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Exotic Invasive Plant Species of South Carolina I Ii Exotic Invasive Plant Species of South Carolina i ii This list of Invasive Plant Pest Species of South Carolina was re- INVASIVE SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS vised by the South Carolina Exotic Pest Plant Council in October 2014. The original list was initiated by Dr. Larry Nelson of Clem- Invasive Species - any plant species that occurs outside its area of son Univeristy in 2004. origin and that has become established, can reproduce, and can spread without cultivation and causes harm. The ranking criteria used was started in 2011 and is based on crit- era from Tennessee. Each plant was ranked based off of specific Severe Threat - invasive exotic species which pose a severe threat ranking criteria. These are objective measures based on the plant’s to the composition, structure, or function of natural areas in effect on South Carolina’s native plant communities and their South Carolina. status in the landscape. This status is documented in the Early Detection and Distribution Mapping System (EDDMapS, http:// Significant Threat - invasive exotic species which are established www.eddmaps.org/) and in the S.C. Plant Atlas (http://cricket.biol. in natural areas, independently spreading, and causing significant sc.edu/acmoore/scplantatlas.html) maintained by the University damage to natural communities. of South Carolina’s A.C. Moore Herbarium and the SC Depart- ment of Natural Resources’ Heritage Trust Program. Emerging Threat - Invasive exotic species occuring in limited in- festations with major management difficulties, or widespread with The SC-EPPC List Committee Chair is Sudie Daves Thomas, minor management difficulties. Wildlife Biologist, Natural Resources Conservation Service; to see a full list of contributers for the 2014 edition please vist http:// www.se-eppc.org/southcarolina/. WHAT YOU CAN DO TO HELP The plant distribution map data came from EDDMapS which is Early Detection and Rapid Response (EDRR) - locate and identify based on citizen science reporting, and the SC Plants Atlas (http:// invasives while they are young to increase the liklihood that local herbarium.biol.sc.edu/scplantatlas.html) where distribution is invasive infestations can be contained and controlled before they based on verified herbarium specimens records by county. These spread and become established within an area. maps are not static and are based on distribution data to serve only as a tool for species management and EDRR in South Caroli- Basic management strategies: na. To report new sightings please visit http://www.eddmaps.org/. - Reduce disturbance of invasives in your area and do not buy or plant any invasive species - Remove any prior plantings when seeds are not present to prevent further spread Citation: Lund, Margaret, Diego Soriano, Lauren S. Pile, Sudie - Dispose of invasives in a dumpster or burn to prevent Daves Thomas, and G. Geoff Wang. 2015. Invasive Plant Species of further spread South Carolina. Clemson, SC. Pgs. 76. - Thoroughly clean all equipment and shoes when leaving 4 5 T CHINABERRY THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT R Melia azedarach (L.) E E S Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org Cheryl McCormick, University of Florida, Bugwood.org Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Management Description Remove plantings and dispose of fruit in a dumpster or Leaves: Bipinnate, deciduous, leaflet serrate or lobed. burn. Treat and remove any seedlings or sprouts that Twigs: stout, lacking terminal bud, buds appear naked, arise after killing the main tree and make sure to remove homogenous and white pith. Flowers: lilac in color, whole root system. Cut and bulldoze when fruit are not showy and fragrant, large terminal panicles, appear in present. Fire has minimal effects on topkill. spring, poisonous if eaten. Fruit: yellow drupe, wrinkled, remains on plant through winter. David J. Moorhead, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org Ecology Chinaberry appears in dry soils and disturbed areas and is shade tolerant. Usually grows below 1000 ft of ele- vation. Stump sprouts, root sprouts, and seedlings will emerge after main stems are killed. 6 7 CHINESE TALLOWTREE THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT T R Triadica sebifera (L.) E E S Chris Evans, Illinois Wildlife Action Plan, Bugwood.org Nancy Loewenstein, Auburn University, Bugwood.org James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Management Description Do not plant and remove any prior plantings. Treat Leaves: long-petioled, ovate in shape, pinnately veined, when plants are young and minimize disturbance. Cut, margin is entire. Flowers: large and showy, 5-8 petals, bulldoze, and mulch when no fruit are present and man- white with red veins on the inside near the base of the ually pull any new seedlings. flower. Fruit: large, green to reddish-brown in color, popcorn-like. Carl Dennis, Auburn University, Bugwood.org Ecology Bugwood.org Resources, Natural R. of Allison, Georgia Department James Grows rapidly and is a pest in coastal tall grass prairies, abandoned agriculture fields, and bottomland hard wood forests. Tallowtree litter inhibits seedling growth. 