Iqbal As Political Poet

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Iqbal As Political Poet University of Alberta Iqbal’s Urdu Political Poems: The Writer Against Colonialism by Uzma Qazi A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Comparative Literature ©Uzma Qazi Spring 2013 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. To the memory of Zahoor Qazi and Khursheed Rizvi Dwellers of the City of the Blessed Abstract Sir Allama Mohammad Iqbal’s poetry and prose, despite their philosophical content and tone, are overtly political. This can be attributed to the political environment of British India in the late nineteenth and in the first half of the twentieth century; any intellectual of that period, whether Hindu or Muslim, could not help but join the struggle for freedom in their respective capacities. Iqbal’s oeuvre has always been treated as the sacred document of the Muslims’ demand for independence on both national and international levels. The field of Iqbal Studies is marked by unjustified political nuances imposed on his writings; each writer approaches Iqbal from his personal political agenda, and, as a result, we have Iqbal the sole originator of the Pakistan Plan, Iqbal the conservative, Iqbal the socialist, and Iqbal the liberal. I have found that this approach halts its search for meaning halfway through the hermeneutic circle. Scholars of Iqbal mostly make forays into his texts with political prejudices. This dissertation is an attempt to read Iqbal’s Urdu political poems closely to question the above-mentioned prejudices of most other Iqbal commentators. By completing the hermeneutic circle, I will be able to read Iqbal’s poems with fresh insight and prove that he was an outspoken critic of colonialism, whether Western or Asian. His poems served no other agenda except his own vision of a free society comprised of morally and intellectually strong individuals. The theoretical basis for this study comes from multiple sources such as colonial and postcolonial studies, subaltern studies, Orientalism, and revisionist historicism, to name a few. The combined use of these theoretical tools is most pertinent to the case of Iqbal, whose entire literary and political output is a significant example of eclecticism. This approach will enable me to engage in a genuine conversation with his poems, which successfully challenged the hegemony of the oppressor and furnished his people with a distinct identity. The dissertation begins with the examination of Iqbal’s challenge to commonly acclaimed authorities on both divine and human levels in his “Complaint” and “Answer.” The discussion moves on to the challenger himself, now ‘Mard-i-Khuda,’ who is the architect of the “Mosque of Cordoba.” Fashioned with Mard-i-Khuda’s identity, Iqbal’s man dismantles all prevailing political and social systems in “Satan’s Parliament,” the topic of my third chapter. The dissertation concludes with the socio-political will of Iqbal read in “Mehrab Gul Afghan’s Thoughts” to a youth who will inherit the wisdom of the speaker and will take control of his affairs in a free society after the departure of the British. To sum up, the poems and the eclectic approach adopted for this analysis will enable me to demonstrate that Iqbal made his cultural and religious identity as a site of resistance against the colonizers’ imperialistic plan. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere thanks to my professors, friends, and family without whose support this project would have been impossible: my supervisor, Dr. Jonathan Hart, whose unwavering faith in my ability always filled me with great enthusiasm toward my research and writing; Dr. Earle Waugh, whose deep insight into the subject kept me on the right track; and Dr. Saleem Qureshi, with whom I enjoyed many readings in original languages and scholarly discussions. I am also very grateful to my examination committee: Dr. Irene Sywenky, Dr. David Gay, Dr. Massimo Verdicchio, members of my supervisory committee, and the external examiner, Dr. Hafeez Malik. I would also like to thank Janey Kennedy, Barb Heagle, and the Office of Interdisciplinary Studies at the University of Alberta for taking care of all the official matters. I am very thankful to FGSR and GSA for awarding me scholarships and grants for studies and research. My thanks are also due to Dr. Javid Iqbal for explaining some important aspects of Allama Iqbal’s work, and to Suheyl Umar for assisting me in my research at Iqbal Academy Lahore. Last but not least, my friends and family: Cindy Chopoidalo, I highly