DenThe Energy-optimizedenergioptimerede landsby village VillagesLandsbyer at the i frontforefront med of sustainablebæredygtig energy energiudvikling development

PREFACE

There are some projects that brings you in a good mood.

The projects from Dybvad and Jerup is absolutely part of this category. We are aware that this report will never become pure amusing to read, but it will for sure be uplifting for many native of Northern Jutland and other good people.

With the foul word, “Peripheral Denmark” our self-understanding has been shaken and thereby our half- depopulated villages with worn down buildings and obsolete infrastructure has become an object to pitiful treatment and failure.

The few passionate people who tries to keep up the spirit are met with worse conditions than ever and renovation of buildings is a private matter that is handled just like stopping stockings – the hole is closed, but the stocking does not really fit.

Then this project arrives, which in a quiet and convincing way shows that with innovation and cooperation you can rediscover the amenity value that will be in short supply in the future.

With this choice of effort areas and demonstration project, the municipality of Frederikshavn has contributed with a relevant subject and problem and furthermore delivered a forward-looking and visionary result to the regional development fund project; Project program 2 – Energy efficient construction. With this report, we hope to be part of the start of an avalanche of similar projects with more innovation in more lines of business and with new innovative solutions.

Last but not least we wish to say thank you to the inhabitants in Dybvad and Jerup who let us make the calculations on their houses and a great thank you to; Nordjyske Bank, Aalbæk Spar Nord, Dybvad Dybvad Fjernvarmeværk Dybvad Stål Industri Strandby Fjernvarmeværk

Sisse Falkencrone Trine Saaby Head of Secretariat Project manager

SmartCityDK Projektprogram 2 – Energirigtigt byggeri

Aalborg, marts 2014

TABLE OF CONTENT

1 Introduction...... 01 2 Energy optimazation of thermal envelope...... 03

3 Renewable energy plants ...... 19 Jerup 19

4 Description of the village ...... 21

5 Cases ...... 23 6 Energy renovation of thermal envelopw ...... 27 7 The energy supply of the buildings ...... 31

8 Chosen energy solutions ...... 37 9 Financing ...... 41 10 Public energy development ...... 45

11 Sub conclusion ...... 47 Dybvad 49

12 Description of the village ...... 51

13 Cases ...... 53 14 Energy renovation of thermal envelope ...... 57 15 The energy supply of the buildings ...... 61

16 Chosen energy solutions...... 65 17 Financing ...... 69 18 Public energy development...... 73

19 Sub conclusion ...... 81

Conclusion 83

Putting the future into perspective 85

Bibliography 87

List of appendices 95

Author: Green Source A/S Knivholtvej 45 DK-9900 Frederikshavn P: +45 7026 6677 F: +45 9843 8177 M: [email protected]

W: www.greensource.dk

A 1 INTRODUCTION

In Denmark, two out of three urban areas are designated villages. This means nearly 1.000 villages around the country. In spite of the fact that these villages have many amenity values, there is a need for changes as regards quality if we want to sustain this number of villages. On average, the population in the Danish vil- lages has decreased by 3% since 2000 in spite of a nationwide increase in population of 5% during the same period [1, p. 20]. The reason for the decrease in population in the villages is an increasing urbanization, which caused stagnation in some few villages. The reason for this increasing urbanization can be found in the lack of job opportunities, educational institutions and shopping facilities in the villages and not least the lack of desirable housing for newcomers, as many of the houses have often not been maintained and there- fore have high running costs.

The fact that the Danish villages are not able to maintain a sustainable development causes an important debate on how to prevent this decline. Energy efficient building and renovation of older outdated buildings could be part of the solution to this, as this would make the houses cheaper to live in. This creates market potential for energy efficient building and renovation as it will not only improve the environment and bring financial benefits for the population in these urban. It will also improve the possibility of the villages to survive and create social sustainability, as a joint focus on energy savings will attract newcomers who want to be part of the cohesiveness around the energy efficiency. In recent years, it has become more contem- porary to live in a climate friendly and eco-friendly house and furthermore the comfortable indoor envi- ronment is desirable. Generally two third of the homeowners in small villages consider making their own homes energy efficient [2, p. 6]. The extend of making homes energy efficient is however, often a barrier for most families as it can be difficult to choose the “right energy solution”, “figuring out how to handle the financing” and “figuring out if energy renovation is going to be cost-effective for your home”. However, the advantages of making your home energy efficient are simple:

Energy efficient initiatives in villages:  Are of benefit to the community and reputation of the village  The value of the houses is higher  The buildings get a better indoor climate  The environmental impact of the village is reduced  The citizens save money on running costs from day one after the renovation. To be able to realize an energy optimization of a village it is essential to focus on what incentives have the highest priority among house owners. A questionnaire made by the Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut (Danish Building Research Institute) in 2013 among 2.000 asked shows that finances is the most frequent incentive (89%) to start an energy optimization of own house [2]. [2, p. 52]. ØkonomiFinance 89% EnvironmentMiljø 29%

Indeklima 47% Indoor climate ArchitectureArkitektur 18%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Figure: Incentive for energy optimization in Denmark [2, p. 52].

1 To the citizens of the villages the financial advantages by energy optimization are not only in cheaper elec- tricity and heat, but also in a higher commercial value of the house. For each step, a house takes up the energy label scale the value of the house will increase by approximately 500-1.500 DKK/m2 [3]. This en- courages senior citizens or citizens that plan on selling their house and in this way wishes to profit from energy improvements in the short run.

Also in the municipality of Frederikshavn the decline in population in the villages is visible as 12 out of 13 villages have experienced a decline population since 2006 [4]. The reason for the progress in the last village is the placement just outside Frederikshavn. The villages Jerup and Dybvad have experienced the highest declines percentage-wise, cf. enclosure B. The purpose of this energy report is to illustrate energy efficient renovation opportunities combined with sustainable energy solutions in the Danish villages, based on Jerup and Dybvad that will work as village models in the report. This means the energy report is usable as “tem- plate” for other villages. The villages differ from each other as Dybvad has a district heating plant, which means that the village houses can have district heating as heating supply contrary to the houses of Jerup. The reason for the individual heat supply in Jerup is limited industry in the village. Whether the individual village has collective heat supply or not has a big impact on what solution is the best to make the village attractive and create a sustainable energy development. The possibility of survival for a village is exclusively depending on the energy related improvements among the housing stock, but also other qualities play an important role. The good infrastructure in Jerup and Dybvad has already made the villages attractive and is of benefit to the potential of social growth. However, this energy report exclusively focuses on whether an energy related improvement of the housing stock of the village and of the village as a whole could promote the sustainability of the village. To analyze each village as a whole based on specific assessments, the report has chosen to focus on a few representative households chosen based on heat supply, housing type and energy consumption. Copies of these references can following be made partially to other similar households. In the report, we have made a review for each individual case, on the immediate energy renovation initiatives possible for the repre- sentative housings by calculating the financial savings outweighed by the necessary investment. Further- more, we have made a description of additional initiatives, including renewable energy that could be in- cluded in the energy optimization of the individual housings to reduce the energy demand and thereby achieve the most profitable energy solution.

A village … [5, p. 12] defined as a build-up area of coherent housing with 200-999 inhabitants where the distance be- tween the houses is less than 200 meter. [5, p. 12]

S2 2 ENERGY RENOVATION OF THERMAL ENVELOPE

There are several ways to lower the energy consumption of buildings however, provided that basis is all right. It would be irrational as regards to climate to install new type of heating as replacement for an older oil-fired boiler or gas boiler if the thermal envelope is providing insufficient heat insulation. National focus on energy savings by buildings means that today there is limited political restrictions in connection with energy renovations. Furthermore, energy renovation of the thermal envelope is both an environmentally friendly and socia-economic profitable solution that can be necessary in several older houses if a sale is upcoming or if a new heat pump is needed [6]. The discussion is therefore not about whether the thermal envelope of a house should be energy renovated, but about how it should be energy renovated.

2.1 DOORS AND WINDOWS To a greater extend energy windows replace traditional double-glazed windows and older clear glas in exterior doors and windows in connection with energy renovation. About 30 % of the energy consumption for room heating can be related to the heat loss through exterior doors and windows [7]. In this way there is a high potential for energy savings as the heat loss through doors and windows can be reduced by half by exchanging double-glazed windows with energy windows that furthermore have a standard lifetime of 30 years [8]. In principle an energy window is comparable to a double-glazed window however, with the significant difference that the inner layer of glas is covered with a low emission coating, which parlty increases the permeation of solar energy and partly reflects the internal heat back into the room [9]. Apart from thermal features, the improved heat insulation ability of energy windows reduces the risk of mist on the inside of the windows and minimizes the downdraft by the windows, which increases the comfort in the house and makes it less necessary to place the heaters below the windows. Furthermore the density of the building is improved, which reduces the risk of draught and gives the opportunity of controling the ventilation [9].

