5392 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 16 PRIVATE :3ILLS AND RESOLUTIONS morning: In the midst of thronging H. R. 1129. An act to validate a conveyance Under clause i of rule X:XII, private duties and confused issues, we pause to of certain lands by the Central Pacific Rail­ commune with Thee, unseen scurce of way Co., and its lessee, Southern Pacific Co., bills and resolutions were introduced and to the Union Ice Co. and Edward Barbera; severally referred as follows: goodness, beauty, and truth, that the H. R. 1233. An act for the relief of Mrs. By Mr. BARDEN: light which is the light of the world may Vasilia Parselles; H. R. 4119. A bill for the relief of Jan de shine upon us and illumine our path of H. R. 1234. An act for the relief of Mrs. Bakker; to the Committee on the Judiciary. action. Grant to us a oneness ·of pur­ Selma Cecelia Gahl; By Mr. BURTON: pose that shall bring the supreme satis­ H. R. 1443. An act for the relief of Paul H. R. 4120. A bill for the relief of Dr. Sul faction of rendering to the Nation and Matelli; Yen; to the Committee on the Judiciary. to the world our utmost service unsul­ H. R. 1457. An act for the relief of Antranik By Mr. McCORMACK: lied by base motives or self-interest. Ayanian; H. R. 4121. A bill for the relief of Rafael To this white altar of devotion we H. R. 1853, An act to authorize the granting Alemany; to the Committee on the Judiciary-. bring our pledge administer the trust to Kaiser Steel Corp. of rights-of-way on, H. R. 4122. A bill for the relief of James H. to over, under, through, and across certain pub­ Powell; to the Committee on the Judiciary. committed to our hands with integrity lic lands, and of patent in fee to certain By Mr. McMPL.LEN: of character, purity of motive, cleanness other public lands; H. R. 4123. A bil1. for the relief of John G. of hands, and unswerving :firmness of H. R. 2310. An act for the relief of Jindrich Brown; to the Committee on the Judiciary. purpose in the fulfillment of the high (Henri) Nosek and Mrs. Zdenka Nosek; H. R. 4124. A bill for the relief of Fred and holy calling as servants of the Re­ H. R. 2349. An act authorizing the Secre­ Ericson, Jr.; to the Committee on the Ju­ public and of Thine. In the dear R~­ tary of the Interior to issue patents in fee to diciary. deemer's name. Amen. certain allottees on the Crow Indian Reserva­ H. R. 4125. A bill for the relief of L. Fer­ tion; guson; to the Committee on the Judiciary. THE JOURNAL H. R. 2363. An act for the relief of Mr. and By Mr. HEFFERNAN: Mrs. Emil Sbarbori, Edna Perfetti, and An­ H. R. 4126. A bill for the relief of Ernst On request of Mr. McFARLAND, and by unanimous consent, the reading of the thony Perfetti; Sbaschnik, Sr., Hildegard Sbaschnik, and H. R. 2372. An act for the relief of Michael Ernst Sbaschnik, Jr.; to the Committee on Journal of the proceedings of Tuesday, Post-Posniakoff and Zinaida Post-Posniakoff; the Judiciary. May 15, 1951, was dispensed with. H. R. 2453. An act for the relief of John R. By Mr. RODINO: . MESSAGES FROM THE PRESIDENT­ Harris; H. R. 4127. A bill for the relief of Mrs. APPROVAL OF BILLS H. R. 2852. An act for the relief of Quon Doris Ellen Young; to the Committee on Mee Gee, also known as Loui Siu Lin; the Judiciary. Messages in writing·from the President H. R. 2853. An act for the relief of Shizue By Mr. ROONEY: of the United States were communicated Sakurada; H. n. 4128. A bill for the relief of Antonio to the Senate by Mr. Miller, one of his H. R. 2854 . . An act for the relief of Dorothy and Francesco Lo Schiavo; to the Committee secretaries, and he announced that on Fumie Maeda; on the Judiciary. May 15, 1951, the President had approved H. R. 2916. An act for the relief of Shizu By Mr. SASSCER: and signed the act

OPERATI~G COSTS AND PllOFITS IN '!'Im Less complete .data were submitted by five TRANSACTION OF ROUTINTI BUSINESS BAKERY mous'!'RY additional companies making a total Of nine Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President,· I Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, the for which certain information is available. ask unanimous consent that Senators be Table 2, based on data from nine companies Comtntttee on Agriculture and Forestry shows ingredients, manufacturing labor, permitted to transact routine business has been continuously studying the costs and packaging-material cost as a percentage without debate. of various commodities, and tl1is morn­ of sales. The :nine companies show the same . The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob­ ing the committee wishes to file With the downward trend tn farm-product costs as a jection, it is so ordered. Senate a statement showing a completed percentage of sales as was noted for the four POLISH INDEPENDENCE-RESOLUTION OP study of operating costs and profits in companies. The drop tn ingredient costs COUNCIL OF POLISH SOCIETY AND the bakery industry from 1945 through !ro:rn 4~.8 percent of sales in 1946 to 38.5 CLUBS, WILMINGTON, DEL. the first quarter of 1951. · percent in 1950 is a. reduction of 10 percent. SUMMARY Mr. WILLIAMS. Mr. President, I TABlJI: 2.-lngredient, manufacturing labor present for appropriate reference a res­ Increases in labor and distribution atui packaging materials costs in protluc• olution unanimously adopted at a meet­ costs in recent years have been more im- ing bakery prottucts, 1946-50 :i ing sponsored by the Council of the Pot­ . portant thar.& rising farm-product prices ier. Society and clubs of Delaware, which in increasing the cost cf bakery goods. Ratio to sales was held on Sunday afternoon, May 6, Today a pound of bakery products re­ 1951, at Wilmington, Del. The resolu­ 1.9 Gross flects cents higher costs for ingredi­ Year Manu· Packag- tion calls attention to the adoption of ents and 2.5 cents higher costs for man­ sales Total facturinv Sttm ot ingredi· labor ingma 3items t:1e Polish Constitution on May 3, 1791; ufacturing labor and distribution than in ent cost cost terials s:;eaks of the contributions of Polish 1945. The baking industry has main­ ---· --- --· -~ - -- sons to the cause of the Americ&n Revo­ tained approximately the same profit --- -- Percent 1946 _____ Percent Perunt Perce11.t lution; emphasizes the loss of Polish · ratio to total sales-3 to 5 percent-since $369, 1!)3 42. 8 13.6 2.5 5S.9 freedom and independence as a result 1946 which is equivalent to 9 to 13 per• 1947 ••••• 434, 782 4&.9 13, l 2.8 61.8 1948 ••••• 472, 580 42.4 13. 6 3.1 59. l of the selling of Poland down the river cent' on the invested capital of the com• 1949.. ••• 465,000 39.0 3.3 57.0 1960_____ 14. 7 at Yalta, and calls upon the United panies reporting. 484, 568 as.~ 15.1 3. 4 57.0 States of America to demand the with­ Farm products now make up a smaller t Summary of 9 representative bakeries submitting drawal of Soviet troops and secret police proportion of the retail cost of bakery com arable lnfor:tnation on each of the .tems listed. from Poland and the enactment of laws products than at any time since the end The cost of ma.nufacturing labor and guaranteeing the right of suffrage to the of World War II. Distribution costs opposite parties through the interna­ in packaging: materials both increased as a per­ have increased sharply recent years. centage of sales. The increase in manufac­ tional supervision of elections in Poland. Mx. President, I invite the attention tming· labor was in excess of 10 percent, I ask unanimous consent that the res­ of senators to this report, and I ask while packaging-materials costs increased olution be printed in the RECORD follow- unanimous consent thJ. ~ the entire re­ more than one~thlrd. ing my remarks. . port may be printed in the RECORD fol· Tabulations of the more important costs There being no objection, the resolu­ lowing my remarks. per pound of product indicate the tonowtng tion was referred to the Committee on There being no objection, the report increases between 1945 and the flrst quarter Foreign Relations, and ordered to be was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, ot 1951: · printed in the RECORD, as follows: f as ollov;s: Cents per Resolution voted upon and passed unani­ The Senate Committee on Agriculture and pound of mously by the assembled at a meeting com­ Forestry under the leader&hip o! Chalrman product Increase tn cost ot fiour ______1.1 memorating the signature on May 8, 1791, of Et.LEND:EJt has just completed. a studr of oper­ the Polish Constitution, sponsored by the ating costs and profits in the bakery industry Increase in cost of all ingredients ______1. 9 Council of the Polish societies and Clubs and from 1945 through the first quarter of 1951. Increase in cost of m r.nufacturing labor_ . 6 Increase in cost of all labor ______1. 7 the Delaware Division o! the Polish American Ingredients used tn bakery goods. (mostly congress held on Sunday afternoon, May 6, farm products) now represent a lower per­ Increase in oost ot distribution______1. 9 19(11, at 3 :30 o'clock at the Modjeska Hall, centage of the salelf dollar ·i,han in any earlier Wilmington, Del.: year fn the study. Distribution costs in• The detailed data for.the years 1945-50 are shown in table S: "We, Americans ot Polish descent, as­ creased from 23.3 percent of sales in 1945 to sembled at the Modjeska. Hall, at Wilming­ 26.6 in tlle' first part of 1951, whlle manufac­ 'IABLE 3.-CoiJt o. major items per pound of ton, Del., on Sunday afternoon, May 6, 1951, turing labor costs have changed relatively 1Jakery producta, 1945-50 i to commemorate the adoption of the Poli.Sh little pet dollar of sales. Constitution on May 3, 1791, one of the Proiits eitber before or a.fter taxes were a.t Coet per pound product world's great documents of freed.om, like our abOut the same level in 1950 and ear11 1951 Declaration of Independence and to pay a& in earlier years. Between 3 and 4 cent.a homage to the ~res.tors of· liberty and equal­ out of each dollar apent for bakery goods 1a Year Me.nu- Total All In· Total ity for the Polish nation 160 years ago. kept 111 the baking compa.nies as net profit Flour gredient8 factur- labor distri- after taxes. Profits varied from 9 to 13 per­ fng labor bution "Further, we, aa Americans of PoliAh <"e­ cent on the t.n:vested capital durtng the last - ·------··- scent, upholding the American principles 5 years ot thia 6-year period. - Centi Ct1U1 Cenu Centi Centi created at the birth at the United States, The data tor tour large representative 1945 •••• 1. 8 3.8 1. 3 2. 7 2.2 have had our sons all O\Ter the world in the 1946-. •• 2.2 4. I) 1. a 3.0 2.4 pa.&t, and now tn Korea, flghting the ·enemies companies &ubmitting comparable inform.a.. 1947 ____ 1. 5 3.3 Z.9 tion on each of these items are shown in 3.1 5. 7 of freedom. 1048 •••• 3.2 5.9 1.6 3. 7 3.3 "Whereas, from ti.me immemorial Pola.nd table 1: 11149 •••• 2. ~ 5.3 LS 3. 9 3.6 1!15() ____ 2.g 5.4 1.8 4. 7 3.8 has heroically led the way in the defense of TA:SLE 1.-Costs and projits tn productng 1961 2___ 2..9 5. 7 l. 9 4.4 4.1 the dignity of man with its inherent rights bakery products, 1945-50 1 of life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. Thts prompted her . to struggle for freedom Cost as a percentage of grOSll sales .s Trends (rn45=100) even against overwhelming odds; . "Whereas triumphant Poland was able to bl) 83...... , ----- ;, Profits .... c. 194.L •. 100 100 100 100 100 culminate her 8Uccers by giving to her people i:I di l!IML •• 122 118 100 1ll 100 .fS ·~ 0 t~ ... 0 and. to the worlUnited States Senate, By Mr. GREEN: H. R. 651. An act to provide for issuance United States Senate Building, S. J. Res. 73. Joint resolution providing of a supplemental patent to Charles A. Gann, Washington, D. C. funds for reimbursement to the Interna­ patentee numbered 152,419, for certain laud DEAR Sm: The Louis Travis AMVETS Aux­ tional Labor Organization of the added ex­ in California; lllary wholeheartedly supports the following pense of holding the 1951 fall session of the H. R. 964. An act authorizing the Secretary resolution and voted to adopt lt at our regu­ governing body of the International Labor of the Interior to issue a patent in fee to lar monthly business meeting held last Organization in the United States instead Percival H. Glenn; nlght: of in Geneva, Switzerland, and for the pay­ H. R. 1129. An act to validate a conveyance "Whereas veterans and their dependents ment of incidental expenses incurred by the of certaiv. lands by the Central Pacific Rail­ and beneficiaries make up almost one-third United States; to the Committee on Foreign way Co., and its lessee, Southern Pacific Co., of the population of the United States; and Relations. to the Union Ice Co. and Edward Barbera; "Whereas this largest single group of citi­ By Mr. MAGNUSON: H. R. 1853. An act to authorize the grant­ zens with a common bond is deserving of S. J. Res. 74. Joint resolution to change the ing to Kaiser Steel Corp. of rights-of-way on, equal consideration by the Senate of the name of the South Dam in the Columbia over, under, through, and across certain pub­ United States; and Basin project to Dry Falls Dam; to the Com­ lic lands, and of patent in fee to certain "Whereas all legislation which concerns mittee on Interior and Insular Affairs. other public lands; veterans must go before either the Senate HOUSE BILLS REFERRED H. R. 2349. An act authorizing the Secre­ Labor and Public Welfare Committee or the tary of the Interior to issue patents in fee to Senate Finance Committee, and b::>th · the The following bills were severally read certain allottees on the Crow Indian Reserva­ aforesaid committees are overloaded with twice by their titles and referred as tion; work concerning problems other than those indicated: H. R . .3215. An act to authorize the sale of of particular concern to veterang; and certain allotted land on the Crow Reserva­ "Whereas the Veterans' Administration is H. R. 616. An act for the relief of Thomas tion, Mont.; and the second largest business establishment J. Zafirladis; H. R. 617. An act for the relief of Franz . H. R. 3216. An act authorizing the Secre­ in the executive department: Therefore be it tary of the Interior to issue a patent in fee "Resolved, That AMVETS Auxiliary No. 14 Furtner, his wife, Valentina Furtner, and her daughters, Nina Tuerck and Victoria. 'l'uerck; to Lulu M. Whitebear; to the Committee on requests the Senate of the United States to In~erior and Insular Affairs. take immediate steps to establish a perma­ H. R. 643. An act for the relief of Mrs. nent standing Veterans' Affairs Committee Vivian M. Graham and Herbert H. Graham; ADDRESSES, EDITORIALS, ARTICLES, ETC., to consider and report all legislative pro­ H. R. 658. An a.ct for the relief of Harold PRINTED IN THE APPENDIX posals affecting the welfare of veterans and W. Britton; their families." H. R. 895. An &ct for the relief of Dr. On request, and by unanimous con­ Adopted April 24, 1951. Giuseppe Mazzone; sent, addresses, editorials, articles, etc., AMVETS AUXILIARY No. 14, H. R. 1233. An act for the relief of Mrs. were ordered to be printed in the Ap­ VERA 0. MARKUSSEN, Vasilia Parselles; pendix, as follows: President. H. R. 1234. An act for the relief of Mrs. Selma Cecelia Gahl; By Ml,'. ;BUTLER of Nebraska: ENROLLED BILLS PRESENTED H. R.1443. An act for the relief of PaUl An address entitled "Protect the American Matelli; Watch Industry," delivered by him before the The Secretary of the Senate reported H. R. 1457. An act for the relief of Antran1k Seventh Annual Convention of the American that on today, May 16, 1951, he pre­ Ayanian; Watch Workers Union at Washington, D. C., sented to the President of the United H. R. 2310. An act for the relief of ,Jindrich on May 14, 1951. States the following enrolled bills: (Henri) Nosek and Mrs. Zdenka Nosek; Address on the subject Reclamation Poli­ H. R. 2363. An act for the relief of Mr. and cies, delivered by him before the Nebraska s. 77. An act for the relief of Mircea Gros­ Reclamation Association at Lincoln, Nebr., su and his family; Mrs. Emil Sbarbori, Edna .Perfetti, and Anthony Perfetti; February 14, 1951. S. 119. An act for the relief of Joseph By Mr. MURRAY: Girardi; H. R. 2372. An act for the relief of Michael Post-Posniakoff and Zinaida Post-Posniakoff; Address on the importance of people being s. 165. An act for the relief of Robert informed as to public issues, prepared for Johanna Sorensen; H. R. 2453. An act for the relief of John R. S. 166. An act for the relief of Lars Daniel Harris; delivery by him at the semiannual meeting Sorensen; H. R. 2852. An act for the relief of ·Quon of the board of directors of the Society for Mee Gee, also known as Lout Siu Lin; the Prevention of World War ID in s. 822. An act for the relief of Mrs. Robert City on May 29, 1951. M. sternberg; and H. R. 2853. An act for the relief of ShiZue S. 824. An act for the relief of Gertrud Sakurada; By Mr. HUMPHREY: Lomnitz. H. R. 2854. An act for the relief of Dorothy An editorial entitled "We're All Subject To Fumie Maeda; Each Others Whims,'' from the Minneapolis BILLS AND JOINT RESOLUTIONS Tribune of May 13, 1951. H. R. 2916. An act for the relief of Shizu INTRODUCED Terauchi Parks; By Mr. O'MAHONEY: I Letter from Joe L. Martinez, attorney gen­ Bills and joint resolutions were intro­ H. R. 3063. An act for the relief of Rosina eral of the State of New Mexico, regarding duced, read the first time, and, by unani· Mouradian; proposed legislation to permit continued mous consent, the second time, and re­ H. R. 3133. An act for the relief of Chin production and further development of the ferred as follows: Yuen Ling, minor unmarried Chinese child mineral resources of the submerged ocean of a United States citizen; lands. By Mr. MUNDT: H. R. 3229. An act for the relief of Mrs. S. 1493. A bill to promote the rehabilita­ CALL OF THE ROLL tion of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe Albert W. Lack; of Indians and better utilization of the re­ H. R. 3442. An act to protect the Girl Mr. McFARLAND. I suggest the ab­ Scouts of the United States of America in sources of the Sisseton Reservation, and for the use of emblems and badges, descriptive sence of a quorum. other purposes; to the Committee on In­ or designating marks, and words or phrases The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secre­ terior and Insular Affairs. · tary will call the roll. By Mr. O'MAHONEY: heretofore adopted and to clarify existing s. 14.94. A bill for the relief of George law relating thereto; The roll was called, and the following Georgacopoulos; to the Committee on the H. R. 3527. An act for the relief of Morris Senators answered to their names: Judiciary. Tutnauer; Aiken Cain Duff By Mr. JOHNSON of Colorado: H. R. 3651. An act conferring jurlsdlction Anderson Capehart Dworshak s. 1495. A bill to repeal certain provisions upon the United States District Court for Bennett Carlson Ellender of the acts of September 23, 1950, and Sep­ the District of New Mexico to hear, deter­ Benton Case Ferguson tember 30, 1950, providing financial· assist­ mine, and render judgment upon the claim Brewster Chavez Flanders of Adolphus M. Holman; and Bricker Clements Fulbright ance to local educational agencies, so as to Bridges Connally George remove discrimination against larger school H. R. 3653. An act for the relief of Angelina Butler, Md. Cordon Gillette districts; to the Committee on Labor and Marsiglia; to the Committee on the Judi­ Butler, Nebr. Dirksen Green Public Welfare. ciary. Byrd Douglas Hayden 5396 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE · MAY 16 Hendrickson Magnuson Russell The Senator from Missouri [Mr. KEM] The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senator Hennings Malone Saltonstall and the Senator from Colorado [Mr. Hickenlooper Martin Schoeppel from Nebraska is recognized for 1 minute.