appreciate your suggestions and corrections; Permjit Bhavra, thank you for taking care of BOBO whenever I needed you, and Jamal and Atiq Ghani for their moral support. I am also grateful to Qazi Nooruddin and Sadia, Shariq Khan and Hafsa, Qasim Bangash and Fouzia for being my hosts on my research trips to Pakistan. Special thanks are also due to Khala Akhtar and Khala Munawar, whose prayers gave me strength. I cannot thank my parents enough whose love and care enabled me to carve out my future. Ammi, you could not survive to see my achievement, but you are behind each and every word I wrote here; and Abbu Ji, your blessings made the journey easier. And now special thanks to my husband, Wasiq, and my son, Avicenna: thank you for bearing with me; you both did a great job! Table of Contents 1. Abstract iii-iv 2. Acknowledgements v-vi 3. Introduction 1-15 4. Chapter One: “Complaint” and “Answer” 16 i. “Complaint” and “Answer”: Reading Between the Lines 17-38 ii. The Decline of the Ottoman Empire and its Impact on Indian Muslims 38-54 iii. The Literary Context for “Complaint” and “Answer” 54-59 5. Chapter Two: “Mosque of Cordoba”: From Politics to Metaphysics 60 i. Politics of the Round Table Conferences 61-70 ii. “Mosque of Cordoba” and Bergson 70-81 iii. Mard-i-Khuda 81-83 iv. Khudi or Self 83-91 v. Mard-i-Khuda as the Architect of the Mosque of Cordoba 91-101 vi. The Spain Poems: A Message of Hope 101-108 6. Chapter Three: Before and Beyond “Satan’s Parliament” 109 i. The 1930 Allahabad Address 110-132 ii. “Satan’s Parliament” 132-163 iii. Iqbal’s Correspondence with Jinnah 163-173 7. Chapter Four: Mehrab Gul Afghan’s Thoughts: Iqbal’s Socio-Political Will 174 i. Afghanistan 178-183 ii. Education in British India 183-190 iii. The Reconstruction and Thoughts 190-215 8. Conclusion 216-244 9. List of Works Consulted and Cited 245-259 1 INTRODUCTION The political content of Muhammad Iqbal’s poetry is one of the most fascinating and challenging aspects of Iqbal Studies: much has been written, and yet, much still needs to be explored. Except for a few poems, his entire poetic endeavour is tinged with the political concerns of his time; both domestic and international political events shaped his poetry. He not only responded to political events in his verse, but also inspired his fellow Indian Muslims, through his poetry, to find a way out of the political quandary in which the British colonial rule had put them. Perplexed and uncertain, the Indian Muslims definitely needed a leader who could help them aspire to a better future and guide them on the road to freedom; Iqbal performed this duty quite well. This dissertation explores Iqbal’s multi-nuanced response to British colonialism in India by concentrating on some of his Urdu political poems. The project is an attempt to liberate Iqbal’s image from strict stereotypical categorizations by emphasizing his keen sense of adaptability to changing political scenarios and political expediency without compromising personal integrity. I have realized that, in the absence of such an approach, Iqbal is either dubbed as the ‘Allama,’ ‘Architect of Pakistan,’ and ‘Hakeem-i-Ummat;’ or as the ‘nationalist,’ ‘British agent,’ and ‘apostate’. So, according to the first approach, Iqbal was the only Muslim leader in their struggle against British colonialism in India to present the concept of a free homeland for the Muslims. This is the most widely prevalent evaluation of Iqbal and the one endorsed by the official discourse of Pakistan since its inception in 1947. The second approach, 2 though again endorsed by institutionalized religiosity in the sub-continent, declares him the worst of the worst as he accepted a knighthood from the British when all of India was struggling against British supremacy. Both approaches, if observed closely, impose stereotypical images on Iqbal. On the one hand, the inquisitive mind stumbles upon certain positive or negative presuppositions such categories feed, and on the other, the presuppositions can spark a desire to evaluate Iqbal’s contribution to the history of Indian Muslims on unbiased, fair, and more humane grounds. My research belongs to this buffer zone (if I may say so), which enables me to evaluate Iqbal’s stature based on his poems and writings. This liberates me from the indoctrinating views of the extremists who used Iqbal as a poster child for their political gains, before and after the partition of India. Politics and philosophy combine in Iqbal’s poetry quite well; his vision is always poetic, even in some of his most famous political addresses.
