T.C. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Felsefe Ve Din Bilimleri Anabilim Dali

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T.C. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Felsefe Ve Din Bilimleri Anabilim Dali T.C. SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI MUHAMMED İKBAL’DE DİNDARLIĞIN PSİKOLOJİSİ Zümrüd AFET 1230206168 YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ DANIŞMAN Prof. Dr. Hüseyin CERTEL ISPARTA-2018 (AFET, Zümrüd, Muhammed İkbal'de Dindarlığın Psikolojisi, Yüsek Lisans, Isparta 2018) ÖZET Bu tezin konusu asrımızın büyük düşünürlerinden biri olan Muhammed İkbal'de Dindarlığın Psikolojisidir. Çalışmamın amacı Muhammed İkbal’in Psikoloji ve Din Psikolojisi açısından konumunu belirlemek ve onun konuyla ilgili orjinal görüşlerini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmam giriş, iki bölüm ve sonuçtan oluşmaktadır. Girişte, araştırmamızın temel konusu, önemi ve amacı hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Daha sonra İkbal`in yaşadığı dönemin karakteristik özellikleri, Hayatı, İlmi ve Dini Şahsiyeti ve Eserleri ele alınmıştır. Birinci bölümde, Muhammed İkbal ve Temel Psikolojik Kavramlar tanıtılmış, ikinci bölümde ise Muhammed İkbal’in Dini Hayatın Psikolojisi ile ilgili fikirlerine yer verilmiştir..Çalışmamın sonuç kısmında ise Muhammed İkbal’in genel olarak Din Psikolojisine yaptığı özgün katkı ve en önemli konu olan “Benlik” anlayışı ile ilgili temel yaklaşımını sunmaya çalıştım. Anahtar Kelimeler: İkbal, Dindarlık, Düşünce, Benlik, Ego, Mistik Tecrübe. iii (AFET, Zümrüd, Religious Psychology of Muhammad Iqbal, Master’s Thesis, Isparta 2018) ABSTRACT The subject of this thesis is the Religious Psychology of Muhammad Iqbal, one of the great thinkers of our century. The purpose of my work is to determine the position of Muhammad Iqbal in terms of Psychology and Religion Psychology and to reveal his original opinions about this subject. The study entry consists of two parts and the result. In the introduction, we have been informed about the main topic of our research, its importance and purpose. Later on, characteristic feature of Iqbal's live period, life, science and religious personality and his works are discussed. In the first part, Muhammad Iqbal and Basic Psychological Concepts were introduced. In the second part, Muhammed Iqbal's ideas about Religious Life Psychology were included. In the final part of my work, main approaches of Muhammed Iqbal, related to his unique contribution to Psychology of Religion is tried to be introduced. I tried to present the basic approach to "self" understanding. Key Words: İqbal, Religious, Thought, Self, Ego, Mystical Experience. iv İÇİNDEKİLER TEZ SAVUNMA SINAV TUTANAĞI ............................................................................... i YEMİN METNİ ................................................................................................................... ii ÖZET .................................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... iv İÇİNDEKİLER .................................................................................................................... v KISALTMALAR ................................................................................................................ vi ÖNSÖZ ................................................................................................................................ vii GİRİŞ .................................................................................................................................... 1 I. BÖLÜM İKBAL VE PSİKOLOJİ 1.1. İkbal’de Temel Psikolojik Kavramlar ....................................................................... 22 1.1.1. Nefs .................................................................................................................... 22 1.1.2. Kalp .................................................................................................................... 25 1.1.3. Akıl ..................................................................................................................... 26 1.1.4. Düşünce .............................................................................................................. 30 1.1.5. Benlik ................................................................................................................. 31 1.1.6. Ego ..................................................................................................................... 39 II BÖLÜM İKBAL VE DİNİ HAYATIN PSİKOLOJİSİ 2.1. İkbal’in Din Ve Dindarlık Anlayışı........................................................................... 43 2.2. İkbal’in Kur’ân Tasavvuru ........................................................................................ 45 2.3. İnanç, İman ................................................................................................................ 