•...... •...... •.• 21 Iberis coronaria ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 22 Iberis umbellata ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 22 Iberis sempervirens •••••••••••••••••••••••• 22 Alyssum spinosum •• ...... 23 Alyssum saxatile •••• ...... • • • • • • 23 Alys sum procumbens •••••••••••••••••••••••••...... 23 Matthiola incana .••.•.••.••••..•••...•••••• 23 Cheiranthus cheiri •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23 Res edacea e • ••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••• 23 Reseda odorata •••••••••••••.••••••••••••••• 24 Saxifragaceae ••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••• 24 Heu.chera s angu in ea ...... 24 Rosaceae ••••••••••• ...... 24 Geum chiloense •• ...... • •••••••• 24 Le~urninosae . ..•.•••...... •...... •.....••.•...... 24 ~Lathyrus odoratus ••••••••• ...... 25 Lathyrus latifolius ••..•••••••••••••••••••• . . . 25 Lupinus polyphyllus ••••••••••••••.••••••••• 25 Pueraria thunbergiana ••••••••••••••.••••••• 25 Baptisia australis ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 26 Thermopsis caroliniana •••••••.•..•••••••.•• 26 Tropaeolaceae •••••••• ...... ,...... 26 Tropaeolum majus •• ...... 26 Linaceae ••••••••.••• ...... 26 Linum .&i:randiflorum...... - ...... 26 Linum nerenne •• ...... • ••••••• 27 Eu.phorbiaceae ••. .•.•...... ••..• ...... 27 Ric inus communis ••••••••••••••••..• . . . . 27 Sapind_aceB.e •.•. •.•••...••...•.•...•....•••.••...... 27 Cardiospermum halicacabum •••••••••••••••••• 27 Balsaminaceae • ...•...... ••...... 27 Impatiens balsa mina ••••••••.•••••••••••••• 28 Impatiens o:landuli.fera ••••••••••••••••••••• 28 Malvaceae •...... •...... •.....••.•...... 28 Callirhoe involucrata •••••••••••••••••••••• 28 Althaea rosea •••••••••••••••••• ...... 28 Cistaceae ••••••••••••••••• ...... • •• 29 Helianthemum nummalarium. .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 29 Violaceae •••••••••• ...... ?,9 Viola cornuta ••• ...... 29 Viola tricolor •• ...... 29 Lythraceae ...... •...... ••...... 29 Lythrum salicaria •.•••••••••••••••.•. • • • 30 Onagraceae •. .•••...... •..•...... •..•• 30 Clarkia elegans ••..•••...•..•.•....•.....•• 30 Godetia amoena ...... •...... •• 30 Oenothera missouriensis •••••••••••••••••••• 30 Umbelliferae •••.••••••• ...... ::Sl Trachymene caeru lea •• ...... 31 V Page Prinnilaceae ...... •...•...... 31 Primula elatior •.•...... 31 Plun1baginaceae ...... •...... •.•.• .. . ..• 31 Limonium vulgare ••••••.••••••••••.••••••••• 31 Armeria mari tima ••••.••••••••••••••.••••••• 32 Convo 1 vulaceae •••••••••••••.•.• ...... 32 Ipomoea tricolor •••••••...• . . . . 32 Ipomoea purpurea ••.••..•••••.•••.•••••.••• .... • 33 Ipomoea nil •.••••••••.• ...... 33 Ipomoea imperialis •••.• ...... 33 Ipomoea p:randiflora ••••.••••.••.•••..••••••...... 33 Quamoclit penna ta • ...... •...• 33 Quamoclit sloteri ...... 33 Polemoniaceae ••••••••••••.••••••••••••••.••••• 33 Phlox drummond i ...... •...... ••...... •.•...• 34 Phlox paniculata ••••.•••..••••••••••••••••• 34 Boraginaceae ...... ••...... 34 Myosotis sylvatica ••••.••••.•••••.•• 34 Anchu.sa azurea ...... • ..... 34 Heliotropium arborescens ••••••••••••••••••• 35 Verbenaceae ...... •...... • 35 Verbena hybrida •••.••••••.••••••..•.••.•••• 35 Lantana camera ••• ...... 35 Labiatae ...... •...... •...... •...... •..•...... 35 Scutellaria baicalensis •••••••••••••••••••• 36 Lavendula officinalis...... 36 Nepeta nrussini .•....•....•.•..•...... •.•...... 36 Stachys grandiflora ••••••••••••••.••••••••• 36 Salvia azurea •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 37 Salvia splendens •• ...... 37 Coleus blumei ••• ...... • • 37 Solanaceae .....•.•...... •.....•...... ••...... 37 Physalis alKekengi ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 38 1'Jicot iana. ala ta • ...... •.....•..••.• 38 Petunia hybrida •....•...... 38 Salpirrlossis sinuata ••.•••••••••••••••••••• 38 Browallia viscosa ••.•..•.•••••••••••••••••• 38 Scrophu.lariaceae •••.••.•.••••••••••.•••••••••• 39 Veronica ls.t if'ol ia ••.••••.•.••••••••••.•••• 39 Veronica spicata •••••••••••••••••.••••••••• 39 Pentstemon torreyi ••...••••.•••••••••••••••••• 39 Digitalis purpurea ••..•••.••••.•.•.••••.•.• 39 Antirrb.inum majus ••.•.••••..•.••••••••••••• 40 Linaria maroccana ••...•••••...••.••.••••••• 40 Acanthaceae •••••••••• ...... 40 Thunbergia alata •• ...... • • • • • • • • • • • • 40 Rubia.ceae ...... •.•.•...... •..•.•.••••. . . . . 40 Asperula bexaphylla •.••••••••••••.••••••••• 40 Valerians~ceae .. ...•...... •.. 41 C entranthus rub er ••..••.••••••••••••••••••• 41 Dipsacaceae ...... •...•...... ••• 41 Scabiosa atropurpurea ••••••••••••••.••••.•• 41

vi Page Campanv_laceae ••• ••••••••••••••••••••• •. • • • • • • • 41 Campanula mediu.m •••••••••••••••••••••••• • • • 42 Campanula medium var. calycanthema ••••••••• 42 Campanula persicifolia •••••••••• . . • • 42 Camnanu.la carpatica •••••••.•••.••••••.••••• . 42 Campanula lat1.folia •••..•••• . . . . 42 Fla tycodon !d'.randiflorum. • • • • . • •. •. •. • • •••• ...• • 42 Lobeliaceae ...... •..•...... • 43 IJobelia erinus •...... •...... 43 Compos i tae ...... •...... 43 Key to Selected Genera of Compositae ••••••• 43 Catananche caerulea •• ····••····••·•••··•·•• 45 Chrysanthemum ce.rina tum ••••••••••••••.••••• 46 Chrysanthemum lel1canthemum •••••••..••••••.• 46 Anthemis tinctoria •••.••.•••.••••.••••••••• 46 Farthenium Rrgentatu1-i-1 ...... 46 Echinacea n1Jrpurea ••••••.••••.••••.••.••••• 46 Rudbeckia serotina.... • • • • • • • . .•.•.•••••• 46 Ru.dbeckia bi color."' .••...... • 47 Tithonia rotundifolia •••.•••••.••...... 47 Helianthus cucumerifolius •••••••••.•••••••• . 47 Cosmos bi pinna tus •••••••••••••••••••.•••••• 47 Cosmos s·ulphu.reu.s ••••••..•••••••••.•••••••• 47 Dal1.l ia unv.:in. . . • . . • . . . • ...... • ...... •••• 48 Zinnia elegans •...... 48 Zinnia linearis •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 48 Zinnia anP:ustifolia ••.••••••••••••••••••••• 48 Coreopsis basalis •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 49 Coreopsis lanceolata •••••••••.••••••••••••• 49 Ca 11 istephus chinensis •••••••••.••••••••••• 49 Bellis perennis .. " ...... •• 49 SolidaP:o canadensis ••••••••••••••.••••.•••• 49 Brachycome iberidifol ia •••••••••••••••••••• 49 ArctoEis stoechadifolia •••••••••••••••••••• 50 Tagetes tenuifolia ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 50 Taqetes patula ••••••••• ·••••••••••••••••·•• 50 TaP:etes erecta ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 50 Gaillardia aristata•••••••·•••••••••••·•·•• 51 Dimornhotheca s inua ta •••••••••••••••••••••• 51 Calendula officinalis •••••••••••••••••••••• 51 Helipteru.m roseu.m ...... ••..•.....•..••.. 51 Helichrysum bre.cteatum .•••••••••••••••••••• 51 Liatris pycnostachya ••••••••••••••••••••••• 51 Ageratum houstonianum •••••••••••••••••••••• 52 Xeranthemum annuum ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 52 Centa·urea cyanus •.••••••••.•••••••••••••••• 52 Centaurea gymnocarpa ••••.• ···•····•··••·• 52 IV. DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY•...•...•.•••••• ...... 53 PLATES...... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 56 GLOSSARY OF PERTINENT TERMS•• ...... ••• 68 LITERATURECITED ••...•.•.•• ...... 71 vii LIST OF' ILLUSTRATIONS

Plate Page

I. Seeds of Polygonaceae, Nycta~inaceae, Portulacaceae, 57 Caryophyllaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Papaveraceae. II. Seeds of Capparidaceae, Cruciferae, Resedaceae, 59 Saxifra~aceae, Rosaceae, Lemxrninosae, Tropaeolaceae, Linaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Sapindaceae, and Balsaminaceae. III. Seeds of Malvaceae, Cistaceae, Violaceae, Lythraceae 61 Onagraceae, Umbelliferae, Primulaceae, Plumba- ~inaceae, Convolvulaceae, and Polemoniaceae.

IV. Seeds of Bora~inaceae, Verbenaceae, Labiatae, 63 Solanaceae, Scrouhulariaceae, Acanthaceae, Rubiaceae, Va1erianaceae, and Dipsacaceae. V. Seeds of Campanulaceae, Lobeliaceae, and 65 Compositae.

VI. Seeds of Compositae. 67

viii CHAPTERI

INTRODUCTION

Seed taxonomy is a relatively new field of study, but it is one that is growing in use, and is becoming increasingly more important. Although the greatest need for seed classification is related to seed analysis, it is useful in several aspects of botanical and agricultural research. Seed classification is of interest to the systematic botanist because, in many cases, structural seed characteristics are of value in verifyin~ the positions and r elEttionships of different taxonomic groups of plants. Seeds are the most constant of plant structures, and are often more typical of a ~iven species than vegetative structures or floral parts, which may vary within a species. Federal and state Departments of Agriculture would find a classification of seeds invaluable in determining the stan- dards which govern the certification of seeds from an agricultural standpoint. Wholesale seed companies, which import large amounts of seeds and distribute them to retail companies, employ seed analysts who test the seeds to determine their purity and commercial value. Probably because of their greater economic importance, seed studies have been made of many crop plants and of many weeds, the seeds of which must be recognized in order to avoid contamination of commercial crop seeds.