Recommended publications
  • The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
    The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam Muhammad Iqbal The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam written by Muhammad Iqbal Published in 1930. Copyright © 2009 Dodo Press and its licensors. All Rights Reserved. CONTENTS • Preface • Knowledge and Religious Experience • The Philosophical Test of the Revelations of Religious Experience • The Conception of God and the Meaning of Prayer • The Human Ego - His Freedom and Immortality • The Spirit of Muslim Culture • The Principle of Movement in the Structure of Islam • Is Religion Possible? PREFACE The Qur‘an is a book which emphasizes ‘deed‘ rather than ‘idea‘. There are, however, men to whom it is not possible organically to assimilate an alien universe by re-living, as a vital process, that special type of inner experience on which religious faith ultimately rests. Moreover, the modern man, by developing habits of concrete thought - habits which Islam itself fostered at least in the earlier stages of its cultural career - has rendered himself less capable of that experience which he further suspects because of its liability to illusion. The more genuine schools of Sufism have, no doubt, done good work in shaping and directing the evolution of religious experience in Islam; but their latter-day representatives, owing to their ignorance of the modern mind, have become absolutely incapable of receiving any fresh inspiration from modern thought and experience. They are perpetuating methods which were created for generations possessing a cultural outlook differing, in important respects, from our own. ‘Your creation and resurrection,‘ says the Qur‘an, ‘are like the creation and resurrection of a single soul.‘ A living experience of the kind of biological unity, embodied in this verse, requires today a method physiologically less violent and psychologically more suitable to a concrete type of mind.
    [Show full text]
  • Directorate of Distance Learning, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan
    Directorate of Distance Learning, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. SYLLABUS AND STUDY SCHEME FOR M.A. PAK-STUDIES Part-I (Session 2009-2011) PROPOSED SYLLABUS FOR M.A. PAK-STUDIES Part-I Paper-I (Compulsory) GEOGRAPHY OF PAKISTAN (100 Marks)=(20% Assignments + 80% Theory) The course on the Geography of Pakistan is meant to educate the students in the areal dimensions and natural contents of their homeland. The course has been developed under two broad headings. (a) The Natural Environment. (b) Man and Environment: (a) Firstly the Natural Environment. It covers hypsography, hydrology, climate, soil and their development and classification. (b) Secondly, Man in relation to Environment. The themes are suggestive and cover man’s relation to agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining and industry as well as communication, trade, population and settlements. 1-: Importance of Geo-political factors & Views of some Geo-political thinkers: (a) Mahaan (b) Mackinder (c) Harshome (d) Hauschoffer. 2-: Physical characteristics or the Natural Environment of Pakistan: Mountains; Plains, Plateaus and Deserts. 3-: Hydrology: The Indus System, Drainage Pattern of Baluchistan; Natural and 4-: Climate and Weather: Climatic Elements; Temperature, Rainfall, Air Pressure and Winds-Climatic Divisions. 5-: Soils: Factors of soil formation in Pakistan: Soil classification in Pakistan. 6-: Natural vegetation: Types of forests. 7-: Resources: Mineral and Power Resources. 8-: Agriculture: Livestock-agricultural performance and problems of principal crops, Live-stock. 9-: Industries: Industrial Policy: Industrial Development Factory Industries-Cottage Industries. 10-: Transport and Foreign Trade: Transport-Trade and Commerce-Export and Import. 11-: Population: Growth of Population Urban and Rural Population-Important urban centers. List of Readings: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Two Nation Theory: Its Importance and Perspectives by Muslims Leaders
