Index

Abich, G.V. 330,331 Alamogordo (N.M.) 422, 423 abysses 517,554,607 Albatross (Swedish) 18, 270 abyssal plains 432 Albatross (U.S. Bur. Fish.) 49,50.61, acids and bases 338, 407, 410 63, 89, 90, 91, 182, 364, 565, 638 acoustics 18, 68, 72, 202, 218 Aleem, A.A. 511,519, 581-595 acoustic sounding 152, 169, 697, Alenyi 577 - 581 698 Alexander Agassiz 90, 129 Adriatic Sea 180, 695 Alexandria (Egypt) 291, 295, 581 advection 430,432,639 algae 144,356,357,361,445,510,525, Adventure 346, 683 545,672 Aegean 310, 376 Aloha 394, 396 Africa 189, 258, 268, 388, 399, 513, 231, 233 577,583-585,592,597,600, Alvin 19, 29, 72, 231-234, 236, 238, 602-604, 618, 667, 670, 714, 724, 396 725,727 Amazon 464,468 Agassiz, Alexander (1835-1910) 49, Amelia 606-611 57-59,61,62,83-93,94,99, 109, America(s) 101, 102, 127, 512, 577, 110,113, 163, 164,166, 182, 606, 704, 705, 718, 722, 724, 725, 360-372,443,445, 565,569, 676 727 Agassiz, George 88,92, 113 American Association for the Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe Advancement of Science 42,43,48, (1807-1873) 1,57,59,83,94,95, 106, 135 98,99,110, 180, 181, 183, 184,525, American Association of Petroleum 565,569 Geologists 616, 662 Airy, G.B. (7th A.R.) 242,244,250 American Geophysical Union 169, 170 Index 791

American Miscellaneous Society Aries 7, 8, 16, 28, 200, 201 (AMSOC) 316, 320, 323, 324 Arons, Arnold B. 3, 16,24 American Museum of Natural Artyom Island (formerly Pir-Allahi History 44, 141,535 Island) 326, 327, 332, 333 Ammann, O.H. (1879-1965) 567,568, ascidians 184, 668 569 Asia 387-389,577,661,662,672 Amphioxus 180, 184, 669 astrolabe 588-592, 599, 601 amphipods 469,489 astro-navigation 588 - 591 Amsterdam 33, 34, 37, 161 astronomy 241,554,555,558,590 Amundsen, Roald 390, 674 Atlantic coast (USA) 62-64, 476, 722 anchorages (ancient) 753 -754 Atlantic gyre 726, 727 anchovies (Engraulis ringens) 643-647 Atlantic Ocean 18, 28, 50, 101-103, Anderson School of Natural History 94, 105,108,111,138,151,157,162, 181, 565 174, 190,246,257,268,282,291, Andrusov, N.F. 306-314,315 296, 313, 338, 361, 388,455,463, annelids 489, 525, 668 493, 500, 587, 588, 592, 596, 601, Annisquam 94, 95 602, 604, 691, 693, 699, 700, 701, Annisquam Sea-side Laboratory 94-100 706,712, 714, 722, 724-726, 732 Antarctic 389,416,444,455, 493, 672, Atlantic Pilot 722 -731 674, 675, 679, 699 Atlantis 2,7,13-15, 19,20,25,26,29, Antarctica 5, 190, 390, 514 49-56, 68, 70 Antarctic Ocean 25,262,344,351,514, Atlantis 11 7, 19, 73 670 atmospheric 633,635,638,640 Antarctic Water 345, 349 atolls 357, 442-445 anticlines 331, 332 atomic Antofagasta (Chile) 631,634,635 bombs 70,422,445 Anton Dohrn 149-145 testing 27, 70 Antwerp 33,36,37,667,672,674 Audouin, V. 180, 185 Apsheron Peninsula 326,331,332 Auftrieb 509, 512 Apstein, C. 467,472, 517 Ault, James P. (Capt.) 132 aquaculture 28, 569, 573, 574 Australia 131, 134, 153,386,440,444, aquaria 179, 180,539-552 446,448-461,618,672 Arabia 556, 558, 581-595 Azoic zone 108, 607 Arabian Gulf 296,297 Azores 157,268,464,599,600-602, Arabian Sea 387, 581 607,711,714,715,724 Aransas Bay 479, 482, 483 Aransas Pass 476, 485 Babbage, Charles 374,384 archaeology 565, 566, 762, 763, Bache, Alexander Dallas 57, 108, 113 765-779 Bachmann, H. (1886 - 1940) 567 - 569 Arctic 25, 114, 115, 126,257,416,493, bacteria (marine) 19, 28, 309, 358 507, 657, 672, 675 Baffin Bay 114, 116, 122, 724, 726 Arctic Ocean 108, 389, 390, 674 Baffin Island 122, 123 Arctowski, H. 674, 679, 681 Bahamas 141, 142,724,727 Arcturus 395, 629, 636 Bailey, J.W. 57,370, 513 Arethusa 96, 97 Baird, Spencer F. 1,89,98, 181, 184, Argentina 150, 351, 699 540 Aristotle 326, 438, 669 Baku 327 - 333 Arkhangelsky, A.D. 308,311-314, Balard, Antoine-Jerome 340,341 315, 333 Balboa (Panama) 631, 637 792 Index

Balboa, Vasco 269, 389 Bennuda Biological Station 27, 68, 91, Baltic Sea 180,340,416,417,425,463, 134 467,488,491,492,494,495,499, Bernard, Claude 354, 359 513, 516, 726 Bernoulli, Daniel (1700-1771) 563,569 Banks, Sir Joseph 104,112, 440,442, Bert, Paul 354, 358 452, 510, 683, 684 Bibi-Eibet anticline 332, 333 Banyuls-sur-Mer 566, 669 Bibliotheque National 703. 705, 706, Barataria Bay (and Pass) 478, 479, 480 715 baroclinicity 280 Bidston Hill 240, 246, 249, 250 barrier reefs 442, 443 Bigelow, Henry B. 1,2,12,13,14,23, Barros G., Guillenno 344-352 24, 25,28,49, 50-55, 61-63,66, Barton, Otis 393, 396 68,81, 84,91,92, 133, 134, 177, Bartsch, Paul 141, 142 471,497,500,502-507,508 Bascom, Willard 316-324 Bikini Atoll 21,70,423,446 Basset, F.B. (Capt.) 173, 174 biocoenoses 356-358,491,492 "Batfish" 209,210,219,220,221, Biological Board of Canada 26,61,63 222 biological 373,488-495, bathymetric charts 161, 169, 610 503, 541 bathymetry 116, 149, 209, 350, 606 biomass 218, 355, 491, 492 393 - 396 BIONESS 216,217 bathythennograph 16, 17, 20, 26, 27, birds 415,417,442,636,637,643,684 349, 350 fish-eating 414-416 Baudin, Nicolas 448-456, 460,461 Bismarck Archipelago 189,469,470 bays 475,478,483 bitacula (binnacle) 601 Bay of Bengal 581, 587, 783 Bitter Lakes 290, 293, 301, 302 Bay of Biscay 246, 262, 364 Bjerknes, V. 26, 160,702 Beagle 182,270, 346, 513, 514, 679 Blackett, P.M.S. (Sir) 229, 615, 620 Beaglehold, J.e. 269,277, 519, 688 Black Sea 29,306-315,326,329,583 Beebe, William 51,393-396,629, Blagden, Sir Charles 103, 104, 112, 200 634-638,642 Blake 91,182,306,361-364,366,565 Beechey, F.w. 107,113, 270 Blake trawl 91, 607 Bekovich-Cherkassky, Prince A. 328, Blue Cross 293-295 329 Blumer, Max 562, 569 Belgian Antarctic Expedition 670, 671, boat bottom paint 415, 418 673, 675, 679 Boehnecke, G. 692,696 Belgica 670-672, 674, 675, 679 Bogucki, Mieczystaw (1884-1965) 490 Belgium 667-681 Bombay 291, 296, 554, 556 Belknap, G.E. 270,277 Bonney, T.G. 443,444 Bellingshausen, F. 389, 455,461 boring 444,445 Bencker, Henri 153-155 Boston (MA.) 21,52,89, 118,705 benthos 361,362,373,384,463,466, Boston Society of Natural History 94-98 467,490,491,510 Botany Bay 440, 460 Bergen 566, 669 bottom sediments, see: sediments Bergman, Torben Olaj 337,341, 390, Bougainville, Hyacinthe de 449, 450, 391 452, 460-461 Bering Sea 281, 488 Bougainville, Louis de 460 Bering, Vitus 389 Boulenger, Georges Albert Bennuda 8,26-28,51,52,68, 102, (1858-1937) 670 396,464, 711 Boussingault, J.B. 528, 529 Index 793