1 2 The classification of seeds of cultivated flowers has been almost completely ne~lected. Because of the immense recreational, health, and aesthetic values of garden flowers, and because they are known and used by almost everyone, a work of this kind should be of value. The purpose of this thesis is to make a collection of the seeds of some of the garden flowers of Utah, to swdy their structural characteristics, and to prepare a key for the identification of the species, based on the external structural characteristics of the seeds. It is hoped that a key of this kind may be of use to any persons interested in the identification of seeds, as well as to students of botany. There is surprisingly little work available on the subject of seed identification. Studies of seeds of particular taxonomic groups have been made for a few families and genera in which the seed characteristics are recognized as important structures in the identification of the plants, but there a.re few papers dealing with the families or genera primarily from the standpoint of seed characteristics. Dr. Isely (4) reports that: "There is no general over-all classification of seeds available, and it is often almost impossible to identify seeds, even as to families." The standard reference used by seed analysts is a group of photographed drawings of weed seeds, published by Hillman and Henry (3) in 1935. Probably the most extensive work in seed classification has been done by Dr. Isely (4) in an investigation in classification of seeds by family 3 characteristics, carried out at the Iowa State College, and published in 1947. This paper contains a discussion of seed identification and a key, by family characteristics, of the seeds of fifteen families of flowering plants, all but one of which contain cultivated garden species. Margaret Murley, working in the Iowa State College Seed Laboratory over a period of three years, made a study and classification of flower seeds. The first of Miss Murley's (7) papers, published in 1944, is a seed key to fourteen species of the Geraniaceae, and includes a brief description of each species, and photographed drawings of the seeds. Cultivated species included in this paper, and grown in Utah, are Geranium robertianum L., and Pelargonium hortorum Bailey, the familiar household Geranium. In a second paper, published in 1945, Miss Murley (8) makes a general discussion of the Euphorbiaceae, of Iowa, and gives descriptions of the plants, maps of their distribution, keys to the genera and species, and photographed drawings of the seeds. Of the cultivated species included, Euphorbia. margina.ta Pursh. is the only one

found in Utah. In 1946 Miss Murley (9) published a fruit key to the members of the Umbellif'erae found in Iowa. This work includes a general discussion of the family, descriptions of the plants, maps showing their distribution, a key to thirty-

eight species, Emd photographed drawings of the fruits. Daucus ca.rota L., the Queen Anne's Lace of flower gardeners, is included in this paper. 4 In 1928, Anita Mary Blake (2) published a discussion and general description of the Composite family. Her paper includes drawin~s of the achenes, and descriptions of the plants of thirty-eight of the Compositae of North Dakota, most of which !trow as native plants in Utah. Cultivated species included in the paper are Solidago canadensis L., Zinnia elegans Jacq., Helianthus annuus L., Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt., and Calendula. officinalis L. CHAPTER II

Ni.ATERIALS AND METHODS

In order to confine this study to a suitable size, only cultivated herbaceous dicotyledonous plants were chosen. No monocotyledonous species or· flowering trees and shrubs have been considered. Most of the dicotyledonous garden flowers found in Utah, amounting to about one-hundred and fifty species, plus several color varieties, are included. There has been no attempt to make this work an all-inclusive study, but it is hoped that it will be of some value to those interested in seed identification, a.nd that it mip;ht serve as a ste~ toward further study in the field. The list of plants chosen for the study was made up chiefly from the catalogs of local seed companies. Seeds of flowers observed growing in local gardens during the period of the study were added to the collection. About one-half of the seeds studied were received from the Ferry-Morse Seed Company of San Francisco, California. Other seed companies contributing to the collection were the Mandeville-King Company, Inc., of Rochester, New York, and the Hallawell Seed Company of San Francisco, California. A number of seeds were obtained from Ernest F. REtlmschiissel's personal collection. The remainder of the seeds used were collected by the author from gardens of the Brigham Young University, from

5 6 the garden of Mrs. Alex Hedquist, in Provo, and from the author's home in Idaho Falls, Idaho. The seeds were dried, cleaned, i.dentified, and placed in labelled vials to facilitate the studying of them. A collection of the seeds studied will be kept in the Botany Department of the Brigham Young University. The 1949 revision of tbe Manual of Cultivated Plants Most Commonly Grown in the Continental United States and Canada, by L. H. Bailey (1), was used as a basis for verifying the identification of the species studied. This manual was used also in selecting the common names of the majority of the species studied. Common names not included in Bailey 1 s manual were selected from the second edition of Standardized Plant Names edited by Harlan P. Kelsey and William A. Dayton (5). Common names of garden flowers used locally in Utah and not found in Bailey's manual are included in addition to the standard names. In order to make the keys useable by anyone interested in seed identification, external structural characteristics which can be seen without the a.id of magnification have been used whenever possible. A millimeter scale and a hand lens are necessary for identifying some of the tinier seeds and distinguishing between some with very similar characteristics. Seeds of color varieties, which appear to be identical to those of the species, are included with the species in the keys, and the color varieties a.re listed in the description of the species. In the keys the term "seed" is used to 7 include the achenes of the Buttercup, Rose, Composite, and other families; the utricles of the Amaranths; the merica.rps of the Carrot family; nutlets of the Borage, Verbena, and Mustard families; and any other propagules. A glossary of definitions of pertinent terms is included as an appendix to this study. Valuable informe.tion for describing the seeds of families was obtainea. from the 1952 printing of Weeds, by Walter Conrad Muenscher. (6) In preparin~ the drawings of the seeds a "Camera Lucida" was attached to a. binocular microscope, and the outlines of the seeds were carefully followed. Details of structure and texture were drawn by hand with the aid of a binocular microscope. The seeds were drawn to scale, and the measurements included with the drawings. For the photographed copies, the drawings were reduced to one-half the size of the original. CHAPTERIII

PRESENTATION OF DATA

SEED KEY TO SELECTEDFAMILIES OF GARDENFLOWERS

1. Seed encased in persistent inflorescence. 27.Plu.mbaginaceae 1. Seed not encased in persistent inflorescence. 2. Perianth persistent. a. Peria.nth of five star-shaped calyx lobes. b. Calyx lobes tightly encasing seed, seed disk-shaped •••••••••• 2. Chenopodiaceae b. Calyx lobes loosely encasing seed, seed three-angled ••••••••••• 1. Polygonaceae a. Perianth not star-shaped, calyx lobes not distinct ••••••••••••••••••• 38. Dipsacaceae 2. Perianth not persistent. 3. Seeds with attached hairs, wings, or bristles. a. Seeds with wings spreading cir- cularly from each side of seed ••••••• 20. Malvaceae a. Seeds without wings spreading from each side. b. Seeds terminated by a hooked style ••••••••••••• ·••••••·• 13. Rosaceae b. Seeds not terminated by a hooked style. c. Seeds completely covered with gray, wooly hairs ••••• 7. Ra:nunculaceae c. Seeds not covered with gray, wooly hairs •••••••••••• 41. Compositae

8 9 3. Seeds without hairs, wings, or bristles. 4. Seeds flat and thin, less than 1 mm. thick. a. Seeds rough and wrinkled. b. Seeds more than 4 mm. long. 25. Umbelliferae b. Seeds 3 mm. long or less. 6. Caryophyllaceae a. Seeds smooth and not wrinkled. b. Seeds cream-colored ••••••••• 33. Solanaceae b. Seeds not cream-colored. c. Seeds less than 1 mm. in length •••••••••••••• 39. Campanulaceae c. Seeds more than 1 mm. in length. d. Seeds black ••••••••••• ••·••• 39. Platycodon in Campanulaceae d. Seeds not black. e. Seeds glossy, dark-brown ••••••••••••• 16. Linaceae e. Seeds somewhat shiny but not glossy, reddish-tan. ••••·••••·•••••••••• 10. Cruciferae 4. Seeds not flat. 5. Seeds appearing triangular as seen from side view. a. Seeds shiny, black. b. Seeds smooth. c. Seed narrow-winged on angles •••••••••••• 7. Ranunculaceae c. Seed not win~ed on angles •••••• : •••••••• 30. Boraginaceae b. Seeds wrinkled, irregularly- angled ••••••••••••••••••• 31. Verbenaceae 10 a. Seeds not shiny. b. Seeds gray to black. c. Seeds conspicuously ribbed •••••.••••••••• 7. Ranunculaceae c. Seeds not conspicuously ribbed. d. Seeds about 2 mm. in diameter •••••••••• 21. Cistaceae d. Seeds 5 - 10 mm. in diameter •••••••• 28. Convolvulaceae b. Seeds tan to brown but not gray. c. Seeds dull tan.. • • • • • • • 24. 0nagra.ceae c. Seeds reddish-brown ••• 26. Primulaceae 5. Seeds not laterally triangular. 6. Seeds 5 mm. or more in diameter. a. Seeds with conspicuous whitish caruncles protruding at base ••..••••••••••••••• 17. Euphorbiaceae a. Seeds without conspicuous caruncles. b. Seeds with a creamy-white, heart-shaped spot covering about one-third of the otherwise lead-colored surface ••••••••••••••• 18. Sapindaceae b. Seeds without a heart- shaped white spot. c. Seeds smooth and shiny. d. Seeds creamy- tan •••••••••• 28. Convolvulaceae d. Seeds mottled- brown ••••••••••• 14. Leguminosae c. Seeds neither smooth nor shiny. d. Seeds nearly spherical. 11 e. Seeds keg- shaped •••••• 4. Nyctaginaceae e. Seeds not keg-shaped. f. Seeds rou~h, wrinkled. - g. Seeds cream- colored ••••••• ••••• 15. Tropaeolaceae g. Seeds dark- brown •• 35. Acanthaceae

f. Seeds pitted but not wrinkled •• 14. Le~inosae d. Seeds somewhat flattened laterally, not spherical. e. Seeds long-rectangular, both ends truncate ••••••.•• 31. Verbenaceae e. Seeds ovate, obtuse or acute •••••• 41. Compositae 6. Seeds less than 5 mm. in diameter. 7. Seeds 0.5 nnn. or less in diameter. a. Seeds more or less oblong, longer than broad. b. Seeds dull. c. Seeds reddish-black ••• ••••••••••.••• 12. Saxifragaceae c. Seeds ~ray to black or tan ••••• 34. Scrophulariaceae b. Seeds glossy. c. Seeds reddish-tan. (Notched at base under magnification) ••• 23. Lythraceae c. Seeds wine-red. (Not notched under magnification) ••.•••• 40. Lobeliaceae 12 a. Seeds nearly spherical. b. Seeds shiny, silver ••••• •••••••••••••..••• 5. Portulacaceae b. Seeds dull, reddish- brown •.••••••••••••• 33. Solanaceae 7. Seeds more than 0.5 mm. in diameter. 8. Seeds disk-shaped. a. Seeds ~lossy, black ••••• •••••• : ••••••••••• 3. Amaranthaceae a. Seeds somewhat shiny but hardly glossy, dark brown ••••••• 32. Coleus in Labiatae 8. Seeds not disk-shaped. 9. Seeds kidney-shaped. a. Seeds creamy-tan. b. Seeds shiny, smooth ••••••• 14. Leguminosae b. Seeds dull, ridged on edge, pitted on-flat surface ••••••••• 20. Malvaceae a. Seeds not creamy-tan. b. Seeds about o.8 nLm. in diameter •• 8. Papaveraceae b. Seeds more than 1 mm. in diameter. c. Seeds ribbed along back. d. Seeds gray •••• ••·••••• 11. Resedaceae d. Seeds reddish- brown ••••• 36. Rtlbiaceae c. Seeds not ribbed. d. Seeds brown, mottled •• 9. Capparidaceae 13 d. Seeds dark-gray, not mottled •••• •••• 6. Caryophyllaceae 9. Seeds not kidney-shaped.