    Two Nation Theory: Its Importance and Perspectives by Muslims Leaders Nation The word “NATION” is derived from Latin route “NATUS” of “NATIO” which means “Birth” of “Born”. Therefore, Nation implies homogeneous population of the people who are organized and blood-related. Today the word NATION is used in a wider sense. A Nation is a body of people who see part at least of their identity in terms of a single communal identity with some considerable historical continuity of union, with major elements of common culture, and with a sense of geographical location at least for a good part of those who make up the nation. We can define nation as a people who have some common attributes of race, language, religion or culture and united and organized by the state and by common sentiments and aspiration. A nation becomes so only when it has a spirit or feeling of nationality. A nation is a culturally homogeneous social group, and a politically free unit of the people, fully conscious of its psychic life and expression in a tenacious way. Nationality Mazzini said: “Every people has its special mission and that mission constitutes its nationality”. Nation and Nationality differ in their meaning although they were used interchangeably. A nation is a people having a sense of oneness among them and who are politically independent. In the case of nationality it implies a psychological feeling of unity among a people, but also sense of oneness among them. The sense of unity might be an account, of the people having common history and culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Muhammad Suheyl Umar
    MUHAMMAD SUHEYL UMAR Born: September 18th, 1954, in Karachi, Pakistan. CURRICULUM VITAE February 2013 Employment 2003-04– 2013 Adjunct Faculty— Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore. Courses conducted: Introduction to World Religions (Core Course) Islamic Studies (Core Course) Introduction to Islam —Advanced Course Islam and Comparative Religions Introduction to World Religions Religion and Science 2001-2004 Adjunct Faculty— National University of Computers and Emerging Sciences, Lahore. Courses conducted: Islam and Comparative Religions Introduction to Urdu Language and Literature Islamic Studies (Core Course) Pakistan Studies (Core Course) 2000-Present Adjunct Faculty— International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Project Holder for the Arabic to English translation of Kashsh«f al-IÄÇil«Á«t al-Funën. 1997-Present Editor, Iqb«liy«t (Persian); Journal published in Persian, devoted to the study of the works and teachings of Iqbal as well as to Islamic Studies, Comparative Religion, Philosophy, Literature. 1997-Present Editor, Iqb«liy«t (Arabic); Journal published in Arabic, devoted to the study of the works and teachings of Iqbal as well as to Islamic Studies, Comparative Religion, Philosophy, Literature. 1 1997-Present Director, Iqbal Academy Pakistan, a government research institution for the works and teachings of Iqbal, the poet Philosopher of Pakistan who is the main cultural force and an important factor in the socio- political dynamics of the people of the Sub-continent. 1997-Present Editor, Iqbal Review, Iqb«liy«t; Quarterly Journals, published alternately in Urdu and English, devoted to the study of the works and teachings of Iqbal as well as to Islamic Studies, Comparative Religion, Philosophy, Literature, History, Arts and Sociology.
    [Show full text]
  • Picture of Muslim Politics in India Before Wavell's
    Muhammad Iqbal Chawala PICTURE OF MUSLIM POLITICS IN INDIA BEFORE WAVELL’S VICEROYALTY The Hindu-Muslim conflict in India had entered its final phase in the 1940’s. The Muslim League, on the basis of the Two-Nation Theory, had been demanding a separate homeland for the Muslims of India. The movement for Pakistan was getting into full steam at the time of Wavell’s arrival to India in October 1943 although it was opposed by an influential section of the Muslims. This paper examines the Muslim politics in India and also highlights the background of their demand for a separate homeland. It analyzes the nature, programme and leadership of the leading Muslim political parties in India. It also highlights their aims and objectives for gaining an understanding of their future behaviour. Additionally, it discusses the origin and evolution of the British policy in India, with special reference to the Muslim problem. Moreover, it tries to understand whether Wavell’s experiences in India, first as a soldier and then as the Commander-in-Chief, proved helpful to him in understanding the mood of the Muslim political scene in India. British Policy in India Wavell was appointed as the Viceroy of India upon the retirement of Lord Linlithgow in October 1943. He was no stranger to India having served here on two previous occasions. His first-ever posting in India was at Ambala in 1903 and his unit moved to the NWFP in 1904 as fears mounted of a war with 75 76 [J.R.S.P., Vol. 45, No. 1, 2008] Russia.1 His stay in the Frontier province left deep and lasting impressions on him.
