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Suppression of Poly(ADP-Ribose)

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Suppression of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 81, pp. 7132-7136, November 1984 Cell Biology Induction of murine teratocarcinoma cell differentiation by suppression of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis (NADW/retinoic acid/3-aminobenzamide/immunofluorescence) YASUHIRO OHASHI*t, KUNIHIRO UEDA*t, OSAMU HAYAISHI*§, KouICHI IKAI¶, AND OTSURA NIWAII Departments of *Medical Chemistry, ¶Dermatology, and "Experimental Radiology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan Contributed by Osamu Hayaishi, July 27, 1984 ABSTRACT Poly(ADP-ribose) synthesizing activity in present study, we report a marked decrease in nuclear po- mouse teratocarcinoma EC-Al cells decreased markedly dur- ly(ADP-ribose) synthesizing activity at a very early stage of ing differentiation induced by retinoic acid; the activities as- differentiation of teratocarcinoma cells induced by retinoic sayed in permeabilized cells decreased to 25% and 10% of the acid. Furthermore, we present evidence suggesting that ex- activity of control (uninduced cells) 2 and 3 days, respectively, ogenously added inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase after the addition of 0.1 ,uM retinoic acid to the culture medi- can induce the differentiation of these cells. um. This change preceded changes in morphology and DNA synthesis, which became prominent after 4 days. The decrease MATERIALS AND METHODS in poly(ADP-ribose) synthesizing activity appeared to be caused by a diminution of the synthetase protein and not by a Chemicals. [adenine-U-14C]NAD+ (266 Ci/mol; 1 Ci = 37 decrease in its catalytic activity, because the full activity dis- GBq) and [methyl-3H]dTTP (30 Ci/mmol) were purchased closed by DNase I treatment decreased in parallel, albeit at from Amersham. NAD+, deoxynucleoside triphosphates, about 20 times higher levels. When 8 mM 3-aminobenzamide and all-trans-retinoic acid were obtained from Sigma; bovine or 10 mM nicotinamide, specific inhibitors of poly(ADP-ri- pancreatic DNase I, from Worthington; and 3-aminobenza- bose) synthetase, was added to the culture medium, the cells mide and 3-aminobenzoic acid, from Tokyo Kasei. Fluores- underwent differentiation after 7-9 days. An analogue, 3- cein isothiocyanate-labeled swine antiserum to rabbit immu- aminobenzoic acid, which is not inhibitory to the synthetase, noglobulin (fluorescein isothiocyanate-to-protein molar ra- induced differentiation much less efficiently than did 3-amino- tio, 2.3) was purchased from DAKO-Immunoglobulins. benzamide, and the effect of 3-aminobenzoic acid appeared to Rabbit antiserum to poly(ADP-ribose) was prepared as de- be ascribable to its potent cytotoxicity. Immunohistochemical scribed previously (21). analysis using anti-poly(ADP-ribose) antibody confirmed the Cells and Cell Cultures. EC-Al cells (22), a subclone of marked reduction in poly(ADP-ribose) synthesizing activity in PCC4azal-derived EC-A murine teratocarcinoma cells (23, nuclei of the cells treated with retinoic acid or 3-aminobenza- 24), were cultured at 37°C in a modified Eagle's medium mide but not with 3-aminobenzoic acid. These results suggest (GIBCO) containing 10% fetal calf serum in a 5% CO2 hu- differen- midified atmosphere. Where specified, all-trans-retinoic that a decrease in poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis triggers acid dissolved in ethanol or 3-aminobenzamide (or 3-amino- tiation of teratocarcinoma cells. benzoic acid) dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (0.15 M NaCl/10 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.4) was added to the Retinoic acid and related compounds (retinoids) have been culture medium at a final concentration of 0.1 gM or 8 mM, shown to induce differentiation of several lines of murine respectively. The medium, together with drugs, was changed teratocarcinoma cells into endoderm epitheloid cells or fi- daily. Differentiation was examined with cells before con- broblast-like cells (1, 2). The molecular mechanism of this fluency, because overgrown cultures occasionally produced induction of differentiation is not yet fully understood (3); foci of differentiated morphology in a nonspecific manner. De Luca (4), Wolf et al. (5), and Jetten and De Luca (6) re- The cells were counted, after trypsin treatment, by using a ported observations suggesting a role of retinyl phosphate hemocytometer. The viability of cells was judged by exclu- mannose in early cell surface changes, while Chytil and Ong sion of trypan blue. (7) and Jetten and Jetten (8) proposed an alteration in tran- Observation of Morphological Changes. Cells grown on a scription mediated by specific binding proteins. We became glass slide of a Lab-Tek chamber (Miles) were stained with interested in these cells in view of our and others' finding Wright and Giemsa solutions (Merck) and observed under a that poly(ADP-ribose) is closely related to cell differentia- light microscope. Polygonal cells with scarce cytoplasm and tion (9, 10). Poly(ADP-ribose) is