10. Seeds roug:h, irregula.rly- shaped. a. Seeds rough-spotted •• • • • • • • • • • ~· 19 Balsaminaceae a. Seeds not rough-spotted. b. Seeds wrinkled, irregularly-angled. c. Seeds 2 rnrn. or more in diameter, grayish-brown •• ••••• 30. Boraginaceae c. Seeds about 0.8 nnn. in diameter, dark- brown or black ••• • 34. Scrophulariaceae b. Seeds not wrinkled, ridges uniform.

c. Seeds angular-ovate, 5 nnn. long or more •• •••• 29. Polemoniaceae c. Seeds round or nearly square, less than 2 nnn. long ••• .•.••• 8. Papaveraceae 10. Seeds smooth, syrrnnetrical. 11. Seeds glossy, yellow- tan ••••••••••• 22. Violaceae 11. Seeds dull, variously- colored. 12. Seeds club-shaped •• ••••••• 37. Valerianaceae 12. Seeds not club- shaped. 14 13. Seeds nearly spherical •••• ·•••·•••• 32. Labiatae 13. Seeds oblong, angular ••••• ••••••• 41. Compositae DESCRIPTIONSOF THE FAMILIES AND KEYS TO THE GENERAAND SPECIES

1. Polygonaceae Seed (fruit) an achene, 2 - 4 mm. long, usually three- angled, sometimes spherical, shiny, smooth to finely-granular, reddish-brown to black, remains of perianth usually attached.

Polygonum, L. Knotweed Polygonu.m orientale L. Princes-Feather, Princes-Plume.

Achene 3 nnn. long, broadly disk-shaped, glossy, reddish- purple with whitish caruncle, perianth remains papery.

2. Chenopodiaceae Seed o.5 - 3 mm. in diameter, disk-shaped, dull or glossy, often wrinkled or notched, shades of black or brown, tightly encased in the papery pericarp.

Kochia, Roth. Kochia scoparia Schrad. Summer Cypress, Belvedere.

Seed about 3 mm. in diameter, irregularly star-shaped, notched, finely-granular, five-lobed calyx attached.

3. Amaranthaceae Seed 1 - 9 mm. in diameter, disk-shaped, glossy, often notched, purplish-red to black, sometimes with prominent margins. Seeds less than 1 mm. in diameter •••••••••• Amaranthus Seeds 1.5 mm. in diameter ••••••••••••••••••••• Celosia

15 16 Am.aranthus, L. Amaranth Seeds black ••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••• A. tricolor Seeds wine-colored •••••••••••••••••••••••• A. hybridus Amaranthus tricolor var. splendens Bailey. Joseph's Coat. Seed about 0.8 mm. in diameter, disk shaped, glossy black. Amaranthus hybridus var. hypochondriacus Rob. Princes-Feather. Seed about 1 nnn. in diameter, disk-shaped, glossy, wine- colored.

Celosia, L. Celosia ar~entea ~• cristata nana Kuntze. Cockscomb. Seeds about 1.5 mm. in diameter, disk-shaped, glossy black, notched at base. (Golden Fleece is a yellow cultigen.)

4. Nyctaginaceae

Seed (fruit) a hard nutlet, about 4 - 7 mm. long, cylindrical to keg-shaped, prominently ribbed, grayish-brown to black.

Mirabilis, L. Mirabilis ialapa L. Four O'Clock, Marvel of Peru. Seed about 7 mm. long, keg-shaped, eight-ribbed, coarse textured, slate-gray.

5. Portulacaceae Seed about 0.7 mm. in diameter, broadly kidney-shaped, flattened on the sides with a concave scar at lower end, pitted, somewhat glossy, gray to black. 17 Portulaca, L. Purslane Portulaca oleracea var. sativa DC. Moss-Rose, Kitchen-Garden Purslane. Seed about 0.5 mm. in diameter, broadly kidney-shaped, pitted, silver-gray with a metallic lustre.

6. Caryophyllaceae Seed 0.5 - 3 mm. long, flat to nearly spherical, rough, with regular to irregular rows of ribs, reddish-brown to black or gray. Seeds nearly spherical.

Seeds gray . .•...... •...•.•...... Lychnis Seeds purplish-black •••••••••••••••••••• GyPsophila Seeds distinctly flattened on sides. Seeds reddish-brown ••••••••••••••••••••••• Cerastium Seeds dull black •••••••••••••••••••.•••••• Dianthus

Cerastium, L. Mouse-Ear Chickweed Cerastium biebersteinii DC. Snow-in-Summer. Seeds about 1.5 mm. long, nearly circular, flattened on sides and grooved at base, reddish-tan, ribbed.

Dianthus, L. Pink Seeds 2 mm. long or less. Seeds 2 mm. long ••••••••••••••••••••••• D. barbatus Seeds 1 mm. long •••••••••••••••••••••• D. deltoides Seeds more than 3 mm. long. Seeds smooth, about half as broad as long •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• D. caryophyllus Seeds wrinkled, about as broad as long. D. plumarius 18 Dianthus barbatus L. Sweet William. Seeds about 2 mm. long, ovate, acute, distinctly flattened, ribbed, dull-black. Dianthus caryophyllus L. Carnation, Clove Pink, Picotee. Seea.s about 3.5 mm. long, saucer-shaped, thin, smooth, ribbed, dull-black. Dianthus deltoides L. Maiden Pink. Seeds about 1 mm. long, obovoid, acute, thin, ribbed, dull-black. Dianthus plumarius ~• semperflorens Hort. Cottage Pink. Seeds about 3 mm. long, nearly circular, thin, ribbed, wrinkled, dull-black.

Lychnis, L. Lychnis coronaria Desr. Mullein-Pink, Dusty Miller. Seeds about 1 mm. lon~, broadly obovoid, grooved at smaller end, ribbed, dull-gray.

Gypsophila, L. Seeds 1 mm. in diameter ••••••••••••••••• G. paniculata Seeds 2 mm. in diameter •••••••••••••••••••• G. elegans Gypsophila paniculata L. Baby's Breath. Seed about 1 mm. long, broadly kidney-shaped, narrowly ribbed,dull-black with white spot at groove. Gypsophila elegans Bieb. Baby's Breath. Seed about 2 mm. long, broadly kidney-shaped, narrowly ribbed, reddish-brown to purplish-black. 19 7. Ranunculaceae Seeds (achenes) 2 - 4 mm. long, oblong to irregularly triangular, dull to glossy, dark-brown to black. Seeds covered with wooly hairs •••••••••••••••• Anemone Seeds without hairs. Seeds smooth ••••••••••.•••.•••••••••••••• Aquilegia Seeds roughly ribbed. Seeds jet black ••••••••••••••••••••••••• Nigella Seeds dark brown with lighter mar~ins. Delphinium

Anemone, L. Anemony, Windflower Anemone hupehensis ~• japonica Lemoine. Windflower, Japanese Anemony. Seed about 2 mm. long, wedge-shaped, dull-black, completely covered with dirty-white, wooly hairs.

Delphinium, L. Larkspur Seeds irregularly angled, decidedly wrinkled. D.elatum Seeds regularly angled ••. ·•·••••··••••• D. cheilanthum Delphinium elatum L. Candle Larkspur. Seeds about 3 rmn. long, oblong, :lrregularly triangular, rough and wrinkled, dark-brown. Delphinium cheilanthum Fisch. Garland Larkspur. Seeds about 3.5 mm. long, oblong, triangular, ha.rd, ribbed, dark-brown.

Aquilegia, L. Columbine Aouilegia vulgaris L. Columbine. Seeds about 2.5 nnn. long, oblong, smooth, glossy black, 20 with narrowly-winged angles. Cultivated color varieties

include A. flabellata Sieb. & Zucc., A. flavescens Wats., A. caerulea James, A. canadensis L., A. chrysantha Gray, A. longissima Gray.

Nigella, L. Fennel-Flower Nigella damascena L. Love-in-a-Mist. Seeds about 2.5 rrnn. long, ovoid, angled, very uniformly- ribbed, jet-black.

8. Papaveraceae Seeds 0.5 - 2 mm. long, spherical to rectangular or kidney-shaped, pitted, shades of gray and tan. Seeds kidney-shaped ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Papaver Seeds not kidney-shaped. Seeds spherical ••••••••••••••••••••••• Eschscholzia Seeds rectangular •••••••••••••••••••••• Platystemon

Papaver, L. Poppy Seeds dark reddish-brown, narrowly kidney-shaped •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• P. nudicaule Seeds tan, nearly spherical. Seeds olive-tan to dull-bro~m •••••••• P. orientale Seeds yellow-tan ••••••••••••...••••••••• P. rhoeas Papaver nudicaule L. Iceland Poppy. Seeds nearly 1 mm. long, narrowly kidney-shaped, smooth, reddish-brown. Papaver orientale L. Oriental Poppy. Seeds nearly 1 mm. long, broadly kidney-shaped, wrinkled, olive-tan to clull-brown. 21 Papaver rhoeas L. Shirley Poppy, Sweetbriar, Corn Poppy. Seeds about 0.7 mm. long, nearly spherical, somewhat wrinkled, shades of tan. Eschscholzia, Cham. Eschscholzia californica Cham. California Poppy. Seeds about 2 mm. in diameter, spherical, pitted, shades of tan and gray with a dark hilum extending more than half way around seed.

Platystemon, Benth. Platystemon californicus Benth. Cream-Cups. Seeds about 2 mm. long, irregularly rectangular, pitted, yellow-tan.

9. Caoparidaceae Seeds 2 - 4 nnn. long, gray to brown, ovate to round, rough, notched near hilum.

Cleome, L. Cleome spinosa L. Giant Spider-Flower, Ce.per-Bush. Seeds about 2 mm. in diameter, broadly kidney-shaped, smooth (pitted under ma~nification), mottled gray and brown.

10. Cruciferae Seeds 0.5 - 4 mm. long, broadly ovate to elliptical, distinctly-flattened to nearly globular, smooth or granular, dull to glossy, gray to shades of brown, sometimes with winged margins. 22 Seeds gray or cream-colored •••••••••• ·••·••• Matthiola Seeds brown. Seeds with narrowly-winged margins ••..••••. Seeds white-beaked ••••••••••••••••••••••. Seeds not beaked, ends blunt •...... •... • e:(:"; ,-·'r:i i-,''i' .:; \., Seeds dark-brown •.••••••• umbellata in Iberis Seeds reddish-tan ••• ·•·•···•··••• Cheiranthus

Iberis, L. Candytuft Seeds white-beaked. Seeds chestnut brown, beaks distinct •• I. coronaria Seeds ochra to orange-tan, beaks barely visible ••••••••••••••••••••• I. semDervirens Seeds not beaked ••••••••••••••••••••••••• l• umbellata Iberis coronaria Hort. Rocket Candytuft.

Seeds about 3 mm. long, elliptical, thin, smooth_ chestnut-brovm with distinct white beak at tip. Iberis umbellata L. Globe Candytuft.

Seeds about 0 mm. long, broadly-ellintical, thin, smooth, mediu..rn-brown or rrray. Iberis sempervirens L. Edging Candytuft, Perennial Candytuft. Seeds about 3 mm. long, elliptical, thin, smooth, shiny, ochra to orange-tan.