    [Show full text]
  • Syllabus for MA History (Previous)
    Syllabus for M.A History (Previous) Compulsory Paper I: Muslim Freedom Movement in India 1857-1947 Events: The War of Independence and its Aftermath – the Indian National Congress and the Muslims of India – The Aligarh Movement, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: Political, Educational and Literary Services, the Deoband Movement and its role in the socio-political and educational progress of Indian Muslims, the partition of Bengal – the Simla Deputation – the creation of All India Muslim League – Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk and Nawab Waqar ul Mulk: their services to the cause of Indian Muslims, Syed Ameer Ali: Political and literary achievements and services, the Indian Councils Act of 1909, Hindu Muslim Unity and the Lucknow Pact – the Khilafat and Hijrat Movements – Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar: Services and Achievements, the Government of India Act 1919, the Simon Commission and the Nehru Report – Political Philosophy of Allama Mohammad Iqbal, Iqbal’s Allahabad Address – Round Table Conference 1930-1932 (First Session, Gandhi Irwin Pact and the Second Session, The Communal Award of 1932 and the Third Session) – Government of India Act 1935 – the Elections of 1937 and the Congress Rule in the provinces – the Lahore Resolution – Cripps Mission – Cabinet Mission – June 3rd Plan – the Controversy about the Governor- Generalship of Pakistan – Mohammad Ali Jinnah: Leadership and Achievements, the Radcliffe Boundary Commission Award Recommended Readings: Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi, Struggle for Pakistan. Karachi: University of Karachi, 1969. Dr. Waheed-uz- Zaman, Towards Pakistan. Lahore: Publishers United Ltd., nd. Adbul Hamid, Muslim Separtism in India. Lahore: Oxford University Press, 1971. Khalid Bin Sayeed, Pakistan: The Formative Phase 1857-1948.
    [Show full text]
  • IQBAL REVIEW Journal of the Iqbal Academy, Pakistan
    QBAL EVIEW I R Journal of the Iqbal Academy, Pakistan October 1984 Editor Mirza Muhammad Munawwar IQBAL ACADEMY PAKISTAN Title : Iqbal Review (October 1984) Editor : Mirza Muhammad Munawwar Publisher : Iqbal Academy Pakistan City : Lahore Year : 1984 DDC : 105 DDC (Iqbal Academy) : 8U1.66V12 Pages : 188 Size : 14.5 x 24.5 cm ISSN : 0021-0773 Subjects : Iqbal Studies : Philosophy : Research IQBAL CYBER LIBRARY (www.iqbalcyberlibrary.net) Iqbal Academy Pakistan (www.iap.gov.pk) 6th Floor Aiwan-e-Iqbal Complex, Egerton Road, Lahore. Table of Contents Volume: 25 Iqbal Review: October 1984 Number: 3 1. PROOFS OF ISLAM ................................................................................................................... 4 2. REFLECTIONS ON QURANIC EPISTEMOLOGY ...................................................... 13 3. "IBLIS" IN IQBAL'S PHILOSOPHY ................................................................................... 31 4. ALLAMA IQBAL AND COUNCIL OF STATE ............................................................... 66 5. THEISTIC ONTOLOGY IN RADHAKRISHNAN AND IQBAL .............................. 71 6. REFLECTIONS ON IDEOLOGICAL SENTIMENTALISM ....................................... 87 7. ISLAM AND MODERN HUMANISM .............................................................................. 107 8. IDEALS AND REALITIES OF ISLAM............................................................................. 118 9. IQBAL—EPOCH-MAKING POET-PHILOSOPHER ................................................. 129 10. INDEX OF
    [Show full text]
  • Iqbal's Response to Modern Western Thought: a Critical Analysis
