A Publication of The American Physiological Society The EB ‘99 Late Breaking Abstracts Deadline:See February PhysiologistPage 415 22, 1999

Volume 41, Number 6 December 1998

Trends in Early Research Careers of Life Scientists Executive Summary

The 50 years since the end of World War II The continued success of the life-science have seen unprecedented growth in the life sci- research enterprise depends on the uninterrupted ences. In 1997 US government investments in entry into the field of well-trained, skilled, and health research exceeded $14 billion, private motivated young people. For this critical flow to foundations contributed more than $1.2 billion, be guaranteed, young aspirants must see that and industry’s investment in health research and there are exciting challenges in life-science development exceeded $17 billion. Government research and they need to believe that they have and private support of agriculture and environ- a reasonable likelihood of becoming practicing Inside mental research approached $5 billion. Clearly, independent scientists after their long years of the life-science enterprise is large and vigorous. training to prepare for their careers. Yet recent The large investment in the life sciences has trends in employment opportunities suggest that produced many important results. Discoveries in the attractiveness to young people of careers in Bylaw Changes agricultural science have improved our under- life-science research is declining. Proposed by standing of soils and their chemistry and have In the last few years, reports from the Council led to the development of new strains of crop National Research Council have detailed a plants that are resistant to diseases and yield changing world for young scientists. A 1994 395 more food per cultivated acre. Environmental study sought to determine whether young inves- sciences and forestry have evolved new methods tigators in the biologic and biomedical sciences for managing sustainable resources that will might be at a disadvantage compared with older, 1999 Officers help our expanding population to pass on more established scientists in the competition for and Standing of its natural wealth to future generations. research support. The study found no evidence Committees Medical science has provided fundamental of discrimination by age in National Institutes of understanding of the molecular basis of numer- Health (NIH) awards; but it did reveal that NIH 398 ous diseases which has led to the elimination of research-grant applications from investigators some and the containment of many. Advances in below the age of 37 had plummeted between molecular biology not only have spawned the 1983 and 1993. The reasons for the decline were 1999 APS economically important biotechnology industry not immediately obvious, but concern over the Conferences but have contributed fundamental knowledge seeming contraction of young research talent led 410 about the structure of genes and the behavior of to the appointment of the present committee. A biological macromolecules. These advances 1995 study examined graduate education in all have yielded new insights into the relationships fields of science and engineering and the chang- among organisms and into the continuum of ing employment opportunities for PhD gradu- Eleanor structure and function that connects living and ates. That committee found that more than half Ison-Franklin nonliving things. The long-range implications of of new graduates with PhDs in all disciplines 1929-1998 all the rapidly evolving knowledge are hard to now find employment in nonacademic settings, 437 predict, but many additional benefits are now on and it recommended that graduate programs the horizon. (continued on page 388)

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 385 Published bimonthly and distributed by The American The Physiological Society 9650 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20814-3991 Physiologist ISSN 0031-9376 Volume 41 Number 6 December 1998 L. Gabriel Navar President Allen W. Cowley, Jr. Past President Walter F. Boron Contents President-Elect Martin Frank Editor and Executive Director Trends in Early Research Congress Okays Foreign Scientist Councillors Careers of Life Scientists 385 Honoraria 421 Dale J. Benos, Ethan R. Nadel, Executive Summary Greenwood Introduces Chimpanzee Celia D. Sladek, Richard J. Traystman, Care Act; NIH Offers Its John A. Williams, Phyllis M. Wise A Matter of Opinion Own Plan 421 Ex Officio Long Term Solution to a ALDF Representative Granted Barbara E. Goodman, Short Term Problem 393 Legal Standing in Case Edward H. Blaine, Gilbert R. Hageman Against USDA 422 Leonard R. Johnson, John E. Hall, New APS Brochures Available 423 Judith A. Neubauer APS News Career Corner Publications Committee: Chairman: Bylaw Changes Proposed Leonard R. Johnson; Members: R. by Council 395 Teaching at an Undergraduate Davis Manning, Jr., Donald S. Faber, 1999 Officer and Standing Campus 425 Virginia M. Miller, Stephen H. Committees 398 Mike Woller Wright. Publications Manager: Brenda B. Rauner. Design and Copy Membership Positions Available 427 Editor: Joelle R. Grossnickle. Newly Elected Members 402 Subscriptions: Distributed to mem- Publications bers as part of their membership. Nonmembers in the USA: individuals Experimental Biology Three AJP Editors Hold $38.00; institutions $56.00. EB ‘99 Meetings 431 Nonmembers elsewhere: individuals Section-Sponsored Featured Topics403 Introducing... David Harder 432 $48.00; institutions $67.00. Single Symposia 404 copies and back issues when available, People and Places $10.00 each; single copies and back Physiology InFocus 405 issues of Abstracts issues when avail- Distinguished Lectureships 406 Richard Hawkins Appointed able, $20.00. Subscribers to The as Provost 433 Physiologist also receive abstracts of Meetings and Conferences APS Members Elected to the Conferences of the American 1998 Conference Report 408 the Institute of Medicine 434 Physiological Society. 1999 APS Conferences 410 Obituary: Eleanor Lutia The American Physiological Society assumes no responsibility for the Late Breaking Abstract Ison-Franklin (1929-1998) 437 statements and opinions advanced by Submission Form 412 contributors to The Physiologist. News From Senior Deadline for submission of material Public Affairs Physiologists 439 for publication: Jan. 1, February issue; March 1, April issue; May 1, June Congress Votes Historic 15% Increase issue; July 1, August issue; Sept. 1, for NIH 419 Book Reviews 440 October issue; Nov. 1, December NIH Almanac Available 419 issue. NIH to Recruit Public Books Received 445 Please notify the central office as Representatives 420 soon as possible if you change your Singer Appointment Draws Scientific Meetings address or telephone number. Criticism 420 and Congresses 447 Headquarters phone: 301-530-7118. Fax: 301-571-8305. http://www.faseb.org/aps/

386 The Physiologist APS News

APS Members Share Nobel Prize

Two APS members, along with a smooth muscle cells relax. In 1986, Medical Institute, and a mentoree of third researcher, were recently awarded Ignarro, working on his own and with Ignarro. Septic shock, the drop in blood the Nobel Prize in physiology or medi- Furchgott, at the University of pressure caused by white cells putting cine for the finding that nitric oxide California Los Angeles School of out too much nitric oxide in response to serves as a messenger molecule in the Medicine, proved that this signal mol- infections, could also be alleviated as a body. Nitric oxide, which is also an air pollutant in auto exhaust, was also recently found to regulate blood pres- sure and blood flow throughout the body. That discovery was a key factor in the development of Viagra, an anti- impotence drug. Ferid Murad, and Louis J. Ignarro, both APS members, along with Robert F. Furchgott, each played different roles in the collective finding that nitric oxide relaxes the smooth muscle of blood ves- sels, causing an effect that also helps control blood pressure. The prize is a culmination of Louis J. Ignarro decades of research by the three indi- Ferid Murad viduals. In 1977, Murad, who was ecule, an "endothelium-derived relax- result of the discovery. Cancerous white working at the University of Virginia at ing factor," was nitric oxide. cells use nitric oxide to defend against the time, but is currently at the In addition to treatments for blood tumors, and scientists are studying University of Texas Medical School in pressure and impotence, there have whether they can use nitric oxide to halt Houston, discovered that nitroglycerin already been advancements in other tumor growth. In addition to remedies and other vessel-dilating compounds studies related to the effects of nitric for adult high blood pressure, the dis- release nitric oxide. Three years later oxide. The gas has turned out to be one covery has already lead to a treatment Furchgott, currently a pharmacologist of the body's main weapons against ath- for dangerously high blood pressure in at the State University of New York, erosclerosis, according to Jonathan the lungs of infants whereby the babies concluded that blood vessels dilate Stamler, a researcher at Duke University simply breathe the gas. because cells produce a signal molecule Medical Center and the Howard Hughes APS offers its congratulations to in their inner lining which makes their these members. ❖ APS Sustaining Associate Members The Society gratefully acknowledges the contributions received from Sustaining Members in support of the Society’s goals and objectives.

Abbott Laboratories Harvard Apparatus Procter & Gamble Company ADInstruments Jandel Scientific Quaker Oats Company Alliance Pharmaceutical Corporation Janssen Research Foundation Rhone-Poulenc Rorer American Medical Association Kabi Pharmacia Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corporation Astra Arcus USA, Inc. Eli Lilly and Company W. B. Saunders Company Axon Instruments, Inc. The Mack Printing Group Schering-Plough Research Institute Berlex Biosciences Merck & Company, Inc. G. D. Searle and Company Genentech, Inc. Nycomed, Inc. SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals Gould, Inc. Pfizer, Inc. Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories Grass Foundation Pharmacia and Upjohn, Inc.

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 387 Trends in Early Research Careers diversify to reflect the changing a graduate student or postdoctoral fel- rose from 12% to 24% for the cohorts employment opportunities afforded low in the life sciences in 1998 are very described above, and the probability of PhD scientists. different from what they were in the working in a federal or other govern- This report extends the analyses of 1960s or 1970s. Today’s life scientist ment laboratory dropped from 14% to the previous reports by examining the will start graduate school when slightly 11%. Overall, the fraction of PhDs with changes that have occurred over the last older and take more than 2 years longer “permanent”1 positions in the tradition- 30 years in graduate and postgraduate to obtain the PhD degree. Today’s life- al employment sectors for PhD scien- training of life scientists and the nature science PhD recipient will be an aver- tists—academe, industry, and govern- of their employment on completion of age of 32 years old. Furthermore, the ment—9-10 years after receipt of the training. It suggests reasons for the new PhD today is twice as likely as in PhD declined from 87% to 73% from decrease in the number of young scien- earlier years to take a postdoctoral fel- 1975 to 1995. For the cohort 5-6 years tists applying for NIH grants and the lowship and thus join an ever-growing after receipt of the PhD, the fraction has growing “crisis in expectation” that pool of postdoctoral fellows—now esti- declined from 89% to 61% from 1975 grips young life scientists who face dif- mated to number about 20,000—who to 1995. ficulty in achieving their career objec- engage in research while obtaining fur- During most of the time that those tives. ther training and waiting to obtain per- changes in permanent research-career manent positions. It is not unusual for a outcomes were taking place, the num- Charge trainee to spend 5 years—some more ber of life-science PhDs awarded annu- This committee was charged to: than 5 years—as a postdoctoral fellow. ally by American universities was grow- Construct a comprehensive data As a consequence of that long prepara- ing steadily, but slowly, from about profile of the career paths for recent tion, the average life scientist is likely to 2,700 in 1965 to about 5,000 in the mid- PhD recipients in the life sciences. be 35-40 years old before obtaining his dle 1980s. Then, in 1987, the number Use the profile for assessing the or her first permanent job. The median began to rise rather steeply to 7,696 in implications of recent career trends for age of a tenured or tenure track faculty 1996. PhDs awarded to foreign nation- individuals and for the research enter- member is now about 8 years more than als made up the majority of the increase prise. that of the faculty member of the 1970s. after 1987. There has been a steady Make recommendations, as appro- Those facts suggest one source of increase in the number of women priate, about options for science policy. the seeming contraction of “young receiving PhDs since 1965. Differences The charge called on the committee investigator” applicants for NIH exist between biomedical and nonbio- to consider all the life sciences and the research grants. “Young” investigators medical fields; almost all the growth in health of the enterprise in addition to have grown older, and fewer are in fac- numbers among life-science PhDs has the well-being of the individuals ulty positions before the age of 37. been in the biomedical fields. involved. More of them are postdoctoral fellows, The 42% increase in PhD produc- The committee approached its first who, by most institutional regulations, tion between 1987 and 1996 was not task by analyzing data contained in the may not submit applications for individ- accompanied by a parallel increase in large databases maintained by the ual research grants. employment opportunities, and recent National Research Council Office of There have been major changes in graduates have increasingly found Scientific and Engineering Personnel, career opportunities for PhDs over the themselves in a “holding pattern” which provides the most comprehensive last 3 decades. Historically, the three reflected in the increase in the fraction and accurate record available of the major employment sectors for life sci- of young life scientists who after exten- educational course and employment entists have been academe, industry, sive postdoctoral apprenticeships still status of scientists educated to the PhD and government; academe has been the level in the United States. These records largest. The opportunity to secure an 1The committee defines the goal of are collected when degrees are awarded academic appointment has steadily nar- graduate education and postdoctoral training and updated biennially through surveys rowed since the 1960s. Of life scientists in the life sciences as the preparation of young scientists for careers as independent of a sample of doctorate holders. The who received the PhD in 1963 and researchers in academe, industry, govern- committee’s analysis included the 1964, 61% had achieved tenured ment, or a private research environment. We 1970-1995 surveys, and thus enabled appointments at universities or 4-year call positions in those careers “permanent”, documentation of trends in important colleges 10 years later. For the cohort although it is understood that no employ- career stages. who graduated in 1971-1972, that per- ment is guaranteed, to distinguish them from the “impermanent” positions, such as post- centage had dropped to 54%; and for doctoral and research associate-positions Findings the 1985-1986 cohort, to 38%. The held by persons whose career objective is to The training and career prospects of probability of industrial employment obtain permanent positions.

388 The Physiologist Trends in Early Research Careers have not obtained permanent full-time increased to the extent that it could pro- investigators concerns the committee. positions in the life sciences. In 1995, as vide needed research support.Schools The long times spent in training, the many as 38% of the life-science PhDs of medicine, where large numbers of delay in achieving independence, and —5-6 years after receipt of their doctor- PhDs are educated and work, are faced especially the difficulty in finding posi- ates—still held postdoctoral positions with the need to adjust to the era of tions where young scientists can inde- or other nonfaculty jobs in universities, “managed care” with a marked reduc- pendently use their training have led to were employed part-time, worked out- tion in income from clinical-practice a “crisis in expectation”. The feelings of side the sciences, or were among the plans that previously contributed sub- disappointment, frustration, and even steady 1-2% unemployed. The compa- stantially to the support of research and despair are palpable in the laboratories rable fraction in 1973 was only 11%. training. Finally, industry—and perhaps of academic centers. Many graduate What may be most alarming about the specifically the biotechnology sector — students entered life-science training 1995 figure is that it reflects the situa- which employed large numbers of new with the expectation that they would tions of those earning PhDs in 1989 and life-science PhDs in the 1980s, has become like their mentors: they would 1990, at the beginning of the sharp rise slowed its hiring in the 1990s. be able to establish laboratories in in the rate of PhD production. In response to the increasing diffi- which they would pursue research The frustration of young scientists culty of finding employment in tradi- based on their own scientific ideas. The caught in the holding pattern is under- tional sectors, trainees and their men- reality that now faces many of them standable. These people, most of whom tors have looked to alternative careers, seems very different. The future health are 35-40 years old, typically receive such as law, science writing, science of the life sciences depends on our con- low salaries and have little job security policy, and secondary-school teaching. tinuing to attract the most talented stu- or status within the university. Our analysis suggests that opportunities dents. That will require that students be Moreover, they are competing with a in these fields might not be as numerous realistically informed at the beginning rapidly growing pool of highly talented or as attractive as advocates of alterna- of their training of their chances of young scientists—including many high- tive careers imply. achieving their career goals and that ly qualified foreign postdoctoral fellows faculty recognize that current employ- —for a limited number of jobs in which Implications ment opportunities are different. The they can independently use their Whether the career trends described challenges for the life-science commu- research training. This situation—and above are a source of concern depends nity are to acknowledge that it is the its implications for both individual sci- on the viewpoint of the stakeholder structure of the profession that has led entists and the research enterprise—is a observing them. To the graduate student to declining prospects for its young and matter of concern to the committee. and postdoctoral trainee who have to develop accommodations to maxi- The committee viewed it as unlikely invested many years of preparation with mize the quantity and quality of the sci- that conditions will change enough in the expectation of having a research entific productivity of the future. the near future to provide employment career, the situation is discouraging for the large number of life-science indeed. To the established investigator Conclusions and Recommendations PhDs now waiting in the holding pat- and the overseers of life-science The committee’s analysis of the pat- tern. Federal funding for life-science research, the availability of large num- terns of employment of recent recipi- research is expected to grow but the bers of bright young scientists willing ents of life-science PhDs suggests that growth is unlikely to compensate for the to work very hard for relatively little the current level of PhD production now imbalance in production of PhDs as financial compensation is an asset that exceeds the current availability of jobs federal funding was growing substan- contributes to a remarkably successful in academe, government, and industry tially through the 1980s and 1990s enterprise. Since World War II, the where they can independently use their while the employment situation for the structure of life-science research has training. While only a small minority of increasing number of young life gradu- been built around these young scien- recent PhDs have left the field entirely, ates worsened. We believe that the tists, who are the primary producers of a large fraction of the “excess” supply is growth in funding does not ensure that research. The public, whose taxes sup- currently found in two kinds of appoint- trends in obtaining permanent jobs will port the enterprise, has benefitted from ments, “postdoctoral” and “other acade- improve. The cost of doing research at the abundance of young trainees. mic”, where they may be called “fel- private universities has been borne tra- The imbalance between the number lows”, “research assistants”, “adjunct ditionally by federal and private grant- of life-science PhDs being produced instructors” or some other title that con- ing agencies, and it is highly unlikely and the availability of positions that veys a clear message of impermanence that tuition, already high, can be permit them to become independent in academe—outside the tenure track of

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 389 Trends in Early Research Careers regular faculty. The professional struc- serve an emerging field or to encour- gram directors and that graduate pro- ture of the life sciences research enter- age the education of members of grams will continue to accept large prise, in which the important work of under-represented minority groups. numbers of students simply to meet conducting experiments rests almost The current rate of increase in their faculties’ need for instructors and entirely on the shoulders of graduate awards of life science PhDs—5.1% laboratory workers. The committee students and postdoctoral fellows, was from 1995 to 1996—if allowed to con- urges life-science faculties to seek alter- based on the premise that there would tinue, would result in a doubling of the natives to these workforce needs by be continuous expansion of available number of such PhDs in just 14 years. increasing the number of permanent independent research positions in order Our analysis suggests that would be laboratory workers. As the increases to provide employment commensurate deleterious to individuals and the over the last decade have been fueled with their training for the ever-growing research enterprise. The committee rec- almost entirely by the increased avail- number of trainees. By the 1980s, how- ognizes that the number of PhDs award- ability of federal and institutional sup- ever, there were signs of trouble ahead ed each year might already be too high. port for research assistants, considera- as the postdoctoral pool began to swell Although a return to pre-1988 levels of tion might be given to restricting the in size. The dramatic jump in number of training might be beneficial, we believe numbers of graduate students supported graduates from PhD programs that that a concentrated effort to reduce the through the research-grant mechanism. began in 1987, driven by the influx of size of graduate-student populations The committee believes the most foreign-born PhD candidates together rapidly would be disruptive to the high- prudent way to reasonably reduce the with the increase in foreign-trained ly successful research enterprise. While rate of increase in the number of PhDs PhDs who have sought postdoctoral our data show a current abundance, awarded annually and perhaps to training in the US, has greatly exacer- some unanticipated discovery in the life achieve a gradual reduction in the num- bated what was already the growing sciences or unexpected change in fund- bers being trained is to help students to imbalance between the rate of training ing trends might lead to an increase in make informed decisions about their versus the rate of growth in research- demand for life scientists. The commit- career choices. career opportunities. tee believes that the current system is To be effective, such decisions must Although the current abundance of well prepared to meet such a need. be based on relevant and up-to-date PhDs is an advantage to established We caution that it will be necessary information about both the quality of investigators, those responsible for to distinguish among fields when mak- the training available in particular grad- graduate education in the life sciences ing decisions about optimal numbers of uate programs and in the job opportuni- should realize that further growth in the graduate students. As shown in chapter ties of a given field. Equally important- rate of PhD training could adversely 2, almost all the increase in life-science ly, this information must be used by affect the future of the research enter- PhD production has been in biomedical individual graduate programs and men- prise. Intense competition for jobs has fields. Actions taken in one field of the tors in determining the numbers of created a “crisis of expectation” among life sciences might be unnecessary in trainees they accept and in assessing the young scientists; further increase in the others. It is worth noting, however, that effectiveness of their programs. It is our competition could discourage the best the data suggest that biomedical and expectation that such information will from entering the field. nonbiomedical life-science fields are have the salutary effect of letting market experiencing similar changes in forces control the rate of entry into the Recommendation 1: Restraint of employment trends, for example, small- profession before young people have the Rate of Growth of the Number of er fractions of PhDs finding permanent invested ten and more years in training. Graduate Students in the Life Sciences employment in academe. The committee examined several Recommendation 2: Dissemination The committee recommends that approaches to stabilizing the total num- of Accurate Information on the Career the life-science community constrain ber of PhDs produced by life-science Prospects of Young Life Scientists the rate of growth in the number of departments beyond the first and obvi- graduate students, that is, that there ous approach of individual action on the The committee recommends that be no further expansion in the size of part of graduate programs to constrain accurate and up-to-date information existing graduate-education pro- growth in the number of graduate stu- on career prospects in the life sci- grams in the life sciences and no dents enrolled. Some might argue that ences and career outcome informa- development of new programs, this solution is expecting unreasonably tion about individual training pro- except under rare and special cir- altruistic behavior on the part of estab- grams be made widely available to cumstances, such as a program to lished investigators and training-pro- students and faculty. Every life sci-

390 The Physiologist Trends in Early Research Careers ence department receiving federal The committee encourages all fed- grants ensures that taxpayers are receiv- funding for research or training eral agencies that support life-science ing the best return on their investment. should be required to provide to its education and research to invest in The committee is also concerned prospective graduate students specif- training grants and individual gradu- that the length of time spent in training ic information regarding all predoc- ate fellowships as preferable to has become too long at a median of 8 toral students enrolled in the gradu- research grants to support PhD edu- years elapsed time from first enrollment ate program during the preceding 10 cation. Agencies that lack such pro- to PhD for all life sciences (though field years. grams should look for ways to start differences exist). We believe that the With the most accurate information them, and agencies that already have time should be about 5-6 years. available, students will be able to make them should However, an immediate effort to short- informed decisions about their careers. seek ways to sustain and in some en the time to degree would increase the instances expand them. number of PhDs produced. Efforts to Recommendation 3: Improvement This recommendation should not shorten the time to degree should be of the Educational Experience of be pursued at the expense of scientif- undertaken when the effort to restrain Graduate Students ic and geographic diversity. Rather, growth in the number of PhDs has we encourage the establishment of shown positive effects. There is no clear evidence that small, focused training-grant pro- career outcomes of persons supported grams for universities that have Recommendation 4: Enhancement by training grants are superior to those groups of highly productive faculty in of Opportunities for Independence of of persons supported by research grants. important specialized fields, but Postdoctoral Fellows However, the committee, which includ- might not have the number of faculty ed members with direct experience with needed for more traditional, broad- While the length of graduate train- training grants, concluded that training based training grants. ing has been increasing, so too have the grants are pedagogically superior to It is true that the current regulations extent and duration of postdoctoral research grants and result in a superior governing NIH training grants bring training. Prolonged tenure as a postdoc- educational climate in which students universities some financial disadvan- toral fellow provides a person with have greater autonomy. First, training tages because of restricted overhead valuable research experience, but it car- grants are pedagogically superior recovery. Furthermore, NIH training ries some real costs. In most cases, fel- because they provide a mechanism for grants cannot support foreigners on stu- lows are not independent of their men- stringent peer review of the training dent visas, and so this recommendation tors so they can not pursue their own process itself, something that is not con- places at disadvantage programs that research. We recognize the many good sidered in the review of a research pro- depend on foreign students for research reasons for prolonged tenure as a post- ject. Second, they improve the educa- or teaching. These disadvantages are doctoral fellow but we believe that tional climate because they minimize outweighed, in the committee’s view, tenures longer than 5 years are not in the potential conflicts of interest that by the salutary effect that the training- the best interest of either the individual can arise between trainers and trainees. grant peer-review process brings to the fellow or the scientific enterprise. Although the student-mentor relation- members of a department faculty, lead- Because of its concern for opti- ship is ordinarily healthy and produc- ing them to examine and reflect on how, mizing the creativity of young scien- tive for both partners, it can be distorted as an entity, they are providing for the tists and broadening the variety of by the conditions of the mentor’s education and training of their graduate scientific problems under study in the employment of the student and limit the students. life sciences the committee recom- ability of students to take advantage of Our endorsement of training grants mends that public and private fund- opportunities to broaden their educa- and fellowships is not intended to result ing agencies establish “career-transi- tion. Third, training grants provide the in the training of more PhDs. Rather we tion” grants for senior postdoctoral federal government with information advocate a shift from support by fellows. The intent is to identify the that it needs to evaluate the level of its research grants to training grants. We highest-quality scientists while they investment in graduate life-science edu- anticipate improvements in the quality are still postdoctoral fellows and give cation with the aim of developing a and oversight of graduate education in them financial independence to begin funding framework for graduate educa- the life sciences. The federal govern- new scientific projects of their own tion that contributes to the long-term ment is already heavily invested in life- design in anticipation of their obtain- stability and well-being of the research science education; greater reliance on ing fully independent positions. enterprise. support of graduate students on training The committee recommends a