Alyssum, L. Madwort Seeds 2 - 3 mm. long •.••••••....••••....• A. saxatile Seeds 1 mm. long. Seeds notched at bese, marp:ins rolled. A. spinosum Seeds not notched, margins fla.t ••••• A. nrocumbens 23 Alys sum spinosum L. uRoyal Carpet". Seeds about 1 mm. lon~, elliptical, thin, smooth, notched s.t base with a whitish caruncle, reddish-tan, margins narrowly-winged with wing margins upturned. Alyssum saxatile ~• compactum Hort. Golden-Tuft, Basket-of-Gold. Seeds 2 - 3 mm. long, broadly-elliptical, thin, smooth, reddish-tan, margins narrowly-winged. Alyssum procumbens L. (Lobularia maritima Desv.). Sweet Alyssum, Carpet-of-Snow. Seeds about 1 mm. long, broadly-elliptical, thin, smooth, reddish-tan with whitish caruncle at base.

Matthiola, R. Br. Stocks Matthiola incana R. Br. Stock, Gilliflower. Seeds about 2 mm. in diameter, nearly circular, thin, smooth, soft-textured, light tan, with nerrow, white- winged margins.

Cheira.nthus, L. Cheiranthus cheiri L. Wallflower. Seeds about 3 mm. long, broadly-elliptical, thin, smooth, soft-textured, reddish-tan, ridged along one side, with narrowly-winged margins.

11. Resedaceae Seeds 1 - 2 mm. long, obovate to kidney-shaped, smooth, dull to glossy, shades of gray to black. 24

Reseda, L. Reseda odorata L. Common Mignonette. Seeds about 2 nnn. long, kidney-shaped, coarse, spiny, shades of' gray.

12. Saxifragaceae Seeds usually tiny, oblong, sometimes winged.

Heuchera, L. Alum-Root Heuchera sanguinea Engelm. Coral Bells. Seeds about 0.5 mm. long, narrowly oblong, smooth, dull- black.

13. Rosaceae Seeds, in the herbaceous roses, usually achenes, 1-10 mm. long, ovoid to kidney-shaped, sometimes flattened, shades of brown and red.

~, L. Avens Geum chiloense Balbis. "NJ.rs. Bradshaw". Seeds about 10 nnn. long including the hooked style, ovate, yellow-brown, with short, bristly hairs except at base.

14. Leguminosae Seeds 1 - 5 mm. long, kidney-shaped to nearly spherical, dull or glossy, smooth or ribbed, shades of brown and gray, often mottled, hilum usually distinct. Seeds nearly spherical ••••••••••••••••••••••• Lathyrus Seeds kidney-shaped. Seeds 3 mm. long •••••••••••••••••••••••• Thermopsis 25 Seeds more than 3 mm. long. Seeds darkly mottled. Seeds reddish-tan ••••••••••••••••••• Pueraria Seeds grayish-brown •••••••••.•••••••• Lupinus Seeds not mottled ••••••••••••.••••••••• Baptisia

Lathyrus, L. Vetchling Seeds light-gray or tan ••••••••••••••••• L. latifolius Seeds dark gray-brown ••••••••.•••.•••••••• L. odoratus Lathyrus odoratus L. Sweet Pea.

Seeds about 5 mm. in diameter, spherical, smooth, gray- brown with yellowish hilum scar extending for nearly the length of one side. Lathyrus latifolius L. Everlasting Pea, Perennial Pea.

Seeds about 5 mm. in diameter, nearly spherical but truncate on ends, pitted, light-gray or tan, dark hilum scar extending the full length of one side and one end.

Lupinus, L. Lupine Lupinus 12olyphyllus Lindl. Lupine.

Seeds about 4 mm. lon~, broadly kidney-shaped, smooth, somewhat glossy, mottled brown and tan with whitish scar at base of hilum.

Pueraria, DC. Pueraria thunbergiana Benth. Kudzu Vine. Seeds about 4 nnn. long, kidney-shaped, smooth, somewhat glossy, mottled shades of brown and tan, round whitish hilum in center of grooved side. 26 Baptisia, Vent. False or Wild Indigo Baptisia australis R. Br. False Indigo. Seeds about 4 mm. long, kidney-shaped, glossy, yellow- brown, with dark, depressed hilum.

Thermopsis, R. Br. Thermopsis caroliniana M.A. Curt. Seeds 3 nnn. long, kidney-shaped, somewhat glossy, yellow- tan, with depressed, whitish hilum.

15. Tropaeolaceae Seeds 8 - 10 nnn. long, kidney-shaped, very irregularly-wrinkled, creamy-tan.

Tropaeolum, L. Nasturtium Tropaeolum majus L. Garden Nasturtium. Seeds 8 - 10 mm. long, broadly kidney-shaped, very irregularly wrinkled, creamy-tan.

16. Linaceae Seeds 3 - 4 rrnn. long, elliptical to ovoid, distinctly flattened on sides, usually glossy, shades of brown to black, sometimes with narrow-winged margins.

Linum, L. Flax Seeds tan •••••••••••••••••••.••••••••• ~• grandiflorum Seeds nearly black ••••••••••••••••.••••••• L. perenne Linum ~randiflorum Desf. Flowering Flax. Seeds about 4 mm. long, obovoid, smooth, glossy, tan. 27 Linum perenne L. Blue Flax. Seeds about 3 mm. long, elliptical, with a groove at one end, blackish-brown, with tan, narrow-winged margins.

17. Euphorbiaceae Seeds 0.8 - 15 mm. long, ovoid to spherical, smooth or granular, gray to reddish-brown, often elaborately mottled, sometimes ridged on one side, caruncle often attached.

Ricinus, L. Ricinus communis L. Castor-Bean, Castor-oil-Plant. Seeds 10 - 15 mm. long, broadly elliptical, smooth, somewhat glossy, tan to reddish-brown, intricately mottled, with a conspicuous whitish caruncle attached.

18. Sa.pindaceae The family consists mostly of shrubs and small trees with brown or black, round, bony seeds. Cardiospermum is the only herbaceous genus.

Cardiospermum, L. Heart-Seed. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Balloon-Vine, Love-in-a-Puff. Seeds 6 rmn. in diameter, spherical, smooth, slate-gray with a creamy-white, heart-shaped spot covering about one-half the surface of the seed.

19. Balsaminaceae Seeds 2 - 4 mm. long, coarse, gray to brown, ovoid to nearly globular. 28 Impatiens, L. Snapweed Seeds irregularly globular, hilum barely apparent ••.•••.••••.••••••••••• I• balsamina Seeds ovoid, hilum conspicuous •••••••• I. glandulifera Imnatiens balsamina L. Garden Balsam. Seeds 2 - 3 nnn. in diameter, irregularly globular, pitted, dull, medium-brown. Impatiens glandulifera Royle. Snapweed.

Seeds 3 - 4 nnn. long, ovoid, coarsely ribbed, gray-brown, with a dark hilum extending the full length of one side.

20. Malvaceae Seeds 2 - 6 nnn. long, ovoid to kidney-shaped or orbicular, variously ridged, shades of brown or gray, • oarpel often persisting as ribbed wings. Seeds without winged carpels •..•••••••.••••• Callirhoe Seeds with winged carpels ••••••••••.•••.•••••• Althaea

Callirhoe, Nutt. Poppy-Mallow Callirhoe involucrata Gray. Poppy-Mallow.

Seeds about 3 nnn. long, broadly kidney-shaped, somewhat flattened, coarsely ribbed, creamy-tan.

Altha.ea, L. Althaea rosea Cav. Hollyhock. Seeds 5 - 6 nnn. long, irregularly kidney-shaped, thin, shades of brown, with hairy carpel extending in two papery wings. 29 21. Cistaceae

Seeds about 2 m_rn. in diameter, triangular to spherical, dull or shiny, reddish-tan to nearly black.

Relianthemum, Adans. Sun-Rose 3:elianthemum nummalarium Mill. Sun-Rose. Seeds about 2 n:nn. long, irregularly triangular, dull, scurfy, reddish-gray.

22. Violaceae Seeds 1 - 3 mm. long, narrowly obovate, smooth, glossy, white to shades of brown, usually tipped with whitish caruncles.

Seeds 2 mm. long, yellow-brown ••••••••••••• v. cornuta Seeds about 3 mm. long, copper-colored •••• V. tricolor

Viola, L. Violet Viola cornuta L. Horned Violet, Tufted Pansy, Bedding Pansy.

Seeds 2 mm. long, narrowly obovate, smooth, glossy, yellow- brown. Viola tricolor var. hortensis DC. Pansy, Reartsease. Seeds 2.5 - 3 mm. long, narrowly obovate, smooth, glossy, copper-colored.

23. Lythraceae Seeds 0.5 - 3 mm. long, narrowly elliptical to broadly oval, smooth or granular, dull or shiny, brown, sometimes with ridged margins. 30 Lythrum, L. Lythrum salicaria L. Spiked or Purple Loosestrife. Seeds about 0.8 mm. long, narrowly elliptical, smooth, shiny, reddish-brown, notched at one end under magnification.

24. Onagracea.e Seeds l - 4 mm. long, lanceolate to broadly triangular, smooth to coarsely roughened, dull, shades of brown, sometimes hairy, margins sometimes winged. Seeds less than 2 nnn. long. Seeds light-tan •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Glarkia Seeds dark-brown ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Godetia Seeds 4 mm. long •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Oenothera

Clarkia, Pursh. Clarkia elegans Dougl. Clarkia. Seeds nearly 2 mm. long, irregularly ovoid, dull, wrinkled, light-tan.

Godetia, Spach. Godetia amoena Don. Farewell-to-Spring. Seeds nearly 2 mm. long, irre~ularly ovoid, dull, rough, dark-brown margins sharply flattened.

Oenothera, L. Evening-Primrose Oenothera missouriensis Sims. Evening-Primrose. Seeds about 4 mm. lon~, irregularly triangular, dull, rouQ'h, gray to yellow-brown, angles rough-winged. 31

25. Umbelliferae Seed (mericarp) about 4 - 20 rmn. long, oblong to ovoid, usually flattened on one side--the other with five wing-like ribs, often with oil-ducts between the ribs, straw- colored to dark-brown.

Trachymene, Rudge. Trachymene caerulea R. Grah. Blue Lace-Flower. Seeds about 6 mm. long, broadly oblong, netted, shades of tan, carpel extending in a thin, prominently-veined wing.

26. Prinru.laceae Seeds 1 - 3 mm. in diameter, elliptical to nearly spherical, smooth to finely pitted, brown to black.

Primula, L. Primrose Primula elatior .Y!!E• polyantha Mill. Primrose, Oxlip. Seeds 1 - 2 rmn. in diameter, irrep:ularly triangular, dull, chocolate-brown.

27. Plumbaginaceae Seeds about 3 - 6 mm. long, narrowly-elliptical, smooth, black, encased in a persistent, tubular perianth. Flowers single or in pairs ••••••••••••••••••• Limonium Flowers in dense heads •••••••••••••••••••••••• Armeria

Limonium, Mill. Sea-Lavender Limonium vulgare Mill. Statice, Sea-Lavender. Seeds about 4 mm. long, narrowly elliptical, smooth, black, the same length as perianth tube. 32 Armeria, Willd. Thrift. Sea-Pink Armeria maritima Willd. Thrift, Sea-Pink, Statice. Seeds about 6 nnn. long, narrowly elliptical, smooth, black, about one-third as long as perianth tube. The entire flowering heads are persistent and hardened, and must be cut away or softened with chemicals, such as chloral- hydrate, to remove the seed.