Reference – New energy windows

Gærum Location 2012 Building year 146 stk. Number of windows 11 stk. Number of homew 1.800 kWh Annual saving per home DKK 201.500 Total costs 5-6 år Payback time

In 2012, Frederikshavn Housing association established a solar cell system capable of supplying 11 electrically heated tenancies. In this connection, the houses went through a renovation primarily consisting of exchange of existing double-glazed windows for energy windows.

3 ProsFordele Ulemper Cons + Better heat insulation ÷ Expensive ÷ Not financially profitable by windows + Works as solar screening of recent date + Less mist

+ Increases the density of the building Minimum draught + + Less maintenance + Easy to operate + Radiator below windows less necessary Latest anti-theft protection + Table 2.1: Evaluation of the profitability of new doors and windows.

Exchange of exterior doors and windows can be rather costly, which affects the profitability. However, it is possible for less costs only to exchange the windows. It is however, beneficial to future-proof the windows if the frame/casing has not been maintained or is of bad quality. Legal requirements: • By exchange of windows the energy contribution must not be lower than -33 kWh/m2 per year. [8]. • The heat loss coefficient for exterior doors must not exceed 1,65 W/m2/°C [8, p. tabel 7.4.2].

Recommendations: • Exchange of double-glazed/clear glass windows into energy windows for both energy saving reasons and in terms of comfort • If the frame construction is in bad shape the entire door/window should be exchanged to make the energy renovation future-proof.

2.2 FACADE INSULATION Facade insulation is used increasingly by renovation of houses from the 1960s and 1970s where the facades are typically of lower quality in terms of quality and energy technical [10]. Re-insulation of outer walls has a standard lifetime of 40 years [8] and is possible both on outer walls, inner walls and as cavity wall insulation. Common for all solutions is a smaller heating bill. Cavity wall insulation is however, the most beneficial where possible, as the investment is significantly cheaper than insulating the outer wall and furthermore the original thickness is maintained.

[11] [12]

Figure 2.2: Illustrations of facade insulation. Outer re-insulation (left), cavity wall insulation (center) and inner re-insulation (right). [11] [12]

S4 To achieve cost-effective heat insulation, the recommendation is to use an insulation thickness of 200 mm for construction with lightweight concrete and 125 mm for constructions with bricks. An outer facade insulation that exceeds 24 cm is however, conpagesed an extension of the floorage according to construction legislation [8, p. chap. 1.6(1)].

By outer facade insulation, it is beneficial to include the footing and the foundation as it will reduce thermal bridges by the foundation. An outer heat insulation of the footing and foundation requires digging to at least 60 cm below surface. Adjust the thickness of the insulation after the façade insulation and further- more the insulation must be made of a capillary break material. [13]

ProsFordele Ulemper Cons + Minimizes thermal bridges ÷ Requires extensive steps + Increases the air density ÷ Often calls for more work such as moving + Is temperature stabilizing windows Outer re- + Gives the opportunity of a new ÷ Requires roof renovation by small overhang insulaiton architectural expression ÷ Relatively expensive ÷ Long payback time + Relatively easy to do ÷ Increased risk of accumulation of + Smaller construction costs construction damp ÷ Causes more and bigger thermal bridges Inner re- ÷ Reduces the usable area of the house insulaiton ÷ Reduces the thermal mass of the house ÷ Difficult in rooms with piping and radiators Table 2.2: Evaluation of the profitability of facade insulation.

Outer re-insulaiton is often beneficial compared to inner re-insulaiton. Outer insulaiton is however, often being critizised for damaging the architectual expression, e.g. by outer wall facings for instance on an outer wall of bricks. It is however, possible to retain the look of the building by using custom-made facing.

Legal requirements: • By re-insulation of outer walls, a cost-effective heat insulation is required equaling a max. heat loss coefficient of 0,20 W/m2/°C [8, p. table 7.4.2]. Recommendations: • Insulation should first and foremost be blown into uninsulated cavity walls. If this is not possible it is recommended to do an outer re-insulaiton as this would not induce damages in respect of moist or reduce the usable area. [8, p. enclosure 6]. • Include footing and foundation in the renovation of the house by outer facade insulation. Dig the foundation free together with a constructural adviser. [13]

5 2.3 INSULATION OF CEILING

Re-insulation of the ceiling is often extremely rational by energy saving steps as the ceiling construction makes an important part of the extend of the thermal envelope and has a standard lifetime of 40 years [8]. Older houses often have a limited layer of ceiling insulation between the truss feet either towards an unheated attict or as collar beam attict. By re-insulation the insulation thickness must as a minimum be increased to 300 mm to observe the requirements of the building regulations. However, it can be beneficial to increase the insulation thickness further to 400 mm and in this way achieve the same thickness as recommended by low energy construction as the additional price counterbalanced with the savings are often limited. By ceilings with accessible atticts it is relatively simple to re-insulate however, the existing gangway must be lifted and the attict must remain ventilated so that possible damp in the insulation can evaporate and be ventilated out. [14] By re-insulation of ceiling towards unheated attict granulate is usable as insulation. In general granulat has the advantage of an efficient covering ability as the loose granulate lies close to all constructions and reduces the linear thermal transmittances through the ceiling construction. [15]

Granulate

Batts Figure 2.1: Illustration of the cover ability of granulate compared to traditional batts (left) and re-insulation with paper insulation (right). [16] By older houses where the vapour barrier in the ceiling construction is often damaged or missing completely, it can be an advantage to use paper insulation as the ceiling construction can be done in a technically safe way in terms of damp without any use of vapour barrier [17]. This due to the fact that paper insulation is able to absorb and emit possible damp. However, the vapour resistance on the ”warm side” of the insulation must be 5 times bigger than the total vapour resistance for insulation and other layers of material towards the “colde side”. [15]

Legal requirements: • The thermal loss coefficient must not exceed 0,15 W/m2/°C [8, p. table 7.4.2].

Recommendations: • Existing ceiling constructions with a heat loss coefficient that exceeds 0,20 W/m2/°C equalling a max. of 175 mm insulation for attic and the space under the eaves and 200 mm insulation for flat and slanting roof should be re-insulated by energy renovation as this would be cost-efficient. [8, p. enclosure 6].

S6 • By re-insulation in unheated attics granulate can profitably be used to decrease linear thermal transmittance. • A defect vapour barrier should be replaced by dense vapour barrier mounted above or below the existing insulation, but by the use of paper insulation this is not necessary. 2.4 FLOOR CONSTRUCTION Re-insulation of floor construction is a comprehensive and difficult business, which often means that it is expensive to energy renovate. This because in a floor construction with appurtenant ground deck and crawlway you have to break these open to be able to add an insulation layer. Energy renovation of floor constructions are in certain cases done in connection with repair of damages from damp, as previously no requirements were made for this in the building regulation [8, p. enclosure 6.1]. Several older houses have crawlway under the floor construction. A horizontal division against the crawl- way differs from the ground deck by the fact that ventilation happens on the bottom side of the floor con- struction to prevent damp from the soil getting into the construction and instead ventilates the damp out through grids in the footing. However, this also gives a conpagesate heat loss to the surroundings, which makes it relevant to make a new ground deck. When re- insulating a crawlway a displacement of the damp balance in the con- struction takes place. Therefore, the construction structure of the well-insulated ground deck will not be technically right in terms of damp without a well-done and dense vapour barrier. Furthermore, Figure 2.3: Un-insulated crawlway. this gives air density and protects against radon from the ground. [18] [19][19]

To prevent damp from the soil the bottom ground deck must include a capillary break layer. This must con- sist of stone material of at least grain size 4 mm, but also rigid insulation works as capillary break layer [20]. By establishing a new heat insulating ground deck, you will not only reduce the heat loss through the ground deck, but also through the foundation. This because the thermal bridge by the foundation is limited, especially because of edge insulation placed between a concrete plate and the existing footing. Edge insula- tion must as a minimum have a thickness of 20 mm to reduce the thermal bridge by the foundation enough.