8 9 T PRINCESSTREE THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT R Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Siebold& Zucc. ex Steud. E E S James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Forest USDA H. Miller, James James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Management Description Do not plant and remove any plantings when fruit is not James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Forest USDA H. Miller, James Leaves: Deciduous, large, heart-shaped, small hairs. present, and minimize disturbance. Dispose of plants Flowers: pale violet, bloom in early spring. Fruit: pe- and capsules in a dumpster or burn. Treat when plants can-like and in clusters, winged seeds which spread by are young. Burning has minimal topkill effects. wind, water, and gravity. James R. Allison, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Resources, Natural R. of Allison, Georgia Department James Bugwood.org Service, Bugwood.org Forest USDA H. Miller, James Ecology Invades quickly after fire, harvesting, or disturbances. Forms colonies of prolific root sprouts. 10 11 T TREE OF HEAVEN THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT R Ailanthus altissima (P. Mill) E E S Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Annemarie Smith, ODNR Division of Forestry, Bugwood.org Management Description Minimize disturbance where Tree-of Heaven occurs. Leaves: Compound, alternate, deciduous, 19 – 41 leaf- Treat when young to reduce probability of seed produc- lets, coarsely toothed, leaflet glandular. Twigs: fetid odor tion. Target female plants. Mechanical treatments should when bruised, yellowish unchambered pith. Flowers: not be done without the use of herbicide due to its ability Large terminal greenish flowers appearing in early sum- to produce numerous root and stump sprouts. Fire may mer. Fruit: Dioecious. Large cluster of twisted samaras. be used to topkill. Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Ecology Fast Growth. High seed production and germination. Tree-of-Heaven rapidly invades disturbed areas and pro- duces toxic compounds that inhibit the growth of other species. 12 13 S AUTUMN-OLIVE THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT H Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. R U B Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, University Mehrhoff, Leslie J. Bugwood.org S Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Management Description Do not plant and remove any prior plantings and dispose Leaves: Deciduous, alternate, elliptic, 2-8 cm in length, of in a dumpster or burn. Treat when new plants are margins are entire, green above with a silver scaly mid- young to prevent seed formation. Remove when fruits vein, bottom side of leaf silver and scaly. Twigs: slender are not present and minimize disturbance. Manually and silver scaly, spur twigs are common, some lateral pull any new seedlings. Burning treatments have mini- branches are thorn-like, smooth light grey bark. Flowers: mal topkill effect. Grazing by goats is an effective way to flowers in spring, clusters of 5-10 flowers, fragrant, white manage the species. to yellow in color. Fruit: fruits in late summer into fall, ellipsoid, 10-15 mm in length, red and slightly silver to silver-brown, a drupe containing one nutlet. Ecology Tolerates a wide variety of soil types. Good food source and shelter for wildlife. Dispersed by birds and other wildlife. 14 15 S CHINESE PRIVET THREAT STATUS - SEVERE THREAT H Ligustrum sinense Lour. R U B Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood. of A. Rawlins, University Karan org S Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org Management Description James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org Forest USDA H. Miller, James Do not plant and remove any prior plantings while Leaves: opposite in 2 rows, semi-evergreen, ovate to controlling sprouts and seedlings. Minimize disturbance elliptic, 2-4 cm in length, tip rounded, top bright green within a few miles of present plants. Treat when plants and underside pale green, hairy midvein beneath, rusty are young. Cut and bulldoze plants when fruit not pres- hairy. Twigs: opposite or whorled branched, long and ent and pull new seedlings. Readily eaten by goats, sheep, slender, project out at right angles, brownish-gray, short and deer. Burns hot when green to topkill small plants. and hairy, lenticels, slightly rough bark. Flowers: April to June, terminal and upper axillary clusters on short branches
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