· H1ll Maybank· Smathers MILLIKIN] are absent by leave of the· Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, yester­ Hoey McCarthy Smith, Maine Senate. day in a colloquy with the distinguished Holland McClellan Smith, N.J. The Senator from California [Mr. Humphrey McFarland Smith. N. C. Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. SAL­ Hunt McKellar Sparkman NIXON] is absent by leave of the Senate. TONSTALL] and also with the distin­ Ives McMahon Stennis on official business, having been appoint­ guished Senator from [Mr. Jenner Monroney Taft ed a member of the United States dele­ Johnson, Colo. Moody Thye· FERGUSON], a question arose as to the Johnson, Tex. Morse Underwood gation to the World Health Organiza­ amount of foreign loans and grants Johnston, S. C. Mundt Welker tion, which is meeting in Geneva, Swit­ which have been made in the past 10 Kefauver Murray Wherry zerland. years. For the record, I ask unani­ Kerr Neely Wiley The Senator from Utah [Mr. WAT­ Kilgore O'Conor Williams mous consent to have printed at this Knowland O'Mahoney Young KINS] is absent because of illness. point, as exhibit A, a tabulation which Lodge Pastore The VICE PRESIDENT. A quorum is was compiled by the Office of Business Long Robertson present. Economics, Bureau of Foreign and Do­ Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. I announce EMERGENCY FOOD AID TO INDIA mestic Commerce of the Department that the Senator from Mississippi [Mr. The Senate resumed the consideration of Commerce for the period ending De­ EASTLAND] is absent on official business. of the bill

LrPENDIX TABLE 4.-Summary of foreign aid (grants and credits)-By major country: Postwar period, July 1, 1945, through Dec. 31, 1950 (befor.e and during European recovery program, established Apr. 3, 1948), and war period, July 1, 1940, through June -30, 1945; calendar years ended Dec. 31, 1949, and 1950 (by quarters) [In millions of dollars]

Postwar period Postwar period War and ----·...----.,..---1 War and 1------·--­ postwar War postwar War During Before period During period periods Total ERP ERP periods Total ERP ~eir~e period period period period ------·1------1------Gross foreign aid (grants and ERP countries and participating credits)______79, 440 30, 216 14, 721 15, 495 49, 224 dependent areas-Continued 2, 400 1, 378 1, 022 8, 253 Denmark: Less: Returns_------10, 653 Gross foreign aid ______Equals: Net foreign aid ______+68, 787 +27, 816 +13, 343 +14, 473 +40, 971 219 219 203 16 ------Less: Returns ______9 9 Net grants______+58, 878 + 18, 622 + 12, 313 +6, 309 +40, 256 Equals: Net foreign aid __ _ +~1.0 +210 Net credits______+9, 909 +9, 194 +i, 030 + 8, 163 +715 +19~ -----+i6- =~======+158 +i58 +i58 ______------ERP countries and participating +52 +52 +36 +rn ______deg:~~efo~~f:~~iL______54, 479 21, 616 11, 568 10, 048 32, 863 France: ======Less: Returns______7, 606 1, 339 785 553 6, 268 Gross foreign aid______6, 736 4, 099 1, 980 2, 119 2, 637 Equals: Net foreign aid______+46, 873 +20, 277 +10, 782 +9, 495 +26, 594 Less: Returns_------·---- 1, 056 190 154 36 867 ------Equals:Netforeignaid ___ +5, 680 +3,910 +l, 826 +2,084 +1,770 Net grants ______+38, 522 +12, 269 +9, 855 +2, 414 +26, 253 ------Net credits_------+8, 351 +8, 008 +927 +7, 081 +343 Net grants______+3, 643 +i, 873 +i, 670 +203 +i, 770 Net credits______+2, 037 +2, 037 +156 +i, 881 ------Austria: Gross foreign aid______759 758 459 299 1 Germany: ======Les~ Returns______31 31 31 ------Gross foreign aid ______3, 178 3, 178 2, 185 Less : Returns ______992 ------Equals: Net foreign aid___ +728· +727 +428 +299 +i 88 88 72 16 ------Equals: Net foreign aid __ _ +3,089 +3,089 +2, 113 +975 ------Net grants______+706 +705 +415 +290 +1 Net credits------+22 +22 +13 +9 ------Net grants______+3, 024 +3, 024 +2, 139 +883 ------Net credits __ ------+66 +66 -26 +92 ------Belgium-Luxemburg: == Gross foreign aid______791 722 500 222 69 Greece: ======Less: Returns_------244 · 39 35 5 205 Gross foreign aid______1, 317 1, 238 655 583 79 Equals: Net foreign aid___ +547 +683 +465 +217 -136 Less: Returns______40 40 · 35 5 ------Equals: Net foreign aid___ +1, 277 +1, 198 +G20 +578 +79 Net grants______+373 +509 +448 +61 -136 ------Net credits ______.____ +174 +174 +17 +157 ------Net grants______+1, 178 +1. 100 +626 +474 +79 ======:-:== Net credits______· +99 +99 -6 +10s ______British Commonwealth: United Kingdom: Irelond: ======Grosi; foreign aid ______Gross foreign aid______35, 765 6, 713 2,534 4, 179 29, 052 122 122 122 ------Less: Returns______5, 852 703 250 453 5, 149 Equals: Net foreign aid __ _ +122 +122 +122 ------Equals: Net foreign aid ___ +29, 914 +6,010 +2,284 +3, 126 +23, 904 ------Nrt grants______+3 +3 +3 ------Net grants ______+25, llO +1, 523 +:.>, 078 - fi55 +23, 587 NeL credits______+ml +119 +119 ------Net credits______+4(:::04 +4, 487 +206 +4, 281 +317 ====1======~=== 1951 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5397

APPENDIX TAB.LE 4-Continued. [In millions of dollars)

Postwar period Postwar period 'Varand1------~--­ War and ------­ War War postwar postwar During DPring Before period periods Before period periods Total ERP ERP Total ERP ERP period period period period ------!·------.------1------ERP countries and participating Other Europe-Continued d e1~ endeut areas-Continued Yugoslavia: Italy: Gross foreign aid______368 335 ~6 299 33 Gross foreign aid______2, 446 2, 136 1, 037 1, 0£9 310 Equals: Net foreign aid___ +367 +335 +37 +299 +33 Less: Returns______95 90 73 17 4 ------Equals: Net foreign aid__ _ +2, 352 +2, 046 +964 +1, OS2 +306 Net grants______+332 +29S -1 +299 +33 ------Ne.t credits------~ +36 +36 +36 ------Net grants______+2, 000 +1, 690 + c29 +s60 +310 ======Net credits.------+352 +356 +135 +221 -4 Other countries: Gross foreign aid •••••••••. 41 39 ------39 2 ======Less : Returns ______Netherlands: 1 14 1 ------1 13 Gross.foreign aid______1, 173 . 1, 022 724 :<9S 151 Equals: Net foreign aid __ ; +21 +as ______+as -11 Less: Returns______129 92 7S 14 37 Net grants ______------Equa:s: Net foreign aid___ +1, 044 +930 +646 +2S4 +114 +24 +22 ------+22 +2 ------Net credits ______+3 +16 ------+16 -13 Net grants______+626 +c49 +530 +rn +1s Net credits______+417 +3Sl +116 +265 +36 American republir.s: ~~ ~ B ~ Less:Gross Returnsforeign aid------______m Norway: 354 206 133 72 149 Gross foreign aid ______285 247 209 39 37 Equals: Net foreign aid . -----~ +947 +354 +125 +229 +593 Less: Returns ______29 29 2S 1 ------Net grants ______------Equals: Net foreign aid __ _ +255 +21S +181 +37 +37 +55S +135 +62 +74 +423 Net credits.------+3S9 +219 +63 +155 +110 Net grants ______+155 +ns +123 -5 +37 N et credits ______+100 +100 +57 +42 ------Australia: Gross foreign aid ______925 20 1 19 905 ======Less: Returns ______Sweden: 910 22 2 20 888 Gross foreign aid ______S9 SS S7 1 1 Equals: Net foreign aid ••••••. +15 -2 -1 -1 +17 Less: Returns.------6 2 2 ------4 Equals: Net foreign aid __ _ +sa +s6 +s5 +1 -3 Net grants ______------..:....s ------8 +s Net.credits------+15 +6 -1 +1 +8 · Net grants ______+65 +64 +63 +I +1 ======Net credits------+is +22 +22 ------4 Canada: =--======Gross foreign aid ______175 142 92 50 33 Trieste: Less: Returns_------­ 167 141 141 ------26 Gross foreign aid______38 38 25 13 ------Equals: Net foreign aid: Net Less: Returns______1 1 1 -~------credits ____ ------. ------+8 +1 -49 +50 +1 Equals: Net foreign aid: • Net grants ______._ +3~ +37 +24 +13 ------: China: Gross foreign aid------3, 110 1, 799 333 1, 466 1, 311 Turkey: Less: Returns--~------181 117 60 56 64 Gross foreign aid______359 268 240 29 90 Equals: Net foreign aid...... +2, 930 +1, 683 +273 +1, 410 +1, 247 Less: Returns______21 21 15 6 ------Equals: Net foreign aid... +338 +24S +225 +23 +oo Net grants______+2, 794 +1, 567 +314 +1, 253. +1, 227 ------Net credits------+136 +116 -41 +157 +20 Net grants------+256 +166 +157 +9 +oo ======Net credits...... +s2 +s2 +68 +13 ------India: 7SS 46 1 45 742 ======Less:Gross Returnsforeign aid ______.••••••••••••. _ Other. countries: 615 33 5 29 5S2 Gross foreign aid______34 33 31 1 Equals: Net foreign aid••••••• +112 +13 -3 +rn +100 Less: Returns______3 1 1 ------2 Equals: Net foreign aid •• _ +30 +31 +30 - +2 -1 Net grants______+1 -27 +1 -2S +28 ----1·----l------Net credits______+112 +40 -4 +44 +132 +17 Net grants------+rn +19 +2 ------­ 1 ======Net credits ••••• ~------+12 +12 +13 -1 Indonesia: Gross foreign aid ______155 151 S4 67 4 ======Less: Returns ______Unclassified ERP areas: 6 6 6 ------Gross foreign aid ______1, 169 734 575 15S 435 Equals: Net foreign aid ______+150 +146 +79 . +67 +4 Equals: Net foreign aid: Net grants ______+i, 169 +734 +575 +I5S +435 Net grants------· +s1 +84 +so +4 +4 ==_____.:.._ == === Net credits------······- +62 +62 ------+63 ------Other Europe: ======Gross foreign aid...... 12, 4Sl 1,623 76 1, 54 7 10, 858 Iran: Less: Returns______106 S4 59 25 22 Gross· foreign aid...... 3S 30 24 5 S Equals: Net foreign aid ______+12,375 +1, 539 +11 +1, 522 +10, 836 Less: Returns______10 10 4 6 ------Equals: Net foreign aid...... +28 +20 +20 -1 +s Net grants.------+n, 925 +1, OSS -16 +1, 106 +10, S36 ------Net credits------+451 +451 +35 +416 ------Net grants •••••••••••••••••. ------7 ------7 +s ======· Net credits------~--- +27 +27 +20 +7 ------Czechoslovakia: ======Gross foreign aid ___ ·------221 213 ------213 s Israel: Less: Returns ______24 24 24 ------Gross foreign aid------4S 48 4S ------Equals: Net foreign aid __ _ 197 189 -24 213 8 Equals: Net foreign aid: Net credits______+4S +4S +4S ------Net grants ______192 1S3 ------1S3 s ======Net credits.------5 5 -24 29 ------Japan: Gross foreign aid------, 2,007 2,007 1,024 982 ------Finland: Less: Returns------2S7 287 151 136 ------Gross foreign aid______145 128 34 94 17 Equals: Net foreign aid ______+1, 720 +1, 720 +s74 +S46 ------Less: Returns______33 31 16 15 2 Equals: Net foreign aid___ +u2 +97 +is +79 +14 Net grants______+i, 706 +i, 706 +927 +779 ------Net credits------+14 +14 -54 +67 ------Net grants______+3 +2 ------+2 +i ======Net credits______+10s +95 · +is +77 +13 Korea: Gross foreign aid ______366 366 Less: Returns ______212 154 ------Poland: 12 12 12 ------Gross foreign aid______465 443 6 437 22 Equals: Net foreign aid ______+354 +354 +200 +154 ------Less: Returns______1 1 1 ------Net grants ______Equals: Net foreign aid.-- +464 +442 +5 +437 +22 +333 +333 +196 +136+1s ------______-_ -. ------Net credits .• ------+21 +21 +3 Net grants______+387 +365 ------+365 +22 Net credits------·· +76 +76 +5 +11 ------New Zealand: Gross foreign aid ____ : ______249 ======Less: Retnrns ______256 7 ------7 252 ------251 11. S.S. R.: Equals: Net foreign aid ______Gross foreign aid______11, 242 465 ------465 10, 776 +4 +6 ------+1 -2 Less: Returns______33 26 17 9 7 Equals: Net foreign aid ___ +11, 209 +439 -17 +456 +10, 769 Net grants ______------+2 ------+2 -2 Net credits------+4 +4 ------+4 ------Net grants------~- +10, 9S6 +217 -17 +233 +10, 769 ======Net credits------+222 +222 ------. +222 ------======i::=:: 1 Gross foreign aid\ J?.et !oreign aid, and net credits for Netherlands include $17.2 million ERP .credits to Netherlands on behalf of Indonesia ($5.8 million in April­ December 1948; $9.2 m1lhon m January-March 19~9;. $1.2 milli_on in Octo~er-December 1949; and $1.0 million in January-March 1950). All other aid to Indonesia, including grants under the European Recovery Program, is mcluded m the entries for that country, · XCVII-340 5398 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 16

APPENDIX TABLE 4--Continued

{In millions of dollars]

Postwar period Postwar period War and -----·------War and ------postwar War postwar War periods During Before period During Before period Total ERP ERP periods Total ERP ERP period period ------1------11 ------1------.------period period 1Philippines: Union of South Africa: Gross foreign aid______822 769 526 243 53 Gross foreign aid______95 1 ------1 93 Le$: Returns-~------14 14 1 13 ------Less: Returns______95 94 1 113 1 Equals: Net foreign aid______------+sos +755 +525 +2.'n +53 Equals: Net foreign aid ______------··----1------92 -1 -92 +92 Net grants______+707 +655 +488 +167 +53 Net grants------92 ------92 +92 Net credits______+100 +100 +36 +64 Net credits------~------1 +1 ======I======~======~======Ryukyu Islands: · All other and unclasslfted coun- Gross foreign aid ______60 31 ' 29 tries: Eq1mls: Net foreign aJd: Net Gross foreign aid ____ ------2, 298 957 441 516 1,340 +oo +31 Less: Returns_------•- 32 31 13 18 1 grants._ --___ ------. ------+w Equals: Net foreign aid ______( +2,265 +926 +428 4-408 +1,339 Saudi Arabia: Gross foreign aid______3.5 17 1 16 18 +2, 177 +379 +483 +1,316 Less: Returns______5 5 5 ------~~~ ~gt:s-::::::::::::::::: +ss +ro +15 +~ Equals: Net foreign aid______------+31 +12 -3 +rn +1s Net grants------+7 +2 ------+2 +5 Net credits------+23 +11 -3 +14 +13 I For important qualifications affecting tbis table, see the explanatory nooos. [In original publication.] ExBIBIT B their good will. I have often said that no nation can buy good will. I hope no APPENDIX TABLE 3.-Summary of foreign aid (gra.nts and credits) unutilized-By one ·will think we are attempting that program: As of Dec. 31, 1950 in this case. We are showing our good [In millions of dollars] faith and our owr.. good will to the In­ dian people. We expect good faith from Unallo­ them and from their Government and Allocated cated or Total or com­ uncom­ their good will in return. mitted mitted The outstanding fact in the back­ ground is that India has appealed for Gross foreign aid unutllized ______'______12, 151 9,975 2, 176 aid, but at no time has asked for a grant l======F======l===='=== or gift. She has asked only for an op­ Grants unutilized______10, 506 P,078 1,428 portunity to purchase grain in this coun­ European recovery______3, 128 1, 798 1,330 try on special and easy terms. , • Civilian supplies------361 308 53 It is beyond my comprehension that Greek-Turkish aid •. ------·------_------______14 14 ------Philippine rehabilitation ______------___ . ___ ------______17 17 ------35 anyone should gratuitously otfer to ex­ Korean and far eastern (general area of China) aid______242 207 tend the desired assistance as a gift Chinese military aid. ___ ------___ ._------5 5 ------iii Technical assistance and inter-American aid .