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Simoes Kelly D.Pdf ii iii Aos meus queridos pais, que são a minha fortaleza e que sempre me incentivaram ao longo da minha vida, com todo amor, dedico. iv AGRADECIMENTOS À Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) pela bolsa concedida. À minha orientadora Dra. Márcia Regina Braga pelo incentivo e dedicada orientação, paciência, confiança e amizade conquistada ao longo dos anos de trabalho em conjunto. À Dra. Rosemeire Aparecida Bom Pessoni pela co-orientação e auxílio dado durante o exame de qualificação ao doutorado, por todo incentivo e atenção, por me ouvir sempre em todos os momentos mais difíceis. Ao Dr. Jorge M. Vivanco do Centro para Biologia da Rizosfera da Universidade Estadual do Colorado, Estados Unidos, pela co-orientação. Ao Dr. Frank Stermitz do Departamento de Química da Universidade Estadual do Colorado, Estados Unidos, pela colaboração e ensinamentos profissionais. À Dra. Jiang Du pela elucidação estrutural das substâncias isoladas neste trabalho e por todo auxílio dado no laboratório de química da Universidade Estadual do Colorado, Estados Unidos. Ao Dr. Martin Wanner do Instituto van’t Hoff de Ciências Moleculares da Universidade de Amsterdam, pelo envio de uma amostra de sesbanimida. Ao Dr. José Alberto Cavalheiro e à Dra. Luciana de Ávila Santos da Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho de Araraquara, pela colaboração nas análises da sesbanimida. À Dra. Elaine Cardoso Lopes pela colaboração e amizade. Ao Dr. Massuo Jorge Kato do Instituto de Química da USP. v Ao Dr. Cláudio José Barbedo da Seção de Sementes do Instituo de Botânica pelo auxílio nas análises estatísticas e pela atenção. À Amanda Souza pela amizade e ajuda nas análises do GC-MS e pelo download de muitos e muitos PDFs. À Amanda Pereira pela amizade, pelo download de PDFs e por me acompanhar na busca das sementes de jatobá no Instituto Florestal de São Paulo. Ao Dr. Marco Aurélio Tiné pelas dicas no laboratório, pela paciência em responder minhas dúvidas, e claro pela amizade durante anos de laboratório. À Dra. Marília Gaspar pela amizade e ajuda durante o exame de qualificação. À Dra. Luce Brandão e à Dra. Cláudia Young pela ajuda “fitoquímica” e amizade. À querida amiga Amanda Asega por toda amizade e apoio dados em todos os instantes. À amizade da querida Patrícia Pinho Tonini, companheira nesta jornada desde 2004, agradeço por todos os momentos em conjunto, desde os profissionais, como as coletas de sesbania e as disciplinas, até os momentos de descontração os quais tornaram a minha vida muito mais leve durante esse período. Aos queridíssimos amigos Aline Cavalari, Cláudia Alves, Clóvis Oliveira (C2), Clóvis Silva (C1), Fernanda Kretzschmar, Fernanda Macedo, Juliana Iura, Ludmila Raggi, Vanessa Oliveira, Tatiana Botelho, Rodrigo Caccere, Simone Leduc, Marlise Strabeli e Paola Mitie Garcia. Aos amigos Elie Kassis, Nayra Quintana, Jiang Du e Ommer Falik que foram praticamente a minha família durante a minha estadia em Fort Collins. À minha querida irmã Silvania Simões e à minha amada sobrinha Gabriela. Às funcionárias de apoio da seção de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Plantas Ana Alice, Cida, Helena e Mary Monteiro. vi À querida Liliam Panagio, secretária do programa de pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural da Unicamp, pelo organizado apoio dado às questões burocráticas do curso e pela paciência e amizade. À todos da Seção de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Plantas e ao Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo. À Universidade Estadual do Colorado, Fort Collins, EUA. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural do Instituto de Biologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. vii ÍNDICE ABREVIATURAS e SÍMBOLOS................................................................................................xiii RESUMO.......................................................................................................................................xvi ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................xviii 1 Introdução geral e objetivos ......................................................................................................1 1.1 INTRODUÇÃO..........................................................................................................................2 1.2 OBJETIVOS............................................................................................................................16 1.3 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS.................................................................................... 17 2 Dinâmica da liberação, caracterização química e atividade biológica de substâncias exsudadas por sementes de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers . ........................................................25 RESUMO........................................................................................................................................26 ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................28 2.1 INTRODUÇÃO........................................................................................................................30 2.2 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS..................................................................................................... 33 2.2.1 Material Biológico.................................................................................................................33 2.2.2 Germinação das sementes de S. virgata .................................................................................33 2.2.3 Obtenção dos exsudatos das sementes...................................................................................34 2.2.4 Quantificação de proteínas e açúcares exsudados.................................................................34 2.2.5 Análise da composição de açúcares por HPAEC/PAD.........................................................35 2.2.6 Bioensaios de fitotoxicidade em alface e tomate dos exsudatos liberados durante o processo germinativo.....................................................................................................................................36 2.2.7 Isolamento e identificação dos compostos ativos..................................................................38 viii 2.2.8 Quantificação de compostos ativos nos tecidos e nos exsudatos das sementes durante o processo germinativo .....................................................................................................................44 2.2.9 Bioensaios de atividade fitotóxica com plântulas de A. thaliana ..........................................44 2.2.10 Bioensaios de atividade fitotóxica com plântulas de O. sativa ...........................................46 2.2.11 Detecção de substâncias antifúngicas .................................................................................47 2.2.12 Obtenção e ensaios de atividade biológica de oligossacarídeos de galactomanano............48 2.2.13 Análise estatística................................................................................................................51 2.3 RESULTADOS .......................................................................................................................52 2.3.1 Açúcares e proteínas exsudados por sementes de S. virgata .................................................52 2.3.2 Fitotoxicidade dos exsudatos em sementes de alface e tomate.............................................55 2.3.3 Identificação das substâncias fitotóxicas dos exsudatos e extratos das sementes.................60 2.3.4 Atividade antifúngica dos exsudatos das sementes...............................................................77 2.3.5 Atividade biológica de oligossacarídeos derivados de galactomanano.................................80 2.4 DISCUSSÃO ...........................................................................................................................87 2.4.1 Exsudação de açúcares e substâncias alelopáticas................................................................87 2.4.2 Atividade biológica de oligossacarídeos de galactomanano.................................................95 2.5 CONCLUSÕES......................................................................................................................100 2.6 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS...................................................................................101 3 Dinâmica da liberação, caracterização química e atividade biológica de substâncias exsudadas por sementes de Hymenaea courbaril var . stilbocarpa .........................................110 RESUMO ....................................................................................................................................111 ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................113 3.1 INTRODUÇÃO.....................................................................................................................115 ix 3.2 MATERIAL E MÉTODOS...................................................................................................118 3.2.1 Material biológico...............................................................................................................118 3.2.2 Germinação de sementes.....................................................................................................119 3.2.3 Bioensaios de fitotoxicidade em alface e
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