7 Figure 2.4: Thermal and atmospheric principle by floor heating. [21]

By breaking up the existing floor construction it is possible to install floor heating as heat distribution system as replacement for the traditional radiators. A floor heating system is characterized by heating the room from below, which lowers the temperature gradient and the air movement in the room and thereby it helps improve the thermal and atmospheric comfort. [22, p. 5]

Earlier radiators were useful as they counteracted the downdraft from windows due to the previsous bad thermal features of windows. As development of heat insulation of doors and windows improved the necessity of having radiators under the windows has almost disappeared. However, an energy renovation only of the ground deck in older houses with draughty windows is uneconomic as a removal of radiators under the windows include an increased risk of draught, which makes the previously mentioned exchange of doors and windows even more cost-effective. [23]

ProsFordele ConsUlemper + Freedom to decorate ÷ Difficult and costly in terms of repairs, + Avoid cold feet control and addition to house + More evenly heated room ÷ Draught by draughty windows + Maintenance free ÷ Longer time by complete cooling/ + Lower inlet temperature heating + Less dust Table 2.3: Evaluation of the cost effectiveness of floor heating.

As floor heating operates with low temperatures, it is obvious if you consider heating the building by heat pumps, as this will make the renewable energy system more efficient. However, it is important that by in- stallation of floor heating in ground deck it is even more important that the ground deck is sufficient insu- lated to avoid increased heat loss from the floor heating system.

Legal requirements: • By repair of the ground deck or by installation of floor heating it is necessary to make a cost- effective heat insulation equaling a max. heat loss coefficient of 0,12 W/m2/°C [8, p. table 7.4.2]. • It is necessary to make at least tone capillary break layer of 150 mm.

Recommendations: • Re-establish or re-insulate horizontal division towards unheated basement or crawlway or just an un-insulated ground decl above ground, especially if floor heating is conpagesed as heat distribution system. • The insulation layer should consist of at least 250 mm rigid insulation however, at least 300 mm for ground deck with floor heating as the heat loss is increased here. • When establishing a new lower ground deck at least 150 mm of capillary break layer is required and a vapour barrier between possible wooden floor and concrete layer to avoid damages from damp.

S8 • Installation of floor heating is recommended when establishing new ground deck.

3 RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

It can be an advantage to combine the energy renovation of the thermal envelope in the houses with renewable energy solutions to benefit the most from it. Furthermore there are several simple idealistic reasons to use renewable energy to cover the energy needs of the house. Renewable energy is a generic term for types of energy with unlimited reservs. This means unsuspected amounts of free energy delivered directly from nature without any worries about CO2-emission, dependence of fluctuating energy prices and dumping of fossil fuel. Furthermore renewable energy systems are financially profitable investments in the longer run.

3.1 HEAT PUMPS In a heat pump system there is a closed circuit where energy is pulled out from ”the cold side” consisting of one or more tube curcuits in the ground or in the air as energy source. The heat pump circuit then converts the energy into heat for “the warm side” that is the indoor heat circuit for the heating system and hot wa- ter production of the house.

Advantages by a heat pump as heating source:  Environmentally friendly energy source  Low costs for operation and cash savings on the heating bill  Heat pumps regulate the indoor temperature on the warm summer days and keeps a constant pleasant temperature in the home  Significant improvement of the indoor climate with heat pumps and minimization of the risk of damp and health hazardous rot.

Heat pump systems are not recommendable for badly isolated houses, as there is a risk of not being able to heat up the house sufficiently, which causes a deteriorated thermal comfort and high costs for heat. Furthermore a 1-string central heating installation has a poorer cooling and is often unfitted for heat pumps. Important for heat pump types that gives energy for water as medium is that the existing heating, especially radiators, must have a sufficient capacity. This means that the radiators of the house, as heat pumps, must be dimensioned for low temperature flow. [24].

Reference – heat pump

Frederikshavn Position 2012 Establishment

318 m2 Living space 22.000 DKK Annual saving 130.000 Total construction costs 5-6 år Pay-back time

In spite of a heat insulating thermal envelope the house had an annual oil consumption from 2005 of 3.2 m3. The house went through an energy renovation so it now uses geothermal heat and had an 11 kW heat pump with horizontal tube circuit of 660 meter. 9

Generally, heat pumps work by the use of the 1. law of thermal dynamics [25]. The principle is comparable with 1the principle used in a refrigerator however; here the principle is reverse as the energy runs into the building instead of being lead out of the refrigerator.

1) Vaporizer Frost-proof liquid circulates through tubes and accumulate energy from the ground or the 2 air. In the vaporizer, the energy transfers into the ice-cold refrigerant of the heat pump. The refrigerant is in liquid state/gaseous and will transfer the suitable amount of energy so that the refrigerant transforms into being only gaseous (damp).

2)3 Compressor The damp compresses to a suitable high pressure, which makes the temperature rise heavily. However, this process calls for supplementary energy in the form of.

3) The condenser The damp is pressed out through a pressure tube to the condenser where it is condensed 4 and cooled down to emit the energy to a media, air or water used for room heating and hot utility water heating. The refrigerant is in complete liquid state when it leaves the condenser.

4) Expansion valve The liquid passes through the liquid tube to an expansion valve that regulates the pressure and cools down the refrigerant to ice-cold. The refrigerant becomes ice-cold so that it can take up max. heat energy in the vaporizer again. During the process, a part of the liquid va- porizes that together with the remaining refrigerant continues to the vaporizer.

S10

Figure 3.1: Principle for heat pump systems.

It is important to upgrade the heating surfaces so they fit the low temperature flow of the heat pump. This is typically done by exchanging e.g. 2-layer radiators with 3-layer radiators or installing additional radiators in rooms where the heating surfaces are too small. Each heating system has different sets of temperature - see the most common here below:

VarmesystemHeating system FremløbFlow [°C] [°C] Retur Return [°C] [ °C]

3

2

4 1

Direct district heating 70 40 Indirect district heating 65 35 Oil boilers with a high content of water 65 35 Gas- and oil boilers with a low content of water 60 50 Heat pumps 55 45

Table 3.1: Temperature for various heating systems. [26, p. 4]

11 Green Source is only working with systems that are registered on the heat pump list from the Danish Ener- gy Agency that lists the most efficient heat pumps. A test lab confirms the performance and efficiency ratio so that they comply with all legal requirements. Efficiency ratio, also named COP stands for the coefficient of performance, which means that by a COP of e.g. 3.4 there will for each 1 kWh put into the heat pump be an output of 3,5 kWh in the form of free energy. After the national budget 2003 the installation furthermore has the advantage that the tax on electricity is reduced by 0.37 DKK incl. VAT with the purpose of making it equal to other energy taxes on fuel and this makes the heat pumps more beneficial. However, it requires the house to be registered and approved for electrical heating and has a total electricity consumption of more than 4000 kWh. [27]

Liquid/water plant Geothermal heat is a form of heat where you use the stored, passive solar energy in the top layer of the soil. The type of soil is quite significant as the level of energy given off from various soil types varies. There- fore it is very important to let professionals do the dimensioning and design of the tube circuits. The geo- thermal heat tube does not affect crops, gardens and wildlife. Geothermal heat works by digging down a wire system called a collector circuit to frost free depth to ensure a relatively constant soil temperature all year round. This makes sure that the heat pump has the same capacity all year round unlike other energy input methods where it is difficult to achieve full impact in winter where the biggest heating need is present. However, the preliminary ex- penses for this system are rather high in terms of both construction costs and material costs. [28]. Figure 3.2: Horisontally placed geothermal heating

pipes [28]. Various types of circuits such as compact ground collector, vertical drillings and traditional horizontal pipes are available and they are all eligible in the right places. The pipes will be with the brine liquid, which is water with a certain amount of anti-freeze added. Given a regular maintenance, the durability of the geothermal heat pump is approximately 25 years and more than 100 years for the pipes.

Air / heat system This type of system is very common, especially in countries with moderate winter temperatures. By low winter temperatures below an average of -12°C, which only occurs very few hours every year in Denmark, the efficiency might drop to a level where another type of heating is preferable. Contrary to the geothermal heat system, this type of system needs to defrost the heat receiving circuit. This is especially important in cold and moist periods of the year. Geothermal heat and air/water systems are normally also installed to produce hot utility water just like fossil heat sources such as oil and natural gas. Air/water heat pumps have developed enormously, which makes them a serious “competitor” to the geothermal heat system.

S12 In terms of price, there is only little difference on geo- thermal heat system and air/water system, but this type of system is workable in most places, especially where there is not enough room for geothermal pipes. Life expectancy for air/water pumps is typically 15-20 years on the as- sumption of regular maintenance.