•. ------37 27 wben a gift was never requested. Yet Mutual-defense assistance •• ------.. ------______------__ 6, 675 6,675 ------that is just what has been done. The Otber------__ • ------•• ____ -----___ • _----- 27 Zl ------748 State Department, speaking through the Credits unutilized. _------. ------_------1, 645 897 1----1~--~1---- President, has advised the making of a 1 748 531 grant or a gift. The pending bill as it ~~~~::ife~~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: • m 88 69 Lend-lease (excluding settlement credits)------3 3 ------came from committee is a product of that Other______• __ • _____ ----____ • ---_------______---_. ______•• __ _ 206 58 148 attitude. It would provide aid on a basis of half loan, half gift. For important qualifications affecting tb1s table, see the explanatory notes. [In original publication.] The Senator from Nevada CMr. Mc­ Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, the Mr. President, I desire to state briefly CARRANJ, the Senator from New Hamp­ tables I have just submitted for the the purposes of the amendment. shire [Mr. BRIDGES] and I have proposed RECORD do not include such loans as -Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President, will the that the grant basis be disallowed in its the International Children's fund, inter­ Senator yield? entirety, and that a straight business­ American aid, Palestine relief, and other Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President. I like loan of $190,000,000 be substituted. items which in the near future I shall have only 8 minutes, and I cannot yield Much to the confusion of the State De­ have summarized in a compilation and under those circumstances. partment, the Indian Government itself will add to the list, totaling $91,500,- Mr. CHAVEZ. Very well. has endorsed the basis of the proposal 000,000. I am satisfied that those addi­ Mr. FERGUSON. I should like to we have put forward. tions will bring the total up to the fig­ yield, but I am unable to do so. · We propose that the loan basis be ure I stated on the floor, namely, close Mr. President, I wish to trace in brief similar to that provided in the Economic to $100,000,000,000. form the purposes and the provisions of Cooperation Act. The terms of credit I thank the Senator from Michigan the amendment. for past ECA loans have been for periods very much for yielding to me. There is no need to describe the situa­ of from 33 to 35 years at an interest rate Mr. FERGUSON. I appreciate hav­ tion in India which appeals to the hu­ of 2 % percent on the unpaid principal, ing the Senator insert those figures ill manitarian instincts of the American and with certain periods of grace in com­ the RECORD • . people and justifies this aid program. mencing both interest and principal re­ Mr. President, I call up my amend­ There is famine in India. In my own payments. ment at . this time and wish to speak opinion the famine is to an extent caused There has been some discussion in this on it. by man and not by nature. That does debate of a possibility that a loan ad­ The VICE PRESIDENT. The amend­ not speak well for the policies of the In­ ministered through ECA might be con­ ment is now the pending question. dian Government, but the fact remains verted into a grant or gift. The so-called Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, I that people are starving and we .want to Iceland loan provision appears in all ECA shall not speak at length on the amend­ help them. I think our taxpayers want loan agreements, and provides that by ment, because I spoke on it yesterday. to help the people of India. mutual agreement of the parties the The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senator There is an element of self-interest terms of the promissory note can be from Mi~higan has 8 minutes remaining. involved. We want to. help the Indian modified. That does not mean that the Mr. FERGUSON. Very well. people because, it is important to have loan wol!ld be changeu into a gift; such a / 1951 CONG~ESS.IONAL RE.CORD-SENATE 5399 modification, I believe, would be entirely the part of the Government of India it:.. was made that the assistance from this contrary to the entire purpose in chang- self that it prefers the loan procedure, it country be in the form of a gift. The ing the original proposal so as to make it seems to me to be wise to change the bill proposal was in hearing before the For­ a loan. in the Senate so as to put it on a total eign Relations Committee for several I have sought to make clear that we do loan basis, as proposed by the Senator days, and as a result of which the com­ not want this loan to be made into a from Michigan [Mr. FERGUSON]. There- mittee reported the bill which is present­ grant or a gift. The legislative history fore, while I cannot speak for my co- ly before the Senate, providing that half of this measure will put all parties on sponsors of the bill, I can urge upon of the requested sum be made available notice that Congress does. not wish or them that they go along with this now from ECA funds already appropri­ intend that this loan be converted into a amendment, because it would simplify ated, and that the question regarding gift at any time. the proposed legislation. the second $95,000,000 be considered We propose that the loan be financed As another reason for urging the again by the Congress before it is appro- out of unobligated ECA balances as of adoption of this amendment, I may say priated. June 30, in a minimum amount of $100,- that it is in line with the position taken In addition to that, provision was made 000,000. The difference between ECA's by the House of Representatives in de- that the ECA, out of its funds, should balances and the authorized amount of bating this question within the. past few make a grant of half of the first $95,000,­ the loan would be made available months. While much could be said in 000, and the balance in the form of a through a public debt transaction. favor of writing the bill on the basis of loan. The bill also contains certain pro- We also propose that terms for repay- half grant, half loan, I think it would visions which appear in all ECA loans ing the loan shall include the transfer to be wise to place it entirely on a loan with respect to supervision and publicity. the United States by India of strategic basis. I hope the amendment will be In that form the bill has been reported and critical materials which are in short adopted. to the Senate by the Foreign Relations supply in this country. I may say further that the matter has Committee without one dissenting vote. We have no desire to handcuff the been under discussion with those who But the provision which has been pre­ negotiating authorities, and have not have been supporting the amendment. sented by way of an amendment, that specified the materials or the amounts The original amendment has been the entire amount be made available in thereof that we expect India will be able changed in certain respects, and those the form of a loan, has been endorsed in to transfer to us. In my earlier remarks of us who have been working on the bill principle by the original sponsor of the and in House and Senate Committee re- are in agreement with the amendment bill and, by inference and expression of ports some of these materials are listed. which is now proposed by the distin- hope, by a number of the other spon- Some of them are embargoed by India at guished Senator from Michigan. sors. the present time. We expect our negot~- Mr. GILLETTE. Mr. President, I am Representing the committee, and un- atfog authorities to bargain hard-head- placed in a rather peculiar position with der my instructions from the committee, . edly and realistically to serve our vital reference to this proposal. The bill, as I have no choice, but to urge adoption of interests in obtaining these critical ma- originally introduced and as considered the bill as it was reported to the Senate. . terials in exchange for the grain which by the Senate Foreign Relations Com- We have in the proposed amendment an India needs so desperately. I think our mittee, was the basis of the report which example -0f the futility of trying on the authorities should, without any hesita- was submitted by the committee. fioor of the Senate to legislate on a mat­ tion at all, see that the embargoes are I shall take but a few moments to ter of a complicated nature. In the removed at the same time that we make speak of the historical background. I House of Representatives, in the case of the loan for grain to India. would not willingly consume one mo- a similar measure, the committees first It is a fact that India needs food, but ment of time in an effort to delay action recommended a gift of the entire our national survival is likewise depend- upon this bill. We are dealing with a amount, although subsequently it re­ ent upon the procurement of certain ma- young nation, a nation less than 3 years ported out a bill providing for a loan. It terials. This assistance program is in old, which, after more than a century of is my information, obtained indirectly, the nature c:if a partnership arrange- repression and suppression, is trying to that the House may consider the ques­ ment. India is a party to the fight build a modern free state, and which at tion tomorrow. against world communism, and she the same time is trying to effect a tran- Mr. President, I am anxious to get this should be. That is one reason why we sition ·from a primitive agrarian nation measure into conference. I want to are willing to extend this aid on the to an industrial nation. As if that bur- make available to the starving people special and easy terms she has requested. den were not enough, the people of India of India the resources which we may we expect that India will reciprocate to have found themselves ·faced with ex- use without detriment to ourselves. I her maximum extent, and we expect our traordinary conditions, which have left want to do it without 1 minute of delay. negotiating authorities to impress that them in desperate straits with reference I believe that passage of the bill as re­ upon the Indians. No finer people can . to the need of food to sustain life. Not ported to the Senate by the committee be found anywhere than the Indian peo- only were they hungry, but they were will be one method of effectuating that ple. I know that they will want to keep starving; not only were they starving, objective at the earliest possible date. their promises to us. They do not want a but they were dying. If the Senate wishes to adopt the gift. They merely want to obtain aid The new Government of India, turn- amendment which has been proposed, I on reasonable terms, in order that they ing to possible sources from which it shall not complain. I do not believe it may eat, and I think we ought to nego- could alleviate the suffering of its peo- wise, particularly because it would, by tiate on that basis. ple, has tapped available surplus supplies express wording, eliminate a number of Mr. President, how much time have I throughout the world, to the limit of its the provisions which are now in the left? resources. Some it bought, some it ob- measure, which I deem to be efilcient The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senator tained by barter. It obtained rice from safeguards. Not only that, but in the has two more minutes. certain east Asian countries. It obtained event the amendment proposed by the Mr. FERGUSON. I yield the 2 min- some wheat from Russia. It has bought Senator from Michigan were adopted, utes to the Senator from ·New Jersey from the United States. However, the it would also leave sections 9 and 11 of [Mr. SMITH]. heads of the Indian Government even- the bill entirely inapplicable. It would Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. Mr. tually found themselves at the end of leave a bill, which will need to be re­ President, I appreciate having the time their resources. They found themselves written . by the conferees of the two to say merely a word in support of the two million tons short of enough to feed Houses, if it goes to conference as it is amendment which has been offered by their people. They therefore made a re- anticipated it will. the senator from Michigan [Mr. FERGU- quest of the United States, a country Mr. President, I do not care person­ soN] and his colleagues. As the origi- which had a surplus of wheat in its gran- ally which course the Senate takes. nal sponsor of this bill, and as one who aries. The request was not for a gift or a Representing the Committee on Foreign has piloted the bill through the Foreign donation, but for a loan on special and ~ Relations, I feel that its bill ought to Relations Committee, I may say that the easy terms. ·· be approved; but, as I stated previously, . bill provided for a half-grant, half-loan When the matter was brought to the and as I now restate, I would not do one basis ; but, in the light of recent develop- attention of the Congress by the Presi- thing, I would not say one word, which ments, and in view of the expression on -'"-dent of t_h~ United _States, the suggestion ....:;.__would delay for 1 minute the meeting o( 5400 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 16 this most urgent and vital need of the ute or less, what this amendment would LAND]. If present, the Senato;.- from Indian peotJle. If it is the will of the accomplish. India has asked for the California would vote "yea," and the Senate that the pending amendment be optJortunity to buy wheat on easy terms, senator from Mississippi would vote adopted and substituted for the particu- not that it be furnished as a gift. As the "nay." lar portion of the bill reported by the bill came to the floor of the Senate it The result was announ(;ed-Yeas 52, committee, the bm will still go to con- provided that half the wheat would be a nays 32, as follows: ference, to be considered and rewritten gift and half would be furnished on the YEAS-62 there. ba,sis of a loan. This amendment pro- Aiken Flanders Mundt I do not urge upon the Senate either poses to make the whole amount of $190,­ Bennett George O'Conor course. 1 am simply saying that,·repre- 000,000 a loan, which is·exactly what was Brewster Hendrickson Robertson senting this committee, I intend to sup- asked for by the Indian Government. Bricker Hickenlooper Russell Bridges Hoey Saltonstall port the committee report, which was That · 1s what the amendment would Butler, Md. Holland Schoeppel made unanimously, submitting the bill accomplish. Butler, Nebr. nres Smit h, Maine in the form in which it now appears be- The VICE PRESIDENT. The ques­ Cain Jenner Smith, N. J . Capehart J ohnson, Colo. Smith, N. C. f ore the Senate. If, however, the sen- tion is on agreeing to the amendment Carlson Johnston, S. c. Stennis ate feels otherwise, and wishes to sub- offered bY' the senator from Michigan case Knowland 'raft stitute the other provision, it will mean for himself and other Senators. Sen­ Chavez Lodge Thye Cordon Malone Welker extra work, it will mean further delay ators who favor the amendment wm vote Dirksen Martin Wherry when the bill goes to conference; and ''yea,'' and those who are not in favor Dutt Maybank Wiley delay is the thing which the Senator of it will vote ''nay.'' The clerk will call Dworshak McCarthy W1111atns from Iowa insists must be avoided if · the roll. Ellender McClellan possible. The legislative clerk called the roll. Ferguson Mc:&ellar The VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. I announce . NAYB-32 wm state that if the amendment is voted that the Senator from Virginia [Mr. Andersoh Humphrey Moody Benton Hunt Morse on as a whole, it will strike out a por- B YRIIJ and the Senator from Mississippi Clements John$0n, Tex. Murray tion of the bill, including three com- [Mr. EASTLAND] are absent on omctal conn any Kefa.uver Neely mittee amendments, beginning on line business. · Douglas Kerr O'Mahoney Fulbright Kilgore Pastore 17, page 2, and going to line 10, on page The senator from Delaware [Mr. Gillette Long Smathers 5, so that if the amendment should be F'ttEAR] is absent by leave of the senate Green Magnuson Sparkman adopted, the original text of the bill and on official committee business. Hayden McFarland Underwood Hennings McMahon Young those three amendments would be elitn- The senator from New York [Mr. Hill Monroney inated. LEHMAN] is absent by leave of the Senate The question is on agreeing to the on offlcial business, having been ap­ NOT VOTING-12 BYrd Kem Millikifi amendment offered by the Senator from pointed a member of the United States Eastland Langer Nixon Michigan for himself and other Sena- delegation to the World Health Organ­ Ecton Lelllna.n Tobey tors. [Putting the question.1 The ization, which is meeting in Geneva. Frear Mcoarran Watkins "nays" seem to have it. Switzerland. So the amendment offered by Mr. Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President. I The senator from Nevada [Mr. Mc- FERGUSON, for himself. Mr. MCCARRAN, suggest the absence of .a quorum. CARRAN] is absent by leave of the Senate and Mr: BRIDGES, was agreed to. The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secre- on official business. The PRESIDING OFFICER t prac- amended, be made applicable to these ship- collect from citizens of the United. States. .., ments. Section 8 of the bill has that e:trect Therefore, it is my wish and hope that tice is being followed at this time in as It ineorpora.tes by reference the shipping the Government of the United States, areas where ECA now operates. ECA proVisions of the ECA Act. This requires acting through the Economic Coopera­ does not operate in India, and therefore those administering the program to take such tion Administration, will pay the ship­ it is necessary to extend the privilege steps as may be necessary to assure, as far as ping costs from a port in the United specifically to India. 1s practicable, that a.t lea.st 50 percent o! the~ states to a port of delivery in the Mr. Gll.LETI'E. The .Senator's un- gross tonnage o! commodities procured out Republic of India. derstanding is correct. It does apply to o! tunds made a:vaflable shall be transported all ECA countries. The amendment on United States fiag vessels either privately I want it to be made crystal clear that operated or operated for the United States this private relief program is well super­ would. make it applicable to India. Government to the extent such vessels are vised. It is supervised not only in our Mr. BRIDGES. Would the Senator available at market rates :for Unit~d States own country but abroad. It will have from Minnesota say whether his amend-...... flag vessels. 