49 2.4. Dua ve İbadet (Dini tecrübe) ..................................................................................... 55 2.5. Mistik Tecrübe .......................................................................................................... 59 SONUÇ ................................................................................................................................ 67 KAYNAKÇA ...................................................................................................................... 71 ÖZGEÇMİŞ ........................................................................................................................ 75 v KISALTMALAR a.g.e. Adı geçen eser a.g.m. Adı geçen makale a.g.t. Adı geçen tez A.Ü. Ankara Üniversitesi A.Ü.İ.F. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi A.Ü.İ.F.D. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi bkz. Bakınız c. Cilt çev. Çeviren DİA Diyanet İslâm Ansiklopedisi Mad. Maddesi Neş. Neştiyat s. Sayfa ss. Sayfalar arası (sayfa aralığı) S. Sayı Tsz. Tarihsiz Üniv. Üniversite Yay. Yayınevi, Yayınları vi ÖNSÖZ Muhammed İkbal, hakkında en çok araştırma yapılan, eser yazılan müslüman düşünürlerden biridir. Bugüne kadar yazılan makaleler, düzenlenen konferanslar ve sempozyumlar, yapılan tezler ve etüdlerin sayısı ise sayılamayacak kadar çoktur. Hakkında bu kadar çok yazılıp çizilen bir ilim ve fikir adamı hakkında araştırma yapmanın avantajlarının yaında, zorluklarının da var olduğunu söylememiz gerekiyor. Bu araştırmamızda biz, İkbal'in dini psikolojik ağırlık noktasını teşkil etmek üzere, hayatını, fikriyatını ve şahsiyetini oluşturan unsurları ele almaya çalışacağız. Çalışmamızın giriş bölümünde, İkbal'in yaşadığı dönemin karakteristik özelliklerini, hayatını, ilmî ve dini şahsiyetini ele almaya çalışacağız. Ayrıca eserlerini de bu bölümde tanıtacağız. Birinci bölümde temel psikolojik kavramlar (nefs, akıl, kalp, düşünce, benlik, ego) çerçevesinde İkbali’in psikolojik görüşlerini ele alacağız. İkinci bölümde ise, İkbal’in din ve dindarlık anlayışı ve Kur’ân tasavvurundan bahsettikten sonra, inanç, iman, şüphe, irade, dua, ibâdet mistik dinî yaşayış konularındaki görüşlerinden onun din psikolojik yönünü ortaya koymaya çalışacağız. Bu çalışmamızı büyük bir titizlikle ve sabırla yöneten, aynı zamanda maddi ve manevi yardımlarını esirgemeyen en önemlisi bana Din Psikolojisini, araştırmayı, kendini geliştirmeyi öğreten, sevdiren değerli hocam Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Certel’e en derin teşekkürlerimi arz ederim. Zümrüd Afet Isparta 2018 vii GİRİŞ 1. ARAŞTIRMA HAKKINDA 1.1. ARAŞTIRMANIN KONUSU Bu tezde Muhammed Ikbal ve onun Din Psikolojisine katkısı ele alınmış, eserlerindeki dini psikolojik konulara yer verilmiştir. Tezimizde ilk önce Muhammed İkbal karşımıza bir mülüman düşünür olarak çıkmaktatır. Burada onun şahsiyeti, yaşadığı sosyo- kültürel ortam, eğitimi ele alınmış ve Muhammed İkbal hakkında genel bir fikir ortaya konulmuştur. Daha sonra İkbal ve Psikoloji nosyonu incelenmiştir. Burada Psikolojinin temel kavramları; nefs, kalp, akıl, düşünce, benlik, İkbal’in eserlerindeki kavramlarla karşılaştırılmıştır. Muhammed İkbal’in eserlerinde Dini Hayat ile ilgili konular daha fazla olduğuna göre 3. bölümümüzde İkbal ve Dini Hayatın psikolojisi başlığı altında İkbal’in dindarlık anlayışı, Kur’ân tasavvuru, Dua ve İbadet, Mistik Tecrübe ve diğer önemli konular incelenmiştir. Muhammet İkbal’de Dindarlığın Psikolojisi” adlı bu araştırmamızın konusu, İkbal’in dindarlığın çeşitli boyutlarına ilişkin görüşlerinin psikolojik bakış açısıyla incelenmesidir. Bu çerçevede onun psikoloji ile ilgili diğer görüşleri de araştırmanın kapsamı içindedir. 1.2. ARAŞTIRMANIN ÖNEMİ VE AMACI Muhammed İkbal, Hind-Pakistan yarımadasında doğmuş ve yaşamıştır. Onun düşünceleri, gerçekleştirdikleri, yaşadığı bölgenin sınırlarım aşarak tüm İslвm dünyasına hatta Avrupa'ya kadar yayılmıştır. İslam dünyasında mevcut problemler, bu problemlerin kaynakları, çözüm olarak sunduğu metotlar yalnız yaşadığı zamana etki yapmayıp, aynı zamanda günümüz Müslüman toplumuna hitap etmektedir. Muhammed İkbal, batıda eğitim alma fırsatı bulmuştur. O, Avrupa da ve ordan döndükten sonra da şahsiyetini ve İslami yaşayışını kaybetmemiştir. Avrupa da eğitim aldığı süreçte, batılıların sahip olduğu azim ve gayretleri tesbit etmiş, müslümanlarda da 1 olması gerektiğini söylemiştir. İkbal, yaşayışı, eğitimi ve yazdığı eserleri ile her zaman bir çözüm üretmiştir. Eserlerinde derin felsefi düşünceler, mevcut probemler ve onların analizi ve çözümü her zaman ön planda olmuştur. Her müslüman devletin problemleri hemen hemen aynıdır. Eğitim, Gelişme, Hukuk, Yönetim, Çağdaşlaşma ve ne yazık ki çağdaşlaşmanın Batılaşma olarak anlamlandırılması her zaman müslüman topluluklarında problem olmuştur ve günümüze
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