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 391 Trends in Early Research Careers goal of 200 federal and private grants life-science research skills. The com- year colleges, would benefit from for- awarded annually, representing mittee believes that the idea of alterna- mal and focused master’s-degree pro- about 1% of the postdoctoral pool. tive careers should not be oversold to grams that do not require long periods That number of people supported PhD candidates. of research-intensive graduate and post- would be quite small but the program The interest in alternative careers doctoral training. Master’s-degree pro- might provide an important opportu- for PhD scientists has inevitably raised grams would not only be more appro- nity for the most promising postdoc- the question of whether preparation for priate but also be preferable to the PhD toral fellows and serve as both exam- the degree should be changed from its for this type of employment and these ple and incentive to many more. We current narrow focus on training for the students. make this recommendation with the conduct of scientific research to We recommend that universities knowledge that it is possible that the embrace a broader variety of education- identify specific areas of the biologi- money for a new federal grant program al goals that would connect to alterna- cal and biomedical sciences for which probably would come from existing tive career paths. The committee has master’s level training is more appro- federal funds. In our view, the benefits discussed that question extensively. priate, more efficient and less costly of increased intellectual independence The committee recommends that than PhD training. We recommend and improved motivation of talented the PhD degree remain a research- that focused master’s programs be midcareer postdoctoral fellows justify intensive degree, with the current pri- established in those areas. such a reallocation of funds. Private mary purpose of training future inde- A vigorous master’s-degree pro- funders might establish new programs pendent scientists. gram that produces highly skilled labo- or enlarge existing programs that sup- At the same time, the committee ratory technicians for industry, govern- port career-transition grants. recognizes that not all students who ment, and academe could potentially begin graduate school intending to pur- contribute to righting the imbalance Recommendation 5: Alternative sue a research career maintain that between PhD training and the labor Paths to Careers in the Life Sciences desire as they progress through training. market. When the committee recom- Graduate programs should expand their mended constraint in further growth in As traditional research positions in efforts to help students learn about the training in recommendation 1, it was academe, industry, and government diversity of career opportunities open to fully aware that graduate students are have become more difficult to obtain, them, and university departments needed in the labor-intensive life-sci- positions in “alternative careers”—such should examine possible alternatives to ence research enterprise and to teach as law, finance, journalism, teaching, the research PhD. undergraduates. One way to resolve this and public policy—have been suggest- One alternative to broadening the dilemma is to effect a modest shift ed as opportunities for PhDs in the life PhD program is to strengthen the mas- toward a more permanent laboratory sciences. ter’s degree, which may be a more workforce by replacing some fraction The idea of highly trained scientists appropriate end point for students who of the existing training positions with investing their talents in nontraditional determine early enough in their training permanent employees such as MSc- careers seems at first glance attractive. that PhD training is not necessary for level technicians and PhD-level Scientists have analytical skills and a the career goals they have selected. research associates. work ethic to bring to any position, and There has been a decline in the number the placement of highly trained scien- of master’s-degree programs in the life The Impact of Foreign Nationals tists in diverse jobs in the workforce sciences and with it a growing percep- This report has documented that the would lead to an increase in general sci- tion that the master’s degree has majority of the recent increase in the ence literacy. As the committee’s review become a consolation prize for those number of PhD trainees and postdoctor- of alternative opportunities concludes, who do not complete a PhD program. al fellows are foreign nationals, not US however, most of the possibilities are This devaluation of the master’s citizens. The number of foreign nation- less available or less attractive than they degree effectively limits the number of als reflects the international nature of might at first glance appear. Many choices for college graduates who are modern science and the central place “alternative” careers are also heavily interested in a career in the life sci- that the US plays in this international populated, and competition for good ences, although not necessarily careers arena. Furthermore, foreign nationals positions is stiff. Others require special in directing laboratories conducting have traditionally contributed to the preparation or certification, or offer fundamental research. For example, the excellence of US science, as suggested unattractive compensation, and none college graduate who is interested in by the fact that of the 732 members of makes full use of the PhD’s hard won teaching in secondary school or two- the National Academy of Sciences who

392 The Physiologist Trends in Early Research Careers are life scientists, 21.2% are foreign nied by a commensurate adjustment in Individual faculty members must be born and 12.4% obtained their PhD the rate of training. The impact of the willing to set aside their short-term self- training abroad. Foreign nationals’ imbalance between the number of aspi- interest in maintaining the high level of important contributions to US scientific rants and the research opportunities is staffing of their laboratories for the sake leadership is reflected in their represen- now being felt by a generation of scien- of the long-term stability and well- tation as department chairs (25%) and tists trained in the last 10 years who are being of the scientific workforce. their inclusion as “outstanding authors” finding it increasingly difficult to find Directors of graduate programs must be in life sciences (26.4%). Foreign stu- permanent positions in which their willing to examine the future workforce dents and fellows are welcome partici- hard-accumulated skills in research can needs of the scientific fields in which pants in the research enterprise, provid- be used. Unless steps are taken to put they train, not just the current needs of ed they are of high quality and compet- the system more in balance, the differ- their individual departments for itive with American applicants. ence between students’ expectations research and teaching assistants. We believe it would be unwise to and the reality of the employment mar- The recommendations in this report place arbitrary limitations on the num- ket will only widen and the workforce are offered as first steps to improve the ber of visas issued for foreign students. will become more disaffected. Such an overall quality of training and career But we do not believe that US institu- occurrence would damage the life-sci- prospects of future life scientists. We tions should continue to enroll unlimit- ence research enterprise and all the par- hope that the information in this report ed numbers of foreign nationals. As ticipants in it. will be used to begin discussions within decisions are made on ways to constrain The training of life scientists is a high- the life-science community on the best further growth, the measures adopted ly decentralized activity. Notwithstanding ways to prepare future scientists for should apply equally to all students the heavy dependence on federal funds, exciting careers in the profession and to regardless of nationality. the most important decisions affecting protect the vitality of the life-science If, as we hope, implementation of the rate of production of life scientists research enterprise. ❖ our recommendations results in con- are made locally by the universities and straining further growth in PhDs award- their faculties. The numbers and qualifi- Members of the Committee included: ed in the life sciences, we urge our col- cations of students admitted to graduate Shirley Tilghman (Chair), Helen S. leagues on graduate admissions com- study, the allocation of institutional Astin, William Brinkley, Mary Dell mittees to resist the temptation to funds for their tuition and stipends Chilton, Michael P. Cummings, Ronald respond by simply increasing the num- (which account for half or more of the G. Ehrenberg, Mary Frank Fox, Kevin ber of foreign applicants admitted. total expenditures for graduate-student Glenn, Pamela J. Green, Sherrie Hans, support), the requirements for the Arthur Kelman, Jules PaPidus, Bruce Responsibility for Effecting Change degree—all are local decisions. As a Levin, J. Richard McIntosh, Henry This report has documented several consequence, a large portion of the Riecken, Paula E. Stephan. dramatic changes in career trends in the responsibility for implementing our rec- life sciences over the last several ommendations falls on the shoulders of decades. The rapid growth in the acade- established investigators, their depart- Additional copies of this report are avail- mic scientific establishment in the ments and universities, professional sci- able from: 1960s and the early 1970s set in place a entific organizations, and students National Academy Press 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW training infrastructure that was built on themselves. Students must take the Box 285 the premise that there would be contin- responsibility of making informed deci- Washington, DC 20055 ued growth. When the inevitable slow- sions about graduate study, but they 800-624-6242 down in resources to support that must be provided accurate career infor- 202-334-3313 growth occurred, it was not accompa- mation on which to base their decisions. http://www.nap.edu A Matter of Opinion Long Term Solution to a Short Term Problem The report entitled “Trends in Early PhD postdoctoral fellows who are my opinion that the main recommenda- Research Careers of Life Scientists” unable to land tenure-earning faculty tion, a freeze on the number of trainees, (TERC) of the National Academy of positions within a reasonable time is not justified. The majority of the rec- Sciences addresses an acute and painful frame. While most of the recommenda- ommendations, including better career issue, namely the excess number of tions of the study are worthwhile, it is guidance for the graduate students and

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 393 A Matter of Opinion postdoctoral fellows, shortening of the are often fewer requirements or over- increasing rapidly; these funding time to degree, a return to more federal sight of trainees supported by the R-01. increases will require more scientists in training grants, and institutional moni- Even worse, federal policies often force government, industry, and yes, even toring of international trainees, are long trainees supported by the R-01 to be academia. These new academic oppor- overdue. treated as employees. Hopefully the tunities will not necessarily be as Very few universities have any Presidential Review Directive will tenure-earning faculty, however. These structured programs or mechanisms to address and remedy these policies. new positions must be permanent posi- regularly advise their trainees about The increasing number of interna- tions with full benefits including health permanent employment opportunities in tional trainees reflects the global nature and life insurance and retirement plans. the changing job markets. The trainees of science. Unfortunately many of these The opportunity to apply for grants and are too often “on their own” to find international trainees are used as rela- serve as a PI must be available to these their next position. Successful guidance tively cheap labor in the absence of scientists. programs for graduate students and qualified domestic employees. The 2) The rapid progress in sequencing postdoctoral fellows must be developed institution’s policy on education and of the human genome (as well as the and copied. These programs must be a training should not be used to solve other animal and plant genomes) will joint effort of the mentors, training pro- labor shortages. America was built by quickly lead to research opportunities in grams, and university administration. immigration and bright international protein research and then to physiologi- The time to the PhD degree has trainees in the sciences must continue to cal research (“functional genomics”). gradually increased to a length that is study here but they must not be abused. There will soon be infinitely more prob- discouraging to many students. The Fortunately it is generally possible lems to solve. open-ended nature of research and to modify the training policies and 3) The largest group of biomedical training should not result in a semi-per- behaviors of universities and principle scientists that the world has ever seen is manent life style of servitude. While we investigators. Positive financial incen- the baby-boomers. These 42- to 52- are training “problem solvers,” most tives (rather than punitive financial dis- year-old biomedical scientists have graduate students will enjoy a postdoc- incentives) must be provided by the moved into the tenured faculty positions toral experience that will continue their NIH to carefully and systematically and will soon move into the ranks of development as independent scientists. improve biomedical training. administration. Within 10 years or less Most PhD graduates are no more pre- While it is indeed frustrating and the baby boomers will realize the bene- pared to act as independent investiga- unfortunate that some well-trained sci- fits of early retirement, leaving the bio- tors than recent graduates of our med- entists in the life sciences cannot land medical professions with a “workforce ical schools are prepared to be indepen- permanent faculty appointments at the vacuum.” While its true that some will dent physicians before a period of resi- prestigious universities, there are still work beyond 70 years of age, most of dency. Mentors, graduate committees, many job openings which need PhD- this Viet Nam era generation will opt and programs must set realistic goals level training. These opportunities may for a generous retirement provided by that can be achieved in a 48- to 60- be in less prestigious institutions or in the bullish stock market. If doctoral month period. Continuous graduate less attractive locations but they are training trends continue, it will take 5 training that stretches into six and seven real. Industry (which is unfortunately years to train the new PhD and another years (or longer) needs serious evalua- still perceived by some faculty mentors 3-4 years of postdoctoral experience to tion and modification. Postdoctoral as less than desirable for their academic independence. There’s your 10 years training that exceeds five years without children) continues to employ a high when demand will soar. full employment benefits also requires percentage of biomedical scientists who Thus the main TERC recommenda- re-evaluation. are team oriented. tion seems to be a long-term solution to The NIH training grant is viewed by I fear that the negative tone of the a short-term problem. If today’s post- many as the “gold standard” for the TERC report may discourage some of doctoral fellows are having employ- education of graduate students and the bright domestic undergraduates ment difficulties, then we need solu- postdoctoral fellows. However, limited from entering into biomedical sciences tions for today, not a solution that slows training grant opportunities over the training, precisely at a time when we the growth of the workforce pipeline, past two decades have concentrated need them to train for exciting careers the effects of which are 10 years away. these grants into fewer universities and in biomedical research. have shifted the majority of federal sup- Three reasons convince me of a port of biomedical trainees to the R-01. bright future: Gilbert R. Hageman, PhD This in itself is not always bad but there 1) The NIH and NSF budgets are University of Alabama at Birmingham

394 The Physiologist APS News

Bylaw Changes Proposed by Council

The following proposals to amend SECTION 4 to be renumbered SEC- honorary members shall be by vote of the Society Bylaws were approved by TION 3. secret ballot by members of Council. A Council at its summer meeting in two-thirds majority of the members pre- Bethesda. These proposed amendments SECTION 5 to be renumbered SEC- sent and voting shall be necessary for will be presented to the membership for TION 4. election. vote at the Spring Business Meeting, Tuesday, April 20, 1999, in Washington, SECTION 65. Emeritus Members. A SECTION 1110. Voting. Only regular DC. regular or corresponding member may members shall be voting members. apply to Council for transfer to emeritus Corresponding, Honorary, affiliate, and Membership membership if that person (1) has emeritus members shall have the privi- reached the age of 65 and is retired from lege of attending Business Meetings of At the summer Council meeting, regular employment or (2) has been the Society but shall have no vote. Council unanimously approved the rec- forced to retire from regular employ- ommendation of the Membership ment because of illness or disability. An SECTION 12 to be renumbered SEC- Committee to discontinue the member- emeritus member may be restored to TION 11. ship category of Corresponding regular membership status on request to Members and allow foreign members to Council. have the rights and privileges of ARTICLE VI. Dues Regular Members. It also approved the SECTION 76. Student Members. Any recommendation to accept foreign stu- student who is actively engaged in SECTION 1. Annual Dues. The annual dents as student members. The amend- physiological work at an institution in dues for regular members, correspond- ed wording of Articles III The Americas as attested to by two reg- ing members, affiliate members, and (Membership), Article IV (Officers), ular members of the Society shall be eli- student members shall be determined and VI (Dues) are presented below. gible for proposal for student member- by the Council and shall be paid in ship. No individual may remain in this advance of July 1. Honorary members ARTICLE III. Membership category for more than five years, with- and emeritus members shall pay no out reapplying. membership dues. SECTION 1. The Society shall con- SECTION 8 to be renumbered SEC- sist of regular, corresponding, honorary, SECTION 2. Nonpayment of Dues. A TION 7. affiliate, emeritus, student, and sustain- regular member, corresponding mem- ing associate members. ber, affiliate member, or student mem- SECTION 98. Nominations for ber whose dues are two years in arrears Membership. Two regular members of SECTION 2. Regular Members. Any shall cease to be a member of the the Society must nominate a person for person who has conducted and pub- Society, unless, after payment of dues in regular, corresponding, or affiliate lished meritorious original research in arrears and application to the Council, membership on APS membership appli- physiology, and who is presently he/she shall be reinstated at the next cation forms. provided by the Executive engaged in physiological work, and meeting by vote of the Council. It shall Director. In the nomination of corre- who is a resident of The Americas shall be the duty of the President-Elect to sponding members, a corresponding or be eligible for proposal for regular notify the delinquent of his/her right to honorary member of the Society may membership in the Society. request reinstatement. substitute for one of the regular mem- bers. SECTION 3. Corresponding Members. a. The Membership Committee shall SECTION 3. Retirement. A regular Any person who has conducted and assess the qualifications of potential member or corresponding member, who published meritorious research in phys- regular and corresponding members has been granted emeritus membership iology, who is presently engaged in and recommend nominations to status is relieved from the payment of physiological work and who resides Council. dues but retains the other privileges of outside of The Americas shall be eligi- his/her former membership status, ble for proposal for corresponding SECTION 109. Election of Members. except voting privileges. membership in the Society. Election of regular, corresponding, and

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 395 APS News

Joint Program Committee section membership. to appoint and compensate the The Executive Director shall pro- Publications Manager who shall assist In addition, Council also unani- vide assistance to sections in the carry- in carrying out the functions of the mously approved the newly restructured ing out of section business. Publications Committee under the Joint Program Committee’s suggested Nothing in a section’s Statement of supervision of the Executive Director. changes to the Bylaws. The amended Organization and Procedures may be The President, Executive Director and versions of Articles V (Standing construed as contradictory to the the Publications Manager shall be ex Committees) and X (Society Sections Constitution and Bylaws or Operational officio members of the Publications and Affiliations) are presented below. Guide of the Society. Committee without vote. The Committee shall have the power to ARTICLE V. Standing Committees Other Amendments appoint editorial boards for the Society’s publications. The Committee SECTION 5. Joint Program Committee. In addition, Article IV (Officers) shall present an annual report on publi- A Joint Program Committee composed requires changes to bring it up-to-date cations and policies to the Council for of six regular members of the Society with current procedures. approval and present an annual budget appointed by Council and elected repre- coordinated through the Executive sentatives of the sections and groups ARTICLE IV. Officers Director, to the Finance Committee for shall be responsible for scientific pro- its approval and recommendation to grams of the Society. with the assis- SECTION 2. President. A person shall Council. tance of the Program Advisory serve only one term as president, except Committee. The term of each member that if the President-Elect becomes SECTION 2. Finance Committee. A shall be for three years; a member may President after September 30 hehe/she Finance Committee, composed of four not serve more than two consecutive shall continue as President for the year regular members of the Society appoint- terms. The Council shall designate the beginning at the next July 1end of the ed by Council, shall receive the total Chairperson of the Committee, who Spring Council meeting. The President coordinated budget proposals annually shall be an ex officio member of the shall chair all sessions of the Council from the Executive Director and shall Council, without vote. The President-Elect and Business Meetings of the Society determine the annual budgets, reserve and Executive Director shall be ex officio and shall be an ex officio member of all funds and investments of the Society, members, without vote. committees without vote. subject to approval by the Council. The term of each member of the Finance ARTICLE X. Society Sections and The other changes listed below are to Committee shall be three years; a mem- Affiliations bring the Bylaws into conformity. with ber may not serve more than two con- gender nonspecificity. secutive terms. The Council shall desig- SECTION 1. Society Sections. Upon nate the ChairmanChairperson of the acceptance of a Statement of ARTICLE V. Standing Committees Committee who shall be an ex officio Organization and Procedures and member of the Council, without vote. approval by Council, an appropriate SECTION 1. Publications Committee. On advice of the Finance Committee group of regular members of the A Publications Committee composed of and consent of Council, the Executive Society may form a section which five regular members of the Society Director shall be empowered to appoint encompasses an area of physiology. appointed by Council shall be responsi- and compensate a Business Manager Such sections shall: a. participate in the ble for the management of all of the who shall assist in carrying out the governance of the Society by electing a publications of the Society. The term of functions of the Finance Committee representative to the Section Advisory each member of the Publications under the supervision of the Executive Committee; b. advise the Society on Committee shall be three years; a mem- Director. The Past President shall serve matters of interest to the specialty group ber may not serve more than two con- as a voting member of the Finance represented in the section; c. assist the secutive terms. The Council shall desig- Committee. The President-Elect, Society in organization of scientific nate the ChairmanChairperson of the President, Executive Director, the meetings by electing a member to the Committee who shall be an ex officio Chairman Chairperson of the Joint Program Committee; d. nominate member of the Council, without vote. Publications Committee, and the individuals for membership on Society On the advice of the Publications Business Manager shall be ex officio committees; e. be open to all members Committee and consent of Council, the members of the Finance Committee, of the Society expressing an interest in Executive Director shall be empowered without vote.

396 The Physiologist APS News

SECTION 3. Membership Committee. officer of the educational programs with ChairmanChairperson of the Publications A Membership Committee, composed approval of the Council. The Committee (alternate, the senior member of six or more regular members of the Committee shall present an annual of the Committee); 2) the President of Society appointed by the Council, shall report to the Council and an annual bud- the Society (alternate, the receive and review processed applica- get through the Executive Director to President-Elect); 3) the Executive tions for membership and make recom- the Finance Committee for its approval. Director (alternate, the Publications mendations for nomination to the Manager); 4) and 5) any two members Council. The term of each member of SECTION 8. Term of Office of of Council. The Finance Committee the Membership Committee shall be ChairmanChairperson. The Chairman shall not recommend to Council the three years; a member shall not be eligi- Chairperson of a standing committee expenditure of any of this capital fund ble for immediate reappointment. The may serve one full term in that capacity for non-publication purposes without ChairmanChairperson of the Committee in addition to any consecutive term as a the consent of the Publications shall be designated by the Council. committee member limited by other Committee. The Finance Committee provisions of these Bylaws. shall be responsible for the separate SECTION 4. Education Committee. An investment of the reserve fund for pub- Education Committee, composed of ARTICLE VII. Financial lications; any capital gains from such five or more regular members of the investment shall accrue to the fund Society and representatives of such SECTION 3. Publications Contingency (capital losses will, however, reduce its other societies as may be designated by and Reserve Fund. The Publications value). Any dividends, interest or the Council, appointed by the Council, Contingency and Reserve Fund shall income, other than capital gains, from shall conduct such educational, teach- consist of the long-term capital invest- this invested fund may be used for ing and recruitment programs as may be ments of publication earnings. The emergency support of any of the activi- required or deemed advisable. The term Executive Director, with advice from ties of the Society, including publica- of each member of the Education the Finance Committee, shall have dis- tions, as determined annually by the Committee shall be three years. The cretionary and signatory powers, except Council, but the primary goal shall be to ChairmanChairperson of the Committee for withdrawals. Authority for any with- increase the investment capital. ❖ shall be designated by the Council. The drawal from this fund shall require the Executive Director may act as executive following five signatures: 1) the Second Federation of European Physiological Societies (FEPS) June 30 -July 4, 1999 Prague, Czech Republic The Final Announcement and Call for Abstracts has Congress Deadlines now been printed for the 2nd FEPS Congress. Abstract Submission The scientific program has been finalized and includes 7 and Early Registration February 1, 1999 plenary lectures, 21 symposia and 3 workshops, along with Accommodation Reservation April 30, 1999 7 poster sessions and 7 oral communication sessions. The Cancellation of Registration June 1, 1999 Congress abstracts will be published in Physiological Research, and, in addition, the abstracts will be published in electronic form on the Physiological Research website. Plenary Lectures Copies of the Final Announcement can be obtained by contacting the Congress Secretariat at: J. Bure G.E. Bisgard Second FEPS Congress Secretariat P. Jonas M.M. Merzenich Czech Medical Association J.E. Purkyn E. Neher Y. Touitou Sokolsk< 31 E.R. Weibel 120 26 Prague 2, Czech Republic TEL: +420 2 297-271 or FAX: +420 2 294 610 Email: [email protected] Round Table Current information about the Congress, as well as the registration and abstract forms, is also available on the Physiome - the Future of Physiology Congress web site: http://uemweb.biomed.cas.ca/FEPS99.htm Chair: R.S. Reneman