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5403 Mr. O'CONOR. Mr. President, I am years. The situation is serious. In my handicapped by a lack of the rare chemi­ very grateful to the Senator from Iowa. judgment, Mr. President, a vote against cals and alloys which are so urgently I also note that in section 8 of the bill as the amendment is a vote against jet air­ needed for the building of jet aircraft reported by the committee it is provided: planes for the defense of this Nation; for the defense of our Nation. S EC. 8. Assistance provided under this act it is a vote against their procurement Mr. MALONE. Mr. President, will the shall be provided under the provisions of the and manufacture. Senator yield? Economic Cooperation Act of 1948, as amend­ I know that some of the Members of Mr. BRIDGES. I yield. ed, applicable to and consistent with the purposes of this act. the Senate will scoff at the amendment Mr. MALONE. I should like to ask the and will say it should not be adopted. Senator from New Hampshire whether I should like to ask the Senator from Some will say it would interfere with he is also aware that there has been an Iowa whether in his opinion section · 8 the bill if it were adopted. I know that embargo by India on all manganese above adequately covers the situation intended some in this country will ask, "Why a certain amount, for shipment frnm to be covered by the amendment, and should we put any restrictions of that India to the United States. Of course whe ~her it was the intention of the com­ sort upon India?" the Senator is familiar with the fact that mittee, by the use of such language, to Mr. President, I am in favor of the no steel can be made without manga­ give effect to the purpose outlined in the shipment of wheat to India. I believe in nese. Therefore it is a material which amendment to which I have referred. the humane objectives of this bill, but we definitely need. Mr. GILLETTE. In reply to the dis­ I also believe in the defense of the Mr. BRIDGES. Yes; I am familiar tinguished Senator from Maryland, it is United States. Our supply of monazite with that fact. not only the opinion of the Senator from is critically low. There is very little in Mr. MALONE. In 1947, I visited Mr. Iowa but it was the opinion of the com­ our stockpile. India has maintained an Nehru in New Delhi. At that time it was P.1.ittee that the provision did secure t:1e embargo on this ore to the United possible in India to get leases of from purpose to which the Se~ator has al­ States since 1946, and our State Depart­ 1 to 3 years on manganese deposits. luded, which was the purpose of the ment has either been unable or unwill­ However, it is impossible even to explore amendment the committee considered. ing to persuade the Indian Government ~ deposit in that length of time, let alone Mr. O'CONOR. I am very grateful to to permit the shipment of this ore to the mstall the necessary machinery to obtain the Senator from Iowa. Under the cir­ United States. Our State Department the ore, and to have an opportunity to cumstances, I withdraw the amendment. has now permitted a similar embargo to make a return on the investment. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The be established by Brazil. India and Futhermore, at that time-and I have Senator from Maryland withdraws the Brazil are the only two countries which no reason to believe that any change has amendment. have deposits of this ore which are avail.:. occurred in this respect-any organiza­ able for shipment to the United States. tion which wished to operate in India Mr. BRIDGES. Mr. President, I send along such lines was required to give to to the desk an amendment and ask that So far as I can determine, India has no use for monazite. India's chemical some Indian organization 51 percent of it be stated. know-how and industrial potential are its stock. Is the Senator familiar with The PRESIDING OFFICER. The insufficient to enable her to refine the those restrictions? clerk will state the amendment. ore. India has a stockpile of this ore at Mr. BRIDGES. No; I am n"t familiar The CHIEF CLERK. At the end of sec­ least 30 times greater than our own. with all those restrictions. I know of tion 6, it is proposed to strike out the Yet to date India has been unable to them in general, but not as to all the period and insert a semicolon and the use this material, which we need so details. following: "such transfer of materials badly. Mr. MALONE. If I correctly under- · to include the immediate and continuing India needs wheat, and I want India stand the distinguished Senator's argu­ transfer of substantial quantities of to have wheat. I believe that the send­ ment, it is that there should be a little monazite, such monazite to be added to ing of wheat to India is a humane reciprocity in connection with the pend­ the American Government's stockpile of undertaking, but I think it is high time ing deal. critical materials and dispensed to pri­ that our Government took as much in­ Mr. BRIDGES. Yes; that is absolutely vate industry in accordance with exist­ terest in the vital needs of the defense correct. ing laws." of the United States as some persons Mr. MALONE. In other words, there Mr. BRIDGES. Mr. President, I seem to be taking in the interests of should. be reciprocity in the case of the should like to say a word with reference other countries. materials which we need very badly-for to the amendment. The fate of this Mr. President, I have listened to the instance, hemp, much of which now goes amendment will clearly decide whether President of the United States talk about to Argentina and to other countries with we iri the United States. are ready, will­ the possibility that atomic bombs may which India has made trade agreements; ing, and desirous of defending America be dropped on our key industrial cen­ and also manganese and the sands to to the fullest extent. I have gone into ters. I have seen some of our high offi­ which the distinguished Senator from the question of monazite sand, from cials appear to shiver with fear at the New Hampshire has referred, and many which are extracted certain rare earth thought of what might occur in case of other materials which India could trade chemicals. I do not claim to under­ atomic attack. But, Mr. President, if for wheat or for anything else she stand the involved chemistry. However, we do not have sufficient jet airplanes to wanted. certain of these rare earth chemicals meet the attack, if one occurs, the re­ Mr. BRIDGES.. Yes. are essential to the.manufact:ire of the sponsibility for our failure to have an Mr. MALONE. But, on the other heat-resistant alloy which is used in the adequate defense in that respect will hand, not only does India ref use to trade construction of jet engines for aircraft. rest at least partially on every Member in that way, but India makes it almost We are depending upon jet aircraft to of the ·senate who votes against this impossible for us to secure those mate­ defend this country in these times of amendment. rials. Is the Senator familiar with those stress and need. Mr. President, we cannot bury our facts? We are at war in Korea, whether we heads in the sand; we cannot dodge this Mr. BRIDGES. Yes; I am; and I wish to call it a war or not, and in spite issue. Of course the amendment is thank the Senator. of the fact that some people still prefer sound; of course it is right. Adoption Mr. President, let me say that I want to call it a police action. We are told of the amendment will not interfere with the Senate to vote on the amendment by that tensions are high ·an over the world, the bill at all. a record vote. We do not know what and that the Communist threat is great. If I were opposing the shipment of will occur in the :qext· week, the next Certainly, I believe it is great. Certain­ wheat to India, that would be another month, the next year, the next 5 years, · ly, too, I believe in collective security. matter. However, I favor the legislation and the next 10 years. When the time I belive in a well-rounded security at calling for the shipment of wheat to comes, if a critical period for this Na­ home in the form of an Army, a Navy, India; but I want a small but vital prac­ tion develops, and if we fail to have the and an Air Force. If we are not to close tical element, provided by my amend­ necessary defenses, by means of our air­ our eyes to the future, and if we really ment, brought into the picture for the craft, to meet that crisis, I want the mean what we say and earnestly desire protection of the.security of my country. RECORD to be 'clear as to which Members to prepare this countr ~- . we cannot gQ If the day arrives when we need those of the Senate voted ·for and against the to sleep, as Rip Van Winkle did for 20 ~l:l.terials, I .P.ropose we sba~l _not be amendment. 5404 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 16 Mr. CASE. Mr. President, will the The purpose of that provision is to tion, he mentioned, which applies particu- · Id f t• ? open up negotiations between represen- larly to monazite sands on which India s enat or yie or a ques ion· maintains a statutory embargo. The lan- Mr. BRIDGES. I yield. tatives of the United States and repre- guage of the new: amendment does not re- Mr. CASE. Will the Senator read the sentatives of the Government of India. quire that monazite or any other specified amendment? The reasons why we used that Ian- material be included in the repayment, and Mr. BRIDGES. Suppose we have it guage, rather than to specify all the va• I commend that approach because I believe l k rious strategic materials, were, first, be- it would be poor statesmanship for the read by the c er · cause we wished-to have wider :flexibility United States to seek to coerce India on this Mr. CASE. Very well. than could be obtained by specifically point by means of this legislation, the es- The PRESIDING OFFICER. The designating certain materials and, sec- sence of which is the saving of human lives amendment will be again read. f by emergency food assistance. The CHIEF CLERK. At the end of sec- ond, because we realized that some o I believe our Government should proceed tion 6, it is ·proposed to strike out the these matters might be controversial vi gorous 1Y t o preva il on 1 n di a t o lift its em- eriod and insert a semicolon and the and might better be handled by way of bargo on the export of monazite and other p negotiation, rather than by including a materials that are now prohibited. following: "such transfer of materials to definite mandate in the bill. I hope we shall be able to include mona- include the .immediate and continuing Let me refer now to a statement I made zite, but I believe it to be a matter for ne­ transfer of substantial quantities of last Monday in connection with my re- gotiation between our representatives and monazite, such monazite to be added to marks on the bill relating to this particu- representatives of India. However, I think the American Government's stockpile of it would be a tragedy if this humanitarian critical materials and dispensed to pri- lar question. Inasmuch as only a few program were to collapse over the question vate industry in accordance with exist- Senators were present at that time, I be- of strategic materials • which poses an en - ing laws." lieve it worth while to repeat now what tirely separate issue. I said then. The remarks I made at Mr. GILLETTE. Mr. P1·esident, I that time were made after the commit- I am now glad to yield to the distin- shall yield all of my time except 1 min- tee had held its hearings and had con- guished Senator from New Hampshire. uate to the able Senator from New Jersey sidered this subject with representatives.. Mr. BRIDGES. There are two points [Mr. SMITHJ. Before yielding that time of India, as well. In my statement,. about which I desire to inquire of the to him I wish to use 1 minute to say that which appears at page 5266 of the CoN- Senator from New Jersey. Am I cor- the members of the committee thor- GRESSIONAL RECORD of May 14, I said: · rect in understanding that what the oughly canvassed the entire situation, Senator has read concerning materials and it was their conclusion that the I turn now to the language in the proposed to be used in the making of atomic danger to which the Senator from New ~mendment-- weapons would not include monazite? Hampshire has referred does not exist. That is the Ferguson amendment, to Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. It is I hold in my hand a report from the which I have just referred-- claimed it would be included. It is some- Bureau of Mines. Although it is confi- I turn now to the language in the proposed thing which has to do with atomic energy dential in .its major statements, I shall amendment which provides for repayment production. · read this portion of it: not only in money but also in materials re- Mt. BRIDGES. There are numerous tion there is the bastnasite source quired by the United States as a result of uses which may be made of it, are there· In addi deficiencies, actual or potential, in its own of rare earth materials. In fact, the indi- resources. This language first appeared in not? cated excess of supply over de:µiand, even the original Economic cooperation Act and is Mr. SMITH of New Jer . ~ey . . If mona­ Without allowance for future imports, is contained tn the India aid bill, H. R. 3791, zite is not included, I may say to the large enough to provide for the early accu- now before the House. There ls a consider- Senator, there is no question that our mulation of monazite sufficient to reach the able history of American imports of strategic negotiators could negotiate for it, as well Munition Board's present strategic stockpile ma';erials from India, and I think there can as' for the other raw materials which we objective. be no disagreement that it is in our national need. It seemed to the committee, after I yield the remainder of my time to the interest to maintain and if possible increase having debated this question at some this flow. Senator from New Jersey. In this connection I wish to read a portion length, that it would be wiser to deal The PRESIDING OFFICER. The of Prime Minister Nehru's statement in the with the subject of repayment through Senator from New ~.,.ersey is recognized. Indian Parliament last Thursday: the medium of specific materials by re- Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. Mr. . Presi- "There is a reference to our supplying var- negotiation, rather than to spell out and dent, I always hesitate to differ with my 1ous kinds of materials to the United States write in the bill mandatory conditions distinguished friend, the Senator from of America in part payment for the grain upon which we would furnish grain for New Hampshire [Mr. BRIDGES] and fun- supplied." emergency relief purposes. damentally I do not differ with him. Prime Minister Nehru was discussing Mr. BRIDGES. Will the Senator yield I think all of us are eager to have the . the grain-aid proposals. He continued: further? strategic materials we need, and the only "We shall gladly supply such materials as Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. I am glad question that arises is the best way to get are available in India and can be spared by to yield further to the Senator from New at this problem. us. But I should like to make it clear that Hampshire. I may say that the original amend- it is a fundamental part of our foreign policy Mr. BRIDGES. I know the Senator ment submitted by the Senator from that such material as is particularly related from New Jersey thinks this amendment Michigan and his colleagues provided in to the ,production of atomic or like weapons is unnecessary. I may say there is no should not be supplied by us to foreign section 6 for the transfer to the United countries." man in the Senate, or in the country, jn States not only of monazite, but also of my humble opinion, who possesses higher a number of other strategic materials That is a statement of India's foreign ideals than does the distinguished sen- which it was felt we should bargain for policy by Mr. Nehru, and I understand it ator from New Jersey. in case this bill was passed. is a part of Indian legislation at the pres- Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. I thank After discussion with the group of ent time. 1 continue reading from my the Senator. Senators supporting the amendment, the own statement of last Monday: M r. BRIDGES . If I t hought his· amendment as finally adopted includes That was the contention we had to deal ideals were attainable, there would then with on the subject of strategic materials. b t• · · d b th" the followl·ng prov1·s1·ons as sect1·on 6- It seemed to be the principle of the Indians e not• ques ion m my mm a ou is sug- and I read now from the amendment of not to export anything which had to do with ges ion, but I have observed what has the Senator from Michigan and his col~ atomic weapons. happened in the past. I therefore can- not go into this matter blindly, unless it leagues which has been adopted: Mr. BRIDGES. Mr. President, will the is tied down in some way. As the Sena- SEc. 6. The credit terms provided for 1n Senator yield? tor has said, we are trying to do some- section 4 shall include repayment by trans- Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. If the thing to help