28. Convolvulaceae Seeds 1 - 18 mm. long, usually triangular, roundea on one side, smooth to coarsely granular or wrinkled, yellow to dark-brown or black, hilum often depressed and hairy. Seeds more than 5 mm. long, sharply ani:rled (except in Ipomoea grandiflora alba) ••••••• Ipomoea Seeds less than 5 nnn. long, bluntly angled •• Quamoclit

Ipomoea, L. Morning-Glory Seeds less than 10 mm. long. Seeds 5 mm. long ••••••••••••••••••••••• I. purpurea Seeds about 8 mm. long. An~le extending from hilum peaked •••••••• I. nil Angle extending from hilum flattened. Seed-coat wrinkled ••••••••••••••• l• tricolor Seed-coat not wrinkled •••.••••• I. imperialis Seeds 15 - 18 mm. long ••••..•••••• l• grandiflora alba Ioomoea tricolor Cav. Heavenly Blue Morning-Glory. Seeds about 10 mm. long, narrowly triangular, somewhat wrinkled, dull-black, circuls_r hilum hairy. 33 Ipomoea purpurea Lam. Common Morning-Glory. Seeds about 5 mm. long, broadly triangular, distinctly rounded on the back, coarse but not wrinkled, brownish-black. Ipomoea nil Roth. Morning-Glory. Seeds about 8 mm. long, broadly triangular, sharply angled, dull-black, circular hilum hairy. Ipomoea imperialis Hort. Imperial Morning-Glory. Seeds about 8 mm. long, narrowly triangular, smooth, one side nearly concave, dull-black.

Ipomoea grandiflora alba Roxb. & Hort. Moonflower. Seeds 15 - 18 mm. long, broadly ovate, smooth, shiny, creamy-tan with a distinct yellowish hilum.

Quamoclit, Moench. Seeds terete, smooth •••••••••.•••••.••••••• Q. nennata Seeds nearly as broad as long, coarse textured ...... ~• sloteri ·~uamoclit pennata Bojer. Cypress-Vine. Seeds about 4 mm. long, terete, smooth, dull, dark-gray. Qu.amoclit sloteri Nieuwl. Cardinal-Climber. Seeds about 5 mm. long, broadly triangular, coarse, dull-black.

29. Polemoniaceae Seeds 1 - 4 mm. long, ovate to elliptical, wrinkled, scurfy, orange to purplish-brown.

Phlox, L. Seeds 3 mm. long, thin ••.•..•••••••.••••• P. drummondi Seeds 4 mm. long, somewhat rounded ••.••• P. paniculata 34 Phlox drunnnondii Hook. Annual Phlox, Drunrnond Phlox. Seeds about 3 mm. long, ovoid, thin, very scurfy, dark-gray, with a dark hilum extending the entire length of one side. Phlox paniculata L. Sunnner Perennial Phlox. Seeds about 4 mm. long, broadly elliptical, scurfy, dark- gray, hilum hardly apparent.

30. Boraginaceae Seeds (nutlets) 1 - 4 mm. long, ovoid to angular, smooth or roughly wrinkled, dull or shiny, white to brown or black, sometimes with barbed prickles, often with a conspicuous scar at base. Seeds smooth and glossy ••••••••••••.••.•••••• Myosotis Seeds neither smooth nor glossy. Seeds 3 mm. in diameter •••••••••••••••••••• Anchusa Seeds 1.5 mm. in diameter ••••.•••••••• Heliotropium

Myosotis, L. Forget-Me-Not Myosotis sylvatica Hoffm. Forget-Me-Not. Seeds 2 - 3 mm. in diameter, disk-shaped, sharply three- angled, smooth, glossy, greenish-black.

Anchusa, L. Alkanet. Bugloss Anchusa azurea Mill. Summer Forget-Me-Not, Picotee. Seeds about 3 mm. in diameter, nearly spherical, wrinkled, dull, ~rayish-brown, hooked above a circular, depressed hilum. 35 Heliotropium, L. Heliotropium arborescens L. Heliotrope. Seeds about 1.5 mm. lon~, broadly ovate, irregularly angled, wrinkled, dull, dark-brown.

31. Verbenaceae Seeds (nutlets) 1 - 5 mm. lon~, linear to oblong or wedge-shaped, wrinkled or pitted, tan to gray or black. Seeds 1 inear-oblong. • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • Verbena Seeds irregularly wedge-shaped •••••••••.•••••• Lantana

Verbena, L. Verbena hybrida Voss. Garden Verbena.

Seeds about 5 mm. long, linear-oblong, truncate on ends, netted on one side, shades of tan, hilum nearly covering one side.

Lantana, L. Lantana camara var. hybrlda Moldenke. Lantana.

Seeds about 5 mm. 1.n diameter, nearly sou.are, many-angled, glossy, jet-black, resembling a tiny dried prune.

32. Labiatae Seeds (nutlets) 0.5 - 6 mm. long, linear to nearly spherical, smooth or granular, dull or glossy, often tbree-

angled, shades of brown and black, sometimes with a white caruncle attached. Seeds dull. Seeds 1.5 mm. long. 36 Seeds dull-black ••••.•••••••.••••••• Scutellaria Seeds chocolate-brown •••••.•••••••••••••• Nepeta Seeds 3 mm. long or more. Seeds dark-brown •••••••••••••••••••••••• Stachys Seeds grayish-tan •••••••••••••••••••••••• Salvia Seeds glossy. Seeds linear ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Lavendula Seeds disk-shaped ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Coleus

Scutellaria, L. Skullcap Scutellaria baicalensis var. coelestina Hort. Skullcap. Seeds 1.5 mm. lon~, oblong, bluntly three-angled, dull, gray-black.

Lavendula, L. Lavender Lavendula officinalis Chaix. Lavender. Seeds about 2. 5 nnn. lorn,:, linear, glossy, dark-brown with a white caruncle at base.

Nepeta, L. Nepeta mussinni Spreng. Cats-Eyes. Seeds 1.5 mm. long, oblong, smooth, somewhat shiny, chocolate~brown with two white spots at base.

Stachys, L. Betony. Woundwort Stachys grandiflora Benth. Betony, Woundwort. Seeds about 4 mm. ln diameter, nearly spherical, smooth, dull-brown, margins ridged. 37

Salvia, L. Sage Seeds about 3 mm. long •••••••.•••••.••..•••• s. azurea Seeds nearly 6 mm. long •••••••••••••••••• s. splendens Salvia azurea ~• grandiflora Benth. Blue Sage. Seeds about 3 mm. long, elliptical, smooth, grayish-tan with a white spot at base. Salvia splendens Selle. Scarlet Sage. Seeds nearly 6 mm. long, elliptical, ribbed, mottled grayish-brown.

Coleus, Lour. Coleus blumei Benth. Coleus, Joseph's-Coat. Seeds about 1 mm. ln die.meter, disk-shaped, three-angled, glossy, copper-red to black, resembling Amaranthus.

33. Solana.ceae Seeds 0.3 - 3 mm. long, kidney-shaped to nearly spherical, smooth or wrinkled, dull or glossy, usually pitted or granular, yellow to dark-brown. Seeds about 3 mm. long ••••••••••••••••••••••• Physalis Seeds less than 1 mm. long. Seeds smooth, nearly spherical. Seeds dark-brown •••••••••••••••••••••• Nicotiana Seeds reddish-brown ••••••••••••••••.•••• Petunia Seeds coarse, irregularly angled. Seeds dark-brown •••.••••••••••.•••• Sa.lpiglossis Seeds orange-brown •••••••••••••••••••• Browallia 38 Physalis, L. Husk-Tomato, Ground Cherry

Physalis alkekengi .Y.§£• fra.nchetii Makino. Chinese La.ntern- Pla.nt, Winter-Cherry. Seeds a.bout 3 mm. long, broadly kidney-shaped, thin, smooth, soft, creamy-yellow.

Nicotiana., L. Nicotiana ala.ta.~• grandiflora Comes. Evening Star. Seeds about 0.5 mm. in diameter, nearly spherical, smooth, dark-brown, seed-coat thin and often peeled.

Petunia, Juss. Petunia hybrida Vilm. Garden Petunia. Seeds a.bout o.5 mm. in diameter, nearly spherical, smooth, reddish-brown, seed-coat thin and often peeled. Connnon names for some color varieties are Heavenly Blue, Lipstick, Comanche, Fire Chief, and California Giants.

Salpiglossis, Ruiz & Pav.

Sa.lniglossis sinuata Ruiz & Pav. Painted-Tongue. Seeds about o.7 mm. in diameter, nearly square, irregularly angled, dull-brown.

Browallia, L. Browallia. viscosa HBK. Seeds about o.8 rmn. 1n diameter, nearly spherical, some- whet angled, coarse, dull, orange-brown. 39 34. Scrophulariaceae

Seeds 0.4 - 2 nnn. long, linear to ovoid or globular, smooth or pitted, dull,usually flattened, sometimes angular, nearly white to dark-brown. Seeds less than 1 mm. long. Seeds kidney-shaped •••••••••••••••••••••••• Linaria Seeds not kidney-shaped. Seeds ovoid ••••••••••••••••••••••.••••• Veronica Seeds linear, truncate on ends •••••••• Digitalis

Seeds 1 - 2 mm. long. Seeds 1 nrrn. lon~, nearly spherical ••••• Antirrhinum

Seeds 2 mm. long, irregularly angled •••• Pentstemon

Veronica, L. Speedwell Seeds reddish-tan •••••••••••••••••••••••• v. latifolia Seeds nearly black ••••••••••••••••••••••••• v. spicata Veronica latifolia L. Speedwell. Seeds about 0.5 mm. long, ovoid, smooth, reddish-tan. Veronica spicata L. Speedwell. Seeds about 0.5 mm. long, ovoid, smooth, brownish-black.

Pentstemon, Mitch. Pentstemon torreyi Benth. "Firebird".

Seeds about 2 mm. long, irregularly triangular, dull, wrinkled, many-angled, orange-brown.

Digitalis, L. Foxglove Digitalis 2urpurea EE.• gloxiniaeflora Vilm. Common Foxglove. Seeds about 0.5 mm. long, linear, truncate on ends, rough, orange-brown. 40 Antirrhinum, L. Snapdragon Antirrhinum majus ~• grandiflorum L. Tetra-Snaps. Seeds about O.8 mm. long, nearly square, rough, dark-brown.

Linaria, Mill. Toadflax Linaria maroccana Hook. "Fairy Bouquet". Seeds about o.6 mm. long, kidney-shaped, ri1)bed, gray-brown.

35. Acanthaceae Seeds about 5 mm. long, linear to oblong or nearly spherical, often constricted at base, usually four seeds borne on short beaks.

Thunbergia, Retz. Clock-Vine Thunbergia alata Bojer. Black-eyed Susan, Clock-Vine. Seeds about 4 - 6 mm. in diameter, spherical, coarse, dull, gray-brown, with a large, depressed, circular hilum at base, encircled with rows of calyx teeth.

36. Rubiaceae Seeds (carpels) 1 - 4 mm. long, kidney-shaped to nearly spherical, wrinkled, ribbed or granular, often hairy, light-brown to black.

Asperula, L. Woodruff Asperula hexaphylla All. Woodruff. Seeds about 1.5 mm. long, broadly kidney-shaped, ribbed, dull-brown, with circular hilum on depressed side. 41 37. Valerianaceae Seeds about 3 - 4 m~. long, oblong, gla.brous to hairy, ridged, brown.