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 397 APS News

1999 Officers and Standing Committees APS Council investigates new means of funding for M. Harold Laughlin (2000) the APS awards program, and selects Thomas E. Lohmeier (2001) Officers The Research Career Enhancement Marshall H. Montrose (2001) L. Gabriel Navar, President (1999) Awardees and Postdoctoral Fellowship Mrinalini C. Rao (2000) Walter F. Boron, President-Elect (1999) Awardees. Mary F. Ruh (1999) Allen W. Cowley, Jr., Past President (1999) Dee U. Silverthorn (2001) Councillors Ethan R. Nadel, Chair (2001) William T. Talman (1999) Dale J. Benos (2000) Thomas H. Adair (1999) Ethan R. Nadel (2001) William L. Joyner (2000) Ray G. Daggs Award Sadis Matalon (2001) Celia D. Sladek (1999) Annually selects a member of the Richard J. Traystman (2000) Roger G. O’Neil (1999) Thomas V. Peterson (2000) Society to receive this award in recogni- John A. Williams (1999) tion of distinguished service to APS and Phyllis M. Wise (2001) Patricia Preisig (2001) John B. Stokes (1999) to the science of physiology. ex officio members Pamela J. Gunter-Smith, ex officio (2001) Barbara E. Goodman, Education (2000) Kim E. Barrett, ex officio (1999) Ronald H. Freeman, Chair (1999) Edward H. Blaine, Finance (1999) Beverly P. Bishop (2000) Judith A. Neubauer, Program (2001) Career Opportunities James E. Faber (2001) Dale J. Benos, Publications (2001) in Physiology John E. Hall, Section Advisory (1999) Education Provides Council with information Provides leadership and guidance regarding availability and needs for Society Standing in the area of physiology education of appropriately trained physiological per- undergraduate, graduate, and profes- Committees sonnel and recommends measures to sional students; recommends objectives assure appropriate balance in the supply for the graduate programs in physiolo- Animal Care and Experimentation and demand for physiologists. gy; and organizes workshops on the Maintains and updates the APS application of new techniques in physi- Edward J. Zambraski, Chair (2000) “Guiding Principles in the Care and Use ological problems. Francis L. Belloni (2001) of Animals,” provides consultation David P. Brooks (2000) regarding animal experimental proce- Barbara E. Goodman, Chair (2000) Nicholas S. Gantenberg (1999) dures and care, and keeps abreast of leg- George T. Blevins (2000) Thomas C. Herzig (2001) islation and new developments in ani- William M. Chilian (1999) Raul Martinez-Zaguilan (2000) mal models for student teaching and Linda S. Costanzo (1999) Jo Rae Wright (1999) alternatives for animal usage. John R. Dietz (1999) Committee on Committees Cheryl M. Heesch (2001) C. Terrance Hawk, Chair (2000) Andrew J. Lechner (2000) Susan E. Jacobs-Kaufman (2000) Serves as an advisory committee to James C. Schadt (1999) Lorenz O. Lutherer (1999) Council to make recommendations for Steven S. Segal (2000) Steven W. Mifflin (2001) nominees to the standing committees Richard C. Vari (2001) John N. Stallone (1999) and reviews charges of the various com- Mary Anne Rokitka, ex officio (1999) Linda A. Toth (2001) mittees regarding overlapping responsi- Penny Hansen, ex officio (2001) Jennifer Laiprasert, student member (1999) bilities. Edward J. Zambraski, ex officio (2000) Terry J. Opgenorth, ex officio (2001) Joseph R. Haywood, ex officio (2000) Celia D. Sladek, Chair (1999) Finance Phyllis M. Wise, Incoming Chair (2001) Reviews the proposed annual bud- Awards William J. Arendshorst (1999) get and fiscal plan for all Society activ- James B. Bassingthwaighte (2000) Oversees the award programs of ities and recommends a final budget and Beverly P. Bishop (1999) the Society to ensure uniformity and implementation plan to Council. Eldon J. Braun (2000) conformity with the goals of APS, Supervises the investment of the Steven C. George (2001)

398 The Physiologist APS News

Society’s financial resources subject to William W. Chin (2000) to encourage high school and college approval of Council. Steven R. Gullans (2000) students to choose a career in physiology. Joseph M. Metzger (2000) Terry J. Opgenorth, Chair (2001) Edward H. Blaine, Chair (1999) Scott K. Powers (2001) Salah D. Kivlighn (2000) Steven L. Britton (2001) Richard Roman (1999) Robert Murray (2000) William H. Dantzler (2001) Curt D. Sigmund (2000) David M. Pollock (1999) David R. Harder (2000) Walter F. Boron, ex officio (1999) Francis G. Spinale (1999) Allen W. Cowley, Jr. (1999) Cardiovascular Louis Van de Kar (2000) L. Gabriel Navar, ex officio (1999) R. John Solaro (2001) and Edward J. Zambraski, ex officio (2000) Walter F. Boron, ex officio (1999) H. Glenn Bohlen (2000) Barbara E. Goodman, ex officio (2000) Dale J. Benos, ex officio (2001) Cell and Molecular Physiology Judith A. Neubauer, ex officio (2001) Simon A. Lewis (1999) Honorary Membership Central Nervous System Long-Range Planning Susan M. Barman (1999) Recommends to Council distin- Comparative Physiology Advises and reports annually to guished scientists who have contributed Stephen C. Wood (2001) Council and interacts with the Section to the advancement of physiology as Endocrinology and Metabolism Advisory Committee; prepares system- candidates for honorary membership. Charles H. Lang (2001) atic, periodic analyses and realistic Environmental and Exercise Physiology assessments of past and present Societal Vernon S. Bishop, Chair (1999) Ronald L. Terjung (1999) performance and accomplishments; Leonard S. Jefferson (2001) Gastrointestinal conducts review of the Society’s rela- Franklyn G. Knox (2000) Helen Raybould (1999) tionships with other organizations; and Neural Control and Autonomic devises specific goals and objectives International Physiology Regulation pertinent to the future scientific mission Facilitates interchange between Frank J. Gordon (1999) of APS and American physiology. APS, other physiological societies, and Renal Reviews the progress of the Strategic their individual members; handles all Jeffrey L. Garvin (2000) and Plan annually, conducts studies as matters pertaining to international phys- Jurgen B. Schnermann (1999) assigned by Council, and prepares pro- iological affairs, with an emphasis on Respiration posals. developing countries; and maintains a Ivan F. McMurtry (1999) clearinghouse for linkages with devel- Teaching of Physiology Brian R. Duling, Chair (1999) oping countries. Ann P. McNeal (2000) William H. Beierwaltes (2001) Water and Electrolyte Homeostasis Helen J. Cooke (1999) Hector Rasgado-Flores, Chair (2001) Joseph R. Haywood (1999) Gregory D. Fink (2001) Walter N. Duran (1999) Epithelial Transport Group Robert D. Foreman (1999) Bernice Grafstein (2000) John Cuppoletti (1999) Richard Hawkins (2000) John E. Greenleaf (1999) History of Physiology Group Barbara A. Horwitz (2000) Carmen Hinojosa-Laborde (2001) Henry Brown. (1999) Richard J. Traystman, Council member (2000) J. Carlos Romero (1999) Hypoxia Group Aviad Haramati, ex officio (2000) Nanduri R. Prabhakar (1999) Membership Myobio Group Shu Chien, ex officio (2000) Considers all matters pertaining to Thomas M. Nosek (1999) membership, reviews and evaluates Joint Program Members in Industry Group applications received from candidates Terry J. Opgenorth (2001) Develops the scientific programs for membership, and recommends to Education Committee for the Society and assists Council in Council the nominees for election to Barbara E. Goodman (2000) and shaping policy for scientific programs regular and corresponding membership. and in the organization of fall confer- Penny Hansen (2001) ences. Liaison With Industry Sue Amy Shapses, Chair (1999) Judith A. Neubauer, Chair (2001) Fosters interactions and improved Pamela K. Carmines (1999) Michael Andresen (2000) relations between the Society and Meredith Hay (2000) Michael Caplan (2001) industry and cooperates with the Career Raouf A. Khalil (2001) Catherine Chew (2000) Opportunities in Physiology Committee Ali A. Khraibi (1999)

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 399 APS News

Martha E. O’Donnell (2001) C. Terrance Hawk, ex officio (2000) Water and Electrolyte Homeostasis Jeanne L. Seagard (1999) Terry J. Opgenorth, ex officio (2001) Ronald H. Freeman (2000)

Perkins Memorial Fellowship Publications Senior Physiologists Manages all Society publications, Selects recipients for visiting scien- Maintains liaison with senior and including the appointment of editors tist family support awards and supervis- emeritus members and assists in the and editorial boards, and supervises the es administration of the Perkins Funds. selection of recipients of the G. Edgar Book Advisory Committees (hand- Folk, Jr. grants. books, technical series, and history) to Aviad Haramati, Chair (2000) ensure timely publication. Klaus W. Beyenbach (2001) Eugene M. Renkin, Chair (2001) Matthew J. Kluger (2000) Michael Bárány (2000) Dale J. Benos, Chair (2001) Arthur D. Loewy (2000) Arthur E. Baue (2001) David H. Alpers (2001) Molly P. Hauck, ex officio (indefinite) Stephen M. Cain (1999) R. Davis Manning, Jr. (2000) Lerner B. Hinshaw (2001) Porter Physiology James A. Schafer (2001) Arthur J. Vander (1999) Development Stephen H. Wright (1999) Kenneth L. Zierler (2000) L. Gabriel Navar, ex officio (1999) Selects recipients for visiting scien- Women in Physiology tists and professorships and teaching Section Advisory and training fellowships, aimed at Deals with all issues pertaining to improving physiological departments of Recommends to Council ways to education, employment, and profes- medical schools with predominately strengthen the Sections’ roles in pro- sional opportunities for women in phys- minority enrollments. Counsels under- grams, public affairs, and goverance of iology. Develops programs to provide developed physiology departments, the Society; serves as a Nominating incentives enabling graduate students to assists in the selection of NIDDK Committee to nominate Society offi- present their research work at APS minority fellowship awards, and super- cers; and nominates members as candi- meetings, coordinates activities with vises the administration of the Porter dates for service on Society commit- other committees on women in the Fund. tees. FASEB organization, administers the John E. Hall, Chair (1999) Caroline tum Suden Professional Opportunities Awards, and provides Pamela J. Gunter-Smith, CoChair (2001) Cardiovascular mentoring opportunities for members. H. Maurice Goodman, CoChair (2001) Kathleen H. Berecek (2001) Martha L. Blair (1999) Cell and Molecular Physiology Parimal Chowdhury (2001) Kim E. Barrett, Chair (1999) Robert B. Gunn (2001) J. Andrew Daubenspeck (2000) Susan M. Barman (1999) Jeffrey L. Garvin (2000) Central Nervous System Ann Bonham (1999) Irving G. Joshua (1999) Bruce G. Lindsey (1999) Lisa M. Harrison-Bernard (2001) Evangeline D. Motley (2001) Comparative Physiology Ulla C. Kopp (1999) Marian R. Walters (2000) David H. Evans (2000) Carole M. Liedtke (2001) Endocrinology and Metabolism Alice R. Villalobos (1999) Public Affairs David H. Wasserman (2001) Erin L. Seifert, student member (1999) Advises Council on all matters per- Environmental and Exercise Physiology taining to public affairs that affect phys- Charles M. Tipton (2000) Society Representatives to iologists and implements public affairs Gastrointestinal Physiology Other Organizations activities in response to Council guid- Hannah V. Carey (2000) Association for Assessment and ance. Neural Control and Autonomic Regulation Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Joseph R. Haywood, Chair (2000) Eileen M. Hasser (1999) Care, International Philip S. Clifford (2000) Renal Physiology C. Terrance Hawk (2000) David J. Dzielak (2000) Mark A. Knepper (1999) Andrea R. Gwosdow (2001) Respiration American Association for the Ralph Lydic (1999) Thomas R. Martin (1999) Advancement of Science Timothy I. Musch (2001) Teaching of Physiology Lynne E. Olson (2001) David W. Ploth (1999) Robert G. Carroll (1999) Frank L. Powell (2001)

400 The Physiologist APS News

Council of Academic Societies of the Excellence in Science Award Committee Wellcome Visiting Professorship Association of American Medical Kim E. Barrett (1999) M. Ian Phillips (2001) Colleges Vernon S. Bishop (2001) Research & Education Committee National Association for Biomedical William H. Dantzler (2000) Mary Anne Frey (2000) Research Martin Frank (indefinite) Federation of American Societies for Public Affairs Executive Committee Experimental Biology Board James A. Schafer (1999) US National Committee for IUPS James A. Schafer (1999) Walter F. Boron (2001) L. Gabriel Navar (2001) Public Affairs Advisory Committee Allen W. Cowley, Jr. (1999) Joseph R. Haywood (2000) L. Gabriel Navar (2000) Executive Officers Advisory Committee Martin Frank (indefinite) Publications & Communications US National Committee on Committee Biomechanics Experimental Biology Board Pamela Gunter-Smith (2000) David Brown (1999) Leonard S. Jefferson (2000) Research Conference Advisory Committee Finance Committee R. Clinton Webb (1999) Robert Gore (2001)

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 401 Give a Gift of NIPS to a Colleague in a Developing Country NIPSGFT99 q Yes, Please send a gift subscription (of all 1999 issues) to my colleague for only $35

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Accepted Affiliate Applicants Kimberly L. Boyd Pamela Gooch Bob Madson College of New Jersey Sacred Heart Academy Dull Knife Memorial College Joseph Bonanno Jane M. Hemminger Private Practice Iowa Lutheran Hospital

Accepted Student Applicants John McLaws Adams II J. Lauren-Sakara Hall A. Arizbeth Moreno Univ. of Texas Health Science Center University of California Occidental College Roberto M. Aguilar Bradley J. Hart Paula Andrea Navarro University of Texas University of North Texas California State University Antchineche Tsegaw Ayele Cassandra C. Henney Theresa Lynne O’Donaughy Ball State University Wayne State University University of New Mexico Laurel A. Bachle Zachary Aaron Horton Susan Joyce Padilla Creighton University Michigan State University Northern Arizona University Yun Bai Jing Hu Gina B. Perez Baron Univ. of Texas Health Science Center University of Louisville San Francisco State University Philip Edward Baker Laura Marie Johns Olga N.U. Russi-Roman Michigan State University University of Michigan California Technology Stacy Dean Beske Prasad V.G. Katakam James Andrew Roussie Colorado State University University of Georgia University of Rochester Kathleen T. Swan Beutler Patricia Kelly David E. Rudnick George Washington University Ball State University University of Michigan Clinton A. Brawner Victoria L. Kirkland Darleen Sandoval Oakland University University of Pittsburgh Arizona State University Eric Stephen Bushrow Jeffrey M. Kramer Eugene C. Santillano Henry Ford Community College University of Illinois University of California Xuequn Chen Ping Lai Chris Scott University of Michigan University of South Florida University of Wyoming Sam Curtin Susan Marie Leaman Anthony Ray Slim University of Western Ontario University of Washington New Mexico State University Allison Marie Davis Lian Liu Tingshi Shen University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Tulane University Tulane University Leyla Descheny Robert Douglas Loberg Scott M. Stoeger Arizona State University University of Michigan University of Nebraska Roy Precido Diaz Jennifer Louis-Jacques Shawn Keith Stover University of Washington Cornell University University of Northern Colorado Li Fang Andrew Thomas Lovering Beth Marla Tannenbaum University of Texas Medical Branch Texas Tech University McGill University Tamara Felder Rebecca E. Lyle Deming Wang University of Michigan Oregon Health Science University Boston University Patrick Thomas Fueger Jeanna Kathlyn Martinez Yuan Wang Univeristy of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Univ. of Texas Health Science Center University of Missouri Samantha Noelle Gamache R. Francis McGuire Li Yang Tulane University Medical School California State Polytechnic Univ. University of Southern California Kathleen A. Goei Saray Mendoza Dailin Ye Univ. of Texas Health Science Center California State Polytechnic Univ. University of Hawaii S. Gonzalez-Irizarry R. Lance Miller University of Puerto Rico University of Utah

402 The Physiologist Experimental Biology ‘99 April 17-21, 1999 • Washington, DC

Section-Sponsored Featured Topics

The Bile Canaliculus: Physiology and Pathobiology Remote Monitoring of Physiological Functions I. Arias D. Jones and P. Butler Insulin and Growth Factor Receptor Signaling Neurohumoral Mechanisms in the Regulation of Blood J. Avruch Volume and Arterial Pressure Regulation of the Epithelial Na Channel T. Lohmeier and J.T. Cunningham M.S. Awayda and Bonnie Blazer-Yost Mechanisms of Lung Alveolar Epithelial Injury Physiological and Molecular Responses of Peripheral T.R. Martin Chemoreceptors to Chronic Stimuli Raphe: Pain and Autonomic Integration G.E. Bisgard P. Mason Cytokines and Body Temperature in Health and Disease Molecular and Cellular Control of Insulin Secretion C. Blatteis F.M. Matschinsky Cardiovascular Adaptations and Responses to Ischemia Vagal Mechanisms in Neural Control J. Canty D. Mendelowitz and A. Travagli Membrane Trafficking and the Regulation of Ion Transport Blood Volume Regulation Proteins E.R. Nadel M. Caplan and J. Lippincott-Schwartz Muscle Fatigue Genetic Models and Novel Tools: Application of Physiologi- T.M. Nosek cal Genomics to the Study of Neural Control of Cardio- Mitochondrial Maturation and Biogenesis in Striated vascular Function Muscle R. Davisson M.A. Portman Chloride Channels: Mechanisms and Physiological Second Messengers in Hypoxia Functions N.R. Prabhakar D. Dawson The Medullary Raphe: Such an Obvious Role in Respiratory Glucose Uptake by Contracting Muscle Control, But What Exactly is It? G.L. Dohm G. Richerson Use of Transgenic and Knockout Models for the Study of GI Control of Renal Function by Cytochrome P450 Function Eicosanoids M. Donowitz R.J. Roman and J. Imig Vessel-toVessel Signaling in Resistance Vessels Mechanisms of Lung Vascular Development B.R. Duling J.M. Shannon Mechanisms and Regulation of Epithelial Calcium Understanding How Cells Sense Volume: New Sites Transport: Genetics Illuminating Physiology and Insights P. Friedman K. Strange Regulatory Peptides, Guanylin, Uroguanylin and Vascular Actions of Nitric Oxide Including Leukocyte- Lymphoguanylin and Their Congate Receptors Endothelium Interactions, Vascular Permeability, L.R. Forte and Angiogenesis Role of Membrane Traffic in Epithelial Transport Regulation P. Vanhoutte R. Frizzell The Neuroimmune Axis in Gut Inflammation: Clues Teaching and Educational Innovation to Therapy J. Griswold J. Wallace The Gravity of Circulation Nongenomic Effects of the Gonadal Steroids on Vascular A. Hargens Function Alterations in Redox State and Cell Signaling R.E. White and J. Stallone D.G. Harrison Endothelial Factors in Cardiorenal Regulation Biodiversity Prospecting: The Use of Biological Adaptations C. Wilcox in Industrial Applications Signal Transduction in Somatosensory Pathways M. Heath W.D. Willis, Jr. Gene Transfer to Blood Vessels Regulation of Sympathetic Function by Nitric Oxide D.D. Heistad J. Zanzinger Cardiac Electromechanics: The Development and Validation Neural Circuitry of Body Fluid and Cardiovascular of Whole Heart Models Homeostasis P. Hunter Chair to be decided

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 403 Experimental Biology ‘99 April 17-21, 1999 • Washington, DC

Saturday, April 17, Morning Session Translational Research in Psychiatry: From Molecular Medicine to Clinical Practice Refresher Course for Teaching Cardiovascular Physiology (American Federation for Medical Research) F.L. Belloni J. Licinio Secretion: Mechanisms and Regulation of Exocytosis Comparative Mechanisms to Survive Brain Anoxia: (Journal of Physiology) Mitochondria to Organism B.H. Hirst P. Lutz Saturday, April 17, Afternoon Session Role of Plasmalemmal Caveolae in Signal Transduction P.W. Shaul Experimental Physiology in the Polar Regions: The Historical Development Monday, April 19, Morning Session G.E. Folk, Jr. and R. Elsner Molecular Physiology of Urea Transporters Genetic Mechanisms Determining the Role of the Kidney in R. Gunn and J. Sands the Pathogenesis of Hypertension R.J. Roman and J. P. Granger The Road to Apoptosis: Indictment, Judgement, Execution, and Reprieve Physiologists and Outreach Activities Directed to Lower (American Federation for Medical Research) Primary Grades S. Gupta and V. Dixit J. Schadt and B.E. Goodman Biomaterial Design President-Elect’s Symposium: Microcirculatory Studies of (Biomedical Engineering Society) Inflammation and Immune Function D.A. Hammer (Microcirculatory Society) R.F. Tuma Hormonal Control of Protein Metabolism in Muscle R.R. Wolfe Secretion: Mechanisms and Regulation of Exocytosis (Journal of Physiology) Monday, April 19, Afternoon Session B.H. Hirst Regulation of Cellular Processes by Infectious Microbes Sunday, April 18, Morning Session (American Federation for Medical Research) C.E. McCall Asymmetry of Receptor Signaling in Epithelial Cells K. Amsler and P. Wilson Angiotensin Receptors and Signaling: Evolution and Perspectives Endothelin and the Central and Peripheral Nervous System H. Nishimura D.H. Damon and C. Hinojosa-Laborde Families of Sodium-Coupled Transporters Time Domains of Hypoxic Ventilatory Response: Adaptive A. Pajor Mechanisms in Short- and Long-Term Responses T.E. Dick and G.S. Mitchell Mechanotransduction (Biomedical Engineering Society) Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease G.A. Truskey (Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine) R. Knopp and T.M. Bray Tuesday, April 20, Morning Session Teaching Critical Thinking Skills in Physiology: An Angiotensin in Normal and Abnormal Growth of Interactive Workshop Cardiovascular Tissue S. Mierson and A.P. McNeal K. Berecek and R. Levy Sunday, April 18, Afternoon Session Neuroendocrine Determinants of Obesity and Satiety J.F. Caro Advances in the Characterization of Na+-H+ Exchanger (NHE) Isoforms Redox Regulation of Gene Expression in Hypoxia P. Aronson and M. Donowitz M.N. Gillespie and B.A. Freeman Peripheral and Central Mechanisms of Visceral and Somatic Mechanisms of Ischemia Reperfusion: Application of Gene- Pain Targeted Animal Models R.D. Foreman D.N. Granger and D.J. Lefer

404 The Physiologist Experimental Biology ‘99 April 17-21, 1999 • Washington, DC

Point/Counterpoint: Is Active Muscle Mass an Important Wednesday, April 21, Morning Session Target for Vasoconstriction During Exercise? Moderator: C.M. Tipton Postmenopausal Physiology Point: J. M. Mitchell and R. G. Victor J. Cannon Counterpoint: L. B. Rowell Glucagon-Like Peptide (GLP) 2: Intestinal Growth Factor and Regulatory Peptide Beyond Chemotherapy: The Scientific Bases for New Cancer Treatments C. Cheeseman (American Federation for Medical Research) Molecular Approaches to Study Cerebral Circulation: New P.H. Wiernik Insight Into Physiology and Pathophysiology Tuesday, April 20, Afternoon Session F. Faraci and D.W. Busija HIV Vaccine Development: Opportunities and Challenges Effect of Cardiovascular Disease on the Structure and (American Federation for Medical Research) Function of Skeletal Muscle M.B. Feinberg R.C. Carlsen and S.D. Gray Physiological Basis of Congestive Heart Failure Phosphodiesterases in Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology S.R. Houser M. Humphreys and T. Dousa Mechanisms Involved in Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction: Transplantation Into the Next Century: Genetic Engineering Can Everyone be Right? and Xenotransplantation E.K. Weir V. Miller and S. Saddi

Physiology InFocus Genomics and Molecular Medicine Organizers: L. Gabriel Navar and Victor Dzau Sponsored by the Burroughs Wellcome Fund and the Merck Genome Research Institute

Monday, April 19 Morning Session Eric N. Olson, University of Texas-Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas. Physiological Genomics: Launching a New Journal Victor Dzau Tuesday, April 20 Morning Session Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School From Genome to Function Steve Gullans Speakers: Harvard University Victor Dzau, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Speakers: Medical School; David Housman, Massachusetts Institute J. Craig Venter, Institute for Genomic Research; Roger of Technology; Richard Mulligan, Harvard University; Brent, The Molecular Sciences Institute, Berkeley; N. Robert Rosenberg, Harvard University; Allen Cowley, Leigh Anderson, Washington Analysis of Protein Medical College of Wisconsin Expression; Steve Gullans, Harvard University Monday, April 19 Afternoon Session Tuesday, April 20 Afternoon Session Tissue-Specific Gene Targeting Secrets of the Sarcomere Revealed by Transgenesis and as a Window into Physiological Function Gene Transfer L. Gabriel Navar and Curt D. Sigmund Joseph M. Metzger and R. John Solaro Speakers: Speakers: R. John Solaro, University of Illinois; Joseph M. Metzger, Brian Sauer, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and University of Michigan; Leslie Leinwand, University of Kidney Disorders; Susumu Tonegawa, Howard Hughes Colorado; Jeffrey Robbins, Children’s Hospital of Medical Institute; Curt D. Sigmund, University of Iowa; Cincinnati; Margaret Westfall, University of Michigan.