Bowerbank, James Scott Canadian Hydrographic Service 151, (1797-1877) 531,533 154 Boyle, Robert 336, 337, 338,341, 448 Canary 600, 602, 604 Bowie, William 1,64, 175,657 Canary Islands 364, 588, 599, 697 Braarud, Trygve 505, 519 Cape Canaveral 720, 724 Brande, William T. (1788-1866) 528, Cape Cod 2, 366, 708 530,536 Cape Florida 721, 724 Brandhorst, Wilhelm 350 Cape Hatteras 15,708 Brandt, Karl 464,465,467,471,472, Cape Horn 345,459,667 516, 517,519, 542 Cape Lookout 363, 366 bridges 567, 568 Cape Naturaliste 450, 451 Bridge of Allan 110 Cape of Good Hope 460,512 British Admiralty 295,440,443, 683, Cape Town (Capetown) 686,698,699 685,724 Cape Tribulation (GBR) 441, 445 British Association Dredging Cape Verde Islands 599, 727 Committee 373-385, 525 capillarity 297-299 British Association for the Advancement of Capricorn Expedition 229, 230 Science 105, 106, 150, 183, 242, caravel (carob-vela) 600, 601 373-375,377-380, 382, 383,443, carbon compounds, etc. 26, 214, 309, 445, 526, 528 361, 529 British Museum 376, 384, 440, 670 carbon dating 446, 447 Bronze Age 397,553,752-754 Caribbean Sea 20,26, 53, 68, 70, 174, Buchanan, James Y. 106, 110, 517 176,258,361,362,535 Buddhist (600 B.C.-325 B.C.) 551, Carlos ill (Spain) 449 554-555 Carnegie 63, 132, 135, 154, 168, 270, budget (WHO!) 68,69,71-74 648 Buenos Aires 698, 699 Carnegie Institution of Washington 59, Bullard, Sir Edward C. 230, 614, 615 63, 127, 131, 132, 135, 138-147, Buniat-Zade, Z.A. 325-335 168, 170,445 Bureau of Fisheries (USA) 50,51,54, Carolinas 363, 366, 477 64,89,177,477,542 Carpenter, W.B. 108, 109, 182, 183, Bureau of Fisheries Laboratory, Woods 186, 360,361,370, 380,384,443, Hole 50,61 516,517,520 Bureau of Ships (USN) 21, 230 Carpine-Lancre, Jacqueline 157-167 Burstyn, H.L. 55, 92, 109, 112, 186, Carson, Rachel 414,417 385 cartography 347, 608 Cartwright, D.E. 203,240-251 cable laying 108, 609 Cary, L.R. 139, 144 Caesarea Maritima 762-763,765-779 Casella 260-262 Cairns (Queensland) 445,446 Caspian Sea 183, 184,310,312, Calanus finmarchicus 211, 216 325-335,583 calcium compounds 307, 311, 338, 340 Caucasus 313, 331 calendars 552, 554, 557 Cavendish, Lord Charles 253,269 California 40, 130, 131, 135 celestial bodies 557, 558 Campbell, W.W. (Univ. Calif.) 131, cephalopods 94, 96, 572, 575, 740 133, 135 Ceratium 205,512, 513 Camus 450,452 Ceuta (Morocco) 597,599,603,604 Canada 40,48, 61, 150, 501, 502, 541, chaetognaths 363, 365 649,719 Chain 4,7, 19,71 794 Index

Challenger 179, 182, 183, 185, 189, Clear Lake 414,415,417 262,270,292,306,340,346,361, Cleve, Per Theodor 497, 500, 505, 518, 362, 364, 384, 390, 607, 670, 672, 519.520 678, 679, 701 climate 202, 499 Challenger Expedition 10 1, 109, 183, closing nets 364, 366, 367 270,340,379,383,443,462,463, coelenterates 384,439,489, 737-738 516-518, 565, 566, 675-677 Coles, James S. 3, 8, 20 Challenger Report 110, 565, 679 Colin, Patrick L. 138-147 Chamisso, Adelbert 183 Colladon, J. Daniel (1802-1893) 565, Charleston (S.c.) 366,714,719,721, 569 724, 725, 731 Colladon, L.T. Frederic charts 599, 603 (1792-1862) 565, 569 chart datum 149, 150 Collected Reprints (WHOI) 69, 70, 78, Cheleken Island 331, 332 505 chemical oceanography 336, 337, 340 Colombia 635, 649 chemosynthesis 355, 356 Columbus, Christopher Cherokee 102,719,724-728,730,731 (1451-1506) 268, 388, 391, 588, Chesapeake Bay 52, 366, 475, 476, 478 604 Chicago (IL.) 57,58,61,64,65 Commission Intemationale pour Chile 344-352,446,646,649 I 'Exploration Scientifique de la Chilean Antarctic Territory 346, 347, Mer 165 350,351 Commission zur Wissenschaftlichen Chilean coast 345, 346, 639 Untersuchungen der Deutschen Chilean Hydrographic Institute Meere 541 (IHA) 345-352 Commissioner and General Inspector of Chilean Navy 345, 347 Fisheries in Canada 541 Chilean Sea 344-352 Committee on Arrangements Chimmo, W. (CDR) 295,303 (AAAS) 43,45,46 China 150, 174, 269, 399, 422, 522, Committee oin Oceanography (Nat. Acad. 572-581,583,587,592,597 Sci.) 1, 2, 50, 64, 133-135, 506 chlorinated hydrocarbons 400,406, Committee on Pacific Investigations 414-419 (NRC) 128, 129 chlorophyll 209,210,214,219,517,650 Commonwealth of 206, 208, 210 Massachusetts 21-22, 103 Christiania (Oslo) 161, 498, 499 compass roses 558, 598,599 chromosomal mutations 421 Conklin, E.G. 1,64,99, 139 chronometers 730 Consejo de Investigaciones Chun, Carl 360-372, 567 Hidrobiol6gicas (C.I.H.B.) 642, Church, Phil E. 26, 286 647 Cieglewicz, W. 490,493,495 constellations 557 circulation 28,75, 195, 197, 199-200, continents 87, 782 201,693,721,725,726,728, 732 continental crust-oceanic crust city planning (planners) 33, 34 contact 75 Civil War (U.S.A.) 57,60, 87, 89, 107, continental drift 614, 617-619, 108 625-627, 654, 661, 662, 664 Clark, W. Van Alan (Mr. and Mrs.) 9, continental shelf 11, 30, 169, 316, 345, 30,31 362, 366, 607, 648 Clarke, George L. 20, 26, 52, 505 continental slope 15, 648 clay 307,311,314 convection currents 656, 661-665 Index 795

Convention for the Prevention of Manne Dalyell, John Graham (1775-1851) 524, Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and 525,530, 536 Other Matters 408 Damas, Desire (1877-1959) 669 Cook, James (Capt.) 182,269,270,389, Damkaer, David M. 166,462-473 440-442,446-448,453, 510, 564, Dana, J.D. 109,270,442 682-689, 730 Dardanelles 310,312 Copano Bay 479, 482-484 Darwin, Charles 109, 179, 180, Copenhagen 55, 161, 498, 499 182-184, 270, 346, 442-445 copepods 205, 219, 363-365, 498,513,514,620,671,675,679 462-473 Darwin, Sir George H. 151,202,203, corals 140, 143,511,609,737-738 242,243,245,246,250 coral atolls 109, 139 Darwinian revolution 620 coral islands 185, 566 Daubeny, Charles (1795-1864) 526, coral reefs 109, 127, 139, 142, 536 438-447,573,586 David, Edgeworth 443 -445 Coral Research Committee (Royal Davis Strait 114, 116, 120, 124 Soc.) 443,444 Davy, Sir Humphrey 340, 528 corallines 439, 525 DDT residues 415, 417 core-layer method 701 Deacon, G.E.R. 25-31,203,247,461 cores 19, 52, 516, 517 Deacon, M.B. 92, 101-113,186,203, cotidal maps 244, 245 250, 520, 680, 688, 716 countercurrents 633,634,639,714 De Brahm, William Gerard 102,112, Cousteau, Jacques 44 714,716,718-733 crabs 475, 476, 484 De Brahm, Ferdinand 731 Crane, Charles R. 59, 99 decapods 363,609,743-745 Crease, James 28,202 Deep-Sea Drilling Program 18, 29 crocodiles 579 - 581 deep-sea floor investigation 231 - 234 Crocodile 292, 293 deep-tow system 231-234 Crown, Elleanor 572-581 Defant, Albert 244,250, 287, 696, 700, crustaceans 363, 384,482, 575, 668, 701,702 743-745 de Gama, Vasco 389, 592-594, 603, crustacean metamorphosis 180, 184 604 ctenophores 146, 363, 547 de Gerlache, Adrian (1866-1934) 669, Cuba 141,388,723,724,727 673-675, 680 cultural heritage 785-786 de Lacaze-Duthiers 180, 181, 669 Curie, Pierre 420,434 de Marsigli, L.F. 57, 65 currents 57,87, 116, 134,200-202, Demel, K. 490, 491, 493-495 234,448,460,467,499,555,565, Denham, H.M. (Capt.) 105, 112 580, 583, 602-603, 610, 630, 636, Denmark 124, 150, 158, 498, 673 648, 669, 672, 732 density 199,209,293,295,297-299, current meters 28, 54, 201, 235, 247, 307,638 695,699 departmentalization (WHOI) 72, 73-80 current variability 199 de Quatrefages, A. 180,186, 669 CUSS I 317,318,321-323 DeSaussure, N.T. 454,527,528, Cuvier 450,668 536 Des Moulins, C. 524, 530,536 Dahl, Karl Friedrich Theodor 462-473 Deutsche Seewarte 629 Dahl, Maria Johanna Grosset 462-473 De Vorsey, Louis 102,112, 703,716, Daly, R.A. 139, 142,665 718-733 796 Index