    International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences p-ISSN: 1694-2620 e-ISSN: 1694-2639 Vol. 8 No. 5, pp. 27-36, ©IJHSS Iqbal’s Response to Modern Western Thought: A Critical Analysis Dr. Mohammad Nayamat Ullah Associate Professor Department of Arabic University of Chittagong, Bangladesh Abdullah Al Masud PhD Researcher Dept. of Usuluddin and Comparative Religion International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) ABSTRACT Muhammad Iqbal (1873-1938) is a prominent philosopher and great thinker in Indian Sub- continent as well as a dominant figure in the literary history of the East. His thought and literature are not simply for his countrymen or for the Muslim Ummah alone but for the whole of humanity. He explores his distinctive thoughts on several issues related to Western concepts and ideologies. Iqbal had made precious contribution to the reconstruction of political thoughts. The main purpose of the study is to present Iqbal‟s distinctive thoughts and to evaluate the merits and demerits of modern political thoughts. The analytical, descriptive and criticism methods have been applied in conducting the research through comprehensive study of his writings both in the form of prose and poetry in various books, articles, and conferences. It is expected that the study would identify distinctive political thought by Iqbal. It also demonstrates differences between modern thoughts and Iqbalic thoughts of politics. Keywords: Iqbal, western thoughts, democracy, nationalism, secularism 1. INTRODUCTION Iqbal was not only a great poet-philosopher of the East but was also among the profound, renowned scholars and a brilliant political thinker in the twentieth century of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Main Philosophical Idea in the Writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 - 1938)
    Durham E-Theses The main philosophical idea in the writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 - 1938) Hassan, Riat How to cite: Hassan, Riat (1968) The main philosophical idea in the writings of Muhammad Iqbal (1877 - 1938), Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7986/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk im MIN PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS IN THE fffilTINGS OF m^MlfAD •IQBAL (1877- 1938) VOLUME 2 BY EIFFAT I^SeAW Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in the University of Durham for the Degree oi Doctor of Philosophy. ^lARCH 1968 Sohool of Oriental Studies, Blvet Hill, DURHAM. 322 CHAPTER VI THE DEVELOPMENT OF 'KHUDT' AMD IQBlL'S *MAED-E-MOMIN'. THE MEAMNQ OP *mJDT' Exp3.aining the meaning of the concept *KhudT', in his Introduction to the first edition of Asrar~e~ Kl^udT.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Divergent Ideologies of Mahatma Gandhi and Muhammad Iqbal on Political Events in British India (1917-38)
    M.L. Sehgal, International Journal of Research in Engineering, IT and Social Sciences, ISSN 2250-0588, Impact Factor: 6.565, Volume 09 Issue 01, January 2019, Page 315-326 Effect of Divergent Ideologies of Mahatma Gandhi and Muhammad Iqbal on Political Events in British India (1917-38) M. L. Sehgal (Fmrly: D. A. V. College, Jalandhar, Punjab (India)) Abstract: By 1917, Gandhi had become a front rung leader of I.N.C. Thereafter, the ‘Freedom Movement’ continued to swirl around him till 1947. During these years, there happened quite a number of political events which brought Gandhi and Iqbal on the opposite sides of the table. Our stress would , primarily, be discussing as to how Gandhi and Iqbal reacted on these political events which changed the psych of ‘British Indians’, in general, and the Muslims of the Indian Subcontinent in particular.Nevertheless, a brief references would, also, be made to all these political events for the sake of continuity. Again, it would be in the fitness of the things to bear in mind that Iqbal entered national politics quite late and, sadly, left this world quite early(21 April 1938), i.e. over 9 years before the creation of Pakistan. In between, especially in the last two years, Iqbal had been keeping indifferent health. So, he might not have reacted on some political happenings where we would be fully entitled to give reactions of A.I.M.L. and I.N.C. KeyWords: South Africa, Eghbale Lahori, Minto-Morley Reform Act, Lucknow Pact, Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, Ottoman Empire, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements, Simon Commission, Nehru Report, Communal Award, Round Table Conferences,.