save the lives-of the people fer to the United States (under such terms Senator will let me first finish reading of India; but at the same time, I am andbetween in such the quantities Administrator as may for be Economioagreed to my statement, I shall be glad to yield. trying to help save the lives of the people cooperation and the Government of India), I continue: of the United States in case of a devas­ or otherwise of materials required by the This statement by Mr. Nehru tndicate1 tating atomic attack, which may come. United States as a result of deficiencies, ac• clearly that India. wm supply raw materials as the President and other officials have tual or potential, in its own resources. ~ in part payment for our aid, with the excep:..._ indicated, at some time in the future. It 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5405 is my desire that our country shall be time for debate or1 the amendment has humanitarian accent, in dealing with the prepared. expired. The question is on agreeing to people of India in this business trans- Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. I thank the amendment offered by the Senator action. · the Senator. I might add merely one from New Hampshire [Mr. BRIDGES]. Years ago, in the case of the Boxer word to what the Senator said, and it The amendment was rejected. indemnity, we made available millions of in a sense, repeats what was said earlie; Mr. MUNDT. Mr. President,.! call up dollars for Chinese scholarships. Some by the Senator from Iowa. I have had my amendment C, and I ask that it of our best friends among the free Chi­ sent to me by some of my colleagues who be read and considered at this time. nese today came from the young Chinese have been working on this proposed leg­ The PRESIDING OFFICER. The students who attended schools in this islation in the House, a statement by our clerk will read the amendment. country because of the money then made own Bureau of Mines which was given The CHIEF CLERK. On page 5, between available for that purpose. to the Bouse committee which was deal­ lines 10 and 11, it is proposed to add a The same is true with respect to the ing with this same subject. I desire tO new section, reading a.s follows: Finnish loan. I was happy to be asso- read the statement in full. I think some SEc. 8. Any sums paid by the Government ciated with my good friend from New of this material was given to us by the of India on or before January 1, 1957 (or Jersey [Mr. SM:rH] in suggesting that Senator from Iowa [Mr. GILLETTE]. such later date as m:ay hereafter be specified the payments on the Finnish loans be set The statement reads: by act of Congress), as interest on the prin- aside for better relationships and under- cipal of any debt incurred under this act t The Bureau of Mines has informed the shall be placed in a special deposit account s andings between the F1innish people committee- · in the Treasury of the United states, to re- and the people of America. That the That is, the House committee- main available until expended. This account Congress agreed to do. We did the same The ·Bureau of Mines· has informed the shall be available to the Department of State thing under the Fulbright Act :rroviding committee that monazite and other rare for the following uses: for the increase of better understandings earth-mining operations in the United States (a) Allocation, for designated educational, among the peoples of the world. The now under way and planned indicate an ex­ agricultural, experimental, scientific, medi- Smith-Mundt Act follows the same cess of supply over demand adequate to meet cal, or philanthropic activities, to American pattern. our strategic objectives even without allow­ ~~~i~~tions engaged in such activities in It seems to me we are in a good posi- ance for future imports and early United States self-sufficiency in these materials. (b) studies, instruction, technical train- tion to provide against the future when, The only real concerns are for supplies to tng, and other educational activities in the without some improvement in the con­ meet the needs for a short period in the very United States and its Territories and pos- ditions in India, recurrent difficulties near future and to meet AEC demand if sessions (1) for students, professors,. other and famines are likely to arise again. It research determines that thorium is an im­ academic persons, and technicians who are is for that reason that I suggest that portant atomic raw material. citizens of India, and (2) with the approval during the first 5 years any of the inter­ of appropriate agencies, institutions, or est which is paid be set aside in the The demand referred to i,:; that of the organizations in India, for students, pro- Treasury of the United States for the Atomic Energy Commission. I simply fessors, other academic persons, and tech- quote that statement of the Bureau of nicians who are citizens of the United advancement of programs beneficial to Mines, because it indicated that the Bu­ States to participate in similar activities in the people of India, the programs to be India, including in both cases travel ex- worked out in conjunction with the lead­ reau, at the moment, is not concerned penses, tuition, subsistence, and other allow- ers ·Of India, to provide tuition payments with the scarcity, and if that is correct, ances and expenses incident to such activi- for students who wish to study in this we should rely upon our Bureau of Mines ties; and country, and to make available in India to meet the point made by the Senator ( c) The selection, purchase, and ship- American technicians, scientists, and from New Hampshire, that we are in ment of (1) American scientific, technical, agricultural experts who will help trai·n desperate need of this material in order and scholarly books and books of American to save human life. literature for higher educational and re- the Indian people in wiser and more pro- Mr. HOEY. Mr. President, will the search institutions of India, and (2) . Ameri- · ductive methods of agriculture and of can laboratory and technical equipment for other economic enterprise. Senator yield? . higher education and research in India, and Mr. SMITH of :Kew Jersey. Mr. Pres- Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. I am glad (3) the interchange of similar materials and !dent, will the Senator yield? to yield to the Senator from North Caro­ equipment from India for higher education Mr. MUNDT. I yield. lina. and research in the United States. Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. I desire, Mr. HOEY. I desire to speak to this particular point. North Carolina has an Renumber succeeding sections and first, to commend the distinguished Sen- inexhaustible supply of monazite. The references thereto. ator for the suggestion he has made. mines can be worked continuously, but, ~r. MUNDT. Mr. President, I think As he knows, I am heartily in sympathy of course, whenever there are demands this amendment will not require a long with this approach to an international for it, monazite can be shipped in from explanatio:::i. I point out that the Sen- problem, and I think it would be very other countries cheaper than we can ate has now voted to consider the aid- helpful in connection with the India aid produce it in North Carolina. The only for-India program as in the nature of a. bill. I should like to ask the Senator reason why the mines are not now being business transaction. We are moved by whether he contempletes negotiations operated full blast is that monazite has humane reasons but it involves a sale being conducted with the Indian Gov­ been shipped in from other countries, of wheat on credit, and the credit bears ernment and the program being worked and our mines have had to close. The intere::t. I think this is a proper and out in such a way that they will feel mines are now being opened again, and prudent procedure. they are a participant in the exchange- they can produce abundantly. They can My purpose in presenting this amend- of-students program. I should like the produce an inexhaustible supply, and ment is to invite attention to the fact RECORD to indicate whether that will be give employment to a vast number of that we now have a rare opportunity to our approach. people throughout the mountain regions look ahead, beyond this year, to a time Mr. MUNDT. Yes. I invite atten­ of North Carolina. The only reason for when other famines may occur in the tion to the fact that on page 2, line 3, their not being in operation at this time Far East and to the need of improving of my amendment as it affects this pro­ is that they have had on hand an avail­ the agricultural techniques, improving posed legislation and as it relates to the able supply, for which they could not the economic situation, and improving people of India, it is provided that the obtain an adequate price. With any sort the status of affairs in the fine young activities mentioned shall be conducted of incentive, monazite can be produced country of India so that there will be less through "technicians who are citizens of by the mines of North Carolina in suffi­ danger of famines occurring in the . In~ia, ~, nd w.ith ~he .ap~roval of appr~­ cient amounts to meet all the needs of future. v''~ pnate agencies, 1nstitut10ns, or orgam- this country. My amendment deals only with inter.. J. z~tions i~ Indi.a." TJ;le only par.t of t~e Mr. SMITH of New Jersey. I thank e·st, not with. the payment of the prin.. ·ii bill dealmg with assi~tance whi~h this the Senator for his contribution to the cipal. It deals only with the amount .,:t;. Government may ~esire to ,provide has f · t t t . ..~ reference to agencies such as the Red debate. o meres collec ed durmg the first 5 ; Cross, the Salvation Army, or Catholic, The PRESIDING OFFICER ituation With the world. we bad better find out who is above countries. But I believe, .as I said before, that we • • • In an effort to improve the stock­ friend and who is foe. who is going to in this country cannot go to sleep, a.s pile position, we recently changed the pur· stand in .our corner, wh.o is willing to RiP Van Winkle did, and forget all about chase specification to cover not only mona.. stand up and be counted, because the the defense of our country. The situa· ·ztte but also an ore known as bastnasite. that struggle now is for keeps. We cannot go tion is so serious now that many, in· ls found in California, Nevada, and the Bel· on forever with the capricious and arbi­ eluding the President of the Vnited gian Congo, and the derivatives of these ores. trary temperament which is working in States, are talking about the possibili· These measures, however, will prove of slight this particular field. We want to know ties of an attac).{ upon our country in help and our only hope of ample -SU.Ppl1es who will stand up in our corner and be will continue to be the existing world tiources. the days and weeks and months and I have attempted to cover au the points colJ.nted, Othe_rwise, the things which years ahead. If such an attack comes, raised in your letter and if there are any are involved here must be considered as let it not be said that an attempt was not further questions, do not hesitate to let me w.ea.w.ns, and as things which will made on the floor of the United States know. strengthen the American economy and Senate to provide for the materials we Sincerely yours, the American resistance effort. ~ vitally need for our defense. E. J. LINTN~, Mr. BRIDGES. I thank the Senator. , Twelve years ago I stood on the floor Chief, Additive AHoys Branch, The issue is very clear. If we believe of the United States Senate, and in com· Office of Materials Besourceg. that the security o! America may be en­ mittees, ~nd tried to stop the ~hipm.ent Mr. President. note that the letter dangered in the years to come, i! we of scrap iron and steel to Japan. om .. .says: want to prepare adequately, if we want cials connected with the administration For the period 1940.... so, we produced ap. the nw.te_rial.s which are vital to our de. at that time, as well as others, stated, proximately 4 percent of our total require... fense, such as jet engine.s. we ought to particularly in committees· "We cannot me ~'lts- vote for this amendment. It has noth... otfend a great f1·iendly power." That ot mona.zite. That comes from an ing to do with the humanitarian aspects was just so much bunk. That steel and. authoritative source <>f Government. of the situation in Indta. I am in favor scrap iron came back to the United Note that the writer also said: of sending wheat to India. But it is States in the bodies of American boys ti.me that we took our heads out of the kllled in the Pacific. In the last quarter of 1950, exports of mon- sand and st:art:ed to think about tbe . We have now before us a sirnilar issue. az;tte from Brazil were prohibited by eKecu- defense of .America. Ii the time comes Are we going to dodge it. or meet it? I tive decree. a. month fwm today, a year from today, 5ay this is the issue: Are we going to That decree became final in January .or 5 year-s from today, when America is defend America, or are we not? 1951. · attacked and some of our cities are iaid Mr. DIRKSEN. Mr. President, will the It seems there are only two sources of waste, and Americans are k111ed by tbe Senator yield for an observation? monazite ;-the first one is India, the sec- thousands, or even by the miltlons, as 1 Mr. BRIDGES. I arn happy to yield. ond is :Brazil. l3razil has been cut off some· are predicting, let Senators re­ 1 Mr. DIRlCSEN. lt seems strange that ))y a decree ~igned in January of th.is member, if they cast their votes against there has been solJle co.ntlict of testimony year. Tb.at leaves India as our ,only this amendment, that they cast them between the Bureau of Mines and oth· source, except for our own local sources, against jet engines, which migbt be used ers as to our need for monazite, and also which will provide only 4 percent of our in defending this country aga.luit such some contlict .as to local depo.sits wbich needs. -e,n attaclt. · are practical for working. It will be noted that Mr. Lintner, who Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, will the On the 2d day of March 1951 Mr. is .the Chief of the Additive Alloys Branch Senator yield 5 minutes? E. J. Lintner, Chief, Additive Alloys o!. the Otnce of Materials Resources, ha

rate of exchange; such rupees to be avail- REGULAR TRADE WI.TH INDIA Mr. FERGUSON. The wheat is to be able to any individual purchaser, at the Tho~e rupees would then be deposited shipped within the n'ext few weeks or current rate of exchange. in a special fund in the Treasury, to months, is it not? The PRESIDING OFFICER. The finance future purchases from India, Mr. MALONE. Let the wheat be question is on agreeing to the amend- whether it be purchases of hemp, mona- shipped when the Indian ru:Pees are paid ment of the Senator from Nevada. zite sand, manganese, or any other ma- mto the United States Treasury. 1 INDIA COULD PAY WITH HER OWN :II.ONEY terial which our Government or an in­ think the distinguished Senator from dividual ril.ight purchase from India in Michigan will find that there will ·be no Mr. MALONE. Mr. President, the ef- the future. such embargo placed on all materials. feet of this amendment would be that It means that any individual within Even India could not face the world as the nation of India could pay for the the United States who desired to trade a known dead beat. We need aid, too, wheat with her own money. I had in- with India would only have to apply to such as strategic materials. quired of the distinguished Senator fr<;>m the United States Treasury for the Such aid should not be a one-way Connecticut why it was necessary to give rupees, which he would purchase at the street. We are trying to make friends, the wheat to India in the first place, or current rate of exchange, and then do but. we have been trying to buy friend­ to loan the dollars with which to pay his trading with India. ship; we are like the man in the street . for the wheat, since we have found · Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President. will handing out. $20 bills to make friends. through sad experience over quite a long the Senator yield for a question? He finds, that he has friends only until period of time that such a loan to Asi-. Mr. MALONE. I am glad to yield to the $20 bills are gone. atic or European countries really means the Senator from Michigan. I understand the Senator's -viewpoint, an outright gift. . Mr. FERGUSON. Does the Senator but th.ere is only one reason for giving This amendment would merely re- feel that that would solve the '\>roblem? anything to any other nation, presum­ quire India to deposit her own rupees in If a nation has a right to impose export ably. and that is because that nation the United states Treasury, in a spe- duties at any time it desires, would that does not have the money with which to cia1 account, such rupees representing not change the value of the rupees? pay for the things it needs. the cost to the United States. Govern- Would it not be better for us to leave LOANS TURN nno GI"5 ment of the wheat wherever delivered; the matter as it is, to open and fair deal­ and that those rupees in the special ac- ing between· the parties? Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, will count would then become available for Mr. MALONE. No; the imposition of the Senator yield further? the future purchase of any material from export duties would have nothing to do Mr. MALONE. I yield to the Senator India by our Government, or by a.ny in- with the value of the rupee. from Michigan. dividual in the regular commercial trade If India wants to impose an export Mr. PERGUSON. I believe I heard between individuals of the two nations. duty on manganese or on the monazite the Senator from. Nevada use the ex .. The amendment includes the provision which we require~ or on any other mate­ pression that this was "a gift or grant.'' that the rupees sha1l be available to any rial. she has the clear right to do so. She As now set up, with the amendment, it individual purchaser, at the current rate can do that now. and, in :fact, most of is not a gift, it is not a grant; it is ~ of exchange, whenever ·he may desire to the nations we deal with do just that. loan, is it not? purchase them, for the purpose of deal· so we pay· both ways-it is a p8rt of their NO S!GNIFICANT REPAYMENTS OF LOANS ,. ing with the nation of India or with an plan. Mr. MALONE. Mr. President, I will individual trading in the products of Mr. FERGUSON. They can place an merely refer. the distinguished Senator India. embargo on it. from Michigan to the RECORD. We al.. Mr. BRIDGES. Mr. President, will Mr.MALONE. Theycanplaceanem- ways go over this and mouth the plati.. ~ the senator yield? bargo on exports, too. There are many tudes, that we are. for example, loaning Mr. MALONE. I am vei-y happy to ditlerent trade barriers used. However• . money to Britain, or loaning money to yield t() the Senat~r from New Hamp-. if India should seek every refuge from some other country; but no one ever shire. -· paying her just debts, we would at least hears of repayment of the money. If Mr. BRIDGF.s. Am I correct in un- know where we stand, and it would then the distinguished Senator can point to derstanding that the object of the Sen- be clearly demonstrated that we were ·a single co;.nparable case in which money ator's amendment is to work out an not gaining her good will. loaned to any country has been repaid, 1 equitable method ot exchange., or a Mr. FERGUSON. Tbe Senator from it would be very helpful. method of' paying for the exchanges of · Michigan could not agree that it would Mr. FERGUSON. 'Ibe Senator from commodities which may be made? · be worth that. Michigan can. He cites the case of Fin­ CURE' IND!A'S DOLLAR SHORTAGE . NO NATION COULD ASK POR MORE land. Mr. MALONE. I may say to the dis-: Mr. MALONE. Mr. President. the Mr. MALONE. Oh, well, that is true, tinguished Senator from New Hamp- junior Senator from Nevada can see little Finland, now a satellite nation, shire. that this amendment provides a nothing wrong in otrering India or any has been paying her debts, but she is simple method by which the nation of other nation the materials which they pointedly the only one-and her debt is India may purchase the necessary wheat say they ·need and. otrering to receive not significant in the general picture. Mr. FERGUSON. Any with her own money. payment in their money; they certainly nation that The junior Senator from Nevada pre- have nothing to lose by the transaction. wants to, maintain. its credit must ob­ sumes, although our record is not very and they certainly coUld not ask far serve its agreements. clear on the matter, that our reason for more. · Mr. MALONE. I ordinarily would Ioaning India the money to purchase the Mr. wlIERRY. Mr. President. will fully agree-but it seems that none of wheat is because she does not have the the Senator yield for question? the usual rules apply to our ventures a into the international loaning business-­ necessary dollars with which to pur- Mr. MALONE. 1 am happy to yield to none of them· seem embarrassed. chase the wheat. the Sena.tor from Nebraska. Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, will CONNECTICUT SENATOR DIJCLJNEI> TO ANSWER Mr. WHERRY. Of course, if India the senator yield? The distinguished Senator from Con.. placed an embargo on everything, we Mr. MALONE. I yield. necticut declined to answer the question, would not :tiave to sllip her the rest of Mr. FERGUSON. Finland is not un... but I presume that is the reason. If a the wheat, would we? der Russia. Anyone who visits Finland dollar· shortage is the reason, then we Mr. MALONE. No; and l would say realizes that she. is not under Russia. would take her money at the current rate it would not be conducive to neighborly Mr. MALONE. Finland is generally of exchange, which is about 20.6 cents to relations all around. if she deliberately considered a satellite of the Russian na.­ tbe rupee at th.e present time-about 5 tried to nullify her bargain with us by tion--a.ny independent move on her part to the dollar. any such subterfuge. again.st Russian interests bas always We would take it at the current rate Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, will · been met with retaliatory measures. of exchange, in full payment for the the Senator yield further? Mr. FERGUSON. Finland has had wheat dP.livered, wherever we make . Mr. MALONE. !'yield to the Senator ro pay Russia a large penalty by way of delivery. from Michigan. reparations. 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5413 Mr. MALONE. That is correct, she own money in payment there is no reason guilders, or any snnilar currency. We has been forced to pay and we became for the gift. Gasoline taxes were pro- want the exchange in dollars. This in­ a party to her humiliation, to our eter­ posed to be increased yesterday by an stance clearly indicates the dangn of nal discredit: additional one-half cent. trying to write on the floor of the Senate Mr. FERGUSON. But Finland is not Speaking for people who make their amendments to an important bill dealing under Russia. living the hard way, outside of Washing- with foreign policy. It would certainly Mr. MALONE. She is a Russian satel­ ton, people who are not on a Government be devastating to our relations with other lite nation-that cannot be denied-and payroll, I want to say that they are not nations if the amendment should be is always subject to retaliation if she does all prosperous. They are not all living adopted. not conform. We gave $3,750,000,000 to on the payroll of the Government. Per- Mr. MALONE. Mr. President, will the Britain; I suppose the Senator will agree haps 60 percent of our people are hard Senator yield? to that-we have not been repaid-and pressed to pay their taxes and keep their JV.:r. GILLETTE. I yiP.ld. that the prospects for such repayment children in school. We should explore Mr. ~ALONE. I merely desire to keep are not bright, to say the least. the ways and means to save their the record straight. We have not yet Mr. FERGUSON. No; the Senator money-not to spend it in reckless and received from any of these nations the does not admit that we gave it. thoughtless ways. money in any form whatsoever. I did Mr. MALONE. We gift-loaned it. WE MUST QUIT UNSOUND PRACTICES not understand that they were paying us Mr. FERGUSON. We loaned it. The junior Senator from Nevada has in gold. What the Senator from Nevada Mr. MALONE. And they still owe it. some concern as to how we are going to is trying to do is to obtain some sort of a Mr. FERGUSON. Yes. keep taxes paid and also keep our eco- commitment so that the money can be Mr. MALONE. We gave them $3,750,- nomic health. How long can we keep used to buy supplies from India, whether 000 and they still owe it. We gave them the pace we are going-giving away our it be manganese or some other commod­ lend-lease, and they still owe it. We substance on every hand. ity. Can the distinguished Senator from gave them UNRRA loans, and they still The purpose of my amendment is sim.. Oklahoma point out any kind of money owe them. In other words, they owe ply to set up a businesslike deal. we are getting? practically everything we ever loaned The current rate of exchange is ap.. Mr. MONRONEY. On the direct loans them and of course we know that they · proximately 5 rupees ~o the dollar. After made by the ECA we are receiving pay- never intend to pay. ments in dollar exchange. The other I propose this amendment to give India we should conclude this business deal, countries do not have gold. What the a ch~nce to show good faith. when we purchase anything from India, Senator from Nevada is trying to do is regardless of what it is, we can purchase to provide for accepting cigar coupons or If we arrange for India to use her own it on the then current rate of exchange, money to purchase the materials, includ­ using the Indian rupees received for the anything else they may happen to have. ing the food she needs then she should wheat. India does not need dollars for Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will have and could have no valid objections. her purchase from us-and we would the Senator yield? A SIMPLE EXCHANGE not need dollars to purchase needed Mr. GILLETTE. I yield to the Sen.. ator from Nebraska. They do not have to have dollar ex­ goods from her. Mr. WHERRY. The question was change; so we simply take our pay in her It would be a good-neighbor deal. raised a moment ago by the Senator own rupees and keep the rupees until The PRESIDING OFFICER. The we buy from her the goods she has to question is on agreeing to the amend- from Michigan, in response to a question sell. It looks like the most reasonable ment offered by the Senator from Ne- which I asked the distinguished Senator · thing in the world to use rupees to pur­ vada. from Nevada, as to whether we might chase materials from India which we . Mr. GILLETTE. Mr. President, I wish shut off shipments if it is expected that have secured from her in payment for to speak only 1 or 2 minutes with all the wheat covered by the bill will be the wheat which she now needs. reference to the amendment. The Sen- delivered in a few weeks. Does the bill It is the reverse procedure-suppose ate has adopted the so-called Ferguson provide for transportation? she lifted the embargo on manganese, amendment, under the terms· of which Mr. GILLETTE. It does. there is authorized a loan or credit terms Mr. WHERRY. Who is to furnish the which we need-we pay for it in dol­ transportation? lars-she puts the dollars in a special as provided by section 111 of the ECA Mr. GILLETTE. The cost of the account until she needs more wheat. Act. Under the provisions of that act, transportation i3 to be paid by India. The simplicity of the transaction as amended, the exact terms and condi- either way might be difficult for a Gov­ tions on which credit can be established Mr. WHERRY.· Are the shipments ernment bureaucrat to understand-but with India can be determined. The to be made in any bottoms they can not for the Senate of the United States. effect of the proposed amendment is to secure for the transportation of the lay down certain terms in negation of wheat? EMBASSY EXPENSES the authority we have given by adopt.. Mr. GILLETTE. Fifty percent of .the Mr. CASE. Mr. President, will the ing the Ferguson amendment. wheat is to· be shipped in American Senator yield? Mr. MONRONEY. Mr. President, will bottoms. . Mr. MALONE. I yield. the senator yield? Mr. WHERRY. That is according to Mr. CASE. I invite the attention of Mr. GILLETTE. I yield. the amendment with reference to our the Senator to the expenses in connec­ Mr. MONRONEY. Clearly, the merchant marine. The wheat will not tion with our Embassy, and the expenses amendment of the Senator from Nevada be laid down in India at any particular of our consular officers, which off er an has not been thought through by him. time, but will be shipped in an orderly opportunity for expenditures and ex­ It is a new departure in our dealings fashion from our own ports, will it? change. with foreign nations by which we are to Mr. GILLETTE. Yes. Mr. MALONE. I think the Senator is be paid with printing-press money. The Mr. WHERRY. Of course, it will take entirely correct. We have our represent­ very principle of the amendment which months, not weeks. atives there. We buy land and construct was adopted awhile ago was to bring Mr. GILLETTE. That is correct. buildings and expend money in other about a firm money basis, a dollar ex- Mr. P.resident, I yield the remainder activities; under my amendment we shall change basis, instead of 50 percent of the of my time. have the rupees to spend for those pur- amount being in blocked money, for use Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, will poses also. · in the maintenance of embassies, and for the Senator yield to me? OUR PEOPLE ARE HARD-PRESSED othE:r purposes. Mr. GILLETTE. I withdraw my Again, Mr. President, I say that the How can we justify granting what the statement with regard to yielding the only reason I can see for giving anything Senator from Nevada, unwittingly, is remainder of my time, in order to yield outright to anyone, when our taxpayers trying to accomplish in this case, with to the Senator from Washington. . are so hard-pressed and we are raising our good friends in the western part of ::- Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, the taxes almost every day, would be be­ Europe, wben we are on a dollar basis ... Senator from Iowa knows that an cause they do not have our dollars to in our dealings with them? We do not amendment was proposed as to ship­ pay for it--so when we offer to take their accept their rupees, their francs, their ment on a 50-50 basis, which is the usual XCVII-341 54H CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY 16 prov1s1on in all foreign-aid bills. The close of hostilities, there have been recurring India bill the junior Senator from Ne­ Senator from Maryland [Mr. O'CoNoRJ. reports from various countries to the effect braska [Mr. WHERRY] asked me the that distribution of foodstuffs have not been in my absence, posed the point to the made on the basis entirely of justice and amount of foreign aid in the form of com~nittee. It is not provided in exactly need, but quite often, to the contrary, such grants and loans. I was unable to give a the same language, but I notice from the distribution allegedly has served to enrich specific figure at the time. I have looked report on the bill that th~ committee certain public officials or others, at the ex­ up the figures and have obtained figures feels that section 8 incorporates by ref­ pense of the destitute persons for whom· the from the Treasury Department. The erence the shipping provisions of the :foodstuffs were provided by this country. pamphlet which I hold in my hand, dated ECA Act of 1948, as amended. I wonder The people of our country generally should March 1951, is entitled "Foreign Trans­ if the Senator feels that that section be assured, u n der carefully established· ·ar­ actions of the United States Govern­ r angemen t s, that the foodstuffs which they sufficiently covers and protects the 50-50 supply will go entirely to t h e hungry people ment." I ask unanimous consent to have provision. of India and that none of it will be dis­ printed in the RECORD at the conclusion Mr. GILLETTE. I stated to the Sen­ tribut ed in a m anner to benefit any single of the debate on the bill and before pas­ ator from Maryland that in the ·opinion person financially or be distributed on any sage of the bill, the table listed on page 1, of the Senator from Iowa, and in the other basis than, as the bill so properly pro­ which gives the gross foreign aid less opinion of the committee, it does. vides, "without dii::crimination as to race, returns, and the net foreign aid. Mfr. MAGNUSON. I thank the Sen­ creed, or political belief." There being no objection, the table was ator. A great American President once sum­ m arized the opinion of the cit izens of this ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as Mr. GILLETTE. Mr. President, I yield great country when he declared, in response follows: back the remainder of my time. to a dem and from the Barbary pirat es for [In billions of dollars] The PRESIDING OFFICER. The ransom, "Millions for defen se, but not one question is on agreeing to the amend­ cent for tribute." In connection with the War and Postwar War ment offered by the Senator from Ne­ proposed grant and loan to India to meet postwar period period vada [Mr. MALONE]. the emergency needs which h ave arisen there, periods The amendment was rejected. and as a pattern for all future grants or gifts by this country to meet emergency situa­ ------·1------Mr. O'CONOR. Mr. President, I ask tions, we must paraphrase that quotat ion Gross foreign aid ___ ------79. 4 30. 2 49.2 unanimous consent that there be printed and m ake it, "Millions for humaritarian pur­ Grants utilized_ ------­ 69. 0 20. 8 48.1 in the RECORD at this point a statement poses, but not one cent to enrich any one, Less: Credit·agreement offse ts to grants ______1. 3 I have prepa'red regarding the pending anywhere along the line." Credits utilized ______1. 3 ------bill. In justice to the United States m erchant 11. 7 10. 6 1.1 There being no objection, the state­ marine and American seamen likewise, it 10. 7 2. 4 8.3 ment was ordered to be printed in the should be emphasized that the committee in its report declared in favor of the proposal to Reverse grants and re- RECORD, as follows: turns ______------__ _ 8. 8 .9 7.9 require shipping of 50 percent of the food Principal collected on STATEMENT BY SENATOR O'CONOR grains in American-flag vessels. Such an credits ______------1.8 1. 5 .4 The appeal from hungry India for food ts amendment to the bill, offered by the dis­ ------Equals: Net foreign aid ______68. 8 27. 