Centranthus, DC. Centranth Centranthus ruber DC. Red Valerian, Jupiters-Beard. Seeds about 4 mm. lon~, oblong, smooth on one side and distinctly ridged on the other, orange-tan, often with feathery pappus attached at the tip.

38. Dipsacaceae Seeds (achenes) 3 - 7 mm. lon~, linear to vase-shaped, ridged, yellow-green to brown, usually hairy.

Scabiosa, L. Scabius, Mourning Bride, Pincussion-Flower Scabiosa atropurpurea L. Sweet Scabius. Seeds about 7 mm. long including persistent corolla, flask- shaped, corolla with eight linear lobes attached to seed and often terminated by the five star-shaped linear lobes of the style, the whole encased in the hardened calyx and epicalyx.

39. Campanulaceae Seeds 0.5 - 2 mm. lonf, ovate to ovoid, usually flat, smooth, glossy, cream-colored to brownish-black. Seeds 1 mm. long or less ••.••••••••••••••••• Campanula Seeds 2 mm. long... . . • • • • • . • • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • Pla tycodon

Campanula, L. Bellflower Seeds about 0.5 mm. long ••.••••••••••• C. persicifolia 42 Seeds about 1 mm. long. Seeds ovate, not flattened ••••••.••..• C. carpatica

Seeds ovoid, thin and flat. Seeds copper-colored.C. medium var. calycanthema Seeds not copper-colored.

Seeds with win{sed margins ••••••• C. latifolia Seeds without winged margins .•••.•• C. medium Campanula medium L. Canterbury Bells. Seeds nearly 1 mm. lon~, ovoid, thin, smooth, creamy- yellow or medium-brown. Campanula medium~• calycanthema Nichols. Canterbury Bells, "Cup-and-Saucer". Seea_s nearly 1 mm. long, ovoid, thin, smooth, copper- colored, one margin ~rooved. IJampanula persicifolia L. Bellflower. Seeds about 0.5 mm. long, ovate, smooth, glossy, copper- colored. Campanula carpatica Jacq. Tussock Bellflower. Seeds 0.8 mm. long, ovate, smooth, glossy, reddish-tan. Campanula latifolia L. Brantwood Bellflower. Seeds 1 mm. long, ovoid, thin, smooth, yellow-tan, margins narrow-winged.

Platycodon, A. DC. Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC. Balloon-Flower. Seeds 2 mm. long, narrowly obovate, smooth, glossy, nearly black with tan, narrow-winged margins. 43 40. Lobeliaceae Seeds tiny, about 0.2 - 0.6 mm. lon~, fusiforin to nearly spherical, sometimes ridp:ed, smooth, glossy, yellow to dark-brown.

Lobelia, L. Lobelia erinus ~• comnacta L. Lobelia.

Seeds about 0.4 inm. long, elliptical, smooth, glossy, copper-colored.

41. Compositae Seeds (achenes) of various sizes, sh~pes, and colors, sizes range from less than 1 - 20 mm. long, usually longer than broad, usually acute-tipped, often with a persistent pappus.

Key to Selected Genera of Compositae 1. Pappus persistent. 2. Pappus white, wooly. a. Pappus completely covering seed ••••••••••• Helipterum a. Papnus not completely covering seed ••••••••• Arctotis 2. Pappus neither white nor wooly. 3. Pappus reduced to stout, short barbs. a. The two lateral barbs long-awned ••••••••• Tithonia a. A.11 barbs short awn-tipped •••••.•••.•••• Echinacea 3. Pappus of long hairs or bristles. 4. Pappus attached near base of seed. a. Seeds tiny, straw-colored •••••••••••• Solidago a. Seeds larger (6 mm. long), dark-brown ••• . . . • ...... • . • . . . • . • ...... • . . • Gaillardia. 44 4. Pappus ascending from top of seed. 5. Pappus of broad, papery bristles. a. Bristles awn-tipped. b. Seed smooth ••••••••••••••••••• Catananche o. Seed finely-hairy •••••••••••• Xeranthemum a. Bristles blunt-tipped. b. Seed nearly black ••• ··•••·····••• Tagetes b. Seed creamy-tan ••••••••••••••• Parthenium 5. Pappus of rigid hairs. 6. Seeds glossy, yellow-gray •••.••.•• Centaurea 6. Seeds dull, medium-brown •••.•••••••• Liatris 1. Pappus not persistent. 2. Seeds with winged margins. a. Seeds about as broad as long. b. Seeds nearly spherical. c. Seeds yellow-tan •.••••••••••••••• Dimorphotheca c. Seeds dark-brown ••••••••••••••••••••• Ooreopsis b. Seeds irregularly square •••••••••••• Chrysanthenrum a. Seeds much longer than broad. b. Seeds greenish-brown ••••••••••••••••••••••• Zinnia b. Seeds nearly black ••••••••••••••••••••••••• Dahlia 2. Seeds not with winged margins. 3. Seeds 8 - 15 mm. long. a. Seeds distinctly curved •••••••••••••••• Calendula a. Seeds nearly straight ••••••••••••••••••••• Cosmos 3. Seeds 6 mm. long or less. 4. Seeds dark-brown to black. 45 a. Seeds with distinct light-tan tips. b. Seeds curved, thin ••.•.••..•••••• Coreopsis b. Seeds nearly straight, angled ••••• Ageratum a. Seeds without light-tan tips •••••••• Rudbeckia 4. Seeds light-colored. 5. Seeds linear, ends truncate. a. Seeds distinctly ribbed ••••••• Chrysanthemum a. Seeds smooth, not ribbed. b. Seeds orange-tan ••••••.••••••••• Anthemis b. Seeds medium-brown ••••••••••• Helichrysum 5. Seeds oblong, acute or obtuse. 6. Seeds distinctly flattened. a. Seeds grayish-white •••••••••• Brachycome a. Seeds greenish-tan ••••••••••••••• Bellis 6. Seeds bluntly four-angled. a. Seeds yellow-brown, not mottled ••• ...... • ...... • • . . Ca.llistephus a. Seeds shades of gray and tan, variously mottled ••..••••••••• Helianthus

Catananche, L. Cupids-Dart Catananche caerule~ L. Cupids-Dart. Seeds about 6 mm. long, ovate, smooth, dull-tan, with papery awn-tipped bristles at the apex.

Chrysanthemum, L. Seeds with broadly winged margins •••••••• Q• carinatum Seeds without winged margins •••••.•••• c. leucanthemum 46 Chrysanthemum carinatum L. Tricolor Chrysanthemum. Painted Daisy. Seeds about 5 mm. long, irregularly squared, smooth, shiny, thin, shades of tan, with broadly-winged margins. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Shasta Daisy, Ox-eye Daisy. Seeds about 4 mm. lon~, oblong with truncate ends, distinctly ribbed, light-tan.

Anthemis, L. Anthemis tinctoria ~• kelwayi Hort. Golden Marguerite. Seeds about 3 mm. long, linear with truncate ends, smooth, orange-brown.

Parthenium, L. Parthenium argentatum Gray. Guayule. Seeds about 4 mm. long, irregularly linear, acutely-lobed at tip, dull, whitish-tan.

Echinacea, Moench. Purple Coneflower Echinacea purnurea Moench. Purple Coneflower. Seeds 6 mm. long, rectangular, somewhat tapered to base, d.ull, tan, with short awn-tipped barbs at apex.

Rudbeckia, L. Coneflower Seeds dark-brown ••••••.••••••••••••••••••• R. serotina Seeds nearly black ••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~• bicolor Rudbeckia serotina Nutt. Black-eyed Susan, Yellow Daisy. Seeds about 3 mm. long, rectangular, four-angled, dark- brown, ridged on one side. 47 Rudbeckia bicolor Nutt. Coneflower. Seeds about 3 mm. long, rectangular, tapering slightly toward the base, nearly black.

Tithonia, Desf. ·rithonia rotundifolia Blake. Mexican Sunflower.

Seeds about 7 mm. long, rectangular, dull-brown, with cream- colored papery bristles at the top, the lateral ones awn- tipped.

Helianthus, L. Sunflower

Helianthus cucumerifolius Torr. & Gray. Cucumber-leaf Sun- flower.

Seeds about 6 mm. long, obovate, bluntly four-angled, shades of tan variously mottled, seed-coat tough.

Cosmos, Cav. Seeds about 10 m_m. long ••••••••••••••••• C. bipinnatus Seeds about 15 mm. long ••••••••••••••••• c. sulnhureus Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. Cosmos. Seeds about 10 mm. long, linear, somewhat concave on one side, coarse, dark-brown spotted with tan. Common names of some color varieties are Fiesta, Radiance, Orange Flare. Cosmos sulphureus Cav. Yellow Cosmos. Seeds about 15 mm. long, lines.r, nearly straight, coarse, tan to dark-brown. 48 Dahlia, Gav. Dahlia unwin Cav. Dwarf Hybrid Dahlia.. Seeds about 12 mm. long, long obovoid with blunt ends, coarse, glandular, dark-brown, side margins broadly flattened.

Zinnia, L. Seed.s 5 mm. long...... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • z. linearis Seeds more than 5 mm. long. Seeds about 14 mm. long ••••••• ···•••••••~• elegans Seeds about 10 nnn. long •••••••••••• z. angustifolia Zinnia elegans Jacq. Youth-and-Old-Age. Seeds 10 - 14 mm. long, broadly oblanceolate, coarse, dark-brown, thin, side margins broadly flattened. Common names of color varieties include Sunset Giants, Orange King, Miss Willmott, Peppermint Stick, Violet Queen, Purity, Giant Double, Scarlet Gem.

11 Zinnia linea.ris Benth. Zinnia, ttPersian Carl'.)et • Seeds 5 nnn. long, obovoid, thin, coarse, bluntly four- angled, margins flattened, greenish-tan. Zinnia angustifolia HBK. Lilliput Zinnia, Pompom Zinnia. Seeds 6 - 10 mm. long, oblanceolate, thin, gray-brovm, side margins broadly flattened.

Coreopsis, L. Tickseed Seeds terete ••.••••••••••.••.•••••••••••••• c. basalis Seeds nearly circular ••••••••••••••••••• c. lanceolata 49 Coreopsis basalis Blake. Golden-Wave. Seeds 3 - 4 mm. long, terete, somewhat concave on one side, glandular, dull-black with a distinct tan tip. Coreopsis lanceolata L. Tickseed. Seeds about 4 mm. broad, nearly circular, thin, smooth, dark-brown with tan winged margins.

Callistephus, Cass. Callistephus chinensis Nees. China Aster. Seeds about 4 mm. long, narrowly obovate with truncate ends, smooth, somewhat shiny, shades of tan, with a circular scar at tip. Common names of color varieties include California Giants, Giant Crego, American Beauty.

Bellis, L. Daisy Bellis perennis L. En~lish Daisy. Seeds about 2 mm. long, broadly obova te, thin, smooth, greenish-tan.

Solida~o, L. Goldenrod Solida~o canadensis L. Goldenrod. Seeds about 1 mm. long, narrowly wedge-shaped, acute at base, yellow-tan, with pappus of spreading white hairs.

