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An Analysis of Marine Propulsors and Their Applications

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An Analysis of Marine Propulsors and Their Applications Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1967-09 An analysis of marine propulsors and their applications Carr, Donald Stephen Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/45128 NPS ARCHIVE 1967 CARR, D. AM ANALYSIS OF MARINE PROPULSORS THEIR APPLICATIONS DONALD STEPHEN CARR cUSH -'< mm m i u • I» AN ANALYSIS OF MARINE PROPULSORS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS by Donald Stephen Carr Major, United States Marine Corps B. S., College of the Holy Cross, 1955 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL September 1967 —' ABSTRACT Increased interest on the part of the United States in the exploration and exploitation of the ocean environment has led to the assignment of diverse missions in this field to the military. Development of numerous vehicles and weapons systems and the propulsion units to propel them is required to accomplish these missions. In this paper, a general classification of propulsors is established and important performance parameters are defined. A variety of marine thrust devices is described and analyzed in detail, and a qualitative comparison of performance is made. General guidelines are offered for mating propulsors and vehicles for appropriate applications and particular mission requirements. The importance of drag reduction is recognized and various techniques are discussed in an appendix. Since this paper is intended to serve as a compendium on marine propulsors, an extensive bibliography has been incorporated. SCHOOL NMAL POSTGRADUATE TnTEREY, CALIF. 93940 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES 5 LIST OF FIGURES 7 1. RECENT TRENDS IN OCEAN TECHNOLOGY 13 1.1 National Purpose and Objectives 13 1.2 Naval Missions in the Ocean Environment 16 1.3 Purpose of Present Study 27 2. OVERALL PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS 30 2.1 Classification of Thrust Devices o 2.2 General Analysis of Propulsion Systems . 32 2.3 Performance Parameters . 39 2.4 Thermodynamic Power Cycles 46 2.5 Energy Sources 49 3. ANALYSES OF INDIVIDUAL ROTATING PROPULSORS 65 3.1 Conventional Ship Screw 65 3.2 Counterrotating Propellers oa 3.3 Supercavitating Propellers 90 3.4 Ventilated Propellers 96 3.5 Cycloidal Propellers 9g 3.6 Psuedo-blade Propulsors ^q^ 3.7 Swimming (Undulating) Plate Propulsors . ^15 4. ANALYSES OF INDIVIDUAL JET PROPULSORS 124 4.1 Ducted Propellers ^25 4.2 Shrouded Supercavitating Propellers ^33 Page 4.3 Waterjets (Pumpjets) 137 4.4 Ramjet and Pulsejet Propulsors L -* 153 4.5 Rocket Propulsors 159 4.6 Condensuctors 5. COMPARISON AND APPLICATION OF MARINE PROPULSORS ... 162 5.1 Overall System Compatibility 162 5.2 General Comparison 163 5.3 Mission Availability 167 5.4 Application of Propulsors to Designated .... Marine Vehicles 168 BIBLIOGRAPHY 170 APPENDIX A: Drag Reduction Techniques 190 APPENDIX B: Table of Symbols and Abbreviations 206 LIST OF TABLES Table Page I Dimensions and Operating Characteristics of . Various Bathyscaphes (Ref 1) 22 II Dimensions and Operating Characteristics of . Various Deep Research Vehicles (Ref 1) ... 23 III Comparison of Performance Parameters for . Batteries and Fuel Cells (Ref 25) 55 IV Comparison of Rocket Nozzle Thrust Coefficients and Separation Area Ratios in Air and Water . Environments (Ref 180) 156 V Approximate Theoretical Performance Character- istics of Some Underwater Propellants (Ref 21) 158 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. Drawing of Four-Man Version of Proposed .... Undersea Research Vehicle (URV) Showing .... Modular Concept and Personnel Transfer .... Capsule (PTC) (Ref . 1) 18 2. Sea Lab II Equipment Arrangement (Ref. 1) . 20 3. Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV) • • • • Equipment Arrangement (Ref. 2) 21 4. Torpedo Weapons System Driven by "Power Down . The Line" System (Ref. 29) 26 5. Schematic Drawing of Captured Air Bubble . (CAB) Craft (Ref. 129) 26 6. Hydrofoil Craft (Configuration of PGH-1). (Ref. 128) 28 7. Arbitrary Propulsion System Enclosed in ... Control Volume 34 8. Comparison of Ideal Propulsive Efficiencies . for Prop, Jet, Rocket 43 9. Sketch of Turbo fan Indicating Primary I and , , Secondary II Flows (Ref. 11) 43 10. a. The Basic Open Cycle: Direct Expansion . , Against Depth Pressure (Ref. 19) 47 b. A modified Open Cycle: Increased Expansion Followed by Exhaust Pumping (Ref. 19) ... 47 c. An Exhaust-Condensing System: a Transition From the Open to the Closed Cycle (Ref. 19) 48 FIGURE PAGE 10. d. The Rankine Closed Cycle: the Problem . Lies in Heating the Boiler (Ref . 19) ... 48 11. a. Fuel Cell Principle (Ref. 25) 51 b. Representative Fuel Cell Powerplant ... (Ref. 25) 51 12. a. Comparison of Battery and Fuel Cell ... 