Figure 3.3: Air/water pump [28].

Air/air system This type of system absorbs the heat from the outdoor air and gives off the heat in the heating surface placed in air based channel systems (ventilation systems) or directly into the room. Air/air systems are lim- ited to room heating with circulated air and is typically used as supplement in houses with electrical heat- ing, in smaller houses or holiday houses. This type of system is not a primary source of energy in houses that are not electrically heated, must as mentioned it is usable as supplement. The lifetime of this type of heat pump is typically approx. 10 years, but on the other hand, it is rather cheap compared to the other types of heat pumps. This type of heating is not mentioned in the report as the ref- erence houses included in the report do not fit into a profila with a system like this.

13 3.2 BIOFUEL SYSTEM Biomass is a generic term for organic material formed by the photosyntesis of the plants using the sun as source of energy. Based on the national energy consumption the estimated use of biomass for energy related purposes acounts for 86 PJ (petajoule) in 2012, which is almost 11 % of the total national energy consumption [29]. This means that biomass contributes with a far bigger energy amount compared to the other renewable energy sources. Specifically almost 3% of the national energy supply with renewable energy includes biomass, while wind power delivers approximately 37 PJ per year, which is 27% and other renevable energy systems have a total annual performance of 14-15 PJ 14-15 PJ [29]. The big national energy supply includes all energy consumptions encluding incineration plants, heating plants etc. To be able to focus on biomass used individually in househoulds, which means as possible heat supply in own home, focus will be on biofuel system using wood pellets (wood pellet boiler). Wood pellets are made of compressed sawdust or similar low quality wood. The advantage of wood pellets compared to wood chips is that they have a high energy density and requires les storing space. From a financial aspect wood pellets are competible as they are cheaper than fossil fuels. Figure 3.4 compares the consumper price per GJ (gigajoule) on frequently used fuels where the figures are based on assessments stated in enclosure A.

Fyringsgasolie Naturgas

Træpiller

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

kr/GJ Figure 3.4: Price relations between fuels for heating purpose. One of the characteristics of wood pellets is that they are environmentally friendly because wood pellets, as form of energy is a CO2 neutral fuel. This because, burning wood pellets emits the same amount of CO2 that is absorbed by the tree during its regeneration, which natural degradation of the wood in any case will emit. Tabel 3.2 compares the emission of greenhouse gasses from wood pellet boiler with other modern boilers during operation.. Heating fuel and gas Natural gas Wood pellets/wood chips Emission Fyringsgasolie Naturgas Træpiller/træflis

CO2 g/kWh 265 205 0 CO g/kWh 0,01 0,15 0,25

SO2 g/kWh 0,35 0,02 0,02

NOx g/kWh 0,35 0,15 0,35 Dust g/kWh 0,02 0,00 0,15 NMVOC g/kWh 0,005 0,002 0,01 Table 3.2: Emission of greenhouse gasses from various types of fuel [30].

AS wood pellet boiler has however, the significant disadvantages that the boiler requires weekly fill-up of wood pellets and cleaning to maintain the optimum utilization of the heat. It is however, possible to limit S the weekly fill-up by installing an appertaining container and automatic ignition, cleaning of heat exchang- er, removal of ashes and ash compression, which will however, use electricity, require more space and in- crease the investment.

S14 S

3.3 SOLAR CELLS Solar cells can contribute to the manufacturing of the electricity used in homes or in companies. Solar cells consist of semiconductors that transform direct light to electricity by the means of photoelectric power. When the rays of sun hits the solar cell the electrons of the solar cell receives so much energy that they are detached and can move. The electrons run through the solar cell, create a potential difference and thereby they create electricity. The solar cell panels produce most energy where the amount of light is biggest, which, is in the daytime hours where the general consumption of electricity is highest. Annually the solar cell panels however, manufactures most energy in summer, in spite of a higher consumption of electricity in winter primarily because of the need for more lighting.

[31].

Figure 3.5: Principle for grid connected solar cell panel [31]. The grid connected solar cell panel is a combination of solar cell panels and the public electricity network. The produced power from the solar cell is direct current that converts into alternating current to be usable in the building, which a converter is taking care of. The electricity network buys the excess power at a set- tlement price, which makes the power meter run “backwards”. In principle, the excess power is re- purchasable however, at market price so that the electricity network works as a kind of battery or a so- called “smart grid”. If the solar cell panel is connected to a battery, the power is stored in the battery and in this way; you avoid a connection to the power. We have not included battery connected solar cell panels in this report because focus is on the village as a whole. Furthermore, this type of solar cell plant is only usa- ble where the consumption of power is limited and connection to the electricity network is not profitable or where a connection is not possible e.g. holiday houses.

Reference – individual solar cell panel

Source Placement 2012 Installed 43,42 m2 Efficient area 6,63 kWp Installed power 5994 kWh Annual calculated output DKK. 154.000 Total construction costs 6-7 years Pay-back time Net electricity Arrangement

meter

T The electrically heated single-detached house from 1985 was in af good conditions in terms of energy and had two air/air pumps installed that did not need an exchange. The house had a limited energy renovation including exchange of windows to lower the running costs.

15

In Denmark, we have quite good conditions and it is justifiable to install solar cells. Actually, we have the same amount of sunshine hours as e.g. Paris – that is approximately 1700 sunshine hours a year. This means that we can manufacture 1.000 kWh per m² a year on a horizontal surface or 1.200 kWh per m² a year in a surface facing south with a slope of 45°. This is about half the production of Sahara. The deviation is usually not above 10 % from the reference year. [32]

Figure 3.6: Global horizontal irradiation for Europe (left) and Denmark (right) [33].

To achieve the optimum utilization of the effect of the solar cell panels the placement of these is of vital importance. Solar cells are sensitive towards shadows from surrounding buildings and vegetation as these lower the performance considerable. Furthermore, orientation and slope is important for the solar cells as they perform the best by direct sun. To achieve the optimum placement in Denmark the solar cells must face south and with a slope of 30° – 55°. This however, does not mean that it is not profitable to install solar cell panels on roofs that are not facing south. As illustrated below there is only limited reduced power – 81% of maximum - on a panel installed facing east in a 30° slope. It is however, recommended to make a slope of at least 15 % to keep the modules clean by the help of rain water and to keep snow from piling up [34]. VESTWEST SYDVESTSOUTH WEST SSYDOUTH SOUTHSYDØST EAST EASTØST 90° 6060°° 45 45°° 3030°° 1515°° 00°° 1515°° 30 30°° 45°° 6060°° 90°° 0° 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 86 5° 86 88 89 89 90 90 90 89 89 88 86 10° 86 89 91 92 93 93 93 92 91 89 86 15° 85 90 92 94 95 95 95 94 92 90 85 20° 84 91 93 95 97 97 97 95 93 91 84 25° 83 91 94 97 98 99 98 97 94 91 83 30° 81 91 94 98 99 100 99 98 94 91 81 35° 80 90 94 97 99 100 99 97 94 90 80 40° 78 89 94 97 99 100 99 97 94 89 78 45° 77 88 93 96 99 99 99 96 93 88 77 60° 70 83 88 93 94 94 94 93 88 83 70

S16 70° 66 78 82 86 88 88 88 86 82 78 66 90° 44 64 68 70 72 72 72 70 68 64 44

Table 3.3: Expected power from solar cells compared to the optimum placement. [32] Solar cell panels require limited maintenance as they are robust and there are no movable parts. Apart from this, they have a long lifetime of up to 25 years. However, you will probably have to exchange the electrical parts within the lifetime of the solar cell. Unfortunately, there are already too many examples of badly installed solar cell panels in Denmark and fear is that within the next few years the number of insur- ance cases in connection with these panels will increase. Therefore, we have listed a few important points to pay attention to when choosing solar cell panel. These will help achieve the optimum output:

 Choose quality solar cells without minus tolerances  Choose highly effective inverters with a European efficiency of above 97 %  Choose professional artisans to install the solar cells  Choose KSO certified electricians to do the electrical fitting.

For a grid connected solar cell panel it is possible to sell the electricity not used directly in the house to the electricity network at a settlement price of 1.30 DKK/kWh in 10 years. This however, only applies for panels placed on the ground up to 6 kWp or on the roof of existing buildings. To control the number of bigger solar cell parks of up to 400 kWp build on the ground where the installation is cheaper the settlement price for a joint system placed on the ground set at 0.90 DKK/kWh in 10 years. Over a period of 5 years, the settle- ment prices will decrease to 0.60 DKK/kWh. Therefore, it is beneficial to install the solar cell panels as soon as possible to achieve the maximum settlement price.