Brachycome, Cass. Brachycome iberidifolia Benth. Swan River Daisy. Seeds about 2 mm. long, spatulate, smooth, soft, grayish- white. 50 Arctotis, L. Arctotis stoechadifolia ~• grandis Less. Africe.n Daisy. Seeds about 6 mm. long, wedge-shaped, acute at base, dark- brown, with dense wooly white hairs ascending from base, tipped with broad papery bristles.

Tagetes, L. Marigold Pappus 5 .. 10 mm. long ••••••.••••••••••• !• tenuifolia Pappus only 5 mm. long. Pappus creamy-white •.•••••.•••••••••••••• T. erecta Pappus creamy-yellow •••••••.••.•••••••••• T. patula Tagetes tenuifolia ~• pumila Hort. Scotch Marigold. Seeds about 10 mm. long, broadly linear, coarse, dark- brown with a tan tip at base, cree.my-yellow papery pappus abovt 5 - 10 nnn. long, ascending stiffly from top. Tagetes patula L. French Marigold. Seeds about 8 nnn. long, broadly linear, coarse, dark- brown with a tan tip at base, creamy-yellow papery pappus about 5 - 10 m.._m.long, ascending stiffly from top. Common names of color varieties include French Double and Harmony Hybrids. Tagetes erecta L. African Marigold, Giant Marigold. Seeds about 10 mm. long, broe.dly linear, coarse, dark- brown with a white tip at base, creamy-white papery pappus about 5 - 10 mm. long, ascendin~ stiffly from top. Common names of color varieties include Treasure Chest and Crown-of-Gold. 51 Gaillardia, Foug. Gaillardia aristata Pursh. Gaillardia. Seeds about 8 mm. long, wedge-shaped, acute at base, bristly, dark-brown, pappus of rigid tan hairs ascending from base, tipped with uapery, long-awned bristles.

Dimorphotheca, Vaill. Cape-Marigold Dimorphotheca sinuata. DC. Cape-Marigold, African Daisy. Seeds about 8 mm. long, broadly cordate with sli~ht notch at apex, smooth, soft, thin, yellow-tan, margins broadly winged with rolled edges.

Calendula, L. Calendula officinalis L. Pot-Marigold. Seeds 5 - 10 mm. lornr., distinctly curved--almost horseshoe- shaped--roughly ribbed on outer surface, light-tan.

Helipterum, DC. Helipteru.m roseum Benth. Everlasting. Seeds about 6 mm. long, oblong, dark, but completely covered with soft, wooly white hairs.

Helichrysum, Gaertn. Helichrysum bracteatum Andr. Strawflower. Seeds about 3 mm. long, linear, glossy, medium-brown.

Liatris, Schreber. Blazing Star. Gayfeather Liatris pycnostachya Michx. Blazing Star, Gayfeather. Seeds about 6 mm. long, narrowly wedge-shaped, acute at base, dull-brown, with stiffly spreading, orange-tan hairs ascending from top. '- w () 1 17'-•··\'7··,r)·r.;, . \ J,, I ./ ·1l:\r .J ,;.,_r:./.11...J.JJ -:,. ,,--,r·

-,. ''-:- \ 11.,' 52 Ageratum, L. Ageratum houstonianum Mill. Ageratum. Seeds about 3 mm. long, linear, smooth, brownish-black with a light-tan scar at tip, crowned with minute bristles.

Xeranthemum, L. Xeranthemum annuum L. Common Immortelle, Everlasting. Seeds about 4 mm. long, narrowly wedge-shaped, acute at base, tan, with awn-tipped ps.pery bristles ascending from apex.

Centaurea, L. Pappus ascending erectly ••.••••••••••••••••• C. cyanus Pappus spreading outward •••.•••••••••••• C. ~ymnocarpa Centaurea cyanus L. Cornflower, Bachelors-Button. Seeds about 7 mm. long, nearly cylindrj_cal, truncate at apex, notched at base, smooth, glossy, bright-yellow with gray seed visible throu~h seed-coat, with erect straw- colored bristles ascending from top.

Centaurea gymnocarpa Moris & de Not. Dusty Miller. Seeds about 6 mm. long, nearly cylindrical, truncate at apex, notched at base, smooth, ~lossy, li~ht-yellow with

gray seed visible through seed-coat, ""Nith rigid straw- colored bristles soreading: from top. CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY

Discussion A study has been made of' the seeds of forty-one families and one-hundred and forty-six snecies of garden flowers of Utah. This is the first seed study of garden flowers known to have been made. The species reported con- sist of herbaceous dicotyledonous cultivated flowers, and do not include any flowering trees snd shrubs or monocotyledonous plants. The la.rgest number (thirty-six) species are reported for the Comnositae. Nine species are reported for the Cruciferae, eif,l'ht for the Caryonhyllaceae, and seven for each of the Labiatae and Convolvulaceae. Six species are renorted for each of the Campanulaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, and Leguminosae, and five each for the Papaveraceae and Rarn.Jncu.laceae. The remaining families are represented by from one to four species each. Often the species described are cultigens or hybridized or otherwise developed varieties

11 of species which normally grow as native "wild flowers • Several color varieties of Sweet Peas, Petunias, Marigolds, Zinnias, and other well-known garden flowers are included. In most cases the seeds of the color varieties cannot be distinguished, and they are reco~nized by the listing of their names in the a.escription of the species to which they belong.

53 54 Both common and scientific names are included with the species. Keys have been prepared for the classification of the families, genera, and species renorted. In preparing the keys, the external structural characteristics of the seeds were used as a basis for separating them. Whenever possible characteristics--such as size, color, and texture--which can be seen without the aid of magnification have been used, in order that any persons interested in seed identification will be able to use the keys, whether or not they have had technical training in botany. For the few seeds which are too small or too nearly alike for their characteristics to be distinguished by the naked eye, a millimeter scale and a binocular microscope were used. Most of the species reported are well-known in flower gardens throughout the state of Utah, and most of the species of herbaceous dicotyledons grown in Utah are reported.

Summary 1. Collections of the seeds of herbaceous dicotyledonous garden flowers of Utah have been made. 2. The seeds have been dried, cleaned, and stored in labelled vials, and a collection of them kept in the Botany Department of the Brigham Young University. 3. Keys for the classification of the families, ~enera, and species studied have been prepared. A qlossary 55 of terms used in the descriptions of the plants has been included. 4. Drawings of the seeds of each species are included. PLATE I Fig. 1. Polygonum orientale L., seed. X7.5. Fig. 2. Kochia scoparia Schrad., seed. XlO. Fig. 3. Amaranthus tricolor L., var. splendens, seed. XlO. Fig. 4. Amaranthus hybridus L., seed. XlO. Fig. 5. Celosia argentea L., seed. XlO. Fig. 6. Celosia argentea var. plumosa, seed. XlO. Fig. 7. Mirabilis jalapa L., seed. Xl.75. Pig. 8. Portulaca oleracea. var. sativa DC., seed. XlO. Fig. 9. Cerastium biebersteinii DC., seed. XlO. Fig. 10. Dianthus barbatus L., seed. XlO. Fig. 11. Dianthus caryophyllus L., seed. X:7.5. Fig. 12, Dianthus deltoides L., seed. X7.5. Fig. 13. Dianthus plumarius L., seed. X7.5. Fig. 14. Lychnis coronaria Desr., seed. XlO. Fig. 15. Gypsophila paniculata L., seed. XlO. Fig. 16. Gypsophila elegans Bieb., seed. XlO. Fig. 17. Anemone hupehensis var. japonica Lemoine, seed. X3.5 Fig. 18. Delphinium elatum L., seed. X3.5. Fig. 19. Delnhinium cheilanthum Fisch., seed. X7.5. Fig. 20. Aquilegia vulgaris L., seed. X7.5. Fig. 21. Wigella damascena L., seed. X7.5. Fig. 22. Papaver nudicaule L., seed. XlO. Fig. 23. Papaver orientale L., seed. XlO. Fig. 24. Papaver rhoeas L., seed. XlO. Fig. 25. Eschscholzia californica Cham., seed. XlO. Fig. 26. Platystemon californicus Benth., seed. XlO.

56 PLATE I

The line scale below the fi~res represents one millimeter. PLATE II Fig. 27. Cleome spinosa L., seed. X7.5. Fig. 28. Iberis corone.ria Hort., seed. X3.5. Fig. 29. Iberis umbellata L., seed. X3.5. Fig. 30. Iberis sempervirens L., seed. X3.5. Fig. 31. Alyssum spinosum L., seed. X7.5. Fig. 32. Alyssum saxatile var. compactum L., seed. X'7.5. Fig. 33. Alyssum procumbens L., seed. X7.5. Fig. 34. Lobularia maritima Desv., seed. X'7.5. Fig. 35. Matthiola incana R. Br., seed. X3.5.

FiQ'.. 36. Cheirfmthus cheiri L., seed. X3.5. Fig. 37. Reseda odorata L., seed. X7.5. Fig. 38. Heuchera sanguinea Engelm., seed. XlO. Fig. 39. Geum chiloense Balbis, seed. X3.5. Fig. 40. Lathyrus odoratus L., seed. Xo.5. Fig. 41. Lathyrus latifolius L., seed. X3.5. Fig. 42. Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl., seed. X3.5. Fig. 43. Pueraria thunbergiana Benth., seed. X3.5. Fig. 44. Baptisia australis R. Br., seed. X3.5. Fig. 45. Thermopsis caroliniana M.A. Curt., seed. X3.5. Fig. 46. Tropaeolum majus L., seed. X3.5. Fig. 47. 1-inum perenne L., seed. X3.5.

Fig. 48. Linum grandiflorum Desf., seed. X3.5. Fig. 49. Ricinus connnunis L., seed. Xl.75. Fig. 50. Cardiospermum halicacab1.1m L., seed. X3.5.

Fig. 51. Impatiens balsamina L., seed. X3.5. Fig. 52. Impatiens glandulifera Royle, seed. X3.5.

58 PLATE II

The line scale belov1 the fi[!llres represents one mlllimeter. PLATE III

c:;,z Fig. L t...l. Callirhoe involucrata Gray, seed. X3.5. Fi~. 54. Althaea rosea Cav., seed. X3.5. Fig. 55. Helianthemum nunnnalarium Mill., seed. X7.5. Fig. 56. Viola cornuta L., seed. X'7.5. Fig. 56a.Viola tricolor,~. hortensis DC., seed. X7.5. Fig. 57. Lythrum sal ica.ria L., seed. XlO. Fig. 58. Clarkia elegans Dougl., seed. X7 .5.

Fig. 59. Godetia amoena Don., seed. X7.5. Fig. 60. Oenothera missouriensis Sims, seed. X3.5. Fig. 61. TrachI!!!ene caerulea R. Grah., seed. X3.f5. Fig. 62. Primula elatior, var. pol:;yantha 1'[111., seed. X7.5. Fig. 63. Armerja maritima Willd., seed. X:Z.fS. Fig. 64. Armeria maritima Willd., inflorescence. Xl.75.

Fig. 65. Limonium vuhmre Ivlill., seed. X3.5. Fig. 66. Limonium vulgare Mill., inflorescence. X3.5. Fig. 67. I:eomoea tricolor Cav., seed. Xl.75. Fig. 68. I:eomoea 12u.r:2urea Lam., seed. Xl.75. Fig. 69. Ipomoea nil Roth, seed. Xl. 7 5. Fip:. 70. I:eomoea imnerialis Hort., seed. Xl.75.