Dexter, Ralph W. 94-100 Dutch School 656-666 diamond bit 322, 323 dynamic positioning 318, 322, 324 Dias, Bartolomeu 592, 603 dynamic topography 202, 694, 695 diatoms 361,512-518,672 dysentery 451, 456 Dietrich, G. 244,250, 282, 287 dinoflagellates 205,358,445,511-513, Earth 242, 243, 386-392 545 Earth's core 663, 664 Direcci6n Hidrografia y Navegaci6n de la Earth's crust 627, 659-663 Marina (Peru) (DHNM) 642 East Africa 581, 587 discoloration (discolored water) 510, East China Sea 281, 283 513, 514 Easter Island 344, 347 - 350 Discovery 19, 190, 192, 270, 648 Eastern North Atlantic 58, 362 Disko Bay 120, 121 Eastern Tropical Pacific 213, 366-368, Dittmar, William, 340, 342 629, 630, 639 diurnal migration 52, 216, 217, 492 East Indies 439, 658, 660, 661, 672 diving 565, 567, 569 EASTROPAC (Eastern Tropical Division of Geology and Geography Pacific) 350, 649 (NRC) 127, 129 ebonite 261 docks 35,36,566,758-760,762 echinoderms 146, 375, 384, 489, 609, Dohrn, Anton 179-181,184-186 738-739 doldrums 602, 639 echo sounding 151,152, 154,233,697 dolphins 579, 580 ecology 510, 514, 515, 519, 542, Doodson, Arthur T. 240, 243, 245, 544-547 247-250 ecosystems 75,355,357,400,408,409, Doppler (multichannel) 234 - 237 469,492, 546 downbuckling hypothesis 660-662, 664 Ecuador 351,364,513,634,635,639, dragons 573, 576, 578 640 Drake Passage 344,345,348-351,699 Edinburgh 58, 109, 136,443,525,676, dredging 52, 607, 669 678 Driggers, V. Wendell 114-126 Egypt 438, 518, 588 drilling (deep-ocean) 316-324,615, Ehrenberg, e.G. (1795-1876) 511,513, 616,625 514,520, 669 drill pipe 317-320,323 Einarsson, H. 646,651 drugs 743-749 Ekman, Vagn Walfrid 201,518,695, Dry Tortugas (Fla.) 138, 722, 726 697-699 Dublin 439, 565 Ekman, W.F. 499 Dubois, Raphael 354,359 Ellis, Daniel (1772-1841) 526, 527, du Bois-Reymond, E. 465,472 536 Duc d'Orleans 669, 672, 674, 675 Ellis, John 439, 440, 442 Dujardin, Felix (1801-1860) 524,536 El Nino 351,629-641,642,644, Dumas, Jean Baptiste Andre 646-650 (1800-1884) 528-530,536 Elster, G. 420,434 dumping 416,418,419,426,429-432 embryology 183-185 Duperrey, Louis Isidore 458, 459,461 Emden 154,631 Du Petit-Thouars 259, 270 Emery, K.O. 67-82 Dupree, A.H. 112 Emery, William J. 690-702 Durham 379, 381 Endeavour 182,440,441,510 D'Urville, Dumont 259, 270, 459 Endurance 347, 675 Index 797

England (see also: Great Britain) 32, 33, First U. S. Interagency Conference on 48,87,106,115,242,249,378,498, Oceanography (1924) 168-178 577, 667, 685, 686, 688, 704, 708, First International Oceanographic Congress 724,726 (1959) 22,42-48, 165 English Channel 105, 242, 246, 378, Firth of Clyde 375, 381, 382 464,669 Firth of Forth 376, 378, 525 Eniwetok 218, 423, 424, 426, 445, 446 fishes 53,143,357,358,415,417,423, Enshunada 283, 284 427,428,442,476,480-481,483, environment 498-508, 540-550 484,488,489,492,497-499,502, equator 47,516,633,638-640,725, 530,540,541,543-546,548, 726 562-567,569,572,581,608,637, equatorial countercurrent 632, 638 643,647,648,684,704 equatorial front 630-632, 639 fisheries 1,61-63,85,90,471,474, Eratosthenes 326, 581 489,493,497,500,504,506, Erebus 361,514 540-546,606,609,630,642,647, Escher, B.G. 662,665 649,674 Esmeralda 349, 351 fisheries research 61, 110, 199, 204, estuaries 408, 474-487 206,463,477-484,543,610 estuarine-marine dependency 474-487 Fisheries Research Board of Canada 543, euphausiids 217, 218, 363, 365, 366 548 euphotic zone 213, 216, 362 fish farming 47,358,494 Euphrates 292, 293 fish larvae 207, 463 Europe 109,268,387-389,399,415, fish meal 645,647 418,432,499,500,507,576-578, fish systematics 144, 145 581,596,597,600,606,607,706, Fitzroy (ADM) 259, 270 722, 725, 727 Fleurieu, C.P.C. 269,270,277, 391, evaporation (chemistry) 337-339 450,452 evolution (human) 784 Flinders, Matthew 449,451,452,460, Ewing, Maurice 16,20,26,29,316, 461 319,615,617,665 Flip 233-236 E. W. Scripps 130-132, 168 flippers 562, 563 excavation (prelude to) 765-768 Flores, L.A. 642-655 expeditions, deep-sea 188-194 Florida 105,127,439,477,719,720, exploration 33,591-593,765-779 722-724,726,727,732 Florida Keys 721,722,726 Falkland Islands 458, 460 fluorometer 208, 209, 220, 222 Falmouth (England) 704-706 fluxgate 229, 238 fathometer 126, 697 Folger, Timothy 102,703-717 fauna (intermediate) 360-372 Fontaine, Maurice 353-359 Federal Government 23, 58, 84 food chain 206,207,414-417,424, Fedoseyev,I.A. 386-392 544,545 Ferrel, William 57,242,250 foraminifera 18,131,132,360-362 ferromanganese nodules 307, 311 Forbes, Edward (1815-1854) 182, Fielde, Adele M. 96, 98 373-378,384,385, 525,531,542, Fiji 141, 143 607,609 filtration efficiency 211, 212, 515 Forchhammer, Georg 340,342 financial support (oceanography) 7 - 9, ForeI, F.A. 160, 566, 570 21,43-44,71-75,83-93 Formosa, see: Taiwan 798 Index

Forster, George 683-689 geophysics 241, 242, 503 Forster, Johann Reinhold 442, 682-689 Georges Bank 51,52,363,366,545, fossils 563, 565, 569 546, 704, 708, 711 fossil reefs 140, 566 George Stream 727 -729 fouling 69, 586 Georgia 102,477,718,719 France 32-34,48,102, 110, 150,242, geostrophic currents 694, 699 323,452,705,706,719,725,732 geosyncline 660, 661, 663 Franklin, Benjamin 15, 102-104,112, Germany 48, 110, 158, 189, 190,649, 268,703-717,722,724 685 Frautschy, J.D. 229, 230, 237, 238 German Naval Observatory 691,695, French Academy of Sciences 242, 609, 696 675 Ghana 48, 583, 584, 592 French Navy 152, 154 Giard, Alfred 163, 164,166, 671 Freycinet, Henri de 449 Gibraltar, see: Strait of Gibraltar Freycinet, Louis de 449, 455-459, Gilpin, John 711,716 461 Global-Atmosphere Research Program frontal zone 636-638 (GARP) 73, 193 Fucus 357, 489 Global Marine, Inc. 319,321,322 Fuglister, F.C. (Fritz) 15, 17,27,282, Glomar Challenger 18, 72, 324 287, 716 Glover, R.S. 212,223 Funafuti 443 -445 Gmelin, S.G. 327,329 Fye, P.M. 1-9,20,21,30,73,82 Godhavn (Disko Bay) 120-122 Godthaab (Greenland) 120, 122 Galapagos Islands 19, 364, 629, 632, Gold, Kenneth 393, 396 636,638 Goldsborough, G.R. 243, 249,251 Galapagos Rift 29, 396 Goldschmidt, V.M. 421,434 Galeme, Andre 395, 396 Gondwanaland 617, 780-789 Gardiner, J. Stanley 443-445 Goodsir, John (1814-1867) 373, 375, gas deposits 325-335 376,385, 525 gas seeps 326, 331 gorgonians 143 Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis 338, 340, Gosse, Philip Henry (1810-1888) 88, 342 530, 531, 533, 536 Gazelle 189,190,270,362,363 Grace, S.F. 245,251 Gdansk 491, 492, 495 Graham, Michael 23, 500,549 Gdynia 490, 492 Gran, H.H. 471,500,505,508, 509, Geital, H. 420,434 519,520 General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans Grand Bahama Island 393, 395 (GEBCO) 154, 350 Grand Banks of Newfoundland 15, 268, General Education Board (Rockefeller 704, 708, 712, 722, 727 financed) 1,11,50,59,60,63-65, gravity 233,554,658,661,662 133 anomalies 657, 659, 660, 662-665 Geochemical Sections Study -at-sea 657, 658 (GEOSECS) 28,29,73 waVes 243 geochemistry 314, 503 grazing 207 Geographe 449-452, 454 441,445,446 Geological Society of America 615, Great Bitter Lake 300-303 616 Great Britain 101-113,158,189,190, Geophysical Institute, Bergen 25, 26 192,244,246,361,376,380,397, geophysical theory 656-666 399,440,444,452,524,528,542 Index 799