3.4 HOUSEHOLD WIND TURBINES A household wind turbine is a financially advantageous alternative to solar cells. It works by adjusting according to the wind direction so that the rotor turns against the wind direction and converts the cinetic energy of the wind into electricity. The air current passes the wings whereby a negative pressure is formed on the back side of the wing and the power from the negatrive pressure is dispersed on the wing, which causes af pull in the airfoils that makes it rotate. The rotor is connected to a generator through a gear and when the rotor reaches a predetermined speed the generator has a certain rotation speed where after the control in the wind turbine connects the generator to the electrical network. Definition of a household wind turbine [35]: Max. height of 25 m from base to top wingtip Max. swept area of 200 m2 Max. power of 25 kW

For the wind turbine to produce at its best, it is important that it is placed with max. wind effect. Wind resources vary according to where in the country it is placed and placement is also influenced by

17 topography and sheltering elements such as windbreaks, forrests and towns. Furthermore it is important to place the wind turbine in an optimum height.

Figure 3.7: wind resource map of Northern Jutland 25 meter above ground [36].

Household wind turbines are profitable for the home owners because the produce energy like ”the wind blows”, which means that the household wind turbines produces electricity all year and even most in the winter where the need for electricity is especially big for homes with a heat pump. Like solar cell panels the household wind turbines can connect to the electricity network whereby the power not used in the building is forwarded to the public electricity network.

Due to the fact that the installation price for a household wind turbine has not decreased as it has for solar cell panels over the latest years the settlement price for household wind turbines is extraordinary high. In 2013 a new bill stated a settlement price of 2,50 DKK/kWh for household wind turbines of 10 kW or below and of 1.50 kW for household wind turbines between 11 and 25 kW. The support runs for 20 years of the 25 year lifetime of the wind turbine and is thereafter settled with 0.60 DKK per kWh. [37]

The household wind turbine is only used in rural areas because it is almost impossible to get an authoriza- tion in urban areas. This because the household wind turbine is noisy when the wings rotate. 15 meters from a neighbor building in rural area the noise level for a household wind turbines must not exceed re-

S18 spectively 42 dB(A) by a wind speed of 6 m/s and 44 dB(A) by a wind speed of 8 m/s [38, p. § 4 paragraph 1].

Jerup The energy optimized village Villages in the lead in terms of sustainable energy devel- opment

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4 DESCRIPTION OF THE VILLAGE

Jerup is a small village with 622 inhabitants [4] situated by the East coast in Vendsyssel between the cities of Frederikshavn and Skagen. The characteristics of the village is that recreational areas in the form of both preserved forests and a child-friendly beach surrounds it. The development of Jerup into a village only started around 1890 as the local railway was established. Before that, there were only a few beach farms in the area. Later the building of the state prison Kragskovhede after the Second World War attracted more inhabitants, houses and jobs to the village [39]. Jerup has good opportunities for grocery shopping and public institutions such as a school, after school care, kindergarten and day-care. Furthermore, the opportunities for further education in Frederikshavn are good. Likewise, Jerup has good infrastructure, as the village is easily accessible both by car and by railway between Frederikshavn and Skagen. Finally, the roads connecting Jerup to the surrounding villages help increase the traffic-related accessibility.

Figure 4.1: Map of Jerup with marking of the cases mentioned in the report.

The village is a typical village with many single-detached houses and surrounding farms, but no industry close by. Table 4.1 gives a view of the current types of houses in Jerup based on buildings registered in the BBR (Building and housing register) and divided based on the heat installation of the houses. The total number of buildings in table 4.1 and table 4.2 is not directly usable for number of households as the tables are generate based on BBR whereby one house can consist of more than one building. The 60 buildings that have no existing heat installations primarily include barns on farms and storing rooms. [40]

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Eget Kombi- Fjern- Varme- Bænde- Ingen varme- Own Combi- Elvarme Electrical District Heat Wood No heat Total anlæg plant anlæg plant heat varme heating pumpe pump ovne m.m. stoves etc.installation installation One detached house 206 15 27 - 4 1 - 253 Terraced house 7 - 2 4 1 - - 14 Block of flats 5 ------4 Holiday house 2 ------2 Farmhouse 12 1 1 - - - - 14 Farm ------43 43 Industry 3 - - - - - 2 5 Service company 1 - - - - - 1 2 Administration, incl. store 2 1 - - - - 10 13 Public buildings 2 - 3 - - - - 5 Educational institution 5 - - - - - 3 8 Utility plant 1 - 1 - - - 1 3 Transport- and garages ------0 Total 246 17 34 4 5 1 60 367

Table 4.1: Heat installations divided on types of houses in Jerup [40].

From the current heat installations, it is obvious that Jerup has no public heat supply why the most used heat supply among the 355 houses in Jerup is natural gas. However, heat from oil and electricity is also widely spread. The interesting thing when we look at a future energy optimization of the village is that only five houses are using renewable energy in the form of water pumps to cover the need for heat. This em- phasizes the potential for energy optimization for the individual households.

FastSolid Flydende liquid NaturgasNatural gas Elektricitet Electricity DistrictFjernvarme heating Andet Others Total Total brændselfuel brændsel fuel Own plant 5 70 171 - - - 246 Combi plant - 8 9 - - - 17 Electrical heating - - - 34 - - 34 Block heating - - 4 - - - 4 Heat pump - - - 5 - - 5 Wood stove etc. 1 - - - - - 1 No heat installation - - - - - 60 60 Total 6 78 184 39 0 60 367

Table 4.2: Source of heating divided on heating installations used in Jerup [40].

Apart from the heating installations used in Jerup stated in the tables, there are 13 buildings where the heating installation is not registered. Based on statistic data for heating installations, heat medium and types of houses estimation is that the most representative types of houses in Jerup are detached houses

21 and to some degrees also farmhouses. In addition, estimation says that own heating plant with primarily natural gas or solid fuel in the form of oil is the most representative for Jerup as a village. 5 CASES

In this energy report, we will use three representative types of houses in Jerup and for these we will ana- lyze energy solutions with an eye to minimize the energy consumption of the house and to improve the quality of the house. The purpose is to show specific results on a 1:1 scale for the most used types of hous- es in the urban area so that the suggested solutions for each single analyzed house is duplicable to similar houses and finally cover the entire urban area. Please note that the state prison Kragskovhede is not in- cluded as a case as the building is block and has no similar buildings why it is not duplicable in Jerup. The houses used in this report have a high-energy consumption only so we can show savings potentials and thereby this is not an indication of insufficient heat insulated houses in the village.

5.1 WORKERS HOME In connection with the building of the state prison, Kragskovhede after the Second World War they build 28 workers homes close by for the people employed at the prison. The need for workers homes has however, disappeared in the last decades as employees now settle down in other places. Therefore, the state sold the houses. Today all workers homes are privately owned [41]. The houses are relatively similar to each other however; a few of them have been through a renovation. The houses are located in a beautiful forest and nature area that neighbors upon Kragskov. Addressee: Lyngtoften 10 9981 Jerup Date of construction: 1947 Heated floorage: 129 m2 Heat supply: Naturgas Annual heat consumption: 3.421 m3 Annual electricity consumption*: 4.900 kWh Sales price (2012): 225.000 DKK Figure 5.1: Lyngtoften 10. Number of similar houses: 27 * Electricity consumption is based on standards in enclosure C.

Funktionærboligerne er medtaget som case, da boligerne udgør en væsentlig andel af Jerups husstande. Derudover skaber funktionærboligernes beliggenhed et stort potentiale for at tiltrække nye beboere. Lyng- toften 10 er valgt som den ene case, da dens energiforsyning samt boligareal og –udformning fremstår som hyppig blandt funktionærboligerne. The construction probably consists of solid outer walls in light concrete. The ceiling below an unheated attic with a slope of 30° has 125 mm ceiling insulation. The floor construction consists of wooden floor as hori- zontal division towards crawlway and has 125 mm insulation between the beams however; the ground deck in a small larder is uninsulated. The door and windows consist of older two-layer thermal windows

S22 with frames made of wood in a bad shape. The house is heated from radiators with heat supply from own gas boiler. A hot-water tank heats the utility water. 5.2 DETACHED HOUSE A detached house is defined as a detached house with own property [42]. The detached house origins from the 1850es, but made its breakthrough during the big construction boom in the 1960es and 70es, where the construction of almost half of today’s existing detached houses took place. With 1 million, the detached house is the most attractive type of house in Denmark today [43]. This also applies for Jerup where 253 out of 355 houses figure as detached houses and thereby the most common type of house.