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 405 Experimental Biology ‘99 April 17-21, 1999 • Washington, DC

HENRY PICKERING BOWDITCH PHYSIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE: AWARD LECTURE THE WALTER B. CANNON AWARD LECTURE (SUPPORTED BY THE GRASS Howard J. Jacob FOUNDATION) Medical College of Wisconsin Aubrey E. Taylor University of South Alabama End Stage Renal Disease: Of Rat and Man Starling’s Hypothesis of Transcapillary Fluid Exchange: Then, MONDAY, APRIL 19, 5:15 PM Now, and the Future

SATURDAY, APRIL 17, 5:15 PM

Distinguished Lectureships

JOSEPH ERLANGER HORACE W. DAVENPORT DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM SECTION SECTION William D. Willis, Jr. University of Texas Medical Irwin Arias Branch, Galveston Tufts University

The Role of Signal Transduction Pathways in Central The Bile Canaliculus: Sensitization of Spinothalamic Biology and Pathobiology Tract Neurons

SUNDAY, APRIL 18, 8:30 AM SUNDAY, APRIL 18, 8:30 AM

ROBERT M. BERNE CARL LUDWIG DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR THE NEURAL CONTROL AND SECTION AUTONOMIC REGULATION SECTION Brian R. Duling University of Virginia Robert D. Foreman University of Oklahoma Health Science Center Vessel-to-Vessel Signaling in Resistance Vessels: Who’s Central and Autonomic Neural Talking, Who’s Listening? Mechanisms of Angina Pectoris

SUNDAY, APRIL 18, 11:45 AM SUNDAY, APRIL 18, 2:30 PM

AUGUST KROGH HUGH DAVSON DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF THE COMPARATIVE OF THE CELL AND MOLECULAR HYSIOLOGY ECTION P S PHYSIOLOGY SECTION Donald C. Jackson Brown University Jens Christian Skou University of Aarhus, Denmark Living Without Oxygen: Lessons From the Freshwater The Identification of the Turtle Sodium-Potassium Pump

ONDAY PRIL AM M , A 19, 8:30 MONDAY, APRIL 19, 11:45 AM

406 The Physiologist Experimental Biology ‘99 April 17-21, 1999 • Washington, DC

SOLOMON A. BERSON ERNEST H. STARLING DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF THE ENDOCRINOLOGY AND OF THE WATER AND METABOLISM SECTION ELECTROLYTE HOMEOSTASIS SECTION Leonard S. Jefferson Hershey Medical Center, Alan Kim Johnson Pennsylvania State University University of Iowa Protein Metabolism and its Parallel and Complementary Regulation by Hormones and Neural Mechanisms in the Nutrients Maintenance of Body Fluid and Cardiovascular MONDAY APRIL 19, 2:30 PM Homeostasis

TUESDAY,APRIL 20, 8:30 AM

EDWARD F. ADOLPH CARL W. GOTTSCHALK DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL OF THE RENAL SECTION AND EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY SECTION Dennis Brown Ethan R. Nadel Massachusetts General John B. Pierce Foundation Hospital Blood Volume Regulation: Modulation of Membrane Hierarchical Solutions to Structure and Function in Environmental Challenges Transporting Epithelia: When Cell Biology Meets Physiology TUESDAY,APRIL 20, 11:45 AM TUESDAY,APRIL 20, 11:45 AM

JULIUS H. COMROE,JR. DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF THE RESPIRATION SECTION

Richard C. Boucher University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Mysteries of Thin Film: Airway Surface Liquid

TUESDAY,APRIL 20, 2:30 PM

Walter C. Randall Lecture Dorothy Dillon Eweson Lecture Series in Biomedical Ethics on the Advances in Aging Research

Frank E. Young (SPONSORED BY THE AMERICAN Former Commissioner of FEDERATION FOR AGING FDA; Assistant Surgeon RESEARCH) General Edward J. Masoro Biomedical Ethics in the University of Texas Health 21st Century: Human Science Center, San Antonio Cloning and Embryo Manipulation Dietary Restriction in the Rodent Model: Insights on the Biology of Aging

MONDAY,APRIL 20, 12:45 PM SUNDAY,APRIL 18, 12:45 PM

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 407 1998 APS Conference Report

Endothelial Regulation of Vascular Tone: Molecular to Integrative Physiology

The Savannah River and Augusta Riverwalk served as the backdrop for the Society's 1998 conference on "Endothelial Regulation of Vascular Tone: Molecular to Integrative Physiology" organized David M. Pollock with the assistance of John D. Catravas, Harris J. Granger, L. Gabriel Navar, Opening reception. Friday evening banquet. and Jennifer S. Pollock. The conference featured an in- depth exchange of ideas concerning the interaction among major endothelial factors in the control of the vascular tone. Diverging areas of endothelial cell biology were brought together to develop a more cohesive picture of vascu- lar endothelial function with an emphasis on specif- ic mediators and related sub- Opening reception. Dancing to “All That Jazz.” jects such as shear stress and vascular new to this burgeoning field of endothe- total of 112 poster presentations. The remodeling. Molecular and whole ani- lial regulation. The conference attracted social program included the Wednesday mal physiologists demonstrated how 241 registrants, (Table 1) 34% of which evening opening reception and Friday their methodologies integrate into a represented young scientists including evening banquet and awards presenta- central hypothesis and also defined the 21% student and 13% postdoctoral reg- tion. Banquet attendees enjoyed the similar aspects and unique mechanisms istrants. 18% were members—includ- music of local jazz band “All That that exist among the different vascular ing one Emeritus member—and 25% Jazz.” beds. were not members of APS. 21% of the In the nonscientific realm, first-time There was an internationally recog- registrants represented invited speakers visitors to Augusta were surprised to nized and interdisciplinary group of and session moderators. discover a diverse and culturally rich investigators present and interaction The outstanding program consisted Old South community with much to was enhanced by the presence of young of 8 symposia, 3 plenary lectures, and a offer, especially all the interesting and scientists, students, and investigators Table 1. Registration Statistics

No. %

APS Member 43 18 Non-member 60 25 Postdoctoral 30 12 Student 51 21 Retired 1 1 Invited Speaker 50 21 Ferid Murad prepares to instruct Pam Guest 6 2 The winning team. Total 241 100 Carmines, David Pollock, and Martin Frank how to win the big prize.

408 The Physiologist 1998 APS Conference Report unique restaurants. The Augusta "Arts Type, ETA and ETB Table 2. Distribution by Department of in the Heart" festival coincided with the Heterozygous (+/-) Knockout Submitted Abstracts conference and provided many of the Mice"; So Yeon Chin, Tulane Abstracts attendees a chance to relax and enjoy University, for "Calcium- Department No. % the local art and antique collections as Dependent Nitric Oxide well as concerts and shows. For some, Synthase Activity is Elevated Physiology or Physiol/Biophysics 26 23 of course, a visit to Augusta would not in the Renal Cortex in Pharmacology and Toxicology 16 14 be complete without a round of golf. Angiotensin-II Induced Hyper- Biology or Biological Sciences 14 13 Sixteen hackers ventured out to the tension"; Lynelle Johnson, Surgery 10 9 River Golf Club on a beautiful morning University of Missouri, for Biochemistry 6 5 prior to the start of the meeting. A good "Exercise Training Produces Medicine or Internal Medicine 4 4 time was had by all as participants Enhanced Acetylcholine- Digestive and Kidney Diseases the fel- divided into teams to play a "scramble" Induced Vasorelaxation in Porcine lowship provides reimbursement of all tournament. The team of Steve Garner, Pulmonary Arteries"; and Ron Johnson, expenses associated with travel to and Bill Rivell, Clay Ghann, and Jeff Michigan State University, for participation in the conference. The Falcone scored a six-under-par to take "Mechanisms of Endothelin-Induced recipient is matched with an APS mem- first prize. Venoconstriction in Isolated Guinea Pig ber attending the conference who will The awards presentation recognized Mesentery." offer guidance and make introductions the four recipients of the Graduate Sonia Houston, University of to other scientists. Terry Opgenorth of Student Award. The awardees presented Missouri, was the recipient of the Abbott Laboratories and Martin Frank, with a cash prize and certificate were NIDDK Fellowship Award provided to Executive Director of APS, served as Nathalie Berthiaume, University of encourage participation of under-repre- mentors. Sherbrooke, for "In Vitro and In Vivo sented minority students. Supported by A total of 112 abstracts were sub- Pharmacology of Endothelins in Wild the National Institutes of Diabetes and mitted to the conference for poster pre- sentation. Table 1 provides a distribu- tion of abstracts based on submitting department. 29% were by female first authors; 20% were submitted by authors at institutions outside The Americas. A total of 241 registrants attended the conference. Table 2 pro- vides the breakdown of registration by type: 29% of the registrants were female, 12% were from outside The Americas, and 5% were from industry. The Society and Organizing Committee gratefully acknowledge financial support provided through gen- David Pollack, Wendell Hoffman, Ron Johnson, Nathalie Berthiaume, Lynelle Johnson, erous educational grants from Abbott President L. Gabriel Navar. Laboratories, Astra Hässle, Astra Merck, Bayer Corporation, BIOMOL Research Laboratories, Inc., Hoff- mann-LaRoche, Medical College of Georgia School of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia Research Institute, Merck Research Laboratories, The Microcirculatory Institute of Texas A&M University, Parke-Davis Pharm- aceutical Research, and Texas Bio-tech- nology Corporation. ❖

Poster session. Poster session.

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 409 Conferences

1999 APS Conference Biology of K+ Channels: From Molecules to Disease September 22-26, 1999 • Snowmass, CO Snowmass Village

ORGANIZERS: FRIDAY, September 24, 1999 Steve Hebert, Vanderbilt University The Inward Rectifier K Channel Family Gerhard Giebisch, Yale University Lily Jan, UCSF

STEERING COMMITTEE: Session 3: K Channel-Assocated Protein Richard Aldrich, Stanford University Rainer Greger, Univ. of Freiburg, Germany, and L. Bryan, David Clapham, Children’s Hospital/Harvard Med. School Baylor Univ. Lily Jan, University of California, San Francisco Speakers: Jochen Roper, Newham General Hospital, Olaf Pongs, Institut fur Neurale Signalverarbeitung London; David Bredt, UCSF; Joseph Bryan, Baylor Univ.; Francis Ashcroft, Oxford University Solomon Snyder, Johns Hopkins Univ.. Fred Sigworth, Yale University Lawrence Palmer, Cornell University Session 4: Assembly of K Channels Ramon Latorre, CECS, Santiago, Chile, and Y. N. Jan, UCSF This meeting on the broad topic of K+ channels will promote Speakers: J. S. Trimmer, SUNY at Stony Brook; D. dissemination of current and evolving information/trends as Papazian, UCLA; Senyon Choe, Salk Institute well as foster potential interactions among attendees. Focus will be on gating/regulatory and structural/genetic elements Session 5: Channel Regulation of K+ channels. The involvement of K+ channels in several Wen-Hui Wang, Yale Univ., and J. P. Ruppersberg, Institute of inherited diseases will be stressed. Physiology, Tubingen, Germany WEDNESDAY, September 22, 1999 Speakers: Larry Palmer, Cornell; Steve Hebert, Vanderbilt Structure of the Potassium Channel Pore Univ.; Donald Hilgemann, Univ. of Texas Southwestern. Roderick MacKinnon, Rockefeller Institute SATURDAY, September 25, 1999 THURSDAY, September 23, 1999 Knockout/Transgenic Models of Potassium Channel Function High Conductance Ca-Activated Potassium Channels: Olaf Pongs, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg Structure, Function and Pharmacology G. J. Kaczorowski, Merck Research Laboratories Session 6: K Channels and Inherited Diseases David Clapham, Children’s Hospital and Harvard Univ., and Session 1: K Channel Gating M. Bienkowski, Pharmacia and Upjohn Clay Armstrong, Univ. of Pennsylvania, and Fred Sigworth, Speakers: Lydia Bryan, Baylor Univ.; G. E. Breitwieser, Yale Univ. Johns Hopkins Univ.; M. C. Sanquinetti, Univ. of Utah; R. Speakers: Francisco Bezanilla, UCLA; Richard Aldrich, Lifton, Yale Univ. Stanford Univ.; Colin Nichols, Washington Univ.; David Clapham, Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School. Session 7: Other K Channels W. Stuhmer, Max-Planck Institute, and G. Desir, Yale Univ. Session 2: The Channel Pore Speakers: H. Sentenac, Laboratorie de Biochimie et Henry Sackin, Chicago Medical School, and G. Yellen, Physiologie Moleculaire des Plantes, Montpellier; L Salkoff, Massachusetts General Hospital Washington Univ.; M. Lazdunski, Institut de Pharmacologie Speakers: Benoit Roux, Univ. of Montreal; Hans Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne; J. P. Adelman, Vollum Oberleitner, Institut fur Physiologie, Munster, Germany; Institute, Portland, OR; Steve Goldstein, Yale Univ.; N. B. Arthur Brown, Rammelkamp Research Center, Case Standen, Univ. of Leicester, UK. Western Reserve Univ.; G. Yellen, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Robert Guy, NIH. DEADLINES ATP-Sensitive K Channels: Structure, Pharmacology and Function Abstract Deadline - June 1, 1999 Frances Ashcroft, Oxford Univ. Advance Registration Deadline - August 2, 1999

410 The Physiologist Conferences

1999 APS Conference Determinants of Vigilance: Interaction Between the Sleep and Circadian Systems October 19-22, 1999 • Ft. Lauderdale, FL Radisson Bahia Mar Beach Resort ORGANIZER: Sleep Promoting Systems Allan Pack, University of Pennsylvania Alexander Borbely, Univ. of Zurich Speakers: Osamu Hayaishi, Osaka Bioscience Institute; STEERING COMMITTEE: Robert Greene, Harvard Univ.; James Krueger, Univ. of David Dinges, University of Pennsylvania Tennessee, Memphis H. Craig Heller, Stanford University Leszek Kubin, University of Pennsylvania Neuroanatomical Basis of Interaction Adrian Morrison, University of Pennsylvania Gene Block, Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville Amita Sehgal, University of Pennsylvania Speakers: Robert Moore, Univ. of Pittsburgh; Clifford Robert Moore, University of Pittsburgh Saper, Harvard Univ.; Gary Aston-Jones, Univ. of Fred Turek, Northwestern University Pennsylvania Jerry Siegel, University of California, Los Angeles Could Interaction be Neurohormonal or Neurochemical? This meeting will explore the quantitative nature of the inter- Irene Tobler, Univ. of Zurich action of circadian biology and basic mechanisms of sleep Speakers: Alexander Boberly, Univ. of Zurich; Eve van and new potential areas of scientific opportunity. We will Cauter, Univ. of Chicago; Rae Silver, Columbia Univ. examine the neuroanatomical evidence of direct connections between neurons involved in the circadian clock and those THURSDAY, October 21, 1999 involved in the sleep/wake cycle. There will be presentations Possible Mechanisms of Interaction about how the circadian system affects neuroendocrine func- Steven Reppert, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard tion and how such neurohormones might affect sleep. We will Univ. address whether the interaction between the circadian and Speaker: Allan Pack, Univ. of Pennsylvania sleep system could occur at the level of regulation of gene transcription. Consequences of the Interaction Between Circadian and Sleep Systems: Behavior and Vigilance TUESDAY, October 19, 1999 Michael Menaker, Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville Evidence for Interaction Between Sleep and Circadian Speakers: David Dinges, Univ. of Pennsylvania; Gregory Systems Belenky, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Mary Robert Moore, Univ. of Pittsburgh Carskadon, Brown Univ. Speakers: Charles Czeisler, Harvard Univ.; Irene Tobler, Univ. of Zurich; Dale Edgar, Stanford Univ.; H. Craig Consequences of the Interaction Between Circadian and Heller, Stanford Univ.. Sleep Systems: Other Systems Charles Czeisler, Harvard Univ. Molecular Basis of the Circadian Clock Speakers: Virend Sommers, Univ. of Iowa; Janet Fred Turek, Northwestern Univ. Mullington, Harvard Univ. Speakers: Amita Sehgal, Univ. of Pennsylvania; Joe Takahashi, Northwestern Univ.; Steven Reppert, Panel Discussion: Where Do We Go From Here? Massachusetts General Hospital; Martha Gillette, Univ. of Allan Pack, Univ. of Pennsylvania Illinois, Urbana. Gary Aston-Jones, Univ. of Pennsylvania; Gene Block, Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville; Michael Menaker, Univ. WEDNESDAY, October 20, 1999 of Virginia, Charlottesville; Jerry Siegel, UCLA; Mechanisms Controlling Sleep: Networks and Systems Fred Turek, Northwestern Univ. Adrian Morrison, Univ. of Pennsylvania DEADLINES Speakers: Robert McCarley, Harvard Univ.; Ronald Szymusiak, UCLA; Jerry Siegel, UCLA Abstracts Deadline - July 16, 1999 Advance Registration Deadline - August 30, 1999

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 411 Public Affairs

Congress Votes Historic 15% Increase for NIH

Funding legislation was the last item awarded in 1998. will be made available for Life Sciences of “must pass” business before the In other legislative actions, R&A grants in FY 1999 has not yet 105th Congress adjourned. The agree- Congress also approved nearly a 9% been determined. ment was reached in mid-October, but it increase for Research and Related Due to delays in the timetable for took another week for the massive leg- Activities (R&RA) at the National the space station, the conferees speci- islation to be compiled, reviewed, and Science Foundation. This was part of a fied that $15 million of the Life and approved. bill that also provides funding for VA Microgravity Sciences budget should be The House passed a multi-agency medical research and NASA life sci- used to add research payloads to shuttle “continuing resolution” on October 20 ences research. This legislation was missions. The conferees stated that by a vote of 333-95. The Senate passed passed as a separate bill and also signed “additional research missions during the bill October 21 by a vote of 65-29. by President Clinton on October 21. space station assembly are critical for Despite the wide margins of approval, Details of that bill include: providing scientists the opportunity to many Members of Congress deplored NSF: Funding for NSF’s R&RA develop research capabilities needed for the fact that a $520 billion piece of leg- will increase by $224 million to $2.8 optimal utilization of the International islation had to be approved under pres- billion in FY 1999. The NSF overall Space Station.” sure at the last minute. got a 7% increase or a total FY 1999 It is clear that the 105th Congress The legislation provided NIH with budget of $3.7 billion. made research in general and NIH in an increase of $2 billion or nearly 15% VA: Medical and Prosthetic particular a priority. The scientific com- in FY 1999, the largest in its history. Research at the VA will increase by $44 munity should acknowledge this if we This extraordinary increase came about million or 16% to an FY 1999 total of would like to see the trend continue. through the persistent efforts of NIH’s $316 million. The conferees earmarked Members of the APS rapid response champions, Rep. John Porter (R-IL) and $6 million for the VA Musculoskeletal network NetAlert were encouraged to Sen. Arlen Specter (R-PA), who chair Disease Center. send letters to key Members of the respective House and Senate NASA: Life and Microgravity Congress thanking them for making Appropriations Subcommittees with Sciences programs at NASA are slated biomedical research a priority. At the jurisdiction over NIH funding. to receive an additional $22 million for EB ‘99 meeting in Washington, DC, in In early November, NIH Director an FY 1999 total of $264 million, an April, the APS Public Affairs and Harold Varmus announced that the increase of 23%. The ground-based Animal Care and Experimentation agency plans to award 9,958 new Research and Analysis (R&A) grants Committees will sponsor a symposium research project grants in FY 1999. program, which gave out $54 million in called “A Call to Activism” to help sci- This figure represents approximately grants in FY 1998 is funded from this entists learn how to make their voices 2,300 more than the 7,625 new grants budget line. The precise amount that heard in Washington. ❖

NIH Almanac Available

The 1998 edition of the NIH Almanac is now available on the NIH home page at http://www.nih.gov/welcome/almanac/. The NIH Almanac is an invaluable source of current and historical information concerning NIH. It includes a chronol- ogy of important events in the history of NIH and the indi- vidual institutes and centers; biographical sketches of current and past directors, deputy directors, and associate directors of NIH as well as the directors and deputies of the institutes and centers; summary appropriations information from 1938- Watch for the New APS “Call to Activism:” Do you 1998; summary information about the NIH staff; information know the names of your Representative and Senators about the history and cost of each NIH building; and a list of and how to contact them? APS is developing new mate- NIH lecturers and Nobel Prize winners. rial to help you communicate with Congress. Keep your The NIH Almanac is produced by the Editorial eyes open for a seminar on this topic at EB ‘99! Operations Branch of the NIH Office of Communications.

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 419 Public Affairs

NIH to Recruit Public Representatives The NIH is expected to begin short- recommended that the agency do more the Federal Register shortly thereafter, ly to recruit members for its new to analyze the burdens of specific dis- with the nomination period open from Council of Public Representatives eases. The panel also recommended that approximately November 23, 1998 (COPR). The COPR idea was discussed NIH establish a council to be composed through January 15, 1999. September 23 at an NIH meeting on of 18-25 representatives of disease “In addition to serving as a forum, “Enhancing Public Participation in NIH advocacy groups, public health offi- the COPR will assist the NIH in Activities.” cials, and ethnic groups with specific enhancing the participation of the pub- Formation of a public council was health concerns. lic in myriad NIH activities that have an recommended this summer in an The NIH will now try to identify impact upon the public, in increasing Institute of Medicine review headed by public representatives with an interest public understanding of the NIH and its Leon Rosenberg of Princeton University. in NIH’s mission who can “help bring programs, and in bringing important The IOM “Committee on the NIH Re- to the NIH the concerns and interests of matters of public interest forward for search Priority-Setting Process” was the many external public that have a discussion in public settings,” the notice commissioned in February by Congress stake in the agency’s activities, pro- said. in response to concerns over how the grams, policies, and research,” accord- The COPR is expected to meet NIH allocates research funding among ing to an advance notification released twice a year. For more information, diseases. The panel expressed support by the NIH in early November. The contact Anne Thomas or Laura Vazquez for NIH’s priority setting process but notice was expected to be published in at the NIH at 301 496-4461. ❖

Singer Appointment Draws Criticism The appointment of Australian the current criticism is focused on his was shouted down a few years ago when bioethicist and animal rights philoso- assertion that euthanasia of sick or dis- he tried to give a lecture at the pher Peter Singer as a distinguished abled humans can be ethically justified. University of Zurich, and Nazi-hunter professor at Princeton University is One critic of his Princeton appointment Simon Wiesenthal wrote a letter of drawing considerable criticism. In July is Wesley J. Smith, an attorney for the protest last year to the organizers of a Princeton announced that Singer had International Anti-Euthanasia Task Swedish book fair who had invited been appointed as the Ira W. DeCamp Force and the author of Forced Exit: Singer to speak. Singer is the son of Professor of Bioethics at the University The Slippery Slope From Assisted Jewish refugees from Central Europe Center for Human Values. Suicide to Legalized Murder. who lost family members in the Singer is best known in the research In an article in the September issue Holocaust, and he reportedly chafes at community as the intellectual founder of the magazine Heterodoxy, Smith the idea that his philosophy has been of the modern animal rights movement. quotes from Singer’s 1979 book linked to the Nazis. Yet there are many In his 1975 book Animal Liberation, Practical Ethics, in which he rational- who find that conclusion to be Singer used his own version of utilitari- izes the killing of human infants: inescapable. anism to argue that humans do not have “When the death of a disabled infant Columnist Don Feder criticized the the ethical right to use animals. will lead to the birth of another infant Singer appointment recently in the on- Utilitarianism says that actions should with better prospects of a happy life, the line magazine Jewish World Review. be judged based upon their conse- total amount of happiness will be Feder points out the essential misan- quences, that is, the pleasure or pain greater if the disabled infant is killed. thropy of Singer’s views noting that those actions cause. Singer extended The loss of the happy life for the first Singer makes a “lethal” distinction this ethical calculation to include ani- infant is outweighed by the gain of a between humans and persons. Feder mals, whom Singer has defined as “per- happier life for the second. Therefore, if further notes a symmetry between sons” based upon their capacity to seek the killing of the hemophiliac infant has Singer’s efforts to award rights to some pleasure and avoid pain. This led him to no adverse effect on others, it would..be animals while denying them to some the stunning conclusion that it is right to kill him.” humans: “pigs and monkeys have rights, “speciesism” to give human beings spe- Singer’s advocacy of such views has handicapped babies do not.” cial consideration over animals. made him unwelcome in many Singer is scheduled to arrive at Singer’s version of utilitarianism German-speaking nations, where argu- Princeton in June 1999 and to begin his has also led him to advocate controver- ments in favor of euthanasia evoke teaching duties in the fall. ❖ sial views about human beings. Most of chilling memories of Nazism. Singer

420 The Physiologist Public Affairs

Congress Okays Foreign Scientist Honoraria The Omnibus Appropriations bill lasting up to nine days at any one insti- these changes was the computer indus- that provided funding for NIH and other tution and at a no more than five institu- try, academic scientists in some life sci- federal agencies also included key tions or organizations in a six-month ences disciplines complained about a changes in immigration law. period. shortage of American scientists and an The “American Competitiveness Under a previous Executive Order, it inability to pay prevailing industrial and Workforce Improvement Act,” was illegal to pay honoraria to visiting wages, as the law required. In response, which was folded into the massive foreign scientists except under the aus- Congress increased the total number of funding legislation, amended current pices of an international exchange pro- H1B visas, and educational and non- immigration law to permit scientists gram administered by the US Infor- profit institutions were granted permis- from other countries to accept honoraria mation Agency. sion to set prevailing wages for foreign and payments for incidental expenses Other changes to immigration law scientists based upon wages in com- for short-term academic activities. The dealt with H-1B visas that are issued to prable institutions rather than in indus- new law permits such expenses for “a bring skilled workers into the US each try. ❖ usual academic activity or activities” year. Although the driving force behind