Fig. 71. I:eomoea .1t.randiflora alba Roxb • & Hort., seed. Xl.75. Fig. 72. Quamoclit pennata Bojer., seed. Xl.75. r.,.t

B1 ig. 75. Phlox drummondii Hook., seed. X3.5.

60 PLATE Ill

The line scale below the f'igures represents one millimeter. PLATE IV Fig. 76. :Myosotis syl va tic a Hoffm., seed. X7. 5.

Fig. 77. Anchusa azurea Mill., seed. x:7.5. Fig. 78. Heliotronium arborescens L., seed. X'7. 5. ~----"-- -- -""- Fig. 79. Verbena hybrida Voss, seed. X3.5.

Fig. 80. Lantana camara. ~• hybrida Moldenke, seed. X3.5. Fig. 81. Scutellaria baicalensis ~• coelestina Hort.,seed.XlC

Fig. 82. Lavendula officinalis Chaix, seed. XlO.

Fig. 83. Nepeta mussinni Spreng., seed. XlO. Fig. 84. Stachys grandiflora Benth., seed. X3.5. Fig. 85. Salvia azurea !§J:• grandiflora Benth., seed. X3.5. Fig. 86. Salvia splendens Sello, seed. X3.5.

Fi~. 87. Coleus blumei Benth., seed. XlO. Fig. 88. Physa1is al1

Fig. 89. Nicotiana ala.ta Y.§1:• ~randiflora Comes, seed. XlO. Fig. 90. Petunia hybrida Vilm., seed. XlO.

Fig. 91. Salpir-:lossis sinuata Ruiz & Pav., seed. XlO. Fig. 92. Browallia viscosa HBK., seed. XlO. Fig. 93. Veronica latifolia L., seed. XlO.

Fig. 94. Veronica spicata L., seed. XlO. Fig. 95. Pentstemon torreyi Benth., seed. X7.5. Fig. 96. Digitalis purpurea ~• ,gloxiniaeflora Vilm.,seed.XlO, Fig. 97. Antirrhinu.m majus .Y§£• grandiflorum L., seed. XlO. Fig. 98. Linaria maroccana Hook., seed. XlO. Fig. 99. Thunbergia alata Bojer., seed. X3.5. Fig. 100. Asperula hexaphylla All., seed. XlO. Fig. 101. Centranthus ruber r:c., seed. X7.5. Fig. 102. Scabiosa atropurpurea L., seed. X3.5. Fig. 103. Scabiosa atropurpurea L., perianth. X3.5.

62 PLATE IV

78 H

1----t

92 97 t----l

i------1 The line scale below the figures represents one millimeter. PLATE V

Fig. 104. Campanula medium L., seed. XlO. Fig. 105. Campanula medium var. calycanthema. Nichols, seed. ). Fig. 106. Campanula persicifolia L.' seed. XlO. Fig. 107. Campanula carpatica Ja.cq •, seed. XlO.

Fig. 108. Cam:eanula latifolia L.' seed. XlO. Fig. 109. Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC•, seed. XlO. Fig. 110. Lobelia erinus var. com12acta L., seed. XlO. Fig. 111. Catananche caerulea L., seed. X3.5.

Fig. 112. Chr1santhemum carinatum L •, seed. X3.5. Fig. 113. Chrisanthemum leucanthemum L., seed. X7.5. Fig. 114. Anthemis tinctoria ~• kelwayi Hort., seed. X7.5, Fig. 115. Parthenium argents.tum Gray, seed. X7.5. Fig. 116. Echinacea purpurea Moench., seed. X3.5. Fig. 117. Rudbeckia serotina Nutt., seed. X7.5.

Fig. 118. Rudbeckia bicolor Nutt., seed. X7.5. Fig. 119. Tithonia rotundifolia Blake, seed. X3.5. Fig. 120. Helianthus cucumerifolius Torr. & Gray, seed. X3.l

Fig. 121. Cosmos bipinnatus Cav., seed. X3.5. Fig. 122. Cosmos sulphureus Gav., seed. X3.5. Fi.g. 123. Dahlia unwin Hort., seed. Xl.75.

Fi~. 124. Zinnia elegans Jacq., seed. Xl.75. Fig. 125. Zinnia linearis Benth., seed. X3.5. Fig. 126. Zinnia angustifolia HBK., seed. X3.5. Fig. 127. Coreonsis basal is Blake, seed. X7 .5. Fig. 128. Coreopsis lanceolata L., seed. X3.5.

64 PLATE V

1---1

The line scale below tho f'igures represents one millimeter. PLATE VI

Fig. 129. Callistephus chinensis Nees, seed. X7.~. Fig. 130. Bellis perennis L., seed. XlO. Fig. 131. Solidago canadensis L., seed. XlO. Fig. 132. Brachycome iberidifolia Benth., seed. XlO.

Fig. 133. Arctotis stoechadifolia var. grandis Less., seed. X3 .f Fig. 134. TaQ"etes tenuifolia var. pumila Hort., seed. Xl.'75. Fig. 135. Tagetes patula L., seed. Xl.75. Fig. 136. Tagetes erecta L., seed. Xl.75. Fig. 137. Gaillardia aristata Pursh., seed. Xl.75.

Fig. 138. Dimor12hotheca sinuata DC•' seed. X3.5. Fig. 139. Calendula officinalis L., seed. X3.5. Fig. 140. Helipterum roseum Benth., seed. X3.5. Fig. 141. Helichrysum bracteatum Andr., seed. X7.5. Fig. 142. Liatris pycnostachya Michx., seed. Xl.75. Fig. 143. Ageratum houstonianum Mill., seed. XlO. Fig. 144. Xeranthemum annuum L., seed. X3.5. Fig. 145. Centaurea cyanus L., seed. X3.5.

Fig. 146. Centaurea gymnocarpa Moris & de Not., seed. X3.5.

66 PLATE VI

1( 133 H

The line scale below the f'igures represents one millimeter. GLOSSARYOF PERTINENTTERMS

Achene. A dry indehiscent one-seeded fruit, with a tight, thin pericarp. Acute. Sharp, ending in a point, the sides of the tapered apex essentially straight. Apex. The tip or distal end.

!!_g. A bristle-like appendage extending from the apex. Calyx. The outer cycle of floral envelopes; a collective term for a cycle of sepals. Carpel. One of the foliar units of a compound pistil or ovary of a flower; a simple pistil has one carpel. Cordate. Heart-shaped. Caruncle. A spongy growth at one end of a seed, usually of the Castor Bean. Corolla. The inner cycle of floral envelopes; a collective term for a cycle of petals. Cul tii:ren. A plant known only in cultivation; ~resumably originating under domestication. Cylindrical. Shaped like a cylinder. Elliptical. Oval in outline, being narrowed to rounded ends and widest at or about the middle. Epicalyx. An outer floral envelope encasing the calyx in the Dipsacaceae. Fusiform. Spindle-shaped; narrowed both ways from a swollen middle. Gla.brous. Not hairy. Herbaceous. Not woody; plants which die down each year. Hilum. A scar on a seed coat, marking the place of attachment. Inflorescence. Mode of flower-bearing; more commonly a flower cluster. - 68 69 Lanceolate. Lance-shaped; much longer than broad; broadest below the middle and taperin~ gradually to the apex. Lateral. On or at the side. Linear. Long and narrow; with sides nearly parallel. Lobed. Segment, usually of a leaf or petal or calyx, with the mari;i::in cut rather deeply toward the middle. Mericarp. One of the halves of the fruit of the Carrot family.

Nutlet. A sma1.l indehiscent, one-seeded fruit, usually resulting from a compound ovary. Oblanceolate. Inversely lance-shaped; broadest above the middle and taperinp: ~radually to the base. Oblong. Longer than broad, with the sides nearly parallel most of their length. Obovate. Inversely egg-shaped; broader above the middle. Obovoid. Inversely oval in flat outline; broadest above the middle. Obtuse. Blunt or rounded on the end. Orbicular. Nearly circular or disk-shaped. Ovate. Eg~-shaped, broader below the middle.

Ovoid. Oval in flat outline; broadest below tbe mi'1dle.

Pappus. The modified bristly or scale-like calyx, as in Composites, Perie.nth. The floral envelopes--calyx and corolla--considered together. Pericar;e. The ripened ovary wall; often persistent and encasing the seed. Propagule. An organ of a plant effective in the dissemina- tion of the species. Scurfy. Covered with small bran-like scales. Spatulate. Spoon-shaped; broad and rounded above the middle and tapering p:radually to a narrow base. Style. :More or less elongated part of the pistil, between the ovary and the stigma. 70 Terete. Circular in cross section, imperfectly cylindrical because it may taper toward one or both ends. Truncate. Appearing as if cut off at the end; the base or apex nearly straight across. LITERATURE CITED

1. Bailey, L. H., Manual of Cultivated Plants Most Commonly Grown in the Continentel United States a.nd Ce.nada: Cornell University, 1949. 2. Blake, Anita Mary, "Akenes of some Compositae," North Dakota Agr. Coll. Bull., 218, 1928.

3. Hillman, F., H. Etnd Henry, Helen H., uPhotographs of Drawing:s of Seeds, 11 U. S. D. A. Div. of Seed Investigation Rev., 1935. 4. Isely, Duane, nrnvestigations in Seed Classification by Family Characteristics," Iowa Agric. F.xpt. Sta. Res. Bull., 351, July 1947. 5. Felsey, Harlan P. Etnd Dayton, William A., Standardized Plant Names; Second Edition. 6. Muenscher, Walter Conrad, Weeds: The MacMillan Company, New York, 1952. 7. Murley, :Margaret R., ttA Seed Key to Fourteen Species of Geraniaceae," Proc. Iowa .Acad. Sci., 51, 1944. 8. ---=---' "Distribution of Euphorbiacea.e in Iowa, With Seed Keys,n Iowa State College Jnl. Sci., 19; 415-427, 1945. 9. --:--,,..-' "Fruit Key to the Umbelliferae in Iowa, With Plant Distribution Records," Iowa State College Jnl. Sci., 20; 349-364, 1946.

71 ABSTRACT

The purpose of this thesis has been to make a collection of the seeds of herbaceous dicotyledonous garden flowers of Utah, to examine their external structural characteristics and to prepare keys for their classification. A collection of the seeds of 146 species of garden flowers has been made, and includes species of 41 families. The seeds have been cleaned and dried and a collection stored in labelled vials and left in the Botany Department of the Brigham Young University. Keys have been prepHred for the identification of the families, genera, and species. As far as possible external characteristics--such as color, size, and texture-- which can be seen without the use of magnification, have been used. For seeds which are too small or which have characteristics too similar to be distinguished with the naked eye, a millimeter scale and a binocular microscope have been used. The term 0 seedn has been used to desig:nate any propagules. Descriptions of the families and species have been included with the keys. Drawings have been made of the seeds of each species reported. In preparin~ the drawings a "'Camara Lucidau was attached to a binocular microscope and the outlines of the seeds carefully followed. Details of structure and texture were drawn by hand with the aid of a binocular microscope. 2 The seeds were drawn to scale and the measurements included with the drawings. The photographed copies of the drawings were reduced to one-half the size of the originals. Al thou.!:l:h there has been no attempt to make this work all-inclusive, most of the herbaceous dicotyledonous garden flowers found in Utah he.ve been reported. It is hoped that the study will be of value to those interested in seed identification and that it may serve as a step toward further work in this field.