Address: Gyvelvej 2 9981 Jerup Year of construction: 1957 Heated floorage: 110 m2 Heat supply: Natural gas Annual heat consumption: 2.467 m3 Annual electricity consumption*: 3.300 kWh Sales assessment: 340.000 DKK Figure 5.2: Gyvelvej 2. Number of similar houses: 224 * Electricity consumption is estimated from standards in enclosure C.

Gyvelvej 2 is chosen as a case as the house represents a one-storey house, which is considered representa- tive in Jerup and furthermore the house has a big savings potential in terms of energy, as the house has not been energy renovated since it was build. The size of the heated floorage of the house is reasoned in the fact that the house was built within the period from 1938 – 1958 where the stat introduced the so-called government loan that provided subsidies for construction of small houses, which made the dream of a de- tached house real to almost everyone. It was however, a demand that the floorage did not exceed 110 m2 to receive the government loan why many houses were close to this limit. This only makes this detached house even more representative for the houses built in this period. Today the average size of a detached house is 140 m2. [43] The construction consists of outer walls made of insulated cavity wall with both interior and exterior ma- sonry. The ceiling that is below an unheated attic with 125 mm insulation of mineral wool and a slope of 30°. The wooden floor works as horizontal division towards the crawl way and is uninsulated. The windows are older double-glazed windows with frames made of plastic in a good condition. The house has two exte- rior doors; one of them has a double-glazed window and the other a window with one-layer glass. Fur- thermore the house is radiator heated with heat supply from own gas boiler where the burner is from 1992. A pre-insulated electrical water heater produces the hot utility water. [44] Enclosed please see the energy labelling for Gyvelvej 2 - enclosure D.

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5.3 FARMHOUSES Just like in many other villages, several farms border up to the urban area of Jerup. Farms often separate from one detached houses in the urban area by their connection to farming and by their location in natural surroundings without any clos neighbour houses.

Address: Skagensvej 494 9981 Jerup Year of construction: 1970 Heater floorage: 272 m2 Heat supply: Olie Annual heat consumption: 3.500 ltr. Annual electricity consumption: 4.500 kWh Number of similar houses: 13

Figure 5.3: Skagensvej 494.

We have chosen Skagensvej 494 as a case, as the thermal envelope of the building has sufficient insulation and therefore this building becomes a contrast to the other cases. The purpose of this case is therefore to show how bigger well-insulated houses contribute to the energy optimization of a village primarily by the use of technical solutions and alternative energy. The construction consists of a cavity wall insulated outer wall. The ceiling construction was originally collar beam trusses with 100 mm insulation between the trusses. Involvement of the upper floor has however, been prepared by putting in further insulation. The existing doors and windows have already been ex- changed by newer energy glass primarily to reduce the noise level from the heavily trafficked road close to the house. The ground deck consists of 300 mm leca nuts and on top of these, there is a casted concrete floor. Finally the house has radiators supplied from own oil boiler.

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25 6 ENERGY RENOVATION OF THERMAL ENVELOPE

When energy renovating a house with insufficient heat insulating thermal envelope, you have several pos- sibilities. Some requires a lot, while others are rather easy to implement. Common for all of these is how- ever, a reduction of the heat loss and a better indoor climate in the form of less temperature gradient, less draught and possible a reduced risk of damp that could harm your health. To be able to calculate the savings potential by energy renovation of thermal envelopes on the three cases in Jerup, initial energy assessments have been prepared. By the review of the energy related condition of the thermal envelopes of the reference houses, the heat loss by the workers house (Lyngtoften 10) and the detached house (Gyvelvej 2) seems rather high, more specifically as respectively energy label ”G” and ”F”. This encourages the energy renovation on these two houses. There is not an energy assessment on the farmhouse (Skagensvej 494), as the existing heat insulation on the house is satisfactory. Therefore, further energy renovation will not be financially profitable and only an optimization of the energy supply could possibly be profitable and we will analyze this in the next chapter. All data from the energy assessments on the existing houses are visible in enclosure E1 and E4 however, the key figures shown in table 6.1 creates an overview of the energy assessment of the existing house.

FunktionærboligWorkers home DetachedParcelhus house

2 Energy needs of the building [kWh/m ] 302,5 299,0 Electricity needs of the building [kWh/m2] 2,5 x 8,6 2,5 x 24,5

Heat consumption [kWh/m2] 281,1 237,7

Net heating need [kWh/m2] 209,0 189,3

Net heating for VBV [kWh/m2] 19,1 29,0

Dimensioned heat loss [W/m2] 86,8 83,0

Transmission loss eg. windows/doors 19,2 21,1 [W/m2]

Table 6.1: Key figures from energy assessment of existing buildings before energy renovation of thermal envelopes.

The energy assessments are comparable to the current heat consumptions stated by the consumer and energy labels and furthermore it is representative to older houses in terms of the energy need of the build- ing and the dimensioned heat loss. The assumed heat consumption by assessment might vary from the actual heat consumption in the future. This because the energy assessments are prepared based on stand- ard assumptions suitable on an average family. [45]. Used insulation thickness and thermal features on exterior doors and windows were chosen based on a vision to do a profitable energy renovation and to observe the requirements of the building regulation for insulation of thermal envelope and linear thermal transmittance by “renovation and other changes in the house”. So this is not about achieving so-called “2020-low energy buildings” only by the use of passive steps

S26 by renova-ting the thermal envelope, but instead be less ambitious and focus on harvesting the “low- hanging fruits”. WORKERS HOME  Ceiling : Existing layer of insulation is replaced by 400 mm of new ceiling insulation made of paper wool. The insulation thickness after low energy is assessed to be the most financial profitable.  Exterior doors and Alle exterior doors and windows are exchanged due to insufficient thermal Windows: features and leaking windows. ÷ Outer wall and base: Reinsulation of existing outer wall of porous concrete is not financially profitable according to the assessments. By uing thermal bridge breaks we reduce the linear thermal transmittance by base and foundation when establishing a new ground deck.  Floor construction: Break down of the existing insulated floor above crawl way. Establishing new ground deck consisting of wooden floor followed by vapour barrier and floor heating tubes embedded in concrete deck on top of 300 mm insulations layer of polystyrene of which the lower 150 mm works as capillary breaking layer.  Heat distribution Installation of floor heating system as the energy renovation of the floor with system: limited insulation towards crawl way is found profitable and a new ground deck will be established. However, the individual radiators will be left in the house to ensure fast heating.

DETACHED HOUSE  Ceiling : Existing layer of insulation is replaced by 400 mm of new ceiling insulation made of paper wool. The insulation thickness after low energy is assessed to be the most financial profitable.  Exterior doors and: Existing frames of plastic are according to assessment sufficient in terms of ener- Windows: gy why only older two-layer windows and clear glass will be exchanged with energy windows. ÷ Outer walls and base: Reinsulation of existing outer wall of porous concrete is not financially profitable according to the assessments. By uing thermal bridge breaks we reduce the linear thermal transmittance by base and foundation when establishing a new ground deck.  Floor construction: Break down of the existing insulated floor above crawl way. Establishing new ground deck consisting of wooden floor followed by vapour barrier and floor heating tubes embedded in concrete deck on top of 300 mm insulations layer of polystyrene of which the lower 150 mm works as capillary breaking layer.  Heat distribution Installation of floor heating system as the energy renovatiof the floor with system: limited insulation towards crawl way is found profitable and a new ground deck will be established. However, the individual radiators will be left in the house to ensure fast heating.

27 As the energy renovation of the thermal envelope as a minimum is done approximately according to the requirements of the building regulation for heat insulation by energy renovation the energy framework for the houses is still far from current rules for new build houses, which by the way was not the intention. After the energy renovation of the thermal envelope the remaining energy consumption for the reference hous- es is however, at such level that technical heat solutions will be usable.

The energy renovating initiatives cause a considerate reduction of the heat need. E.g. the heat consump- tion used for dimensioning of possible new heat installations have almost been reduced by half for both houses, which emphasizes the savings potential by energy renovation. The energy labelling of the houses is changed for the workers home from ”G” to ”E” and for the detached house from ”F” to ”D”. Data from the energy assessments on the energy-renovated houses appear in enclosure E2 and E5 however, key figures appear in table 6.2. The energy assessments have been prepared based on drawing materials and descrip- tions of the houses and their construction of the thermal envelopes.