    [Show full text]
  • Iqbal Review
    IQBAL REVIEW Journal of the Iqbal Academy Pakistan Volume: 52 April/Oct. 2011 Number:2, 4 Pattern: Irfan Siddiqui, Advisor to Prime Minister For National History & Literary Heritage Editor: Muhammad Sohail Mufti Associate Editor: Dr. Tahir Hameed Tanoli Editorial Board Advisory Board Dr. Abdul Khaliq, Dr. Naeem Munib Iqbal, Barrister Zaffarullah, Ahmad, Dr. Shahzad Qaiser, Dr. Dr. Abdul Ghaffar Soomro, Prof. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, Dr. Fateh Muhammad Malik, Dr. Khalid Masood, Dr. Axel Monte Moin Nizami, Dr. Abdul Rauf (Germany), Dr. James W. James Rafiqui, Dr. John Walbrigde (USA), Morris (USA), Dr. Marianta Dr. Oliver Leaman (USA), Dr. Stepenatias (Russia), Dr. Natalia Alparslan Acikgenc (Turkey), Dr. Prigarina (Russia), Dr. Sheila Mark Webb (USA), Dr. Sulayman McDonough (Montreal), Dr. S. Nyang, (USA), Dr. Devin William C. Chittick (USA), Dr. Stewart (USA), Prof. Hafeez M. Baqai Makan (Iran), Alian Malik (USA), Sameer Abdul Desoulieres (France), Prof. Hameed (Egypt) , Dr. Carolyn Ahmad al-Bayrak (Turkey), Prof. Mason (New Zealand) Barbara Metcalf (USA) IQBAL ACADEMY PAKISTAN The opinions expressed in the Review are those of the individual contributors and are not the official views of the Academy IQBAL REVIEW Journal of the Iqbal Academy Pakistan This peer reviewed Journal is devoted to research studies on the life, poetry and thought of Iqbal and on those branches of learning in which he was interested: Islamic Studies, Philosophy, History, Sociology, Comparative Religion, Literature, Art and Archaeology. Manuscripts for publication in the journal should be submitted in duplicate, typed in double-space, and on one side of the paper with wide margins on all sides preferably along with its CD or sent by E-mail.
    [Show full text]
  • T.C. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Felsefe Ve Din Bilimleri Anabilim Dali
    T.C. SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI MUHAMMED İKBAL’DE DİNDARLIĞIN PSİKOLOJİSİ Zümrüd AFET 1230206168 YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ DANIŞMAN Prof. Dr. Hüseyin CERTEL ISPARTA-2018 (AFET, Zümrüd, Muhammed İkbal'de Dindarlığın Psikolojisi, Yüsek Lisans, Isparta 2018) ÖZET Bu tezin konusu asrımızın büyük düşünürlerinden biri olan Muhammed İkbal'de Dindarlığın Psikolojisidir. Çalışmamın amacı Muhammed İkbal’in Psikoloji ve Din Psikolojisi açısından konumunu belirlemek ve onun konuyla ilgili orjinal görüşlerini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmam giriş, iki bölüm ve sonuçtan oluşmaktadır. Girişte, araştırmamızın temel konusu, önemi ve amacı hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Daha sonra İkbal`in yaşadığı dönemin karakteristik özellikleri, Hayatı, İlmi ve Dini Şahsiyeti ve Eserleri ele alınmıştır. Birinci bölümde, Muhammed İkbal ve Temel Psikolojik Kavramlar tanıtılmış, ikinci bölümde ise Muhammed İkbal’in Dini Hayatın Psikolojisi ile ilgili fikirlerine yer verilmiştir..Çalışmamın sonuç kısmında ise Muhammed İkbal’in genel olarak Din Psikolojisine yaptığı özgün katkı ve en önemli konu olan “Benlik” anlayışı ile ilgili temel yaklaşımını sunmaya çalıştım. Anahtar Kelimeler: İkbal, Dindarlık, Düşünce, Benlik, Ego, Mistik Tecrübe. iii (AFET, Zümrüd, Religious Psychology of Muhammad Iqbal, Master’s Thesis, Isparta 2018) ABSTRACT The subject of this thesis is the Religious Psychology of Muhammad Iqbal, one of the great thinkers of our century. The purpose of my work is to determine the position of Muhammad Iqbal in terms of Psychology and Religion Psychology and to reveal his original opinions about this subject. The study entry consists of two parts and the result. In the introduction, we have been informed about the main topic of our research, its importance and purpose.
    [Show full text]