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Alberti 2010 Web.Indd BIBLIOTECA DI STUDI SLAVISTICI – 14 – COMITATO SCIENTIFICO Giovanna Brogi Bercoff (Direttore), Stefano Bianchini, Marcello Garzaniti (Presidente AIS), Persida Lazarević, Giovanna Moracci, Monica Perotto COMITATO DI REDAZIONE Alberto Alberti, Giovanna Brogi Bercoff, Maria Chiara Ferro, Marcello Garzaniti, Giovanna Moracci, Marcello Piacentini, Donatella Possamai, Giovanna Siedina, Andrea Trovesi Titoli pubblicati 1. Nicoletta Marcialis, Introduzione alla lingua paleoslava, 2005 2. Ettore Gherbezza, Dei delitti e delle pene nella traduzione di Michail M. Ščerbatov, 2007 3. Gabriele Mazzitelli, Slavica biblioteconomica, 2007 4. Maria Grazia Bartolini, Giovanna Brogi Bercoff (a cura di), Kiev e Leopoli: il “testo” culturale, 2007 5. Maria Bidovec, Raccontare la Slovenia. Narratività ed echi della cultura popolare in Die Ehre Dess Hertzogthums Crain di J.W. Valvasor, 2008 6. Maria Cristina Bragone, Alfavitar radi učenija malych detej. Un abbecedario nella Russia del Seicento, 2008 7. Alberto Alberti, Stefano Garzonio, Nicoletta Marcialis, Bianca Sulpasso (a cura di), Contributi italiani al XIV Congresso Internazionale degli Slavisti (Ohrid, 10- 16 settembre 2008), 2008 8. Maria Di Salvo, Giovanna Moracci, Giovanna Siedina (a cura di), Nel mondo degli Slavi. Incontri e dialoghi tra culture. Studi in onore di Giovanna Brogi Bercoff, 2008 9. Francesca Romoli, Predicatori nelle terre slavo-orientali (XI-XIII sec.). Retorica e strategie comunicative, 2009 10. Maria Zalambani, Censura, istituzioni e politica letteraria in URSS (1964-1985), 2009 11. Maria Chiara Ferro, Santità e agiografia al femminile. Forme letterarie, tipologie e modelli nel mondo slavo orientale (X-XVII sec.), 2010 12. Evel Gasparini, Il matriarcato slavo. Antropologia culturale dei Protoslavi, 2010 13. Maria Grazia Bartolini, “Introspice mare pectoris tui”. Ascendenze neoplatoniche nella produzione dialogica di H.S. Skovoroda (1722-1794), 2010 Alberto Alberti Ivan Aleksandăr (1331-1371) Splendore e tramonto del secondo impero bulgaro Firenze University Press 2010 Ivan Aleksandăr (1331-1371) : Splendore e tramonto del secondo impero bulgaro / Alberto Alberti. - Firenze : Firenze University Press, 2010. (Biblioteca di Studi slavistici ; 14) http://digital.casalini.it/9788864531854 ISBN 978-88-6453-185-4 (online) ISBN 978-88-6453-182-3 (print) La collana Biblioteca di Studi Slavistici è curata dalla redazione di Studi Slavistici, rivista di proprietà dell’Associazione Italiana degli Slavisti (<http://epress.unifi.it/riviste/ss>). Editing e progetto grafico: Alberto Alberti In copertina: Minatura del Vangelo di Ivan Aleksăndar del 1356 (British Library, Add. 39627), raffigurante il sovrano (f. 3r, particolare). © 2010 Firenze University Press Università degli Studi di Firenze Firenze University Press Borgo Albizi, 28 50122 Firenze, Italy http://www.fupress.com/ Printed in Italy INDICE Premessa 7 1. Da Pliska a Tărnovo. Breve storia del medioevo bulgaro 17 1.1. Pliska (VII-IX secolo) 17 2.2. Preslav (X-XI secolo) 23 3.3. Tărnovo (XII-XIV secolo) 27 2. La genealogia di Ivan Aleksandăr 37 3. “Un anno ha quattro stagioni” (1331-1340) 45 4. “Imperatore dei bulgari e dei greci” (1341-1350) 65 5. “Onde i turchi trovandogli stracchi” (1351-1360) 95 6. “Nei tempi più funesti di tutti i tempi funesti” (1361-1371) 119 7. La produzione letteraria 143 7.1. Il mecenatismo di Ivan Aleksandăr 143 7.2. La diffusione dell’esicasmo 151 7.3. Il monte Athos 158 7.4. Le scuole scrittorie 161 7.5. L’ortografia 165 7.6. I codici 167 Conclusioni 177 Appendice. Fonti slave 181 Bibliografia 223 Abstract 245 A. Alberti, Ivan Aleksandăr (1331-1371). Splendore e tramonto del secondo impero bulgaro, ISBN 978-88-6453-185-4 (online), ISBN 978-88-6453-182-3 (print), © 2010 Firenze University Press Premessa Questo libro nasce come rielaborazione del capitolo introduttivo della mia tesi di dottorato (Alberti 2006), dedicata all’analisi filologico-lessicale di uno dei prodotti più raffinati della produzione manoscritta slava medievale, vale a dire il Vangelo di Ivan Aleksandăr, un tetraevangelo conservato alla British Library di Londra con segnatura Add. 39627. Questo codice, noto anzitutto per la sua ricca ornamentazione, fu commissionato nel 1356 dall’imperatore bulga- ro Ivan Aleksandăr, andando così ad aggiungersi agli altri preziosi manoscritti della biblioteca di palazzo. Durante la stesura della tesi, dovendo premettere un necessario inquadramento storico alla descrizione del manoscritto, mi sono trovato di fronte a problematiche assai complesse e al tempo stesso imprescin- dibili, data l’importanza che esse rivestono per la storia culturale europea in generale, e per quella europea-orientale in particolare. In poco tempo, il capitolo è cresciuto fino a raggiungere le dimensioni