8 41.0 one that strikes a responsive chord in the tinguished senior Senators from Washington ------hearts of our people. Never has the United and Connecticut and the senior Senator from Net grants ______58. 9 18. 6 40.3 States refused aid to victims of disaster. And Maryland, was not specifically included, the Net credi ts ______9. 9 9. 2 .7 it is in this humanitarian spirit that the committee pointed out, because it seemed proposals to furnish 1,000,000 tons of food advisable that the 50-50 shipping provision grains will be viewed anL: should be approved of the Economic Cooperation Act, as amend­ Mr. SALTONSTALL. At the same by the great mass of our citizenry. ed, should be · made applicable to these time the Senator from Nebraska asked We must not withhold the necessities of shipments. me about the terms of the ECA loans. life from starving people because of the This is so provided in section 8 of the bill I hold in my hand ~ pamphlet entitled ill-advised actions of their leaders. We don't as reported, which is satisfactory to me as one "Supplement to Foreign Transactions of reach our decision because of Nehru, but in of the cosponsors of this provision in the the United States Government," dated spite of him. The poor, helpless millions ECA legislation. I feel confident it will ac­ February 1951. I ask unanimous con­ have had no part in his pronouncements. complish the end desired, namely, to insure This is Christian charity in action. Our that the American merchant marine be as­ sent to have the summary of agreements Divine Lord when He was on earth did not sured participation, and that American sea­ on loans and other credits outstanding, refuse His help to human beings because men be given proper consideration in the appearing on page 1 of that pamphlet, their rulers were embittered toward Him. matter of transporting supplies to be author­ printed in the RECORD at this point. In later centuries His missionaries, notably ized under this proposed legislation. There being no objection, the table St. Francis Xavier, the Apostle of the Indies, ministered to the human needs, as well as Mr. SALTONSTALL. Mr. President, was ordered to be printed in the RECORD,­ to the spiritual. yesterday in the debate on the Wheat-to- as follows: In supporting the legislation I point out TABLE 1.-Summary of agreements on Zoans and other credits outstanding, by agency, the desirability of doing everything possible by type, by country, as of June 30, 1950 to assure the people of this country, who are, in the final analysis, paying the bill for COMMERCE DEPARTMENT: MARITIME ADMINISTRATION: MERCHANT SHIPS so much of this food, that the actual dis­ tribution will be on the basis of need alone \ .. Agreement provides and that under no circumstances will any­ Princi­ Date next payment due • for payment in- one reap financial or other benefits thereby. pal out- In It is noted that the bill provides in sec­ Date signed standing ter- i------r------I Date final tion 6 very definitely that no assistance under or authorized si~hJsu~f re:t~ .. payment due Real ~ o r- United authority of this act shall be made available dollars) Principal Interest prop- ~~ States u n til an agreement is entered into between erty rency dollars India and the United States------1·~-~~-1--~~--1------1------1·-----1~-~---- ( a) to distribute the supplies made avail­ Per­ able under the act among the people of India cent without discrimination as to rac.e, creed, or Total.._ -··-~ :: •• :..... 184, .757 ...... ------~--~~--- -·········--~~ -~ ... :::·... :...... ;. _____ ------political belief. ' 5, 333 Also, in section (C) it is provided that ~b~~!~-::::::: 14, 555 the agreement between the two countries Finland ______854 shall permit persons designated by the Gov- • France ______46, 610 ernment of the United States to observe ~- Greece ______31, 392 54, 280 wit h out restriction the distribution in India ~ ~:iheri ancis:: Various ______7, 217 I 3 ~ Various ••••• _ Various...... Various______No__ No__ Yes. of supplies m ade available under authority Norway ______12, 483 of the act. : Pe~~- --:------3, 400 1, 806 It seems pertinent to emphasize these 1f ¥~~~~~~~~:: : 5, 212 points because. all too frequently, during - Uruguay ______1, 617 ·! World War II, and particularly since ~he 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 5415

TABLE 1.-Summary of agreements on loans and other credits outstanding, by agency, Unless the bill referred to by the Sena.. by type, by country,_as of June 30, 1950-Continued tor from Arizona is passed, we will be DEFENSE DEPARTMENT: ARMY DE!'ARTMENT: SURPLUS PROPERTY left without the services of a counsel who is familiar with all the work of the com .. Agreement provides mittee. That would be very unfortu.. Princi- Da_te next payment due for payment in- nate. · pal out- Date signed standing Inter- Date final Mr. WHERRY. The Senator, how .. or authorized (thou- est payment due For- ever, would not ask that the bill be taken sands of rate Real eign United up in the absence of a Senator who is ill dollars) Principal Interest prop- cur- States erty rency dollars and until he can return to the :floor? ------Mr. McFARLAND. No. Per- Mr. WHERRY. If the Senator from cent Arizona will bear with me, I will say we China______Indefinite ____ will do our level best to iron out the NOV. 29, 1945 20, 000 ------.. ------No •• No .• Yes. matter. I want to cooperate -with the majority leader to bring before the Sen­ ECONOMIC COOPERATION ADMINISTRATION-~ F.OPEAN RECOVERY PROGRAM-LOA.NS THROUGH ate bills he desires to have considered EXPOP.T-IMPORT BANK and to have them determined as expe .. Total._ ___ ditiously as possible. I shall be glad to ------983, 067 ------extend every courtesy possible to the {Nov. 24, 1948 Senator from Montana. I realize the Belgium ______Mar. 31, 1949 } 47, 900 No.. June 26, 1950 situation his committee is in. I think Denmark_____ {Oct. 28, 1948 } 31, 000 Yes. tpe matter should be considered as Feb. 23, 1949 quickly as possible. We will do our best France ______._ {Oct. 29, 1948 }172, 000 No.. Feb. 28, 1949 . to iron out the situation. Iceland ______{July 22, 1948 } 2,300 Yes. Mr. MURRAY. Mr. President, I ap.. June 30, 1949 2H _June 30, 1956 June 30, 1952 Dec. 31, 1983 No•. Yes. preciate the attitude taken by the Sena­ Ireland ______j°''·Feb. 28,23, 19481949 } 95, 757 No .. tor· from Nebraska on this matter, but Dec. 22, 1949 June 30; 1950 I hope it will be found possible to take Italy______{Oct. 29, 1948 } 67, 000 No•. action on the bill; otherwise this man Mar. 7, 1949 would be obliged to leave the committee. {Nov. 17, 1948 } Luxemburg ___ Mar. 31, 1949 3, 000 No •. That would result in the committee being June 30, 1950 without a counsel who is familiar with its work, and who has been working for the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The ployed by the Senate Committee on committee for a long time. bill is open to further amendment. If Labor and Public Welfare. It is desired Mr. WHERRY. I understand. there be no further amendment, the to consider this bill at the earliest possi .. Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, question is on the third reading of the ble date. I understand that the distin.. several of the minority members of the bill. . . guished Senator from Utah [Mr. WAT­ committee have stated that the man in The bill artment in Washing­ Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, I DEAR MR. WATSON: I acknowledge receipt of your letter of May 10, 1951, extending an ton which he represents. I assume that ask that the nominations of postmasters invitation for me to appear before the St. he has not requested them, since be is on the calendar be confirmed en bloc. Louis grand jury in reference to your in­ asking me to bring them down. If Mr. The PRESIDING OFFICER. With­ vestigation of James P. Finnegan and his Watson feels any reluctance about re­ out objection, the nominations of post­ activities while serving as collector of inter­ questing information from the depart- masters are confirmed en bloc. nal revenue in the St. Louis district. I do not feel that this is necessary since all the . ments in Washington, after having been Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, I told exactly where the files are, I most ask that the President be immediately data contained in my speech in the United States Senate on May 7, 1951, a copy of which respectfully suggest that he turn in his notified. is enclosed, may be· obtained by you from resignation and get out, so that we may The PRESIDING OFFICER. With­ the following sources: select a man down there who has no fear out objection, the President will be If you will requisition the income-tax re­ of enforcing the law as it should be immediately notified. turns of Mr. James P. Finnegan for the years enforced. That completes the nominations on 1944 to 1951, inclusive, you will find that Mr. HENNINGS. Mr. President, will the calendar. those returns have been examined by special agents of the Intelligence Unit, and attached the Senator yield for a question? INVESTIGATION OF JAMES P. FINNEGAN thereto are photostatic copies of the letters Mr. WILLIAMS. I yield. BY ST. LOUIS, MO., GRAND JURY and agents' reports relating to the payments Mr. HENNINGS. I do . not know Mr. WILLIAMS; Mr. President, I to Mr. Finnegan for his services to the cor­ whether the able Senator from Delaware noticed a press dispatch which just came porations mentioned as well as photostatic is aware of the fact that the term of copies of the minutes of the American Lith­ Mr. Watson, United States attorney for over the ticker, which I wish to read for ofold Corp. relating to their financial ar­ the information of the Senate: the eastern district of Missouri, has ex­ rangements. pired or will expire within the next day S'T. LoUis.-United States Senator JOHN J. Included in the files of the Treasury De­ WILLIAMS turned down an invitation to testi­ partment here in Washington is another re­ or two. I presume he is aware that Mr. fy before a Federal grand jury investigating port, which you should examine, which is Finnegan, the collector for the eastern income-tax frauds here. signed by Frank W. Lohn, special agent in district, who is the subject of the Sena­ United States Attorney Drake Watson, who charge, and Rudolph H. Hartmann, special tor's observations, has already resigned. sent the invitation to the Delaware Repub­ agent, dated February 19, 1951, addressed to So, we presume and expect, neither of llcan last week, quoted WILLIAMS as reply­ the "Chief, Intelligence Unit, Bureau of In­ these gentlemen will be serving in his ing that he "does not feel it necessary" to be ternal Revenue, Washington, D. C.," file No. official capacity very much longer. heard by the grand jurors. SI- 13184-M, in re: "James P. Finnegan, col­ lector of internal revenue, St. Louis, Mo." As the Senator from Delaware knows, In order that the record may be kept This report documents the financial arrange­ Judge Moore, the judge of the eastern straight, I desire to read my correspond­ ments between Mr. Finnegan and Mr. John district, has for some time had control ence with Mr. Drake Watson. Under Martin Brodsky which are referred to in the of the grand jury. He has charged the date of March 10, 1951, Mr. Watson wrote latter part of my speech. grand jury on these matters and has me a letter,· which was received at my The Treasury Department should also fur­ called the grand jury back and charged office over the week end. The letter is nish you with a copy of a report dated July it again. The grand jury is now pro­ as follows: 12, 1950, signed by H. B. Holt, special agent, ceeding with its inquiry and I am sure it ari.d Thomas E. Scandon, supervisor of ac­ UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, counts. would be very happy to have any infor­ EASTERN DISTRICT OF MISSOURI, A confirmation of the Reconstruction Fi­ mation of benefit to it from the Senator St. Louis, Mo., May 10, 1951 . nance Corporation's loans to the American from Delaware. · The Honorable JoHN J. WILLIAMS, Lithofold Corp., the Rel Investment Co., and Mr. WILLIAMS. I thank the Sena­ The United States Senate, the Dodier Realty & Investment Co. referred tor from Missouri for his statement. I Washington, D. C. to in my remarks may be obtained from am very glad to know that Mr. Watson MY DEAR MR. WILLIAMS: Our grand jury is either the St. Louis office or the Washington is being relieved, because I have been in session and will probably be in session for office of the RFC. 2 weeks or more. They will convene next somewhat concerned that Mr. Watson, as A confirmation of the payments by the United States attorney for the eastern week on Tuesday morning and will run Government to the Warwick Operating Co. through Friday evening. may be obtained either from the Treasury district of Missouri failed at the time 1 The grand jury is, of c9urse, interested in Department or from the Coast Guard head­ Judge Moore first called the· grand jury getting any and all facts bearing on or show­ together in March, to obtain the in­ ing the commission of crime on the part of quarters here in Washington. A confirma­ anyone in connection with the collection of tion of the letter itself relating to these pay­ formation which I placed before the Federal income t axes or other tax-law viola­ ments was attached by the special agents Senate on May 7, and to place that in­ tions. This is one of the primary matters along with other letters to Mr. Finnegan's formation before the grand jury. being investigated by this grand jury at this 1947 income-tax returns. I believe that Judge Moore is doing an time. It is possible that these files referred to excellent job in that district, and is really The grand jury has requested me to convey above might have been turned over by the trying to get to the bottom of the situa­ to you an invitation from them to visit and Treasury Department to the Department of Justice; however, you should have no difft­ tion. I fully recognize the fact that in appear before the grand jury and give them this country any man is innocent until the benefit of any facts you may have bear­ culty in obtaining them from one or the ing on or tending to show a violation on the other. · he is proven guilty. I recognize that fact part of an yone of the law and particularly In view of the fact that all of this data is in Mr. Finnegan's case. However, any with reference to the processing or collection c'urrently documented in the files of either Government official whose files in Wash­ of the Federal Government revenues, or the the Treasury or the Justice Departments you ington contain such damaging informa­ conduct of the offices or persons functioning should feel no reluctance nor experience any tion and evidence as I called to the at­ in the offices of the said department about difficulty in obtaining them for presentation tention of the Senate last week should which you may have information that will be to the gran d jury. The Treasury Depart­ helpful in ferreting out crime. recognize that such evidence must be Trusting you will give this invitation your · ment might well have other information of presented to the grand jury so that it consideration and will let us know whether which I am not aware, and I would therefore may be given an opportunity to act. or not you will be able to appear here, and if suggest that you request all such informa­ I have been very much concerned with eo, when, I am tion dealing with the case. Mr. Watson's apparent reluctance to Very truly yours, In conclusion I call your attention to the present this information to the grand DP.AKE \ . ATSON, . fact that practically all the corporations and jury. I was particule.rly concerned when United Stat es Attorney. individuals named. in my report and those I read in the press that he seemed to feel 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 541'l,.. that the whole case rested on the Sena­ Mr. GEORGE. Mr. President, I have I am particularly happy to say that I tor from Delaware going to St. Louis and been furnished also with a copy of a let­ believe Mr. Snyder to be sincerely desir­ prosecuting the case. I do not believe ter from the President to Mr. James P. ous of aC:ministering the Office of Sec­ that that is the attitude being taken by Finnegan, the former collector. I ask retary of the Treasury in a manner the Federal judge. I wish to congratu­ unanimous consent to have that letter which will be ·above reproach. I am fate him on the manner in which he has printed in the RECORD, because it speaks assured ·that in this instance, as in been handling this case. I think he is for itself. It is in a single sentence. other instances, he is undertaking to aid trying to get to the bottom of it, and I There being no objection, the letter and assist in the development of all the hope he can. was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, facts which may be pertinent and rele­ Mr. GEORGE. Mr. President, I rise as follows: vant in the case of the former collector merely to have printed in the RECORD APRIL 4, 1951. in St. Louis. Mr. JAMES. P. FINNEGAN, copies of two letters to which the dis­ St. Louis, Mo. I thought I ought to make that state­ tinguished Senator from Delaware [Mr. DEAR Ma. FINNEGAN: Your resignation ment. I wish to repeat that the facts WILLIAMS] referred. from your 'position as collector of internal which have been developed through the The first is a letter from the Secretary revenue for the St. Louis district is accepted distinguished Senator from Delaware as of the close of business Saturday, April [Mr. Wn.LIAM SJ, and which in my opin­ of the Treasury, Mr. Snyder, to the Sena­ 14, 1951. ion he properly ref erred to the district tor from Delaware, dated April 21, 1951. Sincerely yours, attorney in St. Louis for presentation to There is only one paragraph in that let­ HARRY S. TRUMAN. the grand jury, are, of course, unknown ter which seems to be pertinent to the Mr. GEORGE. As I stated during the to me, and I have had no opportunity to inquiry now being made by the grand address made in the Senate on Monday do more than to make inquiry regarding jury in St. Louis into some affairs of the a week ago, I believe, by the distinguished the prosecution of the case by the grand former collector of internal revenue. Senator from Delaware, I know nothing jury at this time. That paragraph reads as follows: of the facts with respect to this particu­ DREW PEARSON'S STATEMENT CONCERN­ The collector at St. Louis voluntarily re­ lar office, and nothing with respect to ING CERTAIN LETI'ERS OF GENERAL signed earlier this month. You may rest this particular former collector. Of WEDEMEYER assured that in the event any irregularities course, nothing that I have to say would are found in that otHce, appropriate steps will be misinterpreted, I am sure, in view of Mr. BUTLER of Nebraska. Mr. Pres­ be taken to effect -their .correction. I am de­ that statement. I merely wish to make ident, on May 6, 1951, Mr. Drew Pearson termined that the revenue laws shall be ad­ this statement in behalf of the Secre­ in his Sunday evening broadcast made ministered without partiality or favor. tary of the Treasury. I have been at the following statement, to which my I ask that the entire letter be printed some pains to ascertain from his office attention· has been called: in the RECORD at this point as a part of the facts insofar as he was in a position SAN FRANcisco.