Greenwood Introduces Chimpanzee Care Act; NIH Offers Its Own Plan

On October 8, Rep. Jim Greenwood panzees used, bred, or purchased in implement the recommendations of the (R-PA) introduced the Postresearch research and the funding available for NRC report, including determining how Chimpanzee Care Act with then-House the care of chimpanzees. many chimpanzees are likely to be Speaker Newt Gingrich (R-GA) as co- In establishing standards for operat- needed for research and breeding, and sponsor. The bill was assigned the num- ing the long-term care system, the bill then arranging to assume ownership and ber HR 4744 and was referred to the calls upon HHS to consider the recom- care responsibilities for them. The House Commerce Committee. How- mendations of the National Research NCRR plan recommends that the exist- ever, no action was taken, so the legisla- Council’s 1997 report, Chimpanzees in ing NCRR-funded Chimpanzee Bio- tion died when the 105th Congress Research – Strategies for their Ethical medical Research Program centers be adjourned two weeks later. Care, Management, and Use. That invited to compete for selection as the H.R. 4744 would establish a nation- report recommended that NIH establish three sites that will provide long-term, al sanctuary system for federally owned a centralized office to assume both own- cost-effective housing to this core pop- or supported chimpanzees no longer ership and management of a core popu- ulation of NIH-owned chimpanzees. needed for research. The sanctuary sys- lation of about 1,000 research chim- The NCRR plan addresses other tem could also acquire ownership of panzees and that it provide them with issues relevant to the general manage- other “postresearch” chimpanzees and lifetime support. It also recommended ment of the research chimpanzee popu- provide for their long-term care by that other chimpanzees, which are no lation and calls for making long-term imposing fees to cover the associated longer needed for research or breeding, care arrangements for “reserve” ani- costs. The sanctuary system would be be provided long-term care in various mals that are not currently needed for operated by a nonprofit entity chosen by settings. Animals that pose no health research. the Secretary of Health and Human risks to humans or other animals could By contrast, H.R. 4744 calls for des- Services, and that entity would be be transferred to privately operated ignating chimpanzees as “surplus” and required to share the costs of establish- sanctuaries. making them part of a “sanctuary” sys- ing and operating the system. H.R. 4744 On September 17 the Advisory tem so that they can never again be used authorizes up to $15 million per year to Council of NIH’s National Center for for research. It remains to be seen provide for postresearch care of chim- Research Resources approved a plan to whether H.R. 4744 will be reintroduced panzees. The bill would have also establish a national NIH Chimpanzee in the 106th Congress and what impact required that the Secretary of HHS sub- Management Program (ChiMP) within the legislation would have on NIH’s mit a report to Congress within 120 the Comparative Medicine Program at own chimpanzee management plans. days reporting the number of chim- NCRR. This plan was developed to

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 421 Public Affairs

ALDF Representative Granted Legal Standing in Case Against USDA On September 1, the US Court of In 1996, the late US District Court who alleges the injury must fall within Appeals for the District of Columbia Judge Charles Richey issued an initial the scope or “zone of interests” of the issued a split decision granting legal ruling on the ALDF’s suit against law in question. Previous cases had standing to one of plaintiffs in the latest USDA. Richey granted the plaintiffs’ involved animal activist efforts to influ- Animal Legal Defense Fund challenge standing to sue the government, accept- ence how the AWA was applied to to USDA’s Animal Welfare Act (AWA) ed the merits of their arguments, and research laboratories, and the courts had regulations. ordered USDA to rewrite its standards ruled that the plaintiffs were not entitled The case, Animal Legal Defense for nonhuman primate enrichment. to standing. The significant difference Fund vs. the Secretary of Agriculture NABR subsequently petitioned the was that Jurnove’s complaint dealt with and the National Association for court to join the suit as a codefendant to animals on exhibit to the public. Biomedical Research, involved the represent the interests of the research Because the three-judge panel ALDF and four individual plaintiffs. community. issued a split decision, the ALDF The individuals alleged that they suf- In 1997, a three-judge panel of the appealed to the full Court of Appeals, fered “aesthetic injury” when they had US District Court of Appeals issued a 2- which heard the case earlier this year. visited animal exhibitors who failed to 1 split decision reversing Judge The sole question under consideration provide appropriate environmental Richey’s ruling. However, the dissent- was whether Jurnove qualified for enrichment for nonhuman primates as ing judge on that panel argued that standing, and the court ruled 7-4 in mandated under the AWA. (Aesthetic defendant Marc Jurnove’s complaint favor. The case was then sent back to injury is an established concept in laws successfully met the legal tests for the District Court for consideration of intended to protect the environment.) In standing to sue a government agency. its merits. all previous cases, the courts have Those tests are that the plaintiff must It is not yet known whether the refused to grant legal standing to indi- have suffered an injury that was caused USDA will appeal the Appeals Court viduals and organizations who wanted by the agency’s actions and that it is decision on standing to the Supreme to sue the USDA over its enforcement possible to redress the injury through Court. ❖ of the AWA. court action; in addition, the individual

422 The Physiologist Physiological Reviews Online http://prv.physiology.org

FREE online access to all during limited trial period - ending January 11, 1999 ...then free to subscribers only Search this Site and Discover... Ÿ Browsable/searchable text beginning with January 1998 Ÿ Access to Medline abstracts through reference citations Ÿ Rich color and sharp resolution of graphics Ÿ Tables of Contents Ÿ Instructions for Authors Ÿ Editorial Boards Ÿ Scope Statement Ÿ Sign up for email notification of advance tables of contents The World’s Leading Review Journal of the Physiological Sciences A Publication of The American Physiological Society (Phone) 301-530-7180 (Fax) 301-571-8313 (Email) [email protected] (Web) http://www.faseb.org/aps Questions People Ask About Animals in Research With Answers from The American Physiological Society

An eight-page color Why do scientists use animals in research? e available brochur ican . from The Amerociety Do animals have rights? Physiological S Do scientists care about the animals’comfort?

Are there alternatives to the use of animals?

How are research animals protected?

Where do scientists get their animals?

ORDER FORM SHIPPING INFORMATION PRICING INFORMATION

Name: ______TEACHERS/GENERAL PUBLIC Quantity Price includes s&h (book rate) Address: ______Questions People Ask About Animals in Research ●single copy free ● ______additional copies $0.30 ●10 copies $3.00 ●25 copies $7.50 ______APS MEMBERS MAY RECEIVE 5 COPIES FREE City/State/Zip: ______PAYMENT INFORMATION I want to order ______copies at a price of ______.

q Check enclosed (payable to APS) Upgrade to First Class shipment: q Mastercard add $1.00 for orders of <25 copies ______q Visa add $2.00 for each order of 25 copies ______TOTAL:______q American Express BROCHURE ON WEB Card #: ______Expiration Date: ______The “Questions” Brochure is available on the APS web site in both PDF and HTML formats. Point your browser Signature: ______to http://www.faseb.org/aps/pubaff/animals/index.html.

Mail or Fax to:The American PhysiologicalSociety, Public Affairs Office, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814-3991. FAX: 301-571-8305. For information: 301-530-7105. Public Affairs

New APS Brochures Available

The APS Public Affairs Office has come to establish a link to the brochure http://www.faseb.org/aps/class- just published some new educational or to publicize it in newsletters. room.htm#resource. materials concerning animals in APS will provide complimentary This is a compilation of helpful research. single copies of the printed brochure. Internet information sources for teach- The first item is the brochure Persons wishing to request a copy may ers, students, and members of the gen- Questions People Ask About Animals in send email to [email protected] eral public interested in how animals Research. . . With Answers From The with their complete name and mailing are used in research and education. American Physiological Society. It pro- address in the body of the message. Among the web sites listed are govern- vides short essays answers to questions Written requests may be sent to the ment agencies that oversee the use of such as, Why do scientists use animals attention of Alice Ra’anan, APS Public animals in research, national organiza- in research? Do animals have rights? Affairs Officer, 9650 Rockville Pike, tions that address various aspects of ani- Are there alternatives to the use of ani- Bethesda, MD 20814-3991. Multiple mal usage, organizations providing mals? How are research animals pro- copies of the brochure may be ordered guidelines for the use of animals in the tected? The brochure is available for for a nominal charge. (See previous classroom, state biomedical research viewing and downloading in both page for details.) societies, and a smattering of interesting HTML and PDF formats on the APS The second item is a new Guide to and useful sites such as the Electronic web site at the URL http://www.faseb. Internet Resources: Animals in Zoo. Copies of the Guide to Internet org/aps/pubaff/animals/index.html. Research and Education, which is Resources are also available upon Individuals and organizations are wel- available on the Internet at the URL request. ❖

Mass Media Science and Engineering Fellowship Applications Being Accepted

BACKGROUND: Applications are currently being accepted for an APS sponsored American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Mass Media Science and Engineering fellow. This individual will spend a summer work- ing in the newsroom of a newspaper, magazine, radio or television station, sharpening his or her ability to communicate complex scientific issues to nonscientists and helping to improve public understanding of science. DUTIES: The APS-sponsored fellow will spend 10 weeks helping to cover science and technology issues. AAAS will arrange placement at a participating media outlet as part of the selection process. The fellowship will include travel to Washington for an advance orientation to journalism and an evaluation session at the conclusion of the assignment, as well as travel to the job site and a weekly stipend based upon local cost of living.

ELIGIBILITY: You must be currently enrolled as a graduate or postgraduate student of physiology or a related discipline.

APPLICATION INFORMATION: Application forms are available from Alice Ra’anan in the APS Office of Public Affairs at the address below. In addition to the completed form, applicants must submit a current résumé, at least one three- to five- page writing sample directed to the general public, transcripts of graduate and undergraduate work, and three letters of rec- ommendation. Two recommendation letters should be from faculty members, and the third should be a personal reference. The selection process is designed to seek out qualified candidates especially from underrepresented communities, including African-Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans, as well as scientists with disabilities.

DEADLINE & CONTACT: The application deadline is January 15, 1999. For more information, contact Alice Ra’anan, APS Office of Public Affairs, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814-3991. Tel: 301-530-7105; fax: 301-571-8305; e-mail: [email protected].

424 The Physiologist Career Corner

Teaching at an Undergraduate Campus Mike Woller University of Wisconsin-Whitewater

I received my BS and MS in will present observations, both positive include a list of items for consideration. Zoology from the University of and negative, that may be useful to I will break these items down into three Wisconsin-Oshkosh in 1981 and 1984, graduate students and postdoctoral fel- categories that have some overlap but respectively. While at UWO, I conduct- lows considering the next step in their help me cover the important topics at ed research with I.Y. Mahmoud and career. I will include the experiences of least once. The categories are based on Rodney Cyrus. After one year of work- friends and colleagues in the field to commodities important to most scien- ing as a technician in a microbiology give a broader view of what it is like to tists: time, research opportunities, and laboratory, I returned to graduate school teach and do research at a small liberal money. at the University of Wisconsin-Madison arts university. In fairness, I should in 1985. My thesis work in Madison include the disclaimer that I am Time was conducted at the Wisconsin extremely happy with the position I Time constraints, while pressing on Regional Primate Research Center hold at UWW. UWW is a comprehen- both teaching and research PhDs, are under the direction of Ei Terasawa. I sive 4-year campus with an enrollment composed of different mixes of obliga- received my PhD from the of 10,500 students (primarily under- tions. In our department, we have a Endocrinology and Reproductive graduate) and part of the University of teaching load of 14-15 contact hours Physiology Training Program in 1991 Wisconsin system. I am smiling virtual- per week; this is common for positions and left for a postdoctoral position at ly every day when I arrive at work and without a significant research compo- the University of South Carolina School still smiling most days when I leave. nent in comprehensive universitites. of Medicine. I was fortunate enough to Thus, I may not be as objective as I Departments will significantly reduce work with two great mentors at USC, would like while describing what it is teaching load (to 6-9 contact hours per Charles Blake and Gary Campbell. like to be a physiologist at a teaching week) if research productivity is expect- While under their wings, I learned campus, but I will try to present a bal- ed. In addition to contact hours, we are much more about survival in science anced view. obligated to schedule five office hours than either of them suspect. After The earliest and strongest factor in per week and to participate in service spending 4 years at USC, I accepted a my decision to teach at a smaller cam- via departmental, college, university position at the University of Wisconsin- pus was my undergraduate and masters and system committees. With a consci- Whitewater (UWW) in 1995. I am still thesis mentor, I.Y. (Abe) Mahmoud. entious approach to ancillary teaching here at UWW and plan to remain for a Abe was a very powerful force in my activities (advising, additional help for while. My training involved a number intellectual and professional develop- students, course preparation, laboratory of profound experiences, but the experi- ment. He was infinitely patient, adding preparation, and evaluation), I usually ence I had early on with Mahmoud and direction and focus to my work without invest ~50-60 hours per week. While Cyrus has been most influential in my inhibiting creativity. More important to this is certainly a feasible work load, it choice of career paths. Throughout my me, although it took me years to com- does not include time for either direct- graduate and postdoctoral training, I prehend fully the significance of this, ing student research or performing was being groomed to conduct research, was that Abe always enjoyed the one’s own research. with a career at either a medical school processes of science through good The positive side to spending exten- or a large PhD-granting research institu- times and bad. Not every graduate stu- sive time teaching is that teaching phys- tion in my future. My passion, however, dent or postdoctoral fellow has the lux- iology to undergraduates is enjoyable has always been to work at a smaller ury of working with an “Abe” who and rewarding. As complex systems are teaching campus. Be careful what you illustrates to them the full array of explained to them, students give imme- ask for. opportunities available at an undergrad- diate feedback as they assimilate con- uate institute. ceptually difficult ideas. This immedi- Factors That Led Me To Teach At An ate feedback is a powerful motivating Undergraduate Campus Positive and Negative Aspects of a force for me, and it keeps me enthusias- I will present some of the factors Career at an Undergraduate Campus tic about the material. We all know that went into my decision to develop As with all value judgements, “pos- feedback from research projects can be my physiology career at a predominate- itive” and “negative” will vary from delayed months or years, and it fre- ly undergraduate teaching campus. I person to person, but I will try to quently has a significant negative com-

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 425 Career Corner ponent. On the other hand, delayed strategy is not as efficient as the first (I Pharmaceuticals and St. Lukes feedback from students who have start- find it much easier to do the work Hospital!) require time investments on ed careers or have gone to graduate or myself versus guiding undergraduates your part but can be useful in acquiring professional schools is even more grati- in their research), working with under- needed materials. In return, the bene- fying. While I enjoy research, I find the graduates is very rewarding. I hope that factors remove surplus equipment and teaching much more rewarding. There Abe, my mentor, enjoyed working with typically receive a tax write-off. are days that I wonder why they pay me me as much as I have enjoyed the stu- Collaborations at regional research for having as much fun as I do, but I dents who have worked with me. I have institutions (thank you Wisconsin will discuss the money issue later. had some great students in my laborato- Regional Primate Research Center and ry, and I intend to revel vicariously in University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee!) Research Opportunities their future successes. Third, since my can provide you with access to equip- The research opportunities at under- ultimate tenure decision does not hinge ment, expertise, and research col- graduate institutions tend to vary great- upon my being able to obtain an NIH leagues. In return, the benefactors here ly by location and department. The grant or publish two to three papers per receive the benefit of your hands (brain) national trend seems to be for expecta- year, I have the luxury (freedom) of and a chance to recruit promising tions of some level of research from being able to take on riskier that others undergraduates to their advanced pro- teaching faculty. For those of us trained cannot take a chance on. grams or as employees. to do research and who enjoy the The third facet of money to consid- process, this is a welcome change. Money er is the magic elixir all institutions Unfortunately, the administrators at There are several angles to the crave: the overhead money associated many institutions have failed to recog- money issue that one needs to consider with extramural grants. The big advan- nize the need for two commodities to do before entering an academic position at tage a position at an undergraduate research successfully: time and money. an undergraduate institution. Salary is institution has over one at a research Several of my peers have accepted posi- one of the pragmatic issues that may be institution is that faculty at undergradu- tions that required extensive research important to consider. It is reasonable to ate institutions are not required to bring and grant writing efforts on top of a full expect a 15-30% lower starting salary in overhead to keep the laboratory roof teaching load. One needs to be careful than you would receive at a graduate overhead, much less pay their own when interviewing for these positions: school or medical school. A position in salaries. Given the status of funding lev- be sure you know what is expected of industry is likely to pay considerably els at NIH and NSF over the last 10 you and that you will have the support higher than either type of academic years, this is an important considera- and time to accomplish your goals. position. If your salary is an important tion. For myself, this was the key Once hired, we need to be diligent in component of your self-worth, make money consideration in accepting my educating our administrators as to the your decision accordingly. position here at UWW. infrastructure and support required to A second aspect of money to con- conduct legitimate research in the life sider is the infrastructure and support Summary sciences. provided for both teaching and The decision to cut your career path How can one overcome the limitita- research. To be successful in writing toward an undergraduate teaching insti- tions on research experienced at com- grants, you will need infrastructure and tution must result from your evaluation prehensive universities? I have had sev- preliminary data. Thus, your adminis- of all the options. Each of us has differ- eral experiences that have helped me be tration needs to recognize its obligation ent needs. When you arrive at the final successful at this level. First, limited and invest in the sciences in general, stages of your job search, collect good resources and time necessitate extensive and in your department and you in par- data, analyze it thoroughly, be honest collaboration. When I think of collabo- ticular. If not fully supported initially (a with yourself about what your career ration, I view it as less work, more pro- common plight), some creativity may needs are and then make a good deci- ductivity per unit work, and more fun be necessary to stock a lab with equip- sion. As physiologists, this is what we doing the science. Given this, I am very ment and supplies. Small grants and are trained to do. Perhaps my training is fond of collaboration. Second, I have gifts-in-kind from corporations and pri- why I am so happy with my career path. extensively engaged my undergraduate vate foundations (thank you Merck Good luck. ❖ students in research projects. While this

426 The Physiologist Positions Available

Postdoctoral Fellowships: Two postdoctoral fellowships in Faculty Position in Department of cardiovascular research are available for 1-3 years. Physiology: Applications are invited University of Missouri has a strong program in cardiovascu- for a faculty position in the Department lar sciences, spanning the Colleges of Medicine, Veterinary of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medicine, and Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center. One National University of Singapore. The position will focus on cellular mechanisms responsible for successful applicant should possess and cardiac Ca channel dysfunction associated with endotox- MD or PhD degree (or equivalent) and emia, including second messenger regulation and potential should have had at least two years of Ca channel-cytoskeletal interactions. The second position postdoctoral experience. He/she is will explore exercise-induced adaptations in porcine coro- expected to teach human physiology at both undergraduate nary artery function and include studies of adenosine trans- and graduate levels, to conduct independent research, and to port/metabolism and/or K channel function. The successful compete successfully for research funding from intramural applicant will possess a DVM, PhD, MD, or the equivalent. and extramural sources. A medical background or research Experience in second messenger biochemistry, cytoskeletal experience in molecular biology will be an advantage. regulation of membrane events, electrophysiology, and/or Remuneration will be commensurate with experience. confocal microscopy is preferable. Strong interest and/or Applicants should send their curriculum vitae, a brief background in some aspect of cardiovascular research is description of research plans, and the names and addresses of essential. Send a letter of interest, a recent curriculum vitae, three references to: Head, Recruitment Committee, and the names of three references to Dr. Leona Rubin, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences E102, University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, e-mail: 119260. For more details, visit the department’s web site: [email protected]. Minorities and women are encour- http://www.nus.sg/NUSinfo/Appoint/med-physio.htm. aged to apply. [EOE] Only short-listed candidates will be notified.

Postdoctoral Position: A postdoctoral position to study oxy- Research Biologists. Pharmacia and Upjohn is seeking can- gen radicals and convulsions will become available on didates to fill two openings for Research Biologists in Safety October 1, 1998. The research is funded by NIEHS to study Pharmacology. Both are located at Pharmacia and Upjohn’s relationships between convulsions and the concentrations of North American Research and Development Center in excitatory and inhibitory metabolites of the kynurenine path- Kalamazoo, Michigan. The incumbent will be responsible way for NMDA receptors in the brains of rats exposed to for planning, conducting, evaluating, and reporting on safety hyperbaric oxygen. Associated research will assess the inter- pharmacology studies and for collection and analysis of active effects (in vivo and in vitro) of oxygen, iron, and var- ECGs on non-rodent toxicology studies in support of early ious antioxidants on flux through, and enzyme kinetics of, discovery and product development. Knowledge of cardio- the kynurenine pathway using both procaryotes and eucary- vascular pharmacology and a BS or MS degree in a related otes. The work has medical applications for oxygen therapy, discipline with at least 3 years of experience in conducting deep sea diving, brain degenerative diseases, and stroke. The these studies are required. Experience in the pharmaceutical research is a team effort involving the laboratories of Olen R. industry is highly desirable, as is experience in performing Brown and William E. Dale (University of Missouri - all aspects of studies utilizing computerized radiotelemetric Columbia) and Fong Fu Hsu (Washington University, St. data acquisition. These studies are conducted in compliance Louis). The successful candidate will have some combina- with GLP regulations; a working knowledge of these regula- tion of interests and abilities in biochemistry, analytical tions is desirable. The ability to communicate effectively in chemistry, enzymology, microbial physiology, and/or oxy- writing and orally is required. For confidential consideration, gen radicals. Expertise with HPLC and brain microdialysis send your resume to: Laurie A. Hanson, Pharmacia and techniques also would be helpful. Send a resume and the Upjohn, 301 Henrietta Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007. names of three scientists as references to: William E. Dale, Reference Requisition number 980586. Resumes are accept- PhD, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of ed by email at: [email protected]. Pharmacia Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 (tel: 573-882-0778; fax: and Upjohn is an equal opportunity employer with a com- 573-884-4232; email: [email protected]. mitment to workplace diversity.

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 427 Positions Available

Postdoctoral position: available to study effect of diet on Postdoctoral Research Fellowships: The Reproductive skeletal muscle insulin signaling and glucose transport. Sciences Program at the University of Michigan currently Research experience in biochemistry, cell biology, molecular has postdoctoral research fellow positions available on its biology, and/or physiology is preferred. Position is available NIH/NICHD-funded training grant (NRSA), “Training January 1999 and is funded through NIH for up to 3 years. Program in Reproductive Endocrinology.” To be considered Minimum salary is $30,000. Send a cover letter describing for open postdoctoral positions, applicants must arrange a research experience, a curriculum vitae, and the names and mentorship with an RSP-affiliated faculty member, must be addresses of three references to: Greg Cartee, Ph.D., a citizen or non-citizen national of the US, or must have been Biodynamics Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, lawfully admitted for permanent residence. Individuals on 2000 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706. Fax: 608-262- temporary or student visas are not eligible. Application dead- 1656; email: [email protected]. [EOE] line is February 1. Visit our web site to obtain additional information and application procedure at: http://www.umich. edu/~rspwww/.