Greenland 28, 114, 120-122, 126,464, Harappan Period (3000 B. C. - 1500 516,675 B.C.) 551-553 Greenland Current 28 harbors 754-759,765-779 Greenwich 725, 730 harbor engineering (in Griggs, David 664,665 antiquity) 750-779 gross national product 398 -400 Harcourt, William Vernon 374, 375 Guadalupe Island 320, 323, 439 Hardy, A.C. 204-206,212,223, 505, guano 513, 636, 643-646 549 guano birds 643-647 harmonic analysis 196, 198, 242 Guano Company (Compafiia harmonic constants 150, 151,249 Administradora del Guano) 642, Harris, Rollin A. 244,251 643,646 Harvard University 30, 53, 68, 88, 115, Guglielminetti, E. (1862-1943) 567, 496,498,565,725,732 570 Harvey, E.N. 139, 141, 144 Guill, James H. 596-605 Harvey, William 353,359 Gulf coast (U.S.A.) 62,475,476 Havana 53, 722, 723 Gulf-Kara-Bagaz-Gol (Gulf of the Black Hawaiian Islands 131,139,269,456, Maw) 329, 330 564 Gulf of California 366, 511 heavy metals (toxic) 400-402,406,409, Gulf of Guayaquil 635,638, 640 410 Gulf of Maine 12,26,49,52,54,61,62, Heberlein, Hermann 562-571 71,500,505 Hebrides 378,379,381,712 Gulf of Mexico 53, 70, 174, 176, 246, Hedley, Charles 443 -445 361,477-480,482,483,485,511, Heincke, F. 467,497,542 658, 721, 723, 724, 726 Heirtzler, James R. 18, 227, 238 Gulf of Panama 364, 366, 631, 632, 638 Helgoland 180, 509, 512, 669 Gulf of St. Lawrence 118, 724, 726 Helland-Hansen, Bj13rn 136, 201, 268, Gulf Oil Company 228-230,238 500,508, 669, 670 Gulf Stream 15, 17,26,27,52,54, Hendershott, Myrl C. 195-203 102-105,108,111,217,268,280, Henderson, L.J. 498, 503,508 282, 283, 286, 366, 368, 380, 464, Hensen, Victor 364,371,463-465, 500,703-717,720-724,726,727, 469,471,472,497,509,515-517, 732 520, 542 Gulf Stream eddies 17, 714 Hentschel, E. 689,696 Gulf Stream meanders 17, 283, 714 Herdman, W.A. 92, 385, 472 Gunter, Gordon 474-487 Herman, Alex 204-225 Gupta-Harsha Period (320 A.D.-650 Herodotus 326, 555 A.D.) 558 herring 417,497,547,711 Guyout, A.H. (1808-1884) 565, 570 Hersey, J. Brackett 20, 27, 29 Herschel, Sir John 107, 108, 390 Haeckel,Ernst 180,184,465-467,471, Hess, Harry H. 316,320,615,617,656, 472, 509-512, 518-520, 566, 676 664,665 Haedrich, Richard L. 67-82 Heuss, Theodor 179,186 Hales, Stephen 102, Ill, 439 Hibberd, Shirley 522, 531, 535,537 Hallam, A. 622-628 Hildebrand, Samuel F. 145,147 Halley (2nd A.R.) 242, 243, 440 Himalayas 782-783 Hamburg 37, 161,246 Hjort, Johan 497,500,508, 542,549, Hanford (Wash.) 421,428 669,680 Hansen, W. 197,246 H.M.S. Malabar 291-296, 299, 302 800 Index

H.M.S. Nassau 291,292,294,295,299, Ibn Magid 590, 591, 593, 594 300 icebergs 115, 120-122, 124 H.M.S. Newport 291,292 ichneumon 579, 580 H.M.S. Shearwater 291,292,294, ichthyofauna 609 295,299,300 ichthyology 85, 572 - 581, 670 Hohlfelder, Robert L. 765-779 ichthyoplankton 204, 491, 494 Holland, see: Netherlands India 106,291,329,512,551-561, Holmes, Arthur 662-664,666 583,584,587,597,604,618, Homer 326, 386 780-789 Hong Kong 398, 399, 572 Indian legends 784 Hooker, Joseph Dalton 513, 514,520 Indian Ocean 25,42,246,291,296, Horton, Edward 317,320,321 387,388,438,443,446,455,493, hot springs 18, 231 559,581,583,584,586,591,592 Hough, S.S. 243,251 indicator species 500, 505 Houvenaghel, Guy T. 667-681 Indo-Aryan Period (3000-600 Hudson River 567, 568 B.C.) 552-554 Hudson Strait(s) 124, 724 Indonesia 135, 597, 667 Humboldt 643, 647 Industrial Revolution 185, 397 Humboldt, A. von 267,269-271,273, Institut fiir Meereskunde, Berlin 691, 277, 330, 338, 390,392, 514,652, 695,696 683 Institut National, France 452,453, Humboldt Current 270, 345, 350, 636, 456 637 Institut Oceanographique, Huntsman, A.G. 26, 61 Paris 157-159, 162, 163,354, Huxley, T.H. 182,183,371, 517,541, 672 671 Instituto de Investigaci6n de los Recursos Hyatt, Alpheus 94-100 Marinos (lREMAR) 642, 645-648 Hyndman, G.c. 378,385 Instituto del Mar del Peru hydrodynamics 3, 241 (IMARPE) 642,644-650 hydrogen sulfide 307, 309-311, 313 instrumentation 26, 29, 153, 226-239, Hydrographic Department (UK) 292, 555, 591 295, 302 instrumentation (plankton) 204 - 225 Hydrographer of the Navy, UK 108, 148, instruments (phys. oceanogr.) 26, 102, 291, 292, 298 117,130, 195-203,234 Hydrographer (U.S. Navy) 14,151,153, Intergovernmental Oceanographic 170, 173, 230 Commission (IOC) 192,498, 649 hydrographical data 499, 500 internal waves 201, 209, 210, 234, 282, hydrographical tables 299 701 Hydrographic Review (IHB) 149-151, International Advisory Committee on 154, 155 Marine Sciences (IACOMS) 42,43, hydrographic surveys 559, 609 45,47 Hydrographic Year Books (Chile) 346, International Atomic Energy 347 Agency 408, 427, 429, 431-433, hydrography 53,54,85, 149,498-500, 434-435 502, 504, 542 International Commission on Radiological hydroids 439, 442, 668 Protection (ICRP) 427,429,430, hydrometers 291, 293, 295-299 435 hydrothermal discharge 29, 232 International Conference on Maritime hygrometers 564 Meteorology (Brussels) 105, 106 Index 801

International Convention for the prevention Jain (600B.C.-325 B.C.) 551, 554 of the Pollution of the Sea by Oil and Jamaica 54, 141 OtherHazardousSubstances 403,408 Jamieson, R. 261,264 International Councilforthe Exploration of Japan 48,141,150,280,281,284,399, the Sea 26, 55, 58, 110, 489, 491, 400, 423, 424, 587, 597, 618, 649 493,497, 500-501, 504-506,508, Jeffrys, H. 242-244,251, 659,661,666 541,542,669 Jeffrys, John Gwyn (1809-1885) 360, International Council of Scientific Unions 361,371, 374,377-382,384,385 (ICSU) 42, 348 Jenyns, L. 375,385 International Decade of Ocean Exploration Jernelov, Arne 414-419 (!DOE) 73,199,201,236,649,702 Jerusalem 554,562 International Education Board 60, 63, 66 Jesuit Science 572-581 International Geophysical Year 42, 346, jet stream 282, 283 348,349 John I Df Portugal 596, 597, 600 International Hydrographic Johnson, Martin W. 136, 505 Bureau 148-156, 350 Johnston, George (1797-1855) 525, International Low Water 149, 150 530,537 International North Atlantic Ice Patrol 2, Jones, Ian S.F. 448-461 3,25,26,114-117,133 Jones, J.E. 448-461 International Oceanographic Congress Joubin, L. 163, 165 (proposed) 157 - 167 Juan Fernandez 344, 347, 348, 350 International Tsunami Warning Jumna 292, 293 System 351 Jussieu 450, 452 International Southern Ocean Studies (ISOS) 351 Kamchatka 281, 513 International Underwater Contractors, Karstens, K. 391,392 Inc. 393, 395, 396 Kathiawar Peninsula 552, 553 International Union of Geodesy and Kattegat 518, 519 Geophysics (UGGI) 43, 136, 151, Kelvin (Lord), see: Thomson, Sir William 348 Kelvin's predictor 150 intertropical convergence zone 630, 640 Kelvin wave 639 invertebrates 734-749 Ketchum, Bostwick H. 3,41, 397-413 Investigator 270,449,451,452,559 Key West (Fla.) 138, 143, 144 Ireland 378,379,381,712 Khotinsky, M.S. 390,392 Irish Sea 215, 246, 425 Kiel 462-464,467,469 Iron Age 754-756 King Carlos of Portugal 606-613 Isaacs, John D. 226,238 King George III 724-726 Iselin, Columbis O'D. 2,12, 13, 15, 19, Kingsley, J. S. 95, 100 20-22,25,26,28-31,51-55,144, Kitano, Kiyomitsu 280-289 504,562,570,716 Klaproth, Martin 337,342 Isle of Man 376, 377, 425 Klenova,M.V. 333,335 isostatic anomalies 658, 660, 661 Knipovich, N.!. 332,497 isostatic eqUilibrium 657, 658 Knorr 7,73 isostatic reduction 658, 662 Knudsen, M. 199,299,304,341,342, isostasy 559, 657, 658, 660 499 isothenns 268, 271, 349 Kofoid, C.A. 93,371,471,515,541 Israel 751-752 Kommission zur Wissenschaftlichen Italy 181, 363 Untersuchungen der Deutschen lvigtut (Greenland) 124, 125 Meere 463, 467 802 Index