-Another top general has my remarks. to furnish me facts. I find them to be written critical letters about far-eastern policy, Gen. Albert Wedemeyer. Wedemey­ There being no objection, the letter substantially as follows: er's letters were sent to Senator BUTLER, of was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, That the Secretary of the Treasury Nebraska, but BUTLER has not made them as follows: has gi1.·en full instruction~ that every public. so far. APRIL 21, 1951. e:frort be made to assist the grand jury Hon. JOI·l'.N J. WILLIAMS, at St. Louis. Mr. President, the above statement is United States Senate, That the Department has made avail­ as far from the truth as it would be pos­ Wasfi,ington, D. C. able and is continuing to make available sible to make it. Lieutenant General DEAR SENATOR WILLIAMS: Thank you for Wedemeyer is from Nebraska, having your letter of April 11, 1951. all returns, records, and reports of every description pertinent to the matter been born and raised in Omaha. His The Commissioner of Internal Revenue • mother still resides there. It is true that and his sta.1f ~ave indicated to you in some under inquiry. detail the steps which have already been · That it has also assigned many of its · I have had some letters from the gen­ taken to correct lax administrative condi­ agents and attorneys to render any as­ eral-two or three during the past year­ tions in the Third Collection District of sistance in connection with the grand but never have I received a letter from New York. While some of the supervisory jury investigation which it may request. him that was critical of his superiors or personnel have been withdrawn, there are of the administration. All his letters to still five men from the Washington head­ Tha.t testimony has been and is being me have been relative to purely personal quarters group remaining in that office. The freely given, and no measure has been matters. I am making this statement effectiveness of the steps taken by this group spared by the Treasury Department to is reflected by the present much improved insure that all information which the · simply because I want the record kept condition of that ofllce. grand jury may wish to have is promptly straight. A few months back Commissioner Schoe­ furnished. QUESTION OF PRIVILEGED neman requested Collector Johnson's resig­ COMMUNICATIONS nation. As you know, neither the Com­ I wish to say, Mr. President, that the missioner nor I have any power of removal names of the agents who were sent to Mr.· KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I over the collector. However, we have been St. Louis were stated to me. I know shall not detain the Senate for any trying for some time to find a strong person them to be among the best men in the length of time. I wish to refer to a vie could recommend to replace Collector Department to handle a matter of this question which has arisen during the Johnson-one who would be capable o! hold­ kind. hearings now being conducted by the ing and improving the gains we have made In an organization of 55,000 persons, Committee on Foreign Relations and the 1n the work of that office. In our efforts to obtain the proper kind of a replacement a scattered throughout the United States Colnm.ittee on Armed Services, sitting number of persons have been considered. and that is the total number of revenue jointly. We have found that some did not possess officers and agents, of course, in some The Question at issue will be decided the necessary qualifications, while others isolated instances a breach of trust may by the committee tomorrow insofar as it amply qualified have declined to accept the be expected to develop here and there. relates to an appeal from the decision position. I hope that our efforts will soon From my own expzrience with the in­ of the Chair. I wish to make a state­ result in obtaining the right person. Due ternal-revenue system. both under Dem­ ment at tt.is time in view of the fact to the presence of the headquarters group, however, the work of the office during this ocratic and Republican administrations, that some comments have been made to time has not suffered. I have found the general organization of the press earl:er in the day. The collector at St. Louis voluntarily re­ the Bureau of Internal Revenue, both The reason the senior Senator from signed earlier t his month. You may rest in Washington and throughout the California feels so strongly in regard to assured that in t he event any irregularities country, to be singularly free from any the matter is that he has been in the are found in t hat office, appropriate steps just criticism, particularly after the Senate long enough to realize that each will be t a!ten to effect their correction. I facts had been brought to the knowledge precedent that is establish~d makes it am determined t hat the revenue lav:s shall be administered wit hout partiality or favor. of the Commissioner of Internal R~ve­ more difficult to change a procedure Your in t erest in the effective operation of nue or the Secretary of the Treasury, or later. I believe a very fundamental the :Bureau i ~ heartening. after the facts had been discovered by issue is involved. If the question of Sinc:;rdy, these officers through their intelligence privileged communication can arise in JOHN W. SNYDER. agencies. this particular case, I predict it will arise . 5418 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE MAY. 16 in later cases growing out of the so­ constitutional government. We assume but they also have certain relationships called Blai!' House meetings on June 25, certain obligations when we undertake with the Congress of the United States. 26, and 27 of last year, at the time this the job of Senator or Member of the · Mr. President, when we speak of the Nation was precipitated into the Korean House of Representatives, and the public Pentagon Building's having a policy, we war. has a right to call upon us from time to do not mean that the Pentagon Building, I furnished to the combined commit­ time to account for our actions. a building made of concrete and steel, in tees this morning, and I wish to furnish However, Mr. President, we now have itself can speak, because obviously it for the RECORD and for the information passed from the clear basis of constitu­ cannot. Those who have offices in the of the Senate this afternoon, a list of tionality envisioned by the framers of Pentagon Building and who represent casP.alty figures of rnveral wars in which the Constitution-where the elected the Defense Department can speak only the United States has been engaged. Members of Congress would have that through the responsible official who is In the Revolutionary War we had 12,- responsibility and duty and would have over them, either the Secretary of Na­ 172 casualties. In the War of 1812 we to stand or fall by the action they took­ tional Defense or someone who is au­ had 6, 765 casualties. In the Mexican to a twilight zone or area where five men thorized to speak for him. War we had 16,399 casualties. In the or three men or seven men meeting in the Similarly, when we speak of the State Spanis})-American War we had 9,530 Blair House-I do not know the exact Department's speaking on matters of casualties. Therefore in the four wars number of men who met there; I do not policy, we do not mean that the actual combined we suffered a total of 44,866 . know whether that fact has ever .been building downtown speaks on such mat.. casualties. disclosed-finally, after a period of dis­ ters. Obviously the building itself can.. Mr. President, we have now been en­ cussion in camera, determined that our not speak; but the officials of that De .. gaged in the Korean war for approxi­ Nation would become involved in the partment can speak, and those state.. ·mately 11 months, and our casualties Korean war. ments come to us through either the Sec .. amount to approximately 65,000. Mr. President, that has nothing to do retary of State or someone who is au­ In other words, our casualties in the with the desirability or lack of desira­ thorized to speak for him. Korean war are considerably greater bility of our becoming involved there; So, Mr. President, in connection with but I merely state as a fact that under the meetings and discussions which oc .. than the total casualties of the four wars those circumstances-with the public not to which I have referred. present and with the press not present­ curred in the Blair House on the 25th . In addition to the wars which I have a decision was reached which put this 26th, and 27th of June in regard to th~ mentioned, we have had five military Nation into a war which already has cost question of whether our Nation would expeditions, from 1898 to 1916. These us more casualties than have four of the be involved in peace or in war, I think · were the Pbilippine incident, the Cuban wars in which our Nation has been in­ information as to what occurred at those · pacification, the .China relief, the Mexi­ volved. If we can be :Put into a war in meetings is pertinent to the present in­ can border incident, and the Punitive which we have 65,000 casualties in 11 quiry, beca.use the committees making expedition. . In all of them together we months, and if Congress is denied the the inquiry already have available to suffered 7 ,392 casualties. In the four right to have full information· on the them the fact that prior to the outbreak wars and five military expeditions we subject of the decisions leading to our of hostilities in Korea, our military au­ suffered a grand total of 52,258 casual­ participation in that war, then I submit thorities did not consider the Peninsula ties, as compared with approximately that at a future date our country might of Korea to be a particularly good place 65,000 casualties in 11 months of the be put into a war under similar circum­ in which to be engaged in a war. How­ Korean war alone. stances, and in that war the casualties ever, for some reasons-pernaps good or : For the information of the Senate, the might be, not 65,000 but 250,000, or per­ perhaps bad-what had been the deci .. only other wars in which we have been haps 1,000,000. sion and judgment of our responsible engaged have been the Civil War, with Mr. President, here is where we come military authorities was reversed. i 646,352 casualties; World War I, with to the basic issue now confronting the · Was that change suggested by the De­ 333,734 casualties; and World War II, combined committees. Undoubtedly in partment of State? If so, what the 'with 994,893 casualties. the very near future questions will be Secretary of State said at those meet.. · ·· As every Member of the Senate knows, asked in regard to the Blair House meet­ ings is pertinent. Or are we to have an the Constitution itself in Article I sets ings on June 25, and June 26, and June iron curtain lowered at that point; and out the powers of the Congress of the 27. Are we again to be faced with the whenever that question arises, are we to United States. Among those powers spe­ defense or the objection that that rela- be told that the relationship ·existing at cifically assigned to the Congress of the . tionship is a confidential one between the those meetings was a confidential one, :United States is the power to declare war. President of the United States and his inasmuch as the Secretary of State then · Mr. President, I am now getting to a Cabinet advisers? Are we again to be was advising with the President of the confronted with the statement that United States, and that therefore that point which I think is very basic. In the matter· is not to be a subject of our in.. discharge of our constitutional powers those communications are privileged?: quiry? and responsibilities to declare war, or, if If we are, then the American people it is already in being, to recognize that a immediately will be confronted with a Mr. President, I shall have more to say state of war exists, each Member of the situation in which they have been put about this matter at a later time; but Senate of the United States-96 of into a war once, and might be put into at this time I submit that if that prece­ them-and each Member of the House of a war again without having the individ .. dent stands, time after time in the fu­ Representatives--435 of them-has every ual advisers of the President, who ad- · ture we may be confronted with a re­ statement he makes, either for or against vised him as to the steps to be taken, fusal to disclose similar information to the resolution to declare war or to rec­ chargeable with any accountability. some of our other committees or to these ognize that a state of war exists, prop­ That does not happen when the Con­ two committees. erly reported by the press and written gress votes on the issue of whether our In connection with the basic question into the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, so that· Nation will .or will not be involved in of peace or war, a question which im­ f!Very person is on notice as to where the war, because in the latter case every pinges not on the constitutional preroga­ Senator or Representative stands. When Member of Congress is on record when tives of the President, but on the con­ the time comes to pass on such a resolu­ he votes on that issue and everything stitutional prerogatives of the Congress tion, as when President Wilson came to he says in Congress in connection with of the United States, I wish to serve ;pongress and asked for a declaration of that issue is said publicly and is made notice here and now that I intend dili­ .war, or when President Roosevelt asked a matter of public record. gently to make inquiries, so that we shall ;that a state of war be recognized, a rec­ Mr. President, the fact of the matter not establish a precedent that in the , ord is made of what each Member says is that the Cabinet Departments are future this country can be taken into a 'and how he votes in the discharge of his creatures of the Congress. The Congress war in camera, so to speak, where 1 responsibility to his constituents, to the can create a Government department neither the Congress nor the public will · Nation as a whole, to his God, and to his and the Congress can eliminate a Gov .. know the facts in regard to those who 'own conscience. That is as it should be ernment department. It is true that the place our country into war or in regard in a responsible government. After all, Departments have certain relationships to the basic decisions which are made at we live in a republic under a responsible with the President of the United ·States, such a conference. 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 5419 ADJOURNMENT MEMORIAL SERVICES Mr. CLEMENTS. Mr. President, I HOUSE OF REPIU:SENTATIVES The SPEAKER presided. move that the Senate stand in adjourn­ INVOCATION ment until tomorrow at noon. WEDNESD~Y, MAY 16, 1951 The CHAPLAIN. Eternal God• . our The motion was agreed to; and {at The House met at 12 o'clock noon. 3 o'clock and 38 minutes p. m.> the Sen­ Father~ whose heart always opens with The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Bras­ · love in response to our many needs, in ate adjourned until tomorrow, Thurs­ kamp, D. D., offered the following prayer: day, May 17, 1951, at 12 o'clock meridian. the life of each of us there are times and Most merciful and gracious God, who experiences when all our feelings seem art found by those who trtily seek Thee, to impose silence. NOMINATIONS known by those who love, and seen by We thank Thee for the joys which Executive nominations received by the all whose hearts are pure, grant that cheer us and for the trials which teach Senate May 16