Tenure-Track Position in Biology: The Biology Program Tenure-track faculty position: Applications are invited for of Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges of The a tenure-track faculty position at the Assistant Professor level Claremont Colleges seeks a broadly trained Organismal in the Department of Exercise Science, University of Biologist to fill a tenure-track position in biology. Appointment Southern California, with a possible secondary appointment may be made at the Assistant Professor or at a more advanced in Neural Informational and Behavioral Sciences, commenc- level. Preference will be given to candidates with research ing July 1, 1999. Applicants must hold an earned PhD degree experience and continuing interests in the physiology or relevant to the area of muscle mechanics. The resarch orien- anatomy of animals or plants. The position will begin tation may be from any number of perspectives, e.g., physio- September 1999. Teaching responsibilities will include par- logical, molecular, neuromuscular, or biomechanical. ticipation in our Introductory Biology sequence and an Candidates must demonstrate evidence of scholarly produc- upper-division undergraduate laboratory course in the area of tivity and potential for external funding. Postdoctoral experi- specialization. Interest in developing courses for non-science ence is highly desired. The successful candidate’s responsi- majors is highly desirable. Supervision ofundergraduates in bilities will include development of an independent research research is expected. The successful candidates will show laboratory, publication in peer-reviewed journals, acquisition evidence of being able to sustain an active research program of external funding for research, instruction at the under- attracting and involving undergraduates at a liberal arts col- graduate and graduate level, and supervision of graduate stu- lege. A PhD degree, prior teaching experience, and a record dents. Additionally, this individual will be expected to con- of scholarly publication are required. The Biology program tribute to the service of the department and/or university. is part of the Joint Science Department Successful candidates will have excellent verbal and com- (http://www.jsd.claremont.edu), an interdisciplinary depart- munication skills and will be able to work effectively and ment that serves three selective liberal arts colleges in The cohesively with other teaching, research, and administrative Claremont Colleges consortium: Claremont McKenna, personnel. Please provide a letter of interest including Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges. The Joint Science faculty con- research goals and teaching philosophy, a current curriculum sists of 11 biologists, 6 chemists, and 4 physicists. The vitae, three letters of reference, examples of relevant publi- department offers major programs in Biology, Chemistry, cations (maximum 3), and a current email address to: Dr. Jill Physics, and various interdisciplinary topics. Send a CV, a McNitt-Gray, Chair of Search Committee, Department of statement of teaching interests and philosophy, and a state- Exercise Science, University of Southern California, 3560 ment of research interests to Dr. Newton Copp, W.M. Keck Watt Way, PED 107, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0652. Fax: Science Center, 925 N. Mills Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711. 213-740-7909; email: [email protected]. Preliminary screen- (Email: [email protected]). Arrange to have three ing of applications will begin on December 15, 1998. letters of recommendation sent to the same address. Review Applications will continue to be accepted until the position is of applications will begin on November 30, 1998 and con- filled. [AA/EOE] tinue until the position is filled. In a continuing effort to enrich its academic environment and provide equal educa- tional and employent opportunities, The Claremont Colleges actively encourage applications from women and members of historically under-represented social groups in higher edu- cation.

428 The Physiologist Positions Available

Two tenure-track positions: Exercise Physiology, Depart- Assistant Professor, Animal Physiology: The Department ment of Kinesiology and Noll Physiological Research Center, of Biology, University of Dayton, invites applications for a Pennsylvania State University. Two tenure-track positions tenure-track Assistant Professor position. We particularly are available at the assistant professor level, beginning seek candidates who use cellular, molecular, or developmen- August 1999. Teaching interests and experience in fitness tal approaches in the study of tissue and organ physiology. appraisal, exercise prescription, or related clinical/preventive The successful applicant will be expected to build a strong exercise science courses are desired. An earned doctorate in research program and successfully compete for outside fund- an appropriate discipline, a record of scholarship, and a com- ing to support his/her research. Teaching responsibilities mitment to excellence in teaching and service are required. include one formal lecture course and a laboratory course in ACSM Certification is highly desirable. Research should animal physiology, advanced physiology, or introductory complement existing faculty strengths. Send a letter of biology each semester. A PhD and at least two years of post- application; a curriculum vitae; three recent publications; doctoral experience are required. Please send an updated and the name, address, and phone number of three individu- resume, including a statement on research and teaching als from whom you have requested letters of recommenda- interests, along with three letters of recommendation to: Dr. tion to: Dr. W. Larry Kenney, Chair, Search Committee, c/o Jeffrey Stavenhagen, Chair, Physiology Search Committee, Ms. Susan Eberly, Department of Kinesiology, 146 Department of Biology, University of Dayton, 300 College Recreation Building, Box J, Pennsylvania State University, Park, Dayton, OH 45469-2320. The deadline is December 9, University Park, PA 16802. Applications will be reviewed 1998. Women and minorities are strongly encouraged to beginning immediately and continue until the position is apply. [AA/EOE] filled. Pennsylvania State University is committed to affir- mative action, equal opportunity, and the diversity of its workforce.

Assistant Professor in Neurophysiology/Neuroscience: Tenure-Track Faculty Positions in Medical Sciences. Applications are invited for a tenure-track appointment at the Applications are invited for two tenure-track faculty posi- Assistant Professor level in neurophysiology/neuroscience tions in the Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of with an emphasis on some aspect of physical activity, behav- Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. ior, and health. A research program utilizing molecular John’s, Newfoundland, Canada. The Division consists of approaches will be a definite asset. Duties include teaching approximately 35 faculty members with research strengths in undergraduate and graduate courses and supervising gradu- cancer research, cardiovascular/renal science, immunology, ate students. A PhD and a publication record in refereed jour- and neuroscience. One appointment will be in the area of car- nals are required, as well as the ability to develop a research diovascular/renal science. A second appointment is open in program supported by external funding. Postdoctoral experi- any of the four areas listed above. Applicants must hold an ence preferred. Applicants should send a curriculum vitae; a MD or PhD degree and have postdoctoral training. covering letter stating future research goals; relevant Successful candidates are expected to develop externally reprints; and the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of funded research programs and participate in medical under- at least 3 individuals who may act as references by December graduate and graduate teaching. Additional information 31, 1998 to: Dr. E. Cafarelli, Kinesiology and Health regarding the Faculty of Medicine and Memorial University Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, of Newfoundland may be found at http://aorta.library.mun. Canada. E-mail: [email protected]. Duties commence July 1, ca/med/ and http://www.mun.ca. To apply, send a curricu- 1999. The position is subject to budgetary approval. Further lum vitae, description of research interests, and the names of information can be obtained at www.yorku.ca/dept/physed. three references to the Associate Dean, Division of Basic York University has a policy of employment equity, includ- Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences ing affirmative action for women faculty. In accordance with Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canadian immigration requirements, this advertisement is Newfoundland, Canada A1B 3V6. Application review will directed to Canadian citizens and permanent residents. begin January 15, 1999. In accordance with Canadian immi- gration requirements, priority will be given to Canadian citi- zens and permanent residents of Canada. Memorial University is committed to the principles of employment equity and welcomes applications from all qualified candi- dates.

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 429 Positions Available

Assistant Professor: A tenure-tract position for an Assistant Postdoctoral Research Fellow: Postdoctoral research posi- Professor in Exercise Science is available beginning in tions are available immediately in the Division of Cardiology August 1999. Teaching responsibilities include undergradu- at Pennsylvania State College of Medicine in the area of ate courses in human physiology, anatomy, and exercise neural control of the circulation. Individuals will collaborate physiology; nutrition; research design; and other on NIH, NASA and AHA funded projects. Projects include science-based theory classes in the Department of Exercise vestibular regulation of sympathetic nerve activity, cardio- Science and the university general education program. vascular effects of bed rest, heart failure, and the role of mus- Qualifications: PhD expected, evidence of successful under- cle reflexes on sympathetic nerve activity. The Milton S. graduate teaching experience, scholarly and professional Hershey Medical Center has an NIH-funded clinical research activity, and the ability to develop student research programs center to provide additional infrastructure for outstanding and laboratory experiences. Salary is competitive. Review of clinical research. Interested applicants with training in inte- applicants begins December 15, 1998. Send a letter of appli- grative, cardiovascular, or exercise physiology are invited to cation, curriculum vitae, three current letters of recommen- contact: Chester A. Ray, PhD or Lawrence I. Sinoway, MD; dation, and official transcripts to: Russ Cagle, Chair, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Division of Department of Exercise Science, Willamette University, 900 Cardiology; 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033; Tel: State Street, Salem, OR 97301. Willamette University is an 717-531-6853; Fax: 717-531-1792; email: [email protected]. Equal Opportunity Employer and embraces excellence Pennsylvania State is committed to affirmative action, equal through diversity. opportunity and the diversity of its workforce.

Professor and Chair: Department of Biological Sciences, Postdoctoral Fellowship: Postdoctoral Fellowship available Bayer School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, in the Exercise Science laboratory, Department of Duquesne University. Duquesne University invites applica- Physiology, Science Faculty, University of Stellenbosch, tions and nominations for the position of Professor and Chair South Africa. Requirements: PhD in one of the following dis- of the Department of Biological Sciences. The Department ciplines: muscle biochemistry, metabolism or respiratory currently has 14 full-time faculty members and 5 full-time physiology. Special interest and expertise in one or more of staff and supports 20 graduate teaching assistants. Our facul- the following research areas: lactate turnover, hypoxia, mus- ty have research interests in the areas of cellular and molec- cle adaptation (short-term and long-term), metabolism during ular biology, microbiology, and cellular and systems physi- high intensity exercise, peripheral fatigue. Research model: ology. The Department of Biological Sciences has contem- human subjects or rats. Job description: independent research porary BS and MS programs with a strong research empha- related to one or two of the above special interest areas; col- sis, and a multidisciplinary PhD program is in the planning laboration with MSc students. Opportunities if desired: post- stages. Additional information regarding our programs, the graduate teaching; work with athletes. Stellenbosch is situat- School, and the University can be found at the University ed in the Western Cape wine country, 50 km from Cape Town Web site (www.duq.edu). We are seeking an individual with and 20 km from the ocean. University of Stellenbosch is imagination, energy, and leadership ability to enable us to renowned in South Africa for its high standard of undergrad- continue building and strengthening our educational and uate teaching and is currently actively supporting and research programs. The preferred candidate will have an expanding postgraduate expertise. The Physiology earned PhD in an area of Biological Science, be an estab- Department offers a postgraduate course - MPhil (Exercise lished researcher with a strong record of publication and Science), that includes both course work and research. Dr. extramural support, have a strong commitment to excellence Kathy Myburgh co-ordinates the course and directs the in education, and have demonstrated leadership skills. Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry laboratories. Further Applicants should submit a full curriculum vitae, the names enquiries: khm@ maties.sun.ac.za or Fax: 27-21-808-3145. and addresses of three references, a letter of interest that Preferred starting date: by 1 April, but position will be held includes a summary of teaching philosophy and leadership open for best possible candidate. skills, and a two-page description of research interests and goals to: Steven P. Thomas, PhD, Chair, Faculty Search Committee, Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1502. Salary will be com- mensurate with qualifications and experience. Review of applicants will begin immediately, and will continue until the deadline for receipt of applications which is December 7, 1998. [AA/EOE]

430 The Physiologist Publications

Three AJP Editors Hold Meetings

The editors of two of the journals of for their journals and the excellent time Physiology begins on January 1, 1999, the American Journal of Physiology from acceptance to publication, either held an organizational meeting at the held mini-retreats recently. Steve in an editorial or through the mail. head offices in Bethesda on October 23. Hebert, editor of AJP: Renal Physiology However, although the independent He was accompanied by Karen Kangas, and Marty Kagnoff, editor of AJP: study contracted for by APS with ISI new office manager for the journal. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology shows (see www.faseb.aps.org) that Seven associate editors attended: Allen met with their associate editors in these two journals are cited much more Cowley, William Chilian, Richard Nashville and Santa Barbara, respec- frequently than their competitors, the Roman, Julian Lombard, Richard tively. The Publications Committee editors still would prefer separate Traystman, Eileen Hasser, Diana has determined that such meetings, held impact factors for the individual AJP Kunze, and Christopher Dawson. Three at appropriate intervals in an editor’s journals, rather than the sole impact fac- members of the journal’s newly created term, are invaluable to the health of the tor for the consolidated American board of medical editors also came: Ted Society’s journals. Journal of Physiology. Kotchen, Roberto Bolli, and Stephen Hebert’s meeting was attended by At their respective meetings, Rauner Vatner. Those unable to attend included associate editors Christine Baylis, Peter and Chambers outlined new policies associate editors Andrew Green and Friedman, Steve Gullans, and Sanjay K. and procedures to the editors including David Guterman and medical editors Nigam; publications manager Brenda the Publications Committee’s decision Claude Lenfant, Kenneth Chien, Rauner; and assistant to the editor to limit color figures to those in which Richard Cohen, and David Warltier. Jennifer Mahar. Mark Zeidel was color is scientifically warranted, even if APS staff in attendance included unable to attend. Kagnoff’s meeting an author is willing to pay the full cost Brenda Rauner, Laurie Chambers, and was attended by all his associate edi- of unnecessary color. They also report- Alice O’Donnell. Candace Berryman, tors: David Brenner, Paul Kubes, Chip ed on the new tracking system to be assistant to Traytsman, also came. Montrose, Chung Owyang, and John installed at APS and the plans for the The editor outlined his plans for the Walsh; APS production manager Laurie electronic submission of manuscripts journal, which are described on the next Chambers and assistant to the editor and review of manuscripts through a page, including the role of the board of Irene Hendricks. Ann Taguchi, assistant web-based site. Hebert announced his medical editors. to Walsh, also attended. intention to set up a home page for AJP: Other topics for discussion included At both meetings the groups dis- Renal Physiology, which he plans to reviewing policy and procedures to cussed the health and efficiency of their develop into a significant resource for ensure competent reviews and rapid journals, particularly submission rates, researchers in the field through links to turnaround, the handling of invited the review process, schedules for invit- other appropriate databases and by pro- reviews, and the improvement of time ed material, color figures, covers, and viding meeting calendars as well as from acceptance to publication. rapid or expedited articles. Both editors information about the journal. Mrs. Rauner outlined journal poli- plan on communicating to their con- David Harder, whose term of office cies and procedures for the submission stituency the excellent citation statistics as editor of AJP: Heart and Circulatory and acceptance of manuscripts. ❖

AJP: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology: Chung Owyang, David AJP: Renal Physiology: Peter Friedman, Jennifer Mahar, Steve Brenner, Ann Taguchi, Martin Gullans, Christine Baylis, Sanjay Nigam, Steve Hebert. Kagnoff, Paul Kubes, Irene Hendricks, Chip Montrose.

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 431 APS News

Introducing David Harder David Harder has been appointed hyperemia in the brain. Harder has accept Associate Editor responsibilities. new editor of AJP: Heart and authored over 150 manuscripts. These include, William Chilian, Allen Circulatory Physiology, succeeding Harder has been an active member Cowley, Jr., Christopher Dawson, Harris J. Granger, whose term ends of APS since 1978, previously serving Andrew Greene, David Gutterman, December 31, 1998. Harder is currently on the Committee for Committees, and Eileen Hasser, Diana Kunze, Julian Professor of Physiology and Director of presently serving as a member of the Lombard, Richard Roman, and Richard the Cardiovascular Research Center at Traystman. A number of changes will the Medical College of Wisconsin in be made to the journal, most notably Milwaukee. He received his BS from the establishment of a Board of Medical the University of Wisconsin in 1972 and Editors, including Roberto Bolli, PhD in Physiology from the Medical Kenneth Chien, Richard Cohen, College of Wisconsin in 1977. After Theodore Kotchen, Stephen Vatner, and postdoctoral training with Nick David Warltier. The charge of this board Sperelakis at the University of Virginia is to contribute editorials on the clinical Medical School, he was appointed as impact of selected manuscripts grouped Assistant Professor of Physiology at the around specific mechanistic themes. newly formed East Tennessee State The goal of these editorials is to University College of Medicine in enhance the journal’s impact on the Johnson City, TN. Harder spent two clinical arena and to serve as a tool in years in Johnson City before moving to designing clinically relevant experi- the University of Vermont College of mental protocols. Another change will Medicine as an Assistant Professor of be the elimination of headings that Physiology. In 1983, he returned to the group manuscripts under cardiac, vas- Medical College of Wisconsin as an cular and integrative topics. These will Associate Professor of Physiology and Finance Committee. He has also served be replaced, in time, by specific mecha- Neurology. He was promoted to full on the Program and Publications nistic headings (i.e., mechanisms of Professor in 1987, and in 1992 was Committee for the Council for High cell-cell coupling, signal transduction, appointed as Director of the Blood Pressure Research. He is a apoptosis, angiogenesis, etc.), which Cardiovascular Research Center. Career Scientist of the Veterans will change from volume to volume. Harder’s research focuses on signal Administration and has been continual- The last major addition to the journal transduction in vascular smooth muscle. ly funded by the NIH since 1979. will be inclusion of editorials from the He has published manuscripts on con- Harder holds a MERIT Award from National Institutes of Health Heart, trol of ion channels in mesentery, coro- NIH, and has served on a number of Lung, and Blood Institute. Claude nary, renal and cerebral circulation. His study sections. Harder serves on the edi- Lenfant has agreed to write these edito- recent research has focused on identifi- torial boards of Circulation Research, rials and is looking forward to estab- cation of P-450 generated fatty acid Hypertension, and Endothelium, and lishing a new and productive partner- metabolites as controllers of vascular was also Associate Editor for the ship between the American tone by regulating ion channel activity Journal of Vascular Research. Physiological Society and the NIH, as intracellular second messengers and Harder’s goal for AJP: Heart and NHLBI. Harder and the new editorial as endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing Circulatory Physiology is to make it the team of the American Journal of factors. Harder’s interests primarily lie premier cardiovascular journal in the Physiology: Heart and Circulaory con- in defining the mechanisms of autoreg- world, to establish a reputation of excel- tinue in the footsteps of Harris Granger ulation of blood flow in the brain and lence, and to convince investigators to and associates with commitment, ener- the kidney and how increased neuronal send their best work. Toward this goal, gy, and enthusiasm. ❖ activity results in discrete functional a noted list of scientists have agreed to

432 The Physiologist People & Places

Richard Hawkins Appointed as Provost

The Board of Trustees of the Finch Hawkins joined the University in University of Health Sciences/The 1988 as Professor and Chairman of the Chicago Medical School is pleased to Department of Physiology and Biophysics announce the appointment of Richard and was appointed Executive Vice A. Hawkins as Provost of the President of Academic Affairs and University, effective immediately. Chief Academic Officer in 1993. Hawkins will manage all business and Hawkins is a member of numerous educational affairs of the University and professional groups including the will retain his duties as Chief Academic American Physiological Society, the Officer. American Society of Neurochemistry Hawkins is known for his research and the American Institute of Nutrition. on the internal working and processing Since 1977, his research has been sup- of the human brain. He received his University he was Professor of Anes- ported continuously by the National PhD in Physiology in 1969 from thesiology, Physiology, and Metabolic Institutes of Health. He is the author or Harvard University followed by post- Research at the Milton S. Hershey co-author of over 100 original scientific doctoral training at Oxford University, Medical Center, Pennsylvania State College articles published in prestigious med- Oxford, England. Prior to joining the of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania. ical journals. ❖

APS Members Elected to IOM On October 12, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) announced General Hospital, Boston. the election of 55 new members, raising the total active mem- Victor J. Dzau, MD, physician-in-chief and chairman, bership to 579. In addition, six people were honored by direct Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, election to senior membership, bringing that total to 659 Boston. members. Ten years ago, the IOM established the category of Ferid Murad, MD, PhD, professor and chair, Department foreign associate membership, which now totals 47 with the of Integrative Biology, Pharmacology, and Physiology, election of five members this year. University of Texas Medical School, Houston. Three APS members were elected to active membership The APS member elected to foreign associate membership and one member was elected as a foreign associate member. was John H. Vane, DPhil, DSc, President, William Harvey APS members elected to the Institute include: Research Institute, St. Bartholomew’s and the Royal London Dennis A. Ausiello, MD, Jackson Professor of Clinical School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary and Westfield Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and physician-in-chief, College, University of London. ❖ medical services, and chief, renal unit, Massachusetts

Moving?Moving? If you have moved or changed your phone, fax, or email address, please notify the APS Membership Office at 301-530-7171 or fax to 301-571-8313.

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 433 People & Places

Gregory C. Amberg is no longer affil- Originally from the Department of Muhammad Iqbal has moved from iated with Idaho State University, Physiology, Northeastern Ohio Division of Animal and Veterinary Pocatello, ID. Amberg is now with the University College of Medicine, Sciences, West Virginia University, Department of Physiology and Cell Rootstown, OH, Yifan Chen recently Morgantown, WV. Iqbal is currently a Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, has joined the Department of Graduate Research Assistant, Department NV. Anesthesiology, University of Rochester of Poultry Science, University of Medical Center, Rochester, NY, as a Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Recently associating with the Vascular Research Associate. Biology Center, Medical College of Having become the Director of the Georgia, Augusta, GA, Farhad Amiri Accepting an assignment as Assistant Center for Metabolism/Nutrition, has left the Clinical Research Institute Professor, Department of Physiology & MetroHealth Medical Center, of Montreal, Montreal, Canada. Biophysics, Indiana University School Cleveland, OH, Satish C. Kalhan, has of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, left the Division of Neonatology, Moving to Rochester, NY, Bradford C. Shaoyou Chu has moved from the Rainbow Babies & Childrens Hospital, Berk became the Unit Chief of Department of Medicine, Johns Cleveland, OH. Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Hopkins University School of University of Rochester. Berg previous- Medicine, Baltimore, MD. Richard Kinkead, Assistant Professor, ly was with the Department of has joined the Department of Pediatrics, Medicine, University of Washington, Joining the Department of Physiology, CHUQ, Pavillon St. Francois d’Assise, Seattle, WA. Wayne State University School of Quebec City, Canada. Prior to his new Medicine, Detroit, MI, Heidi L. position, Kinkead was a Research Nicholas J. Bernier has left the Collins has moved from the Associate with the Department of Department of Biology, University of Department of Physiology, Northeastern Comparative Biosciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Ohio University College of Medicine, Wisconsin, Madison, WI. Today, Bernier is a postdoctoral fellow Rootstown, OH. with the Department of Biological Having accepted a position as Associate Sciences, University of Alberta, Having left Department of Physiology, Professor with the Department of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Northeastern Ohio University, Rootstown, Biomedical Science, Ohio University OH, Stephen E. DiCarlo, has accepted College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ann M. Bode is no longer with the a position with the Department of Athens, OH, Richard E. Klabunde has Department of Physiology, University Physiology, Wayne State University moved from the Deborah Research of North Dakota School of Medicine, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI. Institute in Browns Mills, NJ where he Grand Forks, ND. Bode is now with the was the Senior Cardiovascular Group Department of Exercise and Movement Sean P. Didion, a former University of Leader. Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Nebraska Medical Center student, OR. Omaha, NE, has moved to the Medical Dietmar Kultz has joined the Whitney Labs, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA. Lab, University of Florida, St. Formerly with Krug Life Science Inc., Augustine, FL. Kultz had been working W. Richard Dukelow who was Department of Cardiovascular Lab, at the Laboratory of Kidney and Professor and Director, Endocrine Houston, TX, Troy Edwin Brown is Electrolyte Metabolism, National Heart, Research Labs, Michigan State now a Lead Scientist with Wyle Lung, and Blood Institute, National University, East Lansing, MI, has Laboratories, Neuroscience Labs, Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. accepted a new position with High Houston, TX. Meadows Enterprises, Somers, MT. David T. Kurjiaka is currently Warren William Burggren has accept- Cheryl Miller Heesch has accepted a Assistant Professor, Department of ed a new position with the Department position with the Dalton Cardiovascular Biological Sciences, Ohio University, of Biological Sciences, University of Research Center, University of Athens, OH. Prior to this position, North Texas, Denton, TX. Formerly, Missouri, Columbus, MO. Until recent- Kurjiaka was with the Department of Burggren was Professor and Chair, ly, Heesch was associated with the Physiology, University of Arizona, Department of Biological Science, Department of Physiology, Ohio State Tucson, AZ. University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV. University, Columbus, OH.