di una monografia; ho quindi rite- nuto opportuno proporlo al lettore italiano, in forma completamente rielaborata e aggiornata dal punto di vista bibliografico. In generale, il XIV secolo rappresenta un periodo cruciale per la storia dei Balcani; a maggior ragione ciò vale per il lungo periodo di regno di Ivan Aleksandăr (1331-1371): descriverne gli sviluppi senza cadere nei luoghi comu- ni è assai difficile, quasi impossibile, per varie ragioni. Anzitutto, attorno alla figura del penultimo regnante bulgaro prima della conquista turca si è cristalliz- zata un’aura quasi sacrale. I preziosi codici che arricchivano la sua biblioteca, da un lato, e i successi militari a spese dell’impero bizantino e della Serbia, dall’altro, hanno reso la memoria di Ivan Aleksandăr del tutto preminente nel contesto del secondo impero bulgaro, paragonabile soltanto a quella di Ivan Asen II, che regnò un secolo prima. E, come si sa, dove crescono i miti lo storico non ha la vita facile. A questo si deve aggiungere un fattore più generale, che riguarda la storia del medioevo bulgaro nel suo complesso: la laconicità delle fonti. Come è noto, il lascito letterario di questa regione dei Balcani, pure così importante dal punto di vista dello sviluppo culturale (se solo si considerano gli esiti della missione cirillo-metodiana, o la ‘riforma’ del patriarca Eutimio), quasi non contempla opere originali di argomento direttamente storico: “senza dubbio – scrive lo A. Alberti, Ivan Aleksandăr (1331-1371). Splendore e tramonto del secondo impero bulgaro, ISBN 978-88-6453-185-4 (online), ISBN 978-88-6453-182-3 (print), © 2010 Firenze University Press 8 Ivan Aleksandăr (1331-1371) studioso B. Angelov – la nostra letteratura antica ha posseduto più opere di ca- rattere annalistico di quelle che oggi ci sono note; alcune sono andate distrutte durante i pesanti anni del giogo [turco]. In generale, tuttavia, la nostra letteratura storica si è sviluppata molto meno rispetto a quella serba e, in particolare, alla ricchissima tradizione annalistica russa [...]. Noi non possediamo opere storiche unitarie, di ampio respiro, quali le cronache, gli annali e le genealogie russe e serbe” (B. Angelov 1983a: 42; cf. Božilov 1995: 217-263). Questo fatto desta stupore, non solo se si tiene presente il contesto della tradizione letteraria antico- e medio-bulgara, ma anche se si pensa al contemporaneo fiorire della cronachi- stica e della memorialistica bizantine, le cui traduzioni venivano commissionate dalle stesse classi dirigenti bulgare (Cronaca di Manasse). È difficile pensare che all’interesse per la storia universale, indubbiamente presente nella Bulgaria medievale, non facesse riscontro un’analoga produzione locale. A detta degli studiosi, vari indizi permettono di supporre l’esistenza di opere che andarono perdute (B. Angelov 1983a: 44-48)1. Resta comunque il fatto che l’edizione delle ‘opere annalistiche’ in nostro possesso occupa a malapena lo spazio di due articoli di rivista (B. Angelov 1983a, 1984)! Infine, bisogna ammettere che la riverenza per la figura di Ivan Aleksandăr non sempre si è accompagnata a un effettivo interesse scientifico per un’epoca, di grande cultura finché si vuole, ma in cui si è vista sempre e soltanto l’età del tracollo: poco più di un secolo fa, V. Zlatarski scriveva: “possiamo affermare che durante il regno di Ivan Aleksandăr sia scomparso ciò che nei secoli era sta- to prodotto dal principio nazionale, e questo malgrado il ripetuto appello all’an- tichità, che comunque poggiava su principi bizantini. Questo spiega lo strano fenomeno per cui con la scomparsa della Bulgaria scompare anche ogni traccia dell’esistenza del popolo bulgaro come unità nazionale. L’elemento allogeno, proprio in quanto tale, scompare senza lasciare traccia; il punto è che non resta nemmeno il proprio [svoe sobstveno], vuoi perché questo non esisteva, vuoi per- ché si era già dissolto nell’elemento straniero. Per quanto ciò sia triste, bisogna comunque riconoscere che lo stato bulgaro e la sua indipendenza poggiavano sulla personalità dell’imperatore2 e sulla sua magnificenza. In altri termini, tut- to si reggeva su una sorta di esteriorità, senza che venisse elaborato qualcosa 1 Questa linea interpretativa si può far risalire a Paisij di Hilandar (1722-1773). Lo storico Blasius Kleiner, monaco francescano e contemporaneo di Paisij, era di tutt’al- tro avviso: la causa del silenzio storiografico risiederebbe semplicemente nel fatto che la Bulgaria “non ha ancora avuto uno scrittore” (Božilov 1995: 220). 2 Nella presente trattazione traduco sempre con ‘impero, imperatore’ lo slavo carĭ, carĭstvo (e i suoi esiti nelle lingue moderne), corrispondente al greco âáóéëåýò, âáóéëåßá. Sole eccezioni, in tal senso, sono i riferimenti ai ‘re’ veterotestamentari e al
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