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Timor Leste SCTR Report.Pdf State of the Coral Reefs of Timor Leste Coral Triangle Marine Resources: their Status, Economies, and Management National CTI Coordinating Committee of Timor-Leste JULY 2012 Contact Information LOURENCO BORGES FONTES Director General Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Email: [email protected] FIDELINO SOUSA MARQUES CTI Focal Point Email: fi[email protected] Extracts of the Timor-Leste State of the Coral Triangle Report (SCTR) is available at the Coral Triangle Learning Resource Network http://www.coraltriangleinitiative.net/SCTRlaunch 2 Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................. 5 I. Introduction ..................................................................................... 6 II. Biophysical Characteristics ........................................................... 8 A. Physical Geography ................................................................... 8 Geography ..................................................................................8 Physical Oceanography ............................................................15 B. Biodiversity of Coastal and Marine Ecosystems .......................18 Coral Reefs ...............................................................................19 Mangroves ...............................................................................22 Seagrass Meadows ..................................................................23 III. Governance ....................................................................................25 A. Policy and Legislation ...............................................................26 B. Compliance ...............................................................................27 IV. Socioeconomic Characteristics ...................................................28 A. Fisheries Sector .........................................................................29 B. Aquaculture Sector ...................................................................30 C. Coastal Tourism ........................................................................31 D. Minerals, Oil, and Gas ...............................................................31 E. Transportation and Shipping .....................................................31 F. Traditional Knowledge Management ........................................31 G. Gender Issues ...........................................................................32 H. Payment for Ecosystem Services .............................................32 V. Threats and Vulnerabilities ...........................................................34 A. Current Issues in Marine Resources Management ...................34 Population Growth ....................................................................34 Excessive Nutrients and Other Pollution Sources ....................34 Land Degradation ......................................................................34 Overfishing ................................................................................34 Destructive Fishing Practices ....................................................34 Climate Change .........................................................................35 Threatened Species ..................................................................36 B. Emerging Issues for Marine Resource Use ...............................37 Mariculture ................................................................................37 Climate change impacts ...........................................................37 Harmful algal blooms ................................................................37 VI. References .....................................................................................38 3 This page intentionally left blank. 4 I.Executive Summary The Banda Sea to the north has the largest areas of Introduction coral reefs, seagrass meadows, and mangroves. The Timor-Leste is the youngest country in the Coral Triangle reef flats are narrow (20-100 m), dropping off sharply to (CT), achieving 10 years of independence in 2012. It is the deep sea. Species and habitat surveys are not located in an important transitional region of the CT, the comprehensive, and reports of the potential habitat area Wallacea between Asia and Australia, and is considered differ. The total fringing reef area is around 146 km2. The a biodiversity hotspot . Timor-Leste has several ongoing reefs are likely to be rich in biodiversity, as with other projects with the FAO (Food and Agricultural reefs in the region, but little detailed data are presently Organization) Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme available. Mangrove cover was around 18 km2 in 2008, a (RFLP), Coral Triangle Support Partnership (CTSP), steep decline from 90 km2 in the earlier part of the last Arafura Timor Seas Expert Forum (ATSEF), Partnerships century. in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia Timor Sea to the south is shallower with wider coastal (PEMSEA), Charles Darwin University of Australia, and plains. This probably facilitates the retention of the U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Type to enter text riverborne sediments and nutrients, stimulating pelagic Administration (NOAA), among others. These initiatives and benthic productivity in an area adjacent to where have helped begin the work towards meeting the higher most of the oil and gas of Timor-Leste is found. Timor- level goals of food security, sustainable fisheries, and Leste has experienced few or no tropical cyclones since securing critical services from coral reefs and related 1970, although its coral reefs in the south are exposed ecosystems. Knowledge gaps present challenges as to heavy seas from frequent cyclones from the Indian evidenced in Timor-Leste’s State of the Coral Triangle Ocean and the Timor Gap. Mangrove forests on the Report. It is expected that, as Timor-Leste is able to south coast are sparse and small. more systematically establish and collect baseline datasets, tracking progress will become easier and more The country also has two islands: Atauro Island of about accurate. 144 km2 and the smaller uninhabited Jaco Island of 8 km2. Seaweed culture in Atauro Island is the major The National Plan of Action (NPOA) is complete, with income-generating activity, bringing in a total revenue of initial goals focusing on establishing key policy and about US$ 19,130 from seaweed export in 2009. legislative frameworks, collecting baseline data for ecological and socio-economic monitoring, and Governance knowledge management. The State Government owns all natural resources in Biophysical Characteristics Timor-Leste. Fisheries and protected area management is the responsibility the Ministry of Agriculture and Timor-Leste is a small island state of just about 14,874 Fisheries (MAF). A range of laws and policies to regulate km2. Most of the country’s land area is located in the fishing has been passed since Timor-Leste’s eastern part of Timor Island, which is shared with independence in 2002. An integrated fisheries policy, Indonesia, in between the Timor Sea to the south and The Future for Fisheries: A Policy and Strategy for the the Banda sea to the north. The two coastlines, Responsible Development and Management of Fisheries in Timor-Leste, is currently being prepared, covering the measuring 706 km, are dramatically different in terms of following areas: (i) optimal use and management of living oceanography and coastal geography and, therefore, resources; (ii) habitat conservation; (iii) fishing industry support quite different marine habitats. development; (iv) aquaculture industry development; and (v) development of fisheries institutions. While this 5 emerging policy framework is a strong foundation, the shoreline activities known as “meti” or use of rotenone- limited capacity of MAF to effectively implement these based pesticides derived from derris root. Catch from policies and regulations is a challenge. artisanal fishers is usually sold in roadside markets at an The Constitution of Timor-Leste recognizes traditional average price of US$5 per kg. natural resource management practices, such as Tara Aquaculture and associated activities are beginning to Bandu or the establishment of season taboos, which is take hold in Timor-Leste. CTI projects, such as the part of the Adat system. Alongside the construction of state-based resource management, CTI development FAO’s Regional Fisheries and Livelihood Program, are partners, such as the Coral Triangle Support Program helping with livelihood diversification in coastal (CTSP), are recommending a community-based communities. Seaweed culture is playing an increasing framework for the management of Timor-Leste’s role as a result of a successful project of the National proposed marine protected area (MPA) network, starting Directorate for Fisheries and Aquaculture (NDFA). Other with Nino Konis Santana National Park, Timor-Leste’s seafood products are also being tested through a US declared National Park. Government-funded project. In addition, The WorldFish Center is assisting Timor-Leste in devising a national Socioeconomic resources aquaculture strategy and action plan for the Socioeconomic data on the contribution of coral reefs development of sustainable aquaculture. and fisheries to the livelihoods and food security are The CTI is the first program to introduce the concept of sparse. payment of ecosystem services (PES) in Timor-Leste as Fishing and other marine activities were common from a means of managing
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