Konvitz, JosefW. 32-41 Lillie, Frank R. 1, 11-13,23,57-61, Kossina, K. 391,392 63-65,66, 67,91,99,100, 133, Kotzebue, Otto von 183,269,270,390, 186, 506 455,565 lime carbonate 307, 503 krill 493, 544 limnology 566, 567, 670 Krishnamurthy, K. 780-789 Linnaeus 439, 440, 684 KrUmmel, Otto 277,304,464,465,472 Little Bitter Lake 300, 302, 303 Krusenstern, A.1. von (ADM) 183, 257, Littlehales, George W. 169, 175,178 264, 270,390,455 Liverpool 37, 106,380 Kiihn, Alfred 179,186 Liverpool Tidal Institute 151,240-251 Kuenen, P.H. 660,666 Lloyd, W. Alford (1815-1880) 432,537 Kuhn, T.S. 82,615,618,622-625,628 Loffoden (Lofoten) Isles 380, 384 Kuroshio 28,280-289 Loggerhead Key (Tortugas) 139-141, Kuroshio Extension 281, 283, 286 145 Kuroshio meander 283 - 285 log-ship 728, 730 Lohmann, Hans 466,467,471,515 Labrador 96, 118, 120 London 102, 106, 158, 179, 242, 526, Labrador Current 28, 268, 286 533,684,685,703-705,720-722, Lacepede 450, 452 724,726 Lc Coquille 346 London Dumping Convention 409,410, La Jolla (CA.) 23,62, 130,316,321, 429 322 Longhurst-Hardy plankton recorder 212, Lakatos, Imre 624, 626,628 213 Lake Menzaleh 295, 301 Long Island (N.Y.) 52,366,711 Lamb, Horace 243, 245,251 Longley, W.H. 139-144, 146, 147 Lamont Geological Observatory 21, 23, Lord Dartmouth 724, 725 44,229 Lothal (India) 552, 553 land culture 36, 37, 40 Louisiana 475, 477 land masses 42, 386-392 Low Isles (Queensland) 445-447 Lang, Arnold (1855-1914) 566, 570 Lu Tz 'u-yiin 580, 58l Lang, Karl Nikolaus 563, 570 Lucas, C.E. 498-508 Laplace, Pierre Simon de 196, 197, 242, luminescence 354, 510-513, 608 243,245,251,448,450 Lyell, Charles 665,666 Laudan, Rachel 656-666 Lavoisier, Antoine 337, 342 MacAndrew, Robert 376,378,379 Law of the Sea 5,40,175,191,411 Madeira 599, 604 Lazarev, M.P. 390,455 madrepores 439, 442, 525 League of Nations 148, 168 magnesium 338, 340 Leeuwenhoek, Anton van 439,512 magnetic anomalies ~28, 233, 615, 616, Leibnitz, G.G. 253,265 627 Lemke, J.L. 614-621 magnetic azimuths 725 Lenz, E.H. 269, 270,277, 330,342 magnetometers 227-231,235,237,238 Lenz, Walter 682-689 magnetism 29, 63, 105, 106, 233, 355, Le Rouge 703,705,708,709,711,715 557,567,615,664 Liebig, Justus von 517,528,529,537, Makaroff, S.O. 271,273,277 669 Malabar Coast (India) 512, 587 light 211,356,516,517 Malaspina 270,449 Lightning 182,261,306,360,381,384 Malay Peninsula (Malaya) 558, 587, 597 Lill, Gordon G. 43,46 mammals 415,417,572,575,637 Index 803

Manhattan Project 20,421 McConnell, Anita 252-265 MaIikowski, Wtadystaw McEwen, G.F. 90, 129, 130, 135 (1910-1978) 490,491,493,495 meanders 283, 714 mantle 316,627,663,664 medical uses 734-749 Marcet, Alexander 338-340,342, 343 Mediterranean Sea 27, 34, 290-293, Marchand 269, 270 295,296,301,302,310,312,313, Marco Polo 327, 559 354, 362, 364, 386-388, 410, 454, Margalef, Ramon 207, 224 489, 512, 566-568, 583, 586, 588, Marine Biological Association, UK 383, 591,600,603,670,726,750-764 541 Mediterranean Water 310,313,314 Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods medusae 146, 363, 365, 547 Hole) 1,2, ll, 19,59-64,68, Mekhtiyev, Sh. F. 325-335 94-100, 181 Merian, Matthaus 563, 571 1,64,85,374,375,379, meridians 557, 576 383,542 Mermaid 1I 393-396 marine chemistry 29, 128, 336-343, Merriam, John C. 63, 64,66 545 Merriman, Daniel 26,385,497,501, marine flora 489-491 680 marine meteorology 3, 158 Merz, Alfred 691,693-700,702 Marine Physical Laboratory (SIO) 229, Mesodinium rubrum 512, 513 230,232 mesoscale circulation, 195, 201, 202 Marine Policy and Ocean Management mesoscale spatial distribution of Program (WHO!) 5, 6, 73 plankton 204-225 marine sediments, see: sediments Messina 179, 180, 184, 566 Marion 114-126, 154 Meteor 19, 154, 190, 192,469, Marion Expedition (1928) 114-126 690-702 maritime affairs 35, 37, 40 meteorology 105, 106, 350,499, maritime world 36-38 725 Markanday, Sucharit 551 - 561 Mexico 270, 320, 368 Marmer, H.A. 151,251 Miami River 139, 142 Marseilles 37, 152 Michael Sars 199, 500, 509, 669 Marshall Islands 423, 446 microfossils 18, 513 Marsigli, Luigi 438, 454 microorganisms (marine) 307, 311 Mason, R.G. 227,229-231,233,238, Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment 239 (MODE) 28,73,201,202 Massachusetts Institute of Technology mid-ocean ridges 19,42,47,664 (MIT) 4,21,26,30,73,94, 114 Miller-Casella Thermometer 260-262 Mauritius 450,451,453,456 Miller, W.A. 261,265 Maury, Matthew Fontaine 101 , Mills, Eric L. 360-372, 374,385 105-107,112,113, 158,171,199, Milne-Edwards, H. 180,181,183-185, 269, 271,277, 297,304, 343, 668 354,359 Maury Research Expedition 173, 174, minerals 75, 529 176 mineral waters 336-339 Mauryan-Kushan Period (322 B.C.-320 Miquel, P. 517,518,521 A.D.) 551, 555-558 Mirny 389, 455 Maxwell, Arthur E. 18,24, 230, 233 Moberg, Erik G. 129, 132 Mayor, Alfred G. 138-145, 147, 445 Mobius, Karl 463, 469 Mayor, Mrs. Alfred G. (Harriet Mocha 296, 346 Hyatt) 95, 99, 145 MOCNESS 216,217 804 Index