53 Performance (Ref. 25) b. Comparison of Battery vs. Fuel Cell . Performance (Ref. 25) 54 13. Thermoelectric Generator (Ref. 25) 57 14. Thermionic Generator (Ref. 25) 58 15. Schematic of Magnetohydrodynamic Induction . Compressor (Ref. 215) 60 16. Schematic Diagram of Nuclear Reactor Power • • Plant (Ref. 215) 63 17. General Flow Relationships through Propeller . Using Actuator Disk Theory (Ref. 69) 68 18. Actual and Ideal Propulsive Efficiency .... Variations (Ref. 69) 73 19. Blade Element Theory Relationships on Element At Radius r (Ref. 69) 76 20. Diagram of Propeller Blade Showing Blade Element at Radius r 78 21. Typical Values of Performance Parameters for . 85 Conventional Propeller (Ref. 33) 22. Typical Performance Figures for Counter rotating Propellers (Ref. 202) 87 8 FIGURE PAGE 23. Diagram of Tandem Propeller System (TPS) . Showing Location and Relative Size of .... Propellers (Ref. 200) 89 24. Comparison of Typical Flow Configurations . Around Foil Sections (Ref. 33) 89 25. Cavitation Development and Effect on Thrust . (Ref. 33) 93 26. Typical Thrust Variations with Advance .... Speed Ratio, Constant Cavitation Number . (Ref. 33) 93 27. Effect of Air-Flow on Performance of Ventilated Supercavitating Propeller (Ref. 33) 99 28. Effect of Air-Flow on Performance of Base-Vented Propeller (Ref. 33) 99 29. Cycloidal Blade Motion at Various Advance . Coefficients (Ref. 198) . 100 30. Typical Performance Curves for Vertical Axis . (Cycloidal) Propellers (Ref. 33) 102 31. Comparison of Conventional and Cycloidal ... Propeller Efficiencies (Ref. 196) 103 32. Two Fluid Jets from Moving Plenum Chamber . (Ref. 174) 105 33. (a) and (b) Velocity Vector Diagram (Ref. 174) 106 34. Psuedo-Blade Analogy of Jet from Moving Thin Plate (Ref. 174) 108 35. Schematic of Flow Through Psuedo-Blade .... Propeller (Ref. 177) 110 9 FIGURE PAGE 36. Typical Values of Psuedo-Blade Propulsor . Augmentation Ratios vs. Rotor Speed (Ref. 174) 112 37. Comparison of Psuedo-Blade Efficiency and . Rocket Motor Efficiency (Ref. 174) 114 38. Undulating Plate Propulsor Watercraft (PUP-1) 119 39. Theoretical Efficiency for Single-Hinged Hydrofoil (Ref. 139) 122 40. Theoretical Propulsive Efficiencies for Undulating Plate Propulsor (Ref. 133) . 123 41. Propulsive Efficiencies (Actual) for Various Dimensions of Undulating Plates (Ref. 133) , 123 42. Comparison of Flow Through (a) Conventional Screw and (b) Ducted Propellers (Ref. 11) 126 43. Comparison of Ideal Propulsive Efficiencies of Conventional and Ducted Propellers (Ref. 11) 132 44. Coordinate System for Shrouded Super cavitating Propeller (Ref. 33) 132 45. Comparison of Calculated and Theoretical ... Characteristics of Shrouded Subcavitating . Propeller System (Ref. 33) 136 46. General Arrangement of Waterjet Installation (Ref. 114) 138 47. Theoretical Efficiency for Waterjet System . as Calculated by Contractor (Ref. 114) .... 138 48. Sketch of Hydroduct (Ramjet) (Ref. 212) ... 146 10 FIGURE PAGE 49. Comparison of Theoretical and Measured Thrust . Coefficients for Ramjet (Ref. 212) 150 50. Sketches of Various Unsteady Hydraulic Pulse jet Propulsors (Ref. 213) 151 51. Underwater Jet Propulsion Device (Ref. 18) • • • 152 52. Hydroductor (Ref. 193) 154 53. Typical Rocket Motor Showing Pressure Distributions 154 54. Typical Condensing Ejector (Condensuctor) • . Process and Pressure Distribution (Ref. 191) . 160 A-l. Drag Coefficient as a Function of Reynolds . 192 Number (Ref. 87) A-2. North American Aviation Laminar-Flow Body, . DOLPHIN I (Ref. 87) 192 A-3. Results of Tests Using Boundary Layer Suction Models (Ref. 87) 198 A-4. Effect of Temperature on Kinematic Viscosity of Sea Water (Ref. 87) 201 A-5. Results Indicating Velocity and Acceleration Changes High-Polymer Solution (Ref. ~ with Ejection of 87) 20 A-6. Drag Reduction in Pipe Flow with Various ... Concentrations of Poly (Ethylene Oxide) • • • (Ref. 87) 203 11 CHAPTER 1 RECENT TRENDS IN OCEAN TECHNOLOGY Within the preceding decade, our knowledge of the environment under the ocean surface has increased at an astounding rate. Prior to the late 1950' s, minimal funds were allocated for the purposes of research and experimentation in the field of marine technology. As a result, only limited scientific efforts were devoted to the task of advancing the national awareness to the immense potential, both industrial and military, existing in the surrounding waters. The bulk of scientific expenditures, in both the personnel man-hour sense and the financial aspect, were being utilized in outer space-oriented endeavors. Very little importance was attached to the sea, a medium constituting 70 per cent of the earth's surface and containing 80 per cent of life on this planet. Perhaps it was the tragedy of the Thresher, or the near- catastrophic experience with the lost hydrogen bomb off the coast of
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