WorkersFunktionærbolig home detachedParcelhus house 2 Energy need of the house [kWh/m ] 185,1 171,0 Electricity need of the house [kWh/m2] 2,5 x 8,4 2,5 x 24,4 Heat consumption [kWh/m2] 164,2 110,1 Net heating need [kWh/m2] 101,5 67,8 Net heating need for til VBV [kWh/m2] 19,1 29,0 Dimensioned heat loss [W/m2] 49,0 38,1 Transmission loss eg. windows/doors [W/m2] 10,8 6,7

Table 6.2: Key figures from energy assessment on houses with energy renovated thermal envelopes.

By energy renovation of thermal envelopes on the mentioned houses, an assessment of the total invest- ment has been prepared. By calculation of profitability the investment price is including VAT. The payback time is set from simple calculations. Please notice that an artisan deduction of up to DKK 15,000 is applied for incl. VAT to cover labor for service and maintenance on the house. This deduction is not included in the below table.

WorkersFunktionærbolig home detachedParcelhus house Table 6.3: Annual savinge: Profita- bility Heat [kWh] 15.080 14.036 assess- ment for Electricity [kWh] 26 11 energy renova- tions. Environment [kg CO2] 3.104 2.883 In spite Finances [DKK] 12.549 11.651 of a high Investment [DKK] 309.262 161.700 payback time on Payback time [year] 24,6 13,9 the workers Profitability 1,44 2,81 house the Total savings incl. investment 136.910 292.177 energy renova- tion is

S28 still financially profitable ( 1.33) because of the long lifetime of the building materials. Please note that the profitability by energy renovation is based only on finances, but also in earlier renovations of bad condi- ≥ tioned building parts. This includes matters that causes damp damages, mold and rot. As an example the vapour barrier in the ceiling, construction in older houses is often riddled and thereby does not provide enough protection against damp, which is probably caused by earlier electrical wirings and build in spot- lights. In cases like this, the vapor barrier needs reestablishment no matter the financial profitability [8, p. enclosure 6]. The significant difference by the two buildings lies in the renovation of the doors and win- dows as the frame constructions by the detached house were sufficient in terms of energy. Therefore only the windows needed to be changed, which is cheaper and gives an almost similar energy saving.

Eksisterende isoleringslag er i forvejen tilstrækkeligt varmeisolernede, hvorfor denne ikke berøres i energirenoveringen. Nyere yderdøre og vinduer er vurderet energitekniske tilstrækkelige og er valgt bibeholdt. Efterisolering af eksisterende hulmursioleret ydervæg og sokkel er gennem beregninger ikke fundet økonomisk rentabelt. Energirenovering af eksisterende velisoleret terrændæk er ikke fundet økonomisk rentabelt. Energirenovering af eksisterende velisoleret terrændæk er ikke fundet økonomisk rentabelt, hvorfor et gulvvarmealæg ligeledes ikke vil være økonomisk rentabel at installere. Eksisterende radiatorer er vurderet tilstrækkelige for at kunne kapere en forventet installation af en varmepumpe.

29 7 THE ENERGY SUPPLY OF THE BUILDINGS

In this chapter we will present data on respectively heat supplies and electricity supplies and the basis for the chosen energy solutions to optimize the buildings and lower their energy consumption. The energy solutions are primarily chosen from a private financial point of view however, solutions that benefit the environment will always be looked upon in a positive way as it also promotes the village as environmentally orientated.

7.1 HEAT SUPPLY

For each of the three cases cost benefit analysis were made to choose the most financially profitable heat installations for the individual types buildings. In the analysis we included a liquid/water heat pump (geothermal heat), a wood pellet boiler and a new condensed gas boiler and we then calculated and assessed these in terms of environmental and financial savings cf. enclosure G1 – G3. For each building, a heat pump with appurtenant geothermal heat tubes was chosen as new heat installations to cover the heat need of the building. This reasoned in the fact that the electricity consumption of the heat pumps is cov- ered by renewable energy plant for production of electricity, which causes a reduced price per kWh.

WorkersFunktionærbolig house DetachedParcelhus house Landbrugsejendom Farmhouse

Type of heat pump Liquid/water Liquid/water Liquid/water Capacity 4,5 kW 4,5 kW 10 kW Energy consumption for heat pump [kWh] 5180 3230 7780 COP [-] 3,0 2,9 3,6 Horizontal tubes [m] 180 170 420

Table 7.1: Key figures from dimensioning of heat pump.

We have chosen to focus on a solution where heat pumps is combined with a solar cell panel as the investment needs to be at an acceptable level for older existing houses. Furthermore solar panels on the roof will lead to architectural and space related problems. As a specific alternative to a geothermal heat pump, the wood pellet boiler is good as the boiler in the cost- benefit analysis was environmentally friendly. However, the solution has the important disadvantage that it requires weekly fill-up of wood pellets and cleaning to maintain the optimum utilization of the heat. It is possible to limit the weekly fill-up by installing a appurtenant container, which will however, use more elec- tricity, require more space and increases the investment.

S30 WorkersFunktionær home DetachedParcelhus house 2 Energy need of the building [kWh/m ] 121,5 82,2 Electricity for running the house [kWh/m2] 2,5 x 48,6 2,5 x 32,9

Heat consumption [kWh/m2] 0,0 0,0 Net heating need [kWh/m2] 103,5 70,2 Net heating need for VBV [kWh/m2] 16,6 17,3 Dimensioned heat loss [W/m2] 49,5 38,1 Loss of transmission eg. Windows/doors [W/m2] 10,8 6,7 Table 7.2: Key figures from energy calculation of houses with energy renovated thermal envelope and new heat installations

By the installment of geothermal heat pumps the energy need of the houses will decrease conpagesately. The total operation costs however, are not proportionally decreasing with the heat need as the heat pumps require electricity and thus increase the electricty consumption of the house conpagesately. Later solar cells or a home wind turbine will cover the electricity consumption. The payback time is set from simple calculations and from calculation of the annual financial saving, the annual service costs are set at 1.200 DKK and for existing gas boilers, they are set at 1.500 DKK [46]. Please note that subsidy by conversion from oil or gas to heat pump is applied for according to the standard value catalogue for energy savings. This subsidy is however, not included in the below table, but is in the size of 5.000 DKK [47]

Funktionærbolig Parcelhus Landbrugsejendom Workers home detached house Farm house

Annual saving Heat [kWh] 21.182 12.111 34.860

Electricity [kWh] -5.180 -1.294 -7.780

Environment [kg CO2] 1.866 1.864 5.519 Finances [DKK] 9.868 9.819 27.511 Investment price [DKK] 120.000 120.000 128.250 Payback time [year] 12,2 12,2 4,7 Profitability 2,06 2,05 5,36 Total saving over 25 years incl. investment 126.693 125.479 559.520

Table 7.3: Profitability calculation for installation of heat pumps

Characteristic by heat pumps is an energy saving of the heat need combined with an increased consump- tion of electricity for running the house. Please note that the profitability of the heat pump is calculated based on both its decreased heat saving and its increased use of electricity. The last is however, relatively limited by detached houses, which is because of the exchange of the existing electrical water heater for utility water with a hot-water tank. In the following sections, we will try to cover this use of electricity with renewable energy systems for production of electricity.

31 7.2 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

To reduce the operational costs on electricity, which is far more visible after the installation of heat pumps, energy solutions with solar cell panels are chosen for the houses in the urban area and home wind turbines for houses in rural areas. The existing electricity consumption for ordinary household is assessed from standards to be representative in the village, as otherwise the consumption could deviate a lot for the individual households depending the consumer behaviour. Therefore the saving potential by changing to energy saving domestic appliances and lightning will not be calculated for the reference houses.

SOLAR CELL PANEL As primary solution we will focus on an individual 6 kWp solar cell panel to comply with the current rules. Please not that by installing this on own roof the power limit of 6 kWp is not valid however, the limit is chosen to be able to compare with Green Source referencer and furthermore to make sure that houses in the village have the opportunity to chose a system placed on the ground. Furthermore the inverter will only convert 6 kW. The solar cell panels by own home have the advantage to send out a signal of green enegery and high technology, which is valued high by many [32, p. 17]. To detached houses in the urban area the solar cell panes are often placed on the roof to minimize the risk of shade, but also because a ground placed system will take up the otherwise rather limited space of the property. More than 70,000 solar cell panels were installed on the roof of Danish homes in 2012 [48]. By designing a solar cell panel and thereby determining the annual out-put it is important to consider the space of the roof and the direction of the roof. As seen on figure 7,1 the roofs facing south and with a slope of 30° on the workers home perfect for installing a solar cell panel. As regards the detached house, the roofs are facing south-west and this will reduce the out-put of the solar cell panels. For both houses, there is a roof area of at least 40 m2 and thereby it is possible to install a 6 kWp solar cell plant with 24 solar cell panels.