MODE, see Mid-Ocean Dynamics Nantucket 102, 105, 125,363,366,704, Experiment 722 Mohole Project 47,316,317,321,324 Naples 37,179-187,566 Mohorovicic discontinuity (Moho) 316, Nares, G.S. (Capt.) 291,292,295,301, 324 303,304 Molengraaff, G.A.F. 662,666 NASA 236, 237 mollusks 19,358,375,377,382,384, National 364,462-473, 542, 516 442,479,525,531,643,668,671, National Academy of Sciences 1, 3, 11, 672,676,739-743 14,22,23,43,46,58,60,64,65,68, Monaco 148,154,158,161,163-165 111,132,134-136,139,170,176, monsoons 553, 559, 587 316,317,321,322,324,422,436 moon 241-243,249,554,555,557, National Research Council (NRC) 12, 583, 591 58-60, 127, 170, 174,322 moorings (deep-sea) 200-202 National Science Foundation (NSF) 21, Morcos, Selim A. 290-305 47,71-73,234,236,237,317,319, Morgan, Thomas Hunt 65, 96, 98 321,702 Mount and Page 703,705,706-708, National Zoo (Wash., D.C.) 123, 125 715 Natterer, K. 341,343 mountain building 656,657,660,661, Naturaliste 449-452 664,665 Nautical Almanac 85, 86 Mrozek-Dahl, Tenge 462-473 nautical expressions 584-586 mud volcanoes 327, 331, 333 Nautilus 25, 155 Mulicki, Zygmunt (1908-1965) 490, navigation 148, 554, 555, 558, 491 581-595, 674 Miiller, Irmgard 179, 180, 184,186 Negretti and Zambra 259-262,265, Miiller, Johannes 180, 183-185, 354, 297, 298, 363, 607 465,509,512,521,669 Nelson, Stewart B. 168-178 Munk, Walter H. 20,24,203, 316,323 Neoeuxinian 312,313 Murphy, R.C. 629,634-637,641,653 Netherlands 32, 158, 190,656-666, Murray Islands 141, 142 670, 673 Murray, John (Sir) 58, 65, 88, 90, 91, Neva 257, 270 109-111,113,267,269,273,275, New England 21,53,96,597,704,715 278, 338-340,343, 361,362,365, Newfoundland 96, 125, 500, 518, 708, 371, 443,444,497,498,500,516, 711, 722, 726 549, 675-678, 680 New London (Conn.) 118, 123, 125 Musee Oceanographique, Monaco 149, New South Wales 440,444 157-160,162,164,165 Newton, Sir Isaac 241, 448 Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle, Newton's Principia 196, 241 Brussels 669-671, 678 New York 45,46,48,52,58,60,61, Museum of Comparative Zoology (Harvard 165,318,704,705 Coil.) (M.C.Z.) 49,61,62,86,88, New York Zoological Society 393, 92, 94, 110 396 Muslim Period (1200 A.D.-1757 New Zealand 391,440 A.D.) 551,558 Nice (France) 36, 181, 184,566 Nile River 583, 662 Nadezhda 257, 270 Nitecki, M.H. 614-621,628 nanoplankton 466,471,515 nitrogen, nitrate, etc. 356, 650 Nansen, Fridtjof 58, 199,390,497,657, Noctiluca 511, 513, 672 674,675 Norman, A.M. 380, 384, 385 Index 805

North America 102, 103, 122, 126,268, Ostend (Belgium) 180,181,184,668, 269, 399,415, 615, 706, 711, 719, 673 722,723 ostracods 364, 365 North American Fisheries overfishing 499, 547 Investigations 26, 502, 505 Oyashio 280-289 North Atlantic Ocean 26,32,54,61,63, 64,68,71,102,108,115,155,267, Pacific Coast (USA) 12, 62, 63 268, 273, 276, 280, 360, 364, 432, Pacific Ocean 28,71, 132, 134, 135, 464,505,516,518,542,544,603, 143,169, 174, 190, 199,257,313, 669,670,694,700,715,721,722, 344-352, 357, 363, 364, 369, 389, 724, 726, 728, 732 390,425,428,443,444,449,455, North Equatorial Current 281, 638 458,460,470,493,507,638,639, North Gree1and 120, 121 640, 642, 691 North Pacific Ocean 129, 155,267 -279, Pacific Science Congresses 128, 134, 281,423,424,455 135 North Pole 390, 455 Packard, Martin 230, 231 North Sea 161,180,205,246,378,415, paintings (marine) 34, 38 419,425,463,491,502,541,545, paleogeographical history 309, 751 669, 670, 67'2, 726 Pallas, P.S. 329,331 Northwest Passage 40, 257 Panama 130, 174,629, 633, 635, 636, Norway 158, 182,425,498, 673 638 Norwegian Sea 199, 699 Paris 184, 668, 703, 705 Nova Scotia 26,708, 711 Parr, A.E. 26,53,54 Novaya Zemlya 183, 184 Parry, W.E. 257,265 nuclear fuel cycle 424-426 Parsons, T.R. 224, 540-550 nutrients 202,361,466,471,503,517, pearl industry 61, 569 542,544 Pearson, John e. 476, 487 Pelseneer, P. 671,672,676 Ocean 386-392 Penck, A. 390, 392 ocean dumping 408-410,429-432 Penikese Station (Laboratory) 68,94,98, oceanography (American) 57 -66 99, 181 octopus 354, 579 Peron, Fran~ois 450, 451, 453 -456, oecumena 386-388 458,461 • Office of Naval Research (USN) 21,47, Persia 328, 584 71,73,231,233,236,237,319, Persian Gulf 329,438,553,581,582, 715 674 oil 332,402,403,408,409 Peru 220,270,351,513,629,630, deposits 325 - 335 633-635, 638, 639, 642-655 spillage 403, 405 Peru Current 629-630, 636, 638, 639, rocks 326, 332, 333 648 seeps 326, 330, 403 pesticides 406,408,410 transport 405, 408 Peter I 326, 328-330 Oleson, John P. 765, 779 Petersen, e.G.L 471,497,498 oozes 306,307,310-313,323 petroleum hydrocarbons 400,402-406 Operation Crossroads 21, 423, 446 PeUersson, Otto 160-162, 497 Oppenheimer, Jane M. 179-187 Peyssonel, Jean Andre 438,439 "Origin of Species" 179, 183, 184 pharmacology 734-749 Orkney 373,375, 378 Philadelphia 174, 703, 708, 720, Oscar II (Sweden) 497, 498 732 806 Index

Philippines 174,424 DDT and metabolites 414, 415 phosphorescence 451,609,635,672 industrial 397-413 photosynthesis 355,492,512,516-518, Polly 728-722,726 527,530,545 POLYMODE 28,201,202 Physalia (Tortugas) 139-142 Pondicherry 460, 556 physical oceanography 62,64,551-561 Ponto-Caspian Basin 309, 310 physiological oceanography 353 - 359 Popper, Sir Karl 622-624, 626,628 phytoplankton 204,205,355,356,361, Porcupine 109,182,183,261,262,306, 414, 500, 509-521, 545, 646, 360, 361, 381, 384, 607 572 Porphyra umbilicalis 427, 438 biomass 206, 209, 219, 516, 518 ports 34, 36, 759-763 patchiness 208, 515, 516 portcity 33-37,756 research 206 - 210 port facilities 35, 39 Piccard, Auguste (1884-1962) 567, Portier, Paul 354,359 568,571 Port Jackson 448,449,451,452,455, Pinkel, R. 234, 237, 238 458-461 Pioneer Survey 230,231,235-237 Port Said 292, 296, 299-301 Pisco (Peru) 638, 648 Porto Santo 600, 602 Piura (Peru) 633, 635, 636 Portsmouth (England) 104, 291, Planet 190, 270 296- plankton 53, 204-206, 312, 362-365, Portugal 380, 596-605, 606-613 415,416,424,445,465,494, Poupard Chart 708, 710, 711 498-500,502,509,511,542,546, Pourtales, Louis Franc;ois de 57, 109, 547, 567, 576,669, 672 183,360 Plankton Expedition 364,462-473, Pownall, Thomas (1722-1805) 103, 509, 510, 516, 518, 542 112 plankton nets 211-:-212, 220, 267, Pratje, o. 689, 696 607 precipitation (chemical) 337 - 339 plankton recorders 205, 206, 212-214, predator-prey systems 207, 547 505 Prestwich, Joseph 199, 258, 259,265, plastics 407, 409 269,278 plate tectonics 19, 227, 614 - 621 , Priestley, Joseph 527, 528, 683 622-628, 656, 664, 665, 780 primary production 355, 356 Plato 387, 392 Prince Albert I of Monaco 90, 110, 149, Platt, Trevor 204-225 154,157-167,354,355,360,365, Pliny the Elder 326,511,555,573,577, 370, 607, 609, 611 579 Prince, E.E. 540,541,549 Poland 488 -495 Prince Henry the Navigator Polish Academy of Sciences 492,493 (Portugal) 199, 592, 596-599 polar bears 118, 123 Princess Alice 90, 607 Polar Frontal Zone 281, 351 productivity of the ocean 463, 492 polar wandering 661 Proudman, Joseph 240,243,244-247, pollutants 202,400,406-408,414,415, 251 543 Ptolemy 326,555,557,581 pollution 398,401-404,408-412, Puerto Chicama (Peru) 630,631,638, 414-439,491,492,545,546,643, 640 650 Pullman, H. 614-621 chlorinated hydrocarbon 414-419 Puis, C. 271,278 EDC-tar 414, 415 Punta Arenas (Chile) 348, 349, 699 Index 807