434 The Physiologist People & Places

Becoming affiliated with Meakins- New York, NY. Miller is now with Moving to the Department of Christies Labs, McGill University, Cooper & Dunham, LLP, New York, Neuroanesthesia Research, University Montreal, Canada, Anne-Marie Lauzon NY. of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, Dale has moved from the Department of A. Pelligrino has left the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Marshall H. Montrose is now associat- Anesthesiology, Michael Reese Hospital University of Vermont, Burlington, VT. ed with the Department of Physiology/ Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Biophysics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, J. Russell Linderman, a postdoctoral IN. Previously, Montrose was affiliated Robert C. Roach has moved from the fellow, has moved to the Department of with the Department of Medicine, Copenhagen Muscle Research Center, Physiology, Medical College of Johns Hopkins University School of Copenhagen, Denmark, to accept a posi- Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI. Prior to his Medicine, Baltimore, MD. tion as Visiting Research Associate new assignment, Linderman was affiliat- Professor, Division of Physiology, New ed with the Department of Physiology, Lawrence J. Mulligan is currently a Mexico Highlands University, Las West Virginia University, Morgantown, Scientific Editor at the GeoMedGlobal Vegas, NV. WV. Communications, Secaucus, NJ. Prior to his new position, Mulligan was a Having moved from the University of Pamela A. Lucchesi has accepted a Senior Research Associate, Department North Texas Health Science Center, Fort position with the Department of of Experimental Surgery, Deborah Worth TX, Gerson Rocha is currently Physiology/Biophysics, University of Research Institute, Browns Mills, NJ. affiliated with the National Heart, Lung, Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, and Blood Institute, National Institutes AL. Prior to her new position, Lucchesi Formerly, Daniel K. Nelson was of Health, Bethesda, MD. was associated with the Department of Director and Assistant of the GI Unit, Physiology, Loyola University Medical Genesee Hospital, Rochester, NY. Charles Maurice Schworer has joined Center, Maywood, IL. Recently, Nelson moved to the the Department of Physiology/Cell University of North Carolina-Chapel Biology, Albany Medical College, Affiliating with McMaster University, Hill, Chapel Hill, NC as Director of the Albany, NY. Schworer was with the Maureen Jane MacDonald is now Office of Human Research Studies, . Geisinger Clinic, Weis Center for Sessional Lecturer, Department of Research, Danville, PA. Kinesiology, Hamilton, Ontario, Douglas Scott Neufeld was affiliated Canada. Prior to her new assignment, with the Department of Physiology, Harold A. Singer, is currently Professor MacDonald was associated with the University of Arizona College of of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, School of Human Kinetics, University Medicine, Tucson, AZ. Currently, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Neufeld is an Assistant Professor, Prior to his new commitment, Singer Canada. Department of Biology, Eastern was Professor of Cellular and Molecular Mennonite University, Harrisonburg, Physiology, Pennsylvania State Previously associated with the VA. University College of Medicine, Weis Department of Pharmacology, East Center for Research, Danville, PA, Carolina University School of Having accepted a position with Medicine, Greenville, NC, Ravi B. Department of Kinesiology, Hope Assistant Professor Adrian Sculptoreanu Marala is now Senior Research College, Holland, MI, L. Maureen has moved from Lady Davis Institute Scientist, Central Research Division, Odland is no longer at the Department Medical Research, Montreal, CA, and has Department of Cardiovascular & of Human Biology and Nutritional joined the Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Diseases, Groton, CT. Sciences, University of Guelph, University of Pittsburgh School of Donald J. Meyer, Jr. has joined Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA. Columbia Anesthesia Associates, Columbia, MO. Prior to his new assign- Jason Mitchell Pass has left the Formerly, Ronald J. Torry was affiliat- ment, Meyer was with the Department Department of Physiology, East ed with the Center for Reproduction and of Anesthesiology, University of Tennessee State University, Johnson Transplant Immunology, Methodist Missouri, Columbia, MO. City, TN. Pass is now a Graduate Hospital Indiana, Indianapolis, Research Assistant with the Department IN.Associate Professor, in the College Associate Professor Alan D. Miller has of Physiology/Biophysics, University of of Pharmacy. moved from Rockefeller University, Louisville, Louisville, KY.

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 435 People & Places

Mary Van Soeren is no longer with the Ann Arbor, MI. Before moving to University of Western Ontario, Faculty Michigan, Weber was a graduate stu- Recently, Sean Michael Wilson affili- of Nursing, London, Ontario, Canada. dent with the Department of ated with the Department of Physiology Van Soeren has joined St. Joseph’s Physiology, Medical College of and Cell Biology, University of Nevada Health Center, as a Nurse Practitioner, Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI. School of Medicine, Reno, NV. Prior to Intensive Care Unit, London, Ontario, his new affiliation, Wilson was with Canada. Sarah A. Wilcox-Adelman has left the Neural Biology, Physiology and Department of Physiology and Cell Behavior, Division of Biological Having moved from the Cardiology & Biology, Albany, NY. Wilcox-Adelman Sciences, University of California at Cardiovascular Center, University of has joined the Cutaneous Biology Davis, Davis, CA. Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, Richard A. Research Center, Massachusetts Walsh has accepted a position with the General Hospital-East, Charlestown, Graduate student Zhenpeng Zhuang Department of Medicine, as Mabel S. MA. was formerly associated with the Stonehill Professor of Medicine and Whitney Laboratory, University of Director University of Hospitals of Todd Dennis Williams has left the Florida, St. Augustine, FL. Recently, Cleveland, Cleveland, OH. Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for the Zhuang moved to the Department of Aged, Boston, MA, and has affiliated Human Physiology, University of David S. Weber is currently a with the Department Program in California-Davis, Davis, CA. ❖ Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Neuroscience, Florida State University, Physiology, University of Michigan, Tallahassee, FL.

436 The Physiologist Obituary

Eleanor Lutia Ison-Franklin (1929-1998)

Eleanor L. Ison-Franklin, long-time asked her to take on the challenge of a also given citations for Outstanding and cochair of the Porter Physiology new position, that of Dean of the School Dedicated Service (1980) and Development Committee, died at her of Continuing Education. Ison-Franklin Outstanding Contributions to Graduate home in Washington, DC on October 1, held that position while maintaining her Education (1975/76) from Howard 1998. University. She was also twice elected Born on Christmas Eve in 1929 in Faculty Trustee representing the Dublin, Georgia, Ison-Franklin graduat- Graduate and Professional Schools to ed valedictorian from Carver High the Board of Trustees of Howard School in 1944 and Magna Cum Laude University (1981-84 and 1984-87). with a Bachelor of Arts from Spelman Ison-Franklin was selected as a Porter College in 1948. She was awarded a Lecturer in 1967 and retained that des- Master of Science in 1951, followed by ignation until her retirement in 1997. a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1957 Ison-Franklin was a member of in zoology by the University of many scientific organizations in addi- Wisconsin in Madison. Between tion to The American Physiological degrees and during the time she was Society, which she joined in 1971. She working on her degrees, Ison-Franklin was a charter member of the American began a life-long commitment to teach- Society of Hypertension and was active ing. She worked as an Instructor at in both the American Heart Association, Spelman College in the Department of Eleanor Ison-Franklin serving on Ad Hoc Committees and on Biology and as a Teaching Assistant in the Basic Science Council, and in the the Department of Zoology at the laboratory and training of graduate stu- Washington Heart Association. Ison- University of Wisconsin, Madison. dents in the Department of Physiology Franklin served on the local committee Ison-Franklin’s first appointment was as and Biophysics. She retired from these of the XXIV Congress of the an Assistant and then Associate positions in July 1997. For her many International Union of Physiological Professor in the Department of accomplishments and great service to Sciences held in Washington, DC in Physiology and Pharmacology in the Howard University, Ison-Franklin was 1968. In addition, she was a member of School of Veterinary Medicine at designated a “Magnificent Professor” in the New York Academy of Sciences, Tuskegee Institute. She was then hired May 1998. Sigma Xi, AAAS, Sigma Delta Epsilon in 1963 by the Department of Ison-Franklin’s research focused on Women’s Scientific Fraternity, and Phi Physiology and Biophysics at Howard three areas: cardiac performance in con- Sigma Honorary Biological Society. University in Washington, DC. She scious animals, experimental hyperten- Perhaps what Ison-Franklin will steadily rose through the ranks at sion, and left ventricular hypertrophy. best be remembered for will be her Howard University, being promoted to Much of her research was done in col- great love of teaching and advising stu- Professor in 1971. At the same time, laboration with Edward W. Hawthorne. dents on how to live both in the labora- Ison-Franklin’s talent at administration She was a constant attendee at the tory and beyond. In her capacity as was duly noted, such that in 1970 she FASEB and later the Experimental Cochair of the Porter Physiology was named Associate Dean for Biology meetings, including the most Development Committee from 1984 Administration for the College of recent Experimental Biology ‘98 held until the time of her death, she touched Medicine at Howard, the first woman to this past April in San Francisco, CA. the lives of over 100 minority students, hold a deanship in the 103-year history Among the numerous awards and helping them along in their careers and of the University. In 1972 she was made recognition Ison-Franklin received were then, at the right time, letting them go Associate Dean for Academic Affairs in many from her alma mater, Spelman on to realize their full potential. She the College of Medicine. In 1980 she College, including a Centennial continued to participate in the instruc- was asked to also serve as the Director Citation for extraordinary contributions tion of undergraduates as a Visiting of the Edward W. Hawthorne to the development and strengthening of Lecturer in the physiology course at Laboratory for Cardiovascular the National Alumnae Association Spelman College. Her commitment was Research, a position which she held (1981) and election to that group’s to excellence in all things, with an atti- until 1985. In 1987, Howard University Alumnae Hall of Fame (1987). She was tude of respect toward all people. Her

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 437 Obituary skill at critiquing a student’s research dentists, therapists, and technicians. I most high are integrity and continuous while at the same time elevating the hope that in some small way, I have learning.” stature of that insecure student about to stimulated their development and have The American Physiological make his/her first scientific presentation imparted to them a modicum of their Society owes a huge debt of gratitude to was legendary. In her own words at the knowledge. Of course, it is not enough Eleanor Ison-Franklin for many years of time of her acknowledgment as a that there has been the transmission of diligence and hard work on behalf of “Magnificent Professor”: facts between me and the young men the Society and its minority members. “It is axiomatic that the only true and women with whom I have been Her sound advice, good judgement, and rewards of an academic career are the privileged to learn and think and solve keen insight will be sorely missed. successes of one’s students. Therefore, I problems. I hope that through all of the am witness to my rewards as I look many engagements with my students, I around....They sit as chairs of depart- have also succeeded in imparting some ments, directors of programs, chiefs of time-honored values, which they have Donations in honor of Eleanor Ison- divisions, deans, vice presidents, and been able to incorporate into their lives, Franklin can be made to the Porter researchers. They are also clinical their practices, and their interpersonal Physiology Development Fund, 9650 health providers, health physicians, relationships. Among these that I hold Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814.

Porter Physiology Fellowship Program for Minority Graduate Students The American Physiological Hispanics, Native Americans, Native dependency allowance and no tuition or Society has been continuously involved Alaskans, or Native Pacific Islanders) fees paid from the Porter Fund. in the support of career training in phys- who are citizens or permanent residents Fellowships are awarded for one year, iology. The graduate fellowship pro- of the US or its territories. The appli- with a commitment from the Program gram has, during the past 30 years, been cant must have been accepted into or for a second year if trainee progress is funded largely through the generosity of currently be in a graduate program in rated to be good by the Committee. the William Townsend Porter physiology at the time of application. Under exceptional circumstances, a Foundation (formerly Harvard Applicants for Porter Physiology third year may be awarded. Apparatus Foundation). On behalf of Fellowships may choose institutions of To obtain an application, please con- the Society, the program is monitored higher education that offer advanced tact: Porter Physiology Fellowships by the Porter Physiology Development degrees in physiology, especially in Program The American Physiological Committee. North American where memberships in Society, Education Office 9650 The goal of the Porter Physiology the American Physiological Society are Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD. 20814- Fellowship Program is to encourage most prevalent. The fellow may study or 3991 Tel: 301-530-7132; fax: 301-571- diversity among students pursuing full- engage in research away from the fel- 8305; email: [email protected] time studies toward the PhD or Dsc lowship institution during part of the Website: http://www.faseb.org/aps/edu- degree in the physiological sciences and tenure of the award, if the faculty judge catn/porter.htm to encourage their participation in the such an opportunity to be advantageous The closing dates for new applica- Society. for the fellow’s training. tions are January 15 and June 15. Porter Physiology Fellowships are Annual stipends under the Porter Announcements of awards are made on open to underrepresented ethnic minor- Physiology Development Fellowship May 20 and August 20, respectively. ity applicants (African Americans, Program are $15,000. There is no Deceased Members Herbert Chasis Eleanor L. Ison-Franklin Victor Lorber, Robert C. Stroud New York, NY Washington, DC Santa Barbara, CA Chevy Chase, MD Walter S. Druz Chien-Yuan Kao Michael L. Pollock Robert E. Taylor Kailua, HI Brooklyn, NY Gainesville, FL Falmouth, MA Albert Haas Richard W. Lawton Giovanni Salviati Richard F. Tislow New York, NY Schenectady, NY Padova, Italy Somerville, MA A. McGehee Harvey Y.C.P. Lee Thomas G. Smith Thomas L. Willmon Baltimore, MD Irvine, CA Bethesda, MD Alpine, TX Sibley W. Hoobler Cleveland, OH

438 The Physiologist News from Senior Physiologists

Letter to Eugene Rankin cose, totally restorative in the “first Most of tissue cholesterol appears to be stage,” was now no longer restorative. supplied by the liver, but it is possible William Hansel writes: “Thank Having performed hundreds of total that rule may not strictly apply to nerve you for your recent note and best wish- hepatectomies over the period of 1920- membrane. In any case, the brain clear- es for my 80th birthday. I am continuing 52, close observation of the liverless ly needs a large supply of cholesterol; my research activities, but stopped animals left him with the enduring with its extreme concentration in the teaching a year ago. After compulsory impression that, in analogy with the brain, there is the potential for large retirement at Cornell in 1990, I accept- dramatic restorative effect of glucose, a loss, should the brain’s cholesterol bal- ed the Gordon D. Cain Endowed second substance supplied by the liver ance become negative. Total hepatecto- Professorship at Louisiana State was required by the brain. He never my should be a prime cause of such University and later became a member published this hypothesis, but I have negative balance, but lesser degrees of of the faculty of the Pennington done so (FASEB J. Abstract 1994), not impairment of hepatic supply are clear- Biomedical Research Center. Facilities wishing it to be entirely forgotten, since ly possible. A large loss of membrane at the Pennington Center are superb, it may eventually aid the understanding cholesterol would be likely to have seri- and although my professorship is termi- of other causes of encephalopathy and ous effects. There is morphological and nated, I have been able to pursue my mortality. I remember discussing this functional evidence of weakening of the interests in ovarian function, and recent- idea with my father many times, espe- endothelial cells of the blood-brain bar- ly I initiated studies on the use of con- cially while we were both attending the rier attributable to low cholesterol, ren- jugates of lytic peptides and luteinizing International Physiological Congress in dering the brain more permeable to hormone (LH) or LH-releasing hor- Zurich in 1938. We never could come toxic substances. There is evidence of mones (LHRH) to target cancer cells up with a plausible suggestion of the such increased permeability in hepatic that express receptors for these hor- chemical identity of the hypothetical failure. Possibly also pertinent are the mones. substance. Occasionally, thinking about recently reported impairment of the “Recently, I was fortunate in being this question over the years, about 10 blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer’s dis- awarded the first Pharmacia-Upjohn years ago, I thought it might be free ease and the well-known loss of synaps- International Award for Lifetime cholesterol. Since then, I have been col- es in the disease. Achievements in Research on lecting evidence from the literature. “My father’s hypothesis over 70 Reproduction in Ruminants. The award “Some of the evidence I have pub- years ago, of a second life-saving func- was presented in August at the 5th lished (Persp. Biol. Med. 33: 531-534, tion of the liver, in addition to maintain- International Symposium on Reproduction 1990; 41: 417-425, 1998), but one key ing the blood glucose, even though yet in Domestic Ruminants, at Colorado number was lacking, the cholesterol unproven, remains, I believe, an inter- Springs, Colorado. content of the human brain. Since mem- esting example of what Stanley Schultz “I hope to continue my research branes, the principal site of cell choles- aptly named ‘Integrative Biology’.” activities for another year.” terol, make up so much of the mass of the brain, one would expect this content S.R. (Dick) Heisey writes: “I can only Letter to Stephen Cain to be large. Early biochemists were well add that I’m still in the adapting phase Frank D. Mann writes: “I greatly aware that brain is a good source mate- of retirement. I’ve played more golf appreciate your message of good wish- rial from which to prepare cholesterol, than I have in the past 10 or 20 years, es from the APS on my 80th birthday. but I could not locate quantitative data. which isn’t saying very much since I The older one becomes, the more grati- Published analyses of foods show brain played very little during that time. I’m fying it is to be remembered. to be in a class by itself: average values doing some volunteer work associated “My entire intellectual life has been for pork brain 2,552 mg of cholesterol with the MSU (Michigan State shaped by my remarkably early scien- per 100 g tissue compared to 82 mg per University) retirees club and with tific companionship with my father, 100 g of pork muscle; liver, second Meals-on-Wheels, a program for Frank Charles Mann, President of APS highest, 355 mg per 100 g; similar val- seniors who are home-bound for vari- in 1936 and 1937. I welcome the oppor- ues for beef. From these crude data on ous reasons. I go into my office at tunity to write about a scientific ques- foods, one can estimate that in the school periodically to work on a mono- tion which puzzled him for many years human, 50% of total body cholesterol is graph a colleague and I are writing on and now me for many more: namely, in the brain, 2% of body weight. One acid-base physiology. in addition, I’ve the cause of death in what he terms the would expect the complex human brain been attending a seminar series in cele- “second stage” of encephalopathy fol- to show even greater concentration of bration of the 75th anniversary of the lowing total hepatectomy in which glu- lipoprotein of tissue fluid and plasma. Department of Physiology at MSU.” ❖

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 439 Book Reviews

Oxygen Transport papers highlight application of low-fre- Angiogenesis reflects a dynamic tissue to Tissue XVIII quency electron paramagnetic reso- process in adapting to oxygen deficien- Edwin M. Nemoto and Joseph C. nance (EPR) instruments and stable cy and may hold great potential in fight- LaManna (Editors) paramagnetic particles with oxygen- ing against hypoxic-ischemic injury. Advances in Experimental Medicine sensitive EPR spectra in vivo, in con- Suppressing angiogenesis in tumor tis- and Biology, Vol. 411 scious animals. EPR oximetry appears sues, on the other hand, has been pro- New York: Plenum, 1997, 608 pp., promising: it can monitor O2 continu- posed as one strategy in cancer therapy. illus., index, $159.50 ously with satisfying resolution in vari- Hypoxic tumors are, however, more ISBN: 0-306-45516-1 ety of settings and the measurements resistant to radiation-induced killing. can be repeated in vivo. Its disadvan- This calls for in-depth understanding of At the heart of normal and active tages include inability in revealing O2 interplays between oxygenation, tumor functions of almost all life forms on this variations over regions of tissues and a growth, and effectiveness of a variety of planet is cellular oxygenation, a phe- necessary insertion of the oxygen-sensi- treatments, for better monitoring and nomenon that depends on oxygen trans- tive EPR probe into tissues, though in manipulating O2 to optimize therapy. port in multicellular organisms. This is the gerbil brain and spinal cord, majori- Oxygen level is sensed by many tis- why this volume, Oxygen Transport to ty of the probe material has been found sues, some of which are specialized. Tissue, is a much-needed and valuable remaining extracellular. No inflamma- Identity of the sensors, underlying book. It covers the mix of projects rang- tory or foreign body tissue reaction has chemotransduction mechanisms, and ing from molecular biology to clinical been observed over a relatively long (1- their connections to result in a final aspects of oxygen transport and tissue 2 month) period. Resident phagocytic altered oxygenation state, oxygen oxygenation. The volume is divided cells containing small fragments of the uptake, delivery, and consumption, are into 11 parts that contain 74 papers, probe material, however, is observed, in worth intensive studies. Small decreas- written by a large number of authors, addition to focal hemorrhage surround- es in O2 are known to activate glycolyt- many of whom are recognized authori- ing the probe material in rat brain. ic rate or excite the carotid body ties. Despite its many papers and Therefore, detecting insufficient oxy- chemoreceptors. It is interesting that 2 authors, the volume is tightly structured genation and monitoring and maintain- minutes after removing extracellular 2+ so that its succinct papers, which aver- ing suitable oxygenation in tissues, such Ca the net maximum increase in age about eight pages in length, yield a as the brain, using non-invasive, quanti- carotid nerve discharge (ND) in cohesive survey of a complex topic and tative measurement of spatial O2 with response to hypoxia remains the same represent the forefront of research on the capacity for multiple measurements (400 vs. 400 impulses/s) and O2 sensi- oxygen transport to tissues. remains a big challenge. tivity is actually increased. It is not clear A core issue in oxygen transport is Several aspects of tissue oxygen whether the apparently slower ND still how better to assess tissue oxy- delivery are presented as relating to the response at the time results from the genation. The use of oxygen-sensitive brain, heart, kidneys, gut, and tumors, slower O2 disappearance rate. This is electrodes, while satisfying in acute with respects to oxygen carriers, hypox- followed by a slow decline in hypoxic experimental conditions, requires an ic adaptation through altered metabolism responses, without changes in O2 con- insertion of microelectrodes, causing or angiogenesis, and roles of leukocytes sumption, suggesting an involvement of 2+ mechanical injury to the tissue. Surface and immune response to hypoxic- intracellular Ca mobilization in multi-electrode arrays cannot make ischemic injury. Insufficient oxygen chemotransduction. Furthermore, sys- delivery jeopardizes cellular respira- temic hypoxia in anesthetized, vago- accurate measurements of local O2 deep in tissues. Several papers thus tion, metabolism, and functional tomized and mechanically ventilated focus on development of oxygen- integrity and may underlie a variety of rats is associated with comparable assessing techniques and their potential neurodegenerative diseases, including decrease in intracellular pH and ATP in use. These include application of memory loss. The brain and spinal cord RVL and NTS at the time point when positron emission tomography and have a high metabolic rate, depend pri- respiratory depression occurred, sug- functional magnetic resonance imaging marily on an aerobic metabolism, and gesting their possible contribution in (MRI). Clinical application of near thus are the most vulnerable to hypoxia- initiating hypoxic apnea. infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and cere- ischemia. Therapy against hypoxic- Other issues addressed in the volume bral oximetry is also discussed. NIR, ischemic damage relies on clarifying include nitric oxide and roles of free while potentially valuable in noninva- underlying mechanisms involved in radicals in tissue injury and oxygena- sive monitoring, measures cerebral hypoxic injury. Levels of tissue oxy- tion. Several papers focus on protein blood flow and concentration changes genation are also well known to influ- kinase C separation and production in in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemo- ence tumor growth, malignant potential, transgenic animals. Hemoglobinopathies and effectiveness of tumor therapies. and potential mechanisms or ameliora- globin, not the interstitial O2. Several 440 The Physiologist Book Reviews tion in addition to the development of important, in a big picture. Complex oxygen delivery to tissues, as well as its oxygen carriers bring to the fore the and effective physiological controls physiological and clinical aspects. This potential for molecular biology in have evolved to enable the brain to volume is a uniquely valuable resource addressing problems in tissue oxygena- maintain adequate levels of oxygen in for reference in oxygen transport to tis- tion. Interestingly, aging changes nei- tissues. CNS not only controls the res- sues and will serve its intended reader- ther brain oxygen consumption nor the piratory function but also can enhance ship well. ❖ reduction-oxidation (redox) state of or cut off blood flow to tissues. How Miao-Kun Sun cytochrome a but acts intracellularly to this dynamic control is achieved and National Institute of Neurological limit the brain’s capacity to increase maintained is fascinating and important Disorders and Stroke oxidative phosphorylation under hypox- to oxygen transport research, since ic challenge and during recovery from abnormality of the control results in Oxygen Transport to Tissue XVIII is such challenge. Knowledge of the con- almost all types of oxygen transport- being reprinted from the October issue trol mechanisms for maintaining local related diseases. This is, however, bare- of The Physiologist. When the review O2 and conditions that lead to their fail- ly touched in this volume. originally appeared, there was a loss of ure is incomplete. As such, I can highly recommend this clarifying characters due to the elec- My only concern in the volume is that volume, which I have found interesting tronic conversion of the material. The oxygen transport to a particular cell or to read. There is no other source that Physiologist regrets these errors and tissue type is more like a dot, though provides such inclusive coverage of apologizes for any inconvenience.