a macromolecule synthe- flat cells with abundant cytoplasm were regarded as undif- sized from NAD in eukaryotic cells by a chromatin-bound ferentiated and differentiated cells, respectively. enzyme, poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase (11). This synthesis Assays. Poly(ADP-ribose) synthesizing activity was as- proceeds in covalent attachment, at one terminus of the sayed in permeabilized cells as described by Berger et al. polymer, to various protein acceptors such as histones, non- (25). Trypsin-treated cells (3 x 106 cells) were treated with a histone chromosomal proteins, and the synthetase itself (11). permeabilization buffer (10 mM Tris'HCl, pH 8.3/4 mM Accumulating evidence suggests that this polymer is in- MgCl2/1 mM EDTA/50 mM dithiothreitol/250 mM sucrose) volved in DNA repair (12-14), cell transformation (15, 16), (200 ,ul) for 45 min at 4°C. Under these conditions, up to 95% and cell differentiation (9, 10). Previously, we demonstrated of the cells became permeable as judged by retention of try- that the poly(ADP-ribose) synthesizing activity serves as a blue. the cell was with marker of differentiation of human granulocytes (17, 18), pan Then, suspension supplemented leukemic lymphocytes (19), and epidermal cells (20). In the tPresent address: Department of Biochemistry, Nara Medical Uni- versity, Kashihara, Nara 634, Japan. The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge tTo whom reprint requests should be addressed. payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" §Present address: Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569, Ja- in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. pan. 7132 Downloaded by guest on September 30, 2021 CellCellBiology:Biology:OhashiOhashietetaLal.~~Proc.Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 81 (1984) 7133 the poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis mixture (100,p1) and incubat- RESULTS ed for 30 min at 250C. The final concentrations of compo- Changes in Morphology of Teratocarcinoma Cells Treated nents in the synthesis mixture were 100 mM Tris-HCl at pH with Retinoic Acid. EC-Al cells cultured with no specific 8.0, 10 MM Mg9l2, 33.3 mM dithiothreitol, 667 AM EDTA, drug grew in tightly packed colonies (Fig. lA). In this state, 400 A.M [adenine-U-14C]NAD' (10 cpm/pmol), and 166 mMM 99.5% of the cells were polygonal and only 0.5% were flat; sucrose. Where indicated, 0.05% Triton X-100 and DNase I the latter cells represent spontaneous differentiation. The at 133,4g/ml were added to permeabilized cells. Poly(ADP- addition of 0.1 AM retinoic acid to the culture medium did ribose) synthesis was terminated by the addition of 2 ml of not produce any significant morphological change for 2 days; ice-cold 20% (wt/vol) Cl3CCOOH. The acidified mixture flat cells occupied 0.5% and 1.0% of the total cell population was sonicated for 10 sec at 240 W with a Branson sonifier. at days 1 and 2, respectively (Fig. 2). After 3 days, a margin- Acid-insoluble material was collected on a Whatman GF/C al morphological change was observed (Fig. 1B), and there- filter disc and washed three times with 20% C13CCOOH, after, flat cells resembling endodermal epitheloid cells (Fig. twice with 5% C13CCOOH, and twice with 95% (vol/vol) 1C) emerged and gradually increased in number. At days 4 ethanol; then the radioactivity was determined in a toluene- and 5, flat cells were 26% and 97%, respectively, of total based scintillation fluid as previously described (26). DNA cells. In parallel to this morphological change, the cells pro- synthesizing activity was also assayed in permeabilized duced an increasing amount of plasminogen activator (data cells; the cells (3 x10 cells in 50 Al), trypsinized and per- not shown), as previously reported by Strickland and Mah- meabilized as above, were supplemented with 0.05% Triton davi (1) and Jetten et al. (2). In the absence of retinoic acid, X-100 and the reaction mixture for DNA synthesis (25 ,ul). only 1% of the cells became flat after 5 days. The final concentrations of components in the reaction mix- Changes in DNA Synthesizing Activity During Differentia- ture were 100 mM Hepes-NaOH at pH 7.8, 20 mM MgCI2, tion. Another phenotypic change examined was the DNA 33.3 mM dithiothreitol, 667 AM EDTA, 210 mM NaCl, 15 synthesizing activity. The activity decreased almost in paral- mM ATP, 300 AM each of dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and [methyl- lel to the morphological change; for 1 day after the addition 3H]dTTP (50 cpm/pmol), and 166 mM sucrose. Incubation of retinoic acid, the activity remained unchanged, and then it was for 30 min at 370C and was terminated by the addition of decreased slightly (8-10%) for 2 days, followed by a more 2 ml of ice-cold 10% C13CCOOH containing 2% Na4P2O7. marked decrease thereafter. The activities in differentiation- The mixture was briefly sonicated, and acid-insoluble radio- induced cells after 4 and 5 days were about 55% and 30%, activity was collected on a Whatman GF/C filter disc and respectively, compared with control (uninduced) cells.
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