Puranas 780-782 Richardson, Philip L. 102,112, Pyrocystis 513, 516 703-717 Rigaud, S. 390,392 Quaternary 310,313 Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) 105, 456 Ritchie, G.S. (RADM) 148-156, 292, Raban, Avner 750-764,778,779 305 radioactive wastes 75, 409, 426, Ritter, William E. 62,90,127-129, 429-433 136, 234 radioactivity 408,420,424,428,432, River Dee 379, 381 567,662 River Ganga (Ganges) 551, 783 radiocarbon dating 312 River Nile 295, 301, 303 radioisotopes 400, 408 River Mersey 379, 380, 381 radiolarians 363 - 365, 512, 566 Robben Island 698 radionuclides 420-437 Rockefeller Foundation 1, 12,47,59, Raff, A.D. 227,233,238,239 68, 91, 134 railroads 35, 36 Roman Period 759-763 Rajput Period (650 AD-1200 AD) 551, Roosevelt, Theodore, Jf. 169, 170, 174 558 Roskoff 354, 566 Rakestraw, N.W. 26,29,504 Rose, Wickliffe 1, 11,50,57,59-63, Rattlesnake 182, 447 65,66, 133 red clays 420, 432 Ross, Sir James Clark 105,361,373, Redfield, Alfred C. 2, 8, 12, 20, 26, 29, 514 51,66, 504 Ross, John 257, 258, 265, 373 Red Sea 18,19,29,291,292,295-297, Rossby, Carl-Gustaf 16,26,51, 197, 302,438,511,513,581,583,586 288, 504 Red Sea Pilot (Admiralty) 292, 293, 302 Rossby wave 284 red tide (water) 208,511,513,555 Rossiter, J.R. 240, 245, 250,251 Regent's Park 533, 535 Rossmiissler, E.A. (1806-1867) 533, Regnard, Paul 163, 165,372, 517,521 538 Rehbock, Philip F. 522-539 Rouch, J. 166, 167 Reighard, Jacob 143, 147 Royal Academy of Science, Berlin 464, remote sensing 202, 643 467,469 renaissance 336, 438 Royal Navy (British) 104,258,259,291, Renard, A.F. 667-681 298 Rennell,James 104,105,108,111,112, Royal Society (London) 101-103, 183, 199,200,714,716 189,242,253,262,384,438-447, Resolution 270, 683, 684, 686, 687 452, 512, 683-685, 688 resources of the sea 171,647-648 Rubey, William W. 42,316 Revelle, Roger 10-24,43,45,47,136, Runcorn, S.K. 615,620,661,664,666 229,230,231,316,422 Rurick 270, 455 Ricci, Matteo (1552-1610) 576, 577 Rutherford 257, 264 Rice, A.L. 373-385 Russia 158, 161, 183, 329 Rich, Willis H. 50, 61 Richard, Jules 158-160, 162, 163, 165, Sabine, Edward 105, 107, 108, 258, 365,372 265, 385 Richards, George Henry (Capt.) 291, Sable Island 708, 715 304 Sagres (Portugal) 596, 598, 599, 603, Richards, J. Cumins (Lt.) 291,292, 605 295-299, 301-304 St. Andrews (N.B.) 61,62 808 Index

St. John's (Newfoundland) 125, 126 sea eagle 415, 416 St. Petersburg 183, 329 Sea Fisheries Institute, Gdynia 490, Saldanha, Luis 606-613 492-495 salinity 28, 117, 126, 131,134, 199, sea-floor spreading 18,227,231,615, 205,206,209-305,299-301,303, 616, 656, 664, 665 307,309,310,340,356,451,455, sea levels 47, 75, 639 467,474-477,479,630,631,635, seamounts 320, 715 638, 341, 669, 672, 693, 694, 698 Sea of Marmora 307, 310, 311 salps 362, 513 sea power 32-34 salt 337, 339-341 Sears, Mary 20, 22, 25, 30,43,45,48, Samoa 139, 141-143 502,505,654 Sana Island 377 sea urchins 58, 180,421,489,738-739 San Ambrosio 344, 347 sea urchin embryology 145, 180, 489 sand 306, 586 sea voyages 554, 586 San Diego (CA.) 62, 174,321,322 sea water 338-340 Sandstrom, J.W. 26, 162 seaweeds 489, 525, 531 San Felix 344, 347 Sebastos 765-779 sapropelic matter (oozes) 311,314 Second International Congress on the Sargasso Sea 15, 217, 469 History of Oceanography 93, 292, Sargassum weed 26, 53, 361 675 Sars, Georg 182, 183, 373 Secretary of the Navy 173, 174 Sars, Michael 182, 183, 373, 384 sedimentation 312, 314 satellites 17, 202, 227 sediments 53,57, 127, 128, 131, 132, Scandinavia 33, 110, 578, 618 306,307,309,420,432,616,676, Schevill, William E. 17, 18,20,24 678, 679 Schlee, Susan 24, 49-56,65, 82, 93, seismology 26, 131,230,567,616,625 178, 186, 203,521, 542 Serapis 292, 293 School of Oceanography 596-605 seston 510 Schott, Gerhard 270,271,273,274, settlements 751 - 7 52 278, 288, 629, 631-634, 637 -640, sextants 731 641,654 Shackleton, Ernest 347, 444, 675 Schultze, Max 669, 676 sharks 357,424,563,572,575,580, Schumacher, A. 689,696 609, 610, 635 Schiitt, Franz 464,467,473, 509,516, Shetland 373, 375, 378, 380, 383 519,521 Shionomisaki 282, 284 Science Museum (London) 253, 255 ship characteristics 752-753 Scientific and Technical Staff ship simulation platform 598, 599, 601 (WHOI) 69,70,72,75-78 shipping companies 37, 245, 250 Scotland 87,378,379,425,524 Shokal'sky, J. 311,312 Scripps, E.W. 62,90 Shor,E.N. 93,127-137,186 Scripps, Ellen B. 62, 90, 131 shrimp 477, 485 Scripps Institution for Biological Siboga 189, 190, 672 Research 90, 127, 128 Siedlecki, Michel (1876-1940) 489,493 Scripps Institution of Oceanography 11 , Sievers, Hellmuth A. 349,352, 641 16, 19,21,23,49,54,55, 61,68,80, Sigsbee, C.F. 363, 366,372 90,91,128-136,141,168,226, silicate 361, 503, 650 229,230,237,271,320,349,565 Silvera, R.L. 269, 278 scurvy 451, 458 Simpson, Roberto 345, 346 sea anemones 143, 438, 489 Singapore 399, 587 Index 809 siphonophores 362, 363, 365 Station Biologique de Roscoff 669, 670, Siudzinski, Kazimierz 672,674 Wincenty 488 -495 Station of BomB 162 Six, James 252, 253 Stazione Zoologica (Naples) 138, Six's thermometer 252-265 179-187,363,541,567,569,671 slope water 15,217,366 Steele, J.H. 225, 506-508, 550 Smith, Edward H. 2,9,26,90, 114-126 Steers, J.A. 445,446 Smithsonian Institution 85, 176, 382, Sterneck, R.D. 244,251 565 Stetson, H.C. 26, 29, 52 Smyth, W.H. 107 Stockholm 26, 158, 161, 408, 499 SNP-l 642, 647 Stockholm Conference 409, 498, 500 Soimonov, F.I. 328, 329 Stoddart, David 446, 447 S\1S1ander, Daniel (Dr.) 104,112, Stommel, Henry M. 5,8, 15, 16,24, 27, 440-442, 684 43,225, 717 solstices 556, 581 Strabo 326, 386,392, 555 sonar 20,153,169,174,218,227,235, Strait of Belle Isle 118,125 319 Strait of Gibraltar 108, 115, 151, 229, Soule, Floyd M. 25, 26 387, 724, 726 South America 68, 131,344-352,399, Strakhov, N.M. 308,311-315 442, 513, 585, 639 Subantarctic Water 345, 650 South Atlantic Ocean 71, 154, 190, 603, subduction 627 698 submarines 567, 658 Southeast Pacific Ocean 344, 350, 351 submarine (aluminum) 231, 233, 234 South Equatorial Current 632, 650 submarine canyons 52, 322, 607, 610, Southern California 127, 320 660 South Carolina 708, 720 submarine illumination 517 Southern Hemisphere 617, 726 submersibles (manned) 227,393,395, Southern Ocean 244, 351, 361 396, 567, 569 Southern Seas 455, 726 submersible pump 208, 209 South Pole 344, 674 subsidence theory 442 South Seas 440, 683, 684, 687 Suez Bay 290, 299, 302, 303 Soviet Union 22,23,398,399,422,423, Suez Canal 290-305, 569 428,493,618, 649 sulfur bacteria 309 Special Committee on Oceanic Research sun 241,554,557 (SCOR) 42, 43, 45, 47 Sverdrup, Harald U. 25, 134, 136,271, specific gravity 107, 291, 292, 296-298 278, 504,550,654, 702, 717 spectral analysis 208, 209 Swallow, John C. 8, 16.-28,203 Sperry Gyroscope Company 229, 230 Sweden 158, 189, 498, 499, 649, 673 Spiess, F. (Capt.) 690-692, 696-700, Switzerland 562-571 702 Sydney (Australia) 443, 460, 461 Spiess, F.N. 226-239 Spilhaus, Athelstan F. 16, 26,278 Taggart, Robert 318, 321, 323 Spitzbergen 25, 157, 657, 667,673, 675 Tahiti 440,460, 687 sponges 96, 360-362, 439, 525, 609, Taiwan 281,282 734-736 Talara (Peru) 634, 635 spontaneous generation 573, 669 Talcahuano 348, 349 Sri Lanka (Ceylon) 555, 581 Tanner, Zera L. 171,364,366,367,372 Srivastava, P.S. 551-561 Tareq II 643, 647 standard seawater 499 Tasmania 451, 455 810 Index