Concepts of ologists as to what constitutes the “key question would be a valuable addition concepts,” any book that promises to the text. Human Physiology “concepts” ought to deliver them The illustration program is general- Richard L. Malvin, Michael D. unabashedly. ly quite good. On occasion, however, Johnson, and Gary M. Malvin As for the content of the book, it illustrations take on a cartoon-like qual- Menlo Park, CA: Addison Wesley manages to cover the usual body sys- ity that distracts/confuses the reader. Longman, 1997, 450 pp., illus., index, tems in 15 chapters and 450 pages. This There is also some inconsistency in the $49.00 represents a departure from the “indus- use of lines to indicate positive and neg- ISBN: 0-673-98562-8 try standard” of 20-22 chapters and ative feedback. The colors and lines upwards of 750 pages. In fact, the very (broken vs. solid) vary from one illus- While the table of contents of a size of the book betrays the breadth of tration to the next. In addition, the fig- book provides an ordered listing of coverage and amount of detail that are ures that include representations of arte- what can be found between its covers, it contained within its covers. By the rial and venous blood are misleading to is the title that is often most inviting or authors’ own admission, “the text is the extent that they imply an open (!) even enticing. In the case of Concepts of designed to be completed in one term.” circulatory system. Human Physiology, one might expect a Even though the authors do not say so Where tables are included, they tend disclosure of the major notions that explicitly, the text provides a less rigor- to provide timely summaries and/or govern or describe the well-orchestrated ous coverage of human physiology than comparisons. Students are likely to functioning of the human body. provided by most other undergraduate depend on these when they review The authors of Concepts of Human physiology textbooks. As such, it would material. They are also likely to use the Physiology attempt to deliver what they appear to be useful in courses for non- glossary. It provides very basic defini- promise. However, the concepts are science majors or for students in allied tions/descriptions of key terms. concealed from the view of naïve health programs in which an “introduc- All told, this book will serve the (beginning) students. Given the authors’ tion” to human physiology suffices. “beginning student.” It is by no means target audience, “the beginning student The pedagogical features include the book of choice for pre-professional of human physiology,” the text fails to boxed “Highlights” (physiology in students in the health sciences, nor identify those concepts that constitute daily life, physiological research, med- should it be selected for use by students essential learning in physiology. Naïve ical/health issues) and “Milestones” whose science background invites a students are likely to “miss the point,” (historical treatment of selected sub- more thorough exposure to human to fail to recognize patterns, to miss jects). End of chapter questions are of physiology. interactions or interrelationships, if they two types, conceptual/factual review are not made explicit. While it is unlike- and application. An appendix with sug- Mary Anne Rokitka ly that there is unanimity among physi- gested answers to the latter type of State University of New York at Buffalo

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 441 Book Reviews

The Measurement of discrimination data should be aban- should be possible to use that function doned in favor of the collection of sim- to predict what observers will do when of Sensation ple and direct verbal reports of the per- asked to deal with the differences Donald R. J. Laming ceived magnitudes of the sensations between stimuli. Such predictions fail, Oxford Psychology Series #30 evoked by stimuli. He therefore asked and the failures are so large that they (Norman J. Mackintosh, James L. observers to assign numbers so that they cannot be attributed to imprecision of McGaugh, Timothy Shallice, Daniel were proportional to the magnitudes of measurement. Schacter, Anne Treisman, and their sensations. Over a wide range of Other difficulties come from the Lawrence Weiskrantz, Series Eds.) modalities and testing conditions, these interactions among stimuli. Laming Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997, so-called magnitude estimations were nicely presents a vast array of evidence xiii+262 pp., illus., author index, sub- characteristically proportional to a that indicates that the sensation evoked ject index, $115.00 power function of the stimuli. Usually, by one stimulus is strongly influenced ISBN: 0-19-852342-4 the function’s exponent was fractional by the stimulus that preceded it. Even so that brightness or loudness could be the range of stimuli used in an experi- Almost a century and a half ago, said to grow as the cube root or square ment matter. In some experiments, the Fechner presented a comprehensive root of the intensity of the stimulus. strongest stimulus is only slightly argument in favor of a particular psy- However some stimuli, most notably stronger than the weaker but in others, chophysical relation, namely that sensa- electric shock, gave exponents much the stimulus range can extend to the tions grew in proportion to the loga- larger than one. maximum feasible. Although the first rithms of the stimuli that evoke them. Buttressed by the sheer force of his stimulus obviously does not tell an Although it was based as much on personality, Stevens’ approach precipi- observer anything about the range of the philosophical propositions as on empir- tated a radical debate about the founda- stimuli that will follow, succeeding ical evidence drawn from studies of tions of psychophysics. This debate sur- stimuli fairly rapidly give observers an sensory discriminations, his argument vived his passing and continues to the appreciation of the range that is actual- was quite readily accepted, in part present day. Laming’s The Measurement ly being employed currently. because of the immediacy of our shared of Sensation presents a quite complete In Laming’s view, these so-called experience that sensations clearly do and very well balanced overview of the context effects limit the psychophysical vary in quantity—intense lights are history of this discussion. Although enterprise. He concludes (on p. 205) obviously brighter than faint lights and Laming does have his own particular “that the evidence so far to hand does strong sounds are obviously louder than view, of which more later, most of the not support any intermediate continuum soft sounds. book is a commendably fair minded and at the psychological level of description When technical developments gave quite matter of fact presentation of the which might reasonably be labeled electrophysiologists the ability to pose basic ideas and the critical experiments. ‘sensation’.” At most, according to parallel questions to neural preparations Impressively, in a field in which mathe- Laming, observers are able to sort their early in the twentieth century, it matical formalisms have often been impressions into five or so categories. appeared to such pioneers as Adrian used as much to obscure as to reveal, Thus, for vision, he says that lights can that neural responses were also fairly Laming masterfully controls his formal be sorted into very dim, dim, medium, proportional to the logarithms of the propositions so that they nicely illumi- bright, and very bright categories, yield- stimuli that evoked them. From this nate the discussion. Coupled with adroit ing no more than an ordinal scale whose apparent convergence between physiol- illustrations that provide an intuitive properties are nothing like the scales of ogy and behavior came today’s com- counterpart to the more formal discus- natural science. monplace in both disciplines: sensory sion, The Measurement of Sensation is Laming may be right. Certainly, it is stimuli are usually chosen so that they very accessible. hard to be sanguine after reading his are equally spaced on a log scale and Unlike many who have approached catalog of the failures and contradic- the data resulting from such experi- this issue as partisans of one formula- tions which appear to be the primary ments are customarily plotted on semi- tion over another, Laming marshals the result of a century and half of diligent log coordinates. evidence to provide fundamental and labor by intelligent investigators. However, a powerful personality critical tests of both propositions. Most However there is another possibility. forced a reconsideration of this settle- of the book is devoted to these critiques. Almost all of this effort antecedently ment in the middle of the present centu- They are quite powerful. For example, presupposed that a simple formalism ry. Stevens argued that Fechner’s com- if the estimation of single stimuli leads would characterize the psychophysical plex and possibly tendentious analyses to a given psychophysical function, it function. Thus, although investigators

442 The Physiologist Book Reviews accumulated a vast amount of data in exactly paralleled those in the behav- plexities that totally rule out the possi- support of either the logarithmic or ioral data. Therefore, if it is fair to bility of any simple neurelectric scale. power function formalism, as Laming impeach the idea of a sensory scale For example, the potentials evoked in pointedly notes, many of these data (beyond a five-category ordinal scale) sensory receptors saturate at high stim- were only reported in highly condensed on the basis of Knibestöl and Vallbo’s ulus levels, ruling out any log or power form after having been pressed onto the behavioral data, then by the same token characterization. Further, axonal spike Procrustean bed of one or the other for- one should use their physiological data generators contain about a dozen ion- malism. This automatically constricted to impeach the idea of a neurelectric specific channels, each with its own the domain of alternatives. Therefore, if scale. In other words, we might just as voltage, time, and concentration depen- one knew nothing else about this prob- well conclude from these data that we dencies. The result is that the neurelec- lem area, one would surely have to con- should not measure sensory receptor tric functions relating spike activity to sider the possibility that some alternate polarizations in millivolts or afferent stimulus level are mathematically dis- characterization might have been discharges in spikes per second but continous. Finally, both the sensory explored if a bottom up approach had rather we should characterize bio-elec- receptor and the spike generator adapt, been taken rather than a top down. tric signals as being very weak, weak, giving powerful context effects. A major pointer to such an alterna- medium, strong, or very strong. Yet, as So I welcome Laming’s masterful tive, in my opinion, is an important long as two and a half centuries ago, demonstration that psychophysics has experiment which is extensively dis- Benjamin Franklin’s electric quantita- come to a dead end. Time now to retrace cussed by Laming. This is the work of tions were more complete than that; our steps back to the fundamentals. I Knibestöl and Vallbo who recorded the today electrophysiologists not uncom- believe that we are very much in the electrical activity of mechanoreceptors monly consider the effects of microvolt position of having discovered that in the skin of the human hand. They and nanoampere variations. weight measurements are not funda- also obtained psychophysical judge- Instead, I believe it is instructive to mental because they vary with context; ments about the same stimuli from the consider the full complexity of the Neil Armstrong in the context of the same individuals. Their behavioral data results of the last few decades of moon weighed less than he did in the indeed exhibited the same type of con- research on the properties of sensory Earth’s context. Likewise, it still text effects used more broadly by receptors and afferents. Although such remains to be seen whether there is a Laming in his impeachment of attempts investigations still do use a logarithmic fundamental sensory concept which to measure sensations on anything more metric to display their results, these parallels the fundamental physical con- than a category scale. investigations have been thoroughly cept of mass. ❖ However, as I have documented agnostic with respect to scale form. The elsewhere, their electrophysiological result of this bottom up empiricism has Gerald S. Wasserman data exhibited context effects that been the revelation of a suite of com- Purdue University

detail in chapters dealing specifically to provide a comprehensive account of Molecular Pathogenesis with the genetics of type 1 diabetes, the the current state of knowledge in these roles of HLA susceptibility, islet-related of Diabetes Mellitus areas. The book is divided into two sec- autoantigens, and T-lymphocytes in the R.D.G. Leslie (Editor). Frontiers of tions, the larger is devoted to Type 1 aetiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Hormone Research, Vol. 22 diabetes mellitus, the remainder to Type An additional chapter is devoted to ani- A.B. Grossman (Series Editor). 2 diabetes mellitus. mal models of insulin-dependent dia- Basel: Karger, 1997, 228 pp., illus., The first section includes an intro- betes. The second section includes an index, $198.25 ductory chapter by Pociot and overview of type 2 diabetes, chapters on ISBN: 0-443-07681-2 Mandrup-Poulsen that provides a good the genetics and physiology of insulin balanced overview of the interplay secretion in type 2 diabetes, and a chap- Rapid progress has been made in recent between genetic susceptibility and ter on the insulin signaling cascade as years in furthering our understanding of environmental factors in the pathogene- determined primarily from studies in the immunopathogenesis of type 1 dia- sis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Both cultured cells. betes and the pathophysiology of non- HLA- and non-HLA-associated suscep- On the whole the chapters are well insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes tibility genes are discussed. These areas written, informative, and well refer- mellitus. This multi-author book seeks are subsequently discussed in more

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 443 Book Reviews enced. The chapter dealing with the ments are made without reference to the Type 2 diabetes mellitus, the effects of genetics of type 1 diabetes mellitus is relevant studies and discussion of dif- hyperglycemia on islet ß-cell gene heavy going for the nongeneticist and fering views so that those unfamiliar expression, and pathophysiological would have benefitted from fewer with the field will not gain significant findings (other than amyloid) in islets abbreviations, more detailed explana- insight. The discussion of insulin resis- from patients with Type 2 diabetes mel- tions, and some illustrations, particular- tance and hepatic insulin resistance litus. Readers interested in the patho- ly as it precedes the chapter on the HLA occupies only one and a half pages, and physiology of diabetic complications complex, which logically might have the author cites only one study suggest- must look elsewhere. been better first. Overall the section on ing that gluconeogenesis is increased in Cross-referencing between chapters type 1 diabetes mellitus is comprehen- type 2 diabetes. Likewise, the discus- is limited and this leads to some over- sively covered and provides a balanced sion of the role of TNF-α would benefit lap, particularly in the sections on the view of the current state of our under- by reference to the work of others role of the HLA complex and immunol- standing. In the section dealing with showing no increase in plasma levels ogy of type 1 diabetes, the genetics of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Hattersley pro- and no effect of anti-TNF-α antibodies type 2 diabetes mellitus, and descrip- vides an excellent discussion of the on insulin action in type 2 diabetes tions of MODY 1, 2 and 3, which are approaches to defining the genetics of (e.g., Taylor et al., Diabetes 45: 881, discussed in three separate chapters. type 2 diabetes mellitus. The chapter on 1996; ). It is unfortunate that there is no On balance this book will be found insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes, follow up chapter dealing specifically useful by both clinicians and basic sci- including a discussion of islet amyloid, with insulin resistance and the insulin entists, particularly those seeking an is also clear and well written. The chap- resistance syndrome because the subse- understanding of the immunopathogen- ter on insulin signaling is clear and pro- quent chapter on the mechanism of esis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. vides an up-to-date account of a rapidly insulin action is written from a cell biol- Although coverage of type 2 diabetes evolving field. ogists view point rather than from a mellitus is rather limited, clinicians and The section on type 2 diabetes mel- physiological perspective. There is no researchers will find the chapters on litus, by contrast with the first part of mention of the role of the hexosamine insulin secretion, genetics and insulin the book, is notable for its omissions. pathway and the interrelationships of signalling to be useful. However, the The overview chapter is precisely that. glucose and lipid metabolism in insulin price of this small book at $198 is high. Those familiar with the field will find resistance are poorly covered. Also not the discussion of the metabolic distur- covered is the area of islet ß-cell gene Yolanta Kruszynska bance in type 2 diabetes very superficial expression and physiology as it relates VA Medical Center, and poorly referenced. In parts state- to insulin secretion in animal models of La Jolla, CA

Polyamine Protocols cations that have been identified in bac- oriented monographs that are collected teria, plant, and animal cells where they under the somewhat misleading title, David M.L. Morgan (Editor). Methods where they play a role in cell growth, Methods in Molecular Biology. The in Molecular Biology, Vol. 79 differentiation, and perhaps apoptosis. book includes an introduction followed Totowa, NJ: Humana Press Inc., 1997, Although a number of intracellular by five sections describing assays to 186 pp., illus., index, $59.50 actions have been identified, the full measure polyamine biosynthesis, catab- ISBN: 0-89603-448-8 range of polyamine functions remains a olism, quantitation, and transport. current area of investigation. Morgan The introduction is a fascinating “Although receiving little attention quotes Coffino when stating, review of what has been learned about in biochemical and physiological text- “Polyamines are doing some important polyamines since Van Leeuvanhoek books, the polyamines have a long his- things, but we do not know what they first described a crystalline precipitate, tory and have accumulated a consider- are.” This 186-page collection of later identified as spermine, in human able literature.” So starts the monograph polyamine-related protocols is designed semen over 300 years ago. The chapter entitled Polyamine Protocols, edited by to make the task of identifying further is exceptionally informative and should David M.L. Morgan. The polyamines polyamine actions a little easier. be required reading for every graduate putrescine spermidine, and spermine The compact volume is the seventy- student and postdoctoral fellow inter- are ubiquitously distributed organic ninth in a series of similar technique- ested in cellular proliferation. In mam-

444 The Physiologist Book Reviews malian systems the polyamines are syn- in question. In addition to synthesis, nowhere in the monograph do the thesized by a two highly inducible enzymes, polyamines may be transported from authors present this information. This ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosyl- the extracellular space through a set of is especially surprising given the title of methionine decarboxylase as well as partially characterized transport pro- the series, Methods in Molecular two constituitively expressed enzymes, teins. Simple methods for measuring Biology. Additionally, one of the more spermidine and spermine synthases. In polyamine uptake in cells in suspension recently described proteins involved in the nucleus, polyamine synthesis and for adherent cells are presented. polyamine metabolism is excluded includes the N8-acetylation of spermi- The final chapter in this section from consideration. Ornithine decar- dine by N8-acetyltransferase. A full describes the measurement of boxylase antizyme regulates polyamine chapter is devoted to quantitating the polyamine efflux, another mechanism biosynthesis by decreasing the stability action of each of these enzymes. The whereby cells modulate intracellular of the ODC protein and is inhibitory to chapter on spermidine and spermine polyamine levels. polyamine transport into cells, both synthases includes a description of the Each chapter starts with a short actions leading to attenuation of synthesis of radiolabeled propylamine introduction on the biochemical action polyamine availability. The absence of donor decarboxylated S-adenosylme- of the enzyme in question followed by a information on antizyme and the avail- thionine as no commercial source is materials list and a step by step descrip- ability of molecular reagents detracts available. The catabolism of the tion of the method. All chapters are from what is otherwise a thorough com- polyamines accounts for polyamine written by investigators active in the use pilation of polyamine-related protocols. interconversion and excretion. of each assay and include a section enti- If the reader is either an experienced Catabolism is covered in chapters describ- tled “Notes” in which pitfalls and investigator in this field or someone ing S8-acetylspermidine deacetylase, lessons learned during the daily use of who only recently became interested in amine oxidase, diamine oxidase and the protocols is presented. The presen- research on polyamine function, he or two protocols for measurement of tations are extremely detailed, to the she should find this monograph a valu- polyamine oxidase activity. Both col- point of suggesting which pipette and able addition to their library. Nowhere, orometric and radiometric methods are which pipette tip work best in a partic- until now, has such detailed information presented and due to the lack of com- ular step in the assay. Any graduate stu- regarding polyamine protocols been mercially available labeled substrates a dent should be able to take a chapter collected into a single volume. For the the chemical synthesis and purification and set up an assay with little difficulty. novice the book should prove invalu- of tritiated N8-[acetyl-3H]-acetylsper- As noted above, in some cases more able and even the experienced investi- midine is described. Four methods are than one protocol is offered allowing, gator should benefit from having proto- presented under the heading for instance, a laboratory without cols for this many assays available to “Measurement of Polyamines.” Three HPLC a TLC-based method for mea- his/her laboratory personnel. The are HPLC based and describe the suring polyamine content. What is important things polyamines are doing derivatization of native polyamines with missing from the volume is information will be described in time; hopefully, this benzoyl chloride, dansyl chloride, or at the molecular level regarding book will hasten that time even make fluorescamine. Finally, for the truly reagents available for investigating the job a little easier. ❖ technically challenged, a perfectly ade- polyamine function. Although every quate TLC-based method is included. enzyme in the synthetic pathway has Edward R. Seidel Representative chromatograms are pre- been cloned, little mention is made of East Carolina University sented as well as limits of sensitivity this fact and except in the first chapter, Greenville, NC and retention times for each polyamine Books Received

Analysis and Assessment of Cardiovascular Bioelectricity and Biomagnetism Conditioned Taste Aversion: Memory of Function Ramesh M. Gulrajani a Special Kind Gary M. Drzewiecki and John K-J. Li New York: Wiley, 729 pp., illus., index, Jan Bures, Federico Bermúdez-Rattoni, (Editors). $149.00. and Takashi Yamamoto (Editors). Newark, NJ: Springer, 387 pp., illus., ISBN: 0-471-2-24852-5. New York: Oxford University Press, index, $79.95. 178 pp., illus., index, $105.00. ISBN: 0-387-98282-5. ISBN: 0-19-852347-5.

Vol. 41, No. 6, 1998 445 Books Received

Endocrine Cell Culture. Kidney Physiology. The Physiology of Excitable Cells (4th Stephen Bidey (Editor). Jurgen B. Schnermann and Samir I. Edition) Handbooks in Practical Animal Cell Sayegh. David J. Aidley. Biology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven, New York: Cambridge University Press, New York: Cambridge University Press, 200 pp., illus., index, $32.95. 477 pp., illus., index, $47.95. 156 pp., illus., index, $26.95. ISBN: 0-397-51673-8. ISBN: 0-521-57421-8. ISBN: 0-521-59563-0. Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 294. Skeletal Muscle Metabolism in Exercise The Fats of Life. Ionic Channels, Part C. and Diabetes. Caroline M. Pond. P. Michael Conn (Editor). Erik A. Richter, Bente Kiens, Henrik New York: Cambridge University Press, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 788 Galbo, and Bengt Saltin (Editors). 337 pp., illus., index, $19.95. pp., illus., index, $110.00. Advances in Experimental Medicine ISBN: 0-521-63577-2. ISBN: 0-12-182195-1 and Biology, Vol. 441. New York: Plenum, 328 pp., illus., Foundations of Neurobiology. Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 296. index, $95.00. Fred Delcomyn. Neurotransmitter Transporters. ISBN: 0-306-45920-5. New York: Freeman, 648 pp., illus., Susan G. Amara (Editor). index, $62.95. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 784 ISBN: 0-71673-295-5. (CD-Rom pp., illus., index, $110.00. Enclosed) ISBN:0-12-182195-1.

446 The Physiologist Scientific Meetings and Conferences

June 12-16 1999 12th International Congress: International Society for Aerosols in Medicine, Vienna, Austria. Information: Vienna Academy of January 11-12 Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Alser Strasse 4, A- Cardiovascular Genomics, Orlando FL. Information: Cambridge 1090 Vienna, Austria. Tel: +43-1-405 13 83-22; fax: +43-1-405 13 Healthtech Institute, 1037 Chestnut Street, Newton Upper Falls, MA 83-23; e-mail: [email protected]. 02464. Tel: 617-630-1300; fax: 617-630-1325; email: [email protected]; Internet: http://www.healthtech.com/confer- June 27-30 ences. Pulmonary Circulation VII, Prague, Czech Republic. Information: Vaclav Hampl, PhD, Department of Physiology, February 13-17 Charles University Second Medical School, Plzenska 130/221, Biophysical Society 43rd Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD. 15000 Prague 5, Czech Republic. Tel: +4202-57210345; fax: Information: Biophysical Society, 9650 Rockville Pike, Ste. 0512, +4202-57210995; Internet: http://www.lf2.cuni.cz/departments/phys- Bethesda, MD 20814-3998. Tel: 301-530-7114; fax: 301-530-7133; iology/PCVII/index.htm. email: [email protected]; Internet: http://www.bio- physics.org/biophys. June 30-July 4 Second Federation of European Physiological Societies (FEPS) February 20-26 Congress, Prague, Czech Republic. Information: Prague Congress Medical Imaging 1999, San Diego, CA. Information: International Secretariat, Czech Medical Association, J. E. Purkyne, P. B. 88, Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE), PO Box 10, Bellingham, Sokolska 31, 120 26 Prague 2, Czech Republic. Tel: +420-2-296889 WA 98227-0010. Tel: 360-676-3290; fax: 360-647-1445; e-mail: or 297271; fax: +420-2-24216836 or 294610; e-mail: [email protected]; Internet: http://www.spie.org/info/mi/. [email protected]; Internet: http://uemweb.biomed.cas.cz/FEPS99.htm. February 21-26 Salivary Glands and Saliva Gordon Conference, Ventura, CA. July 7-8 Information: Dr. Bruce J. Baum, organizer, MSC 1190, NIDR, NIH, International Conference on the Physiology and Psychology of Bldg. 10, Rm. 1N113, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892- Sport, Anchorage, Alaska. Information: Dr. Edgar F. Pierce, Jr., 1190. Tel: 301-496-1363; fax: 301-402-1228; email: Department of Health and Sport Science, Robins Center, University [email protected]; Internet: http://www.grc.uri.edu or of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173. Tel: 804-289-8356; fax: 804- see the upcoming issue of Science on Gordon Conferences. 287-8820; email: [email protected]; Internet: http://www.urich.edu/~mcgowan/ed1.html. April 5-8 Physiology Teaching in the Developing World: Models for July 10-15 Quality Learning, Karachi, Pakistan. Neural Cardiovascular Regulation (FASEB Summer Information: Dr. Arif Siddiqui, Conference Secretariat, International Conference), Saxtons River, VT. Information: Adele Hewitt, Workshop on Physiology Teaching, The Aga Khan University, FASEB Office of Scientific Meetings and Congresses, 9650 Stadium Road, Karachi-74800, Pakistan. Tel: +92-21-493 0051, ext. Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814-3998. Tel: 301-530-7010; fax: 4567; fax: +92-21-493 2095 or 493 4294; e-mail: arif.siddiqui@ 301-530-7014; e-mail: [email protected]; Internet: http://hsc.vir- aku.edu. ginia.edu/~pgg.

May 16-20 August 3-7 Biochemistry Molecular Biology ‘99 (sponsored by American 6th International Congress on Amino Acids, Bonn, Germany Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pan-American Information: Dr. O. Labudova, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms- Society for Biochemistry, Canadian Society of Biochemistry and Universitat, Experimentelle Radiologie und Strahlenbiologie, Molecular and Cellular Biology, and Division of Biological Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany. Fax: +49- Chemistry of the American Chemical Society), San Francisco, 228-287-4457; email: [email protected] California. Information: ASBMB Fall Symposium Office, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814-3998. Tel: 301-530-7010; fax: August 22-27 301-530-7014; e-mail: [email protected]; Internet: 9th World Congress on Pain, Vienna, Austria. Information: http://www.faseb.org/meetings/asbmb/jointmt.htm. International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) Secretariat, 909 NE 43rd St., Suite 306, Seattle, WA 98105. Tel: 206-547-6409; May 21-23 fax: 206-547-1703; e-mail: [email protected]; 7th International Congress on Physical Education and Sport, Internet: http://www.halcyon.com/iasp. Komotini, Greece. Information: Savvas Tokmakidis, PhD, 7th International Congress on Physical Education and Sport, August 23-28 Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus Fifth International Congress of Comparative Physiology and University of Thrace, Komotini, 69100, Greece. Tel: +30-531-21764 Biochemistry, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Information: The or 21762; fax: +30-531-26908; email: [email protected]; Secretariat, Fifth International Congress of Comparative Physiology Internet: http://platon.ee.duth.gr/~tefaa/icpes99. and Biochemistry, Special Events and Conference Office, University of Calgary - Olympic Centre, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, May 22-27 Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4. Tel: 403-220-5261; fax: 403- 289-9311; 13th Annual Human Anatomy and Physiology Society e-mail: [email protected]; Internet: http://acs.ucalgary.ca/~ Conference, Baltimore, MD. Information: HAPS/OSG, 222 S. iccpb99/. Meramec, Suite 303, St. Louis, MO 63105.

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