Tasman Sea 456, 457, 460 (tidal studies) 57,85,150, 151, Taunton, Somerset, U,K. 291,292,295, 195-198,202,240-251,467,476, 302 553,563,580,587,701 Taylor, F.J.R. 509-521 tide gauge 150,151,196,197,246,249 Taylor, G.I. 244, 245 tide generating (TGp) 196 Teachers School of SCience of tide predicting machines 196, 240, Boston 94, 95 247-250 117, 126, 199, 205, 206, tide tables 241,249,250 209,234,235,258,291,295,307, Tikhomirov, V.V. 306-315 355,356,448,450,451,453-455, Timor 451, 453, 456 458-460,467,479,630,631-634, Tissot, E. (Eng.) 295, 303,305 637-639, 669, 672, 693, 694,698 Todd, Anthony 704, 708, 715 temperatures (sea-surface) 130, 134, Tokai-mura (Japan) 427, 428 267-279,448,456,457 Tomczak, Matthias, Jr. 188-194 Tennent, D.H. 139, 145 Tortugas Marine Laboratory 138-147, Ter~anabal (Portugal) 596,599,603, 445 605 toxicity 400, 401, 496 Terror 361,514 toxins 358, 511 Texas 475, 477, 485 trade winds 448,587,630,631,638, Th6odorides, Jean 734-749 639,721,723,726 thermal contraction hypothesis 661 , transparency 356, 569 664,665 Trichodesmium 510, 511, 515 234,650 Trieste 181,231,569 thermometers 25, 117, 199,252-265, Trieste 568 454, 455, 564, 607 trigonometry 590 Third World 188, 191-193 trophic levels 415, 411, 544 Thompson, D'Arcy 497, 505, 507 tropics 454, 507, 725 Thompson, Thomas G. 135, 136,343 Trujillo (Peru) 635, 636 Thomson, Charles Wyville 88, 109, 110, tsunamis 349,351,643 182-184,194, 265, 360, 361,372, tunas 424, 610 373,378-381,384,385,443,565, turbulence 207, 208, 234, 246 675-678 turbulent 208, 211 Thomson, Sir William (Lord Twenhofel, W.H. 127, 132 Kelvin) 151, 162, 165, 196,242, 245,249,251,261,265, 377,383, Umbgrove, J.H.F. 663,666 609 27,230,235, Thynne, Anne 525, 530, 538 236 tidal underwater explosives 20, 27 action 554 underwater sound 17, 151, 169, 565 analysis 150, 151, 249 United Kingdom 60, 150,374,422,423, bores 556 429,618 currents 201, 244 United Nations 22,45,47, 191, 193, datum 149 408, 422, 501 equations 197, 243, 245 UN Convention on the Prevention of friction 243 Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes hydrodynamics 245 and Other Matter in the Oceans 408, observations 348, 349, 559 429 range 552 United Nations' Environment Program streams 242, 244, 245, 246 (UNEP) 409, 410 Index 811

UNESCO 42,43,45,47,48, 193, 194 Uranie 442,455,456,458,459 493,498 Usiglio, J. 339,343 UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 493, 642, 646, 469 Vacquier, Victor 229, 230,238, 239 United States of America 22,23,40,47, Valdivia 365, 567 48,50,57,58,60,61,63,87,89,90, Valparaiso (Chile 346, 347, 350, 637 101-113, 116, 127, 150, 181, 189, van Beneden, Edouard 190-192, 351, 398-401, 422, 423, (1846-1910) 180, 186, 669, 670, 428,432,471,501,502,513,565, 673 567, 617 -619, 649, 657 Van Beneden, Pierre Joseph U . S. Atomic Energy Commission 47, (1809-1894) 668, 669 437 Van Diemen's Land 451,460 U.S. Bureau of Lighthouses 131, 133 Van Heurk, Henri Ferdinand U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey 2, 62, (1838-1909) 672 85,86,92, 130,131,133,230,657 VanVleck,BalfourH.(1851-1931) 95, U.S. Coast Guard 2, 114-116 98 U.S. Coast Survey 57,85,88,108,180, Varenius, Bernhard 280, 390,392 182, 183 Vaughan, T. Wayland 62, 64,65, 66, U.S. Department of Commerce 141, 85 90,127-137,139,140-141,142, U.S. Department of the Navy 172, 174 144, 168, 445 U.S. Exploring Expedition Vedic Period (1500 BC-600 BC) 553 (1838-1842) 442, 513 Vening Meinerz, Felix 25,615, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 44,477 657-666 U.S. Fish Commission 12,57,85,86, Venmac 317 97, 181, 182, 184,463,471,540, Venus, transit of 182, 270 541,548 Verbiest, Ferdinand 577, 581 U.S. Geological Survey 73,85, 131, vertical migration 211, 216 132, 139, 176, 177,229 Viet Nam (Vietnam) 48, 587 U.S. National Marine Fisheries 630, Vila do Infante (Prince-Town) 596-605 641 Villefranche (France) 181, 566 U.S. National Museum 85, 131, 132, Vine, Allyn C 16, 20, 233 141 Vineyard Haven (Mass.) 114, 118, 125 U.S. Naval Observatory 85, 86, 668 Virginia 102, 475, 704 U.S. Navy 3,12,21,68,69,71,130, Vitiaz 270, 294 131, 133, 143, 169, 171 Vogt, Carl 181, 184 U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory 230, Volga 327, 328 234 von Arx, William S. 17,24, 269,279 U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office 2, 22, von Baer, Karl Ernst 183, 184,185, 331 85,86,93, 169,170,174,175,230, vortex streets 282 271 Vostoc 389,455 USSR 191, 192 University of California 49,62, 90, 128, Waksman, S.A. 26, 28, 52, 504 135, 136, 349 Walferdin F. 259,261,265 University of Chile 348, 350 Walford, Lionel A. 43, 46 University of Concepcion 350, 356 Wallich, G.C. 361,372, 373,512,513, University of Washington 51,68,91, 517,521 134, 351 Ward, Nathaniel Bagshaw 345,430,466,629,630,631, (1791-1868) 526,527,530,533, 635, 638, 639. 642. 648, 650 538 812 Index

Warington, Robert S. (1807-1867) 530, winds 87,241,555,558,559,581,586, 531,538,539 602-603, 630 Warsaw, Jacqueline C. 393-396 Windscale (Irish Sea) 425-428 Washington (D.e.) 21,44,58,64, 132, Wolfle, Dael 42-48 168, 170,319 Women's Educational Association of water 386-392 Boston 59, 94-95, 97, 98 color 565 Woodcock, Alfred H. 13, 29 depth 554 Woods Hole (Woods Holl) I, 2, 12, 14, waterfront 34, 36 19,20,23,25,52,61,63-65,67, water level, fluctuations 329-332 68,70, n, 85, 98, 141, 181 water level, see also: sea level Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution watering-places 36 (WHOI) 1, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, water samples 177, 199, 348, 607, 608 19-31,45-82,91,114, 116, 134, Wattenberg, H. 692, 696 145, 154,200,227,235,396,437, waves 69,195,197-199,201,234, 502, 505, 506, 562, 715 241,348,349,555,558 Wooster, Warren S. 629-641,648,654 Webber, John (Johann Waber) World Meteorological Organization (1751-1793) 564,571 (WMO) 192, 193 Wegener, A. 628, 661-664,666 World Ocean 42, 326, 388 Wenk, Edward 41,231,233 World War I 57,60,115,143,151,190, Went, Arthur 497,508 248,444,469,471,499,502,673 West Australia 454,456, 459, 460 WoridWarII 16,17,19,21,22,52,54, West Coast (U.S.A.) 132, 134,228, 68,87,91,114,115,130,153,154, 230 190, 197,201,445,489,501 Western Atlantic Ocean 105, 200, Worthington, L. Valentine 15,24, 282, 723 287,717 western boundary current, 280-289 Wiist, Georg 151, 188-194,270,279, Western North Atlantic Ocean 58, 129 289, 305, 654, 689, 692, 693, 696, West Greenland 114, 120 701,702 West Indies 141, 143,439,449,658, 664 Yelcho 347,350 Weymouth, Frank W. 477, 487 Yonge, Maurice 93, 144, 438-447 whales 17,18,507,578,579,643,704, 706 Za1kan, R.L. 234, 239 whaling 501,607,648,674,704 Ziman, J. 624, 626, 628 Whewell, W. 244,251 Zinn, D.J. 83-93 White, David 176, 177 Zoological Museum, Berlin 469,471 Whitman, e.O. 58, 59, 62, 98, 100 zoophytes 438,439,442, 525 Wilbur, Curtis D. 173, 174 zooplankton 205,207,414,415,468, Wild, J.J. (1828-1900) 565,571 490,491,511,512,513,646 Wilkes, Lt. Charles 85, 270 avoidance of net 211 Wilkins, Sir Hubert 25, 504 counters 209, 218-222 Willebrord Snellius 154, 190, 270, 659, patchiness 206, 207, 212, 217, 222 660 Zschokke, Conrad (1842-1918) 566, Wilson, J.B. 373-385 571 Wimereux 669,671,673 Zuta, S. 642-655