Figure 7.1: Registration of space and direction of the roofs by the representative houses; ssssssss Workers home (left) and detached home (right)

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A Profitability calculation for the solar cell panels have been prepared with the purpose of covering the power consumption for running the heat pumps and partly for utility electricity need. The basis for the financial savings is the assumption that 40 % of the electricity from renewable systems will be used directly by the house. This number is based on the calculations from the Danish Energy Agency [49]. The basis for the definition of the payback time is detailed calculations where an expected price de- velopment on electricity of 2.8% equaling the annual inflation in Denmark in 2011 [50] and an annual loss of out-put of 0.6 % stated by the manufacturer. Furthermore, it is taken into account that the settlement price on electricity put on the electricity network decreases after 10 years to 0.60 DKK per kWh.

Workers home detached house Funktionærbolig Parcelhus Annual saving Heat [kWh] 0,0 0,0

Electricity [kWh] 6.135 5.986

Environment [kg CO2] 2.933 2.861 Finance [DKK] 10.348 9.320

Investment [DKK] 115.188 115.188 Payback time [year] 10,4 12,2

Profitability 2,53 2,00 Total saving over 25 year incl. investment 176.518 115.584

Table 7.4: Profitability for installation of solar cell panels.

As primary solution, we use an individual solar cell panel of 6 kWp for the workers home and the detached house to comply with the current rules for renewable energy systems as a minimum. It is however, docu- mented through calculations that part of a collective solar cell panel will be a financially profitable alterna- tive to the individual solar cell panel, which will also put the village image on display. The collective solar cell panel is mentioned further in chapter 10.

Funktionærbolig Workers home Parcelhus Detached house

Beregnet Calculated Krav Required Beregnet Calculated KravRequired Energy frame 2010 [kWh/m2] -0,4 65,3 -48,0 67,5 Energy frame 2015 [kWh/m2] -0,4 37,8 -48,0 39,1 Energy frame 2020 [kWh/m2] -0,3 20,0 -34,6 20,0

Table 7.5: Key figures from energy calculation on houses with energy renovated thermal envelope and VE-system.

By installation of solar cells the energy consumption of the house will be lowered to such degrees that the common denominator changes from positive to negative, which means that teh house produces more energy then it consumes and so observe the requirements of Energy class 2020. The energy class describes the total need of the house for heating, hot utility watere, ventilation and cooling [8, p. 7.2.1(1)]. The

33 stated energy classes for the two houses varies dependant of the energy class in focus. This because in the energy calcuation you are multiplying a primary energy factor on the electricity consumption for power.

The conversion is due to the fuel composition, import and export and the fact that the production of electicity emits more CO2 than by other energy resources. The primary energy factor for power is for the energy class 2010 and 2015 stated as 2.5 and is decreased to 1.8 in energy class 2020 [51]. Please note that electricity consumption in common household is not included in the energy calculations. This means that houses are not fully energy neutral as the estimated electricity consumption exceeds the energy production whereby the houses have limited operational costs for electricity consumption.

HOUSEHOLD WIND TURBINE As representative for houses in the rural area, we have taken into consideration that a household wind turbine will be installed for Skagensvej 494 to cover the electricity consumption for common household and the heat pump. Suggested solution for a 10 kW and 25 kW household wind turbine is made to enlighten which is the most beneficial. The household wind turbines appears on the market with an annual output stated by the manufacturer based on the wind conditions in Jerup.

KVA VindKVA 6Vind 6 HS HS Wind Wind – Viking– Viking 25 25

Capacity [kW] 10 25 Annual output [kWh] 18.000 43.500 Swept area [m2] 39,6 133 Total height [m] 25,0 24,5 Operational area [m/s] 3 – 25 4 - 25 Service costs [DKK] 3.000 4.900 Table 7.7: Key figures from wind turbine dimensioning. The household wind turbine is placed south-east of the building facing south/south-west to achieve a max- imum output. This reasoned in the fact that there is a windbreak west of the building. Furthermore, the household wind turbine is placed close to the main road to reduce the view from passers-by.

. [52]

S34

Figure 7.2: Placement of the household wind turbine for farm house [52] A prof- itability calculation has been prepared for the installed household wind turbine with the purpose of covering the electricity consumption partly for operating the heat pump and partly for electricity consumption for com- mon household. The financial saving is based on the fact that 40% of the electricity production from re- newable energy systems is used directly in the house [49]. The profitability calculation brings out the finan- cial advantage by the current subsidy scheme for household wind turbines with a power limit of 10 kW for the concerned house. By the financial saving the service costs are included. Wind turbine 10 kW Wind turbine 25 kW

Vindmølle 10 kW Vindmølle 25 kW Annual saving Heat [kWh] 0,0 0,0

Electricity [kWh] 18.000 43.500

Environment [kg CO2] 8.604 20.793 Finances [DKK] 39.004 62.266 Investment [DKK] 339.938 803.750 Payback time [years] 8,7 13,0 Profitability 2,62 1,73 Total saving over 25 years incl. investment 550.522 586.631

Table 7.8: Profitability calculation for installation of household wind turbines.

For the farm house the proposed solution includes a 10 kW household wind turbine for own production of power as the this is more profitable compared with both a 25 kW household wind turbine and a solar cell panel. Furthermore, a solution with a 6 kWp solar cell panel would not be enough to cover the total need for power. Please note that a 10 kW household wind turbine covers both the power consumption for the geothermal heat pump and for common household, where the last mentioned is not included in the energy calculations. In other words we are talking about an energy solution that means that the house totally has a surplus production of energy without harming the environment, which is considered a ”2050-solutiong”.

35

8 CHOSEN ENERGY SOLUTIONS

To create an overview of the specific proposed solutions for each of the reference houses the total financial saving and investment price is settled. These presented as final energy solutions that is usable for prepara- tion of a funding offer. With a specific financial calculation, the house-owners have the opportunity for dialogue with his/her bank with focus on energy and profitability calculations, which is an important incen- tive to borrow money.

The energy optimization of the village houses has the advantage of increasing the market value of the houses. Energy labelling in connection with sales has been compulsory since 1997 and since 2010 it has likewise been compulsory to state this in the particulars and sales ads. An investigation made by the state construction research institute analyzes the connection between the energy labelling and the sales price, and contributes to a better understanding of the importance of the energy labelling in connection with sale of detached houses. The investigation shows that a higher energy efficiency influences the sales price in a positive way and makes the house more attractive. The investigation is based on the almost 34,500 houses sold nationwide in 2011 and 2012. [53]

GennemsnitligAverage Antal Amount kvadratmeterprism2 price 2 A 15.741 DKK/m 81 B 15.247 DKK/m2 929

C 14.354 DKK/m2 5.790

D 13.052 DKK/m2 11.072 E 12.181 DKK/m2 7.687 F 11.383 DKK/m2 4.767 2 G 9.827 DKK/m 4.047

Table 8.1: The average sales price on houses sold in 2011 and 2012 divided on energy labels [53].

S36 Please note however, that the average m2 prices have an appurtenant standard deviation of 7,400 DKK/m2 [53], which describes a limited possibility of the given average, so this must be treated with care. The reason for this sensitive parameter is that various other aspects influence the sales price, including view, neighbour houses and nearby amenity values. As regards Lyngtoften 10 and Gyvelvej 2 that represents older insufficiently insulated houses the energy labelling will be changed from ”G” and ”F” o ”A” and the market value of the houses is increased by: Workers home: Detached house: +762.000 DKK +479.000 DKK

In spite of the fact that the figures are very sensitive, statistics show that the market value of the houses increases, more than the investment spend on the energy optimization. In other words, we are talking about a further incentive for an energy optimization of the house, which is important especially for older citizens.

Maybe they do not have the financial advantages by the investment in the longer run, but if they want to sell the house in the near future they have the advantage by a sale. Energy optimization can be determining for selling houses at all in the future villages.

WORKERS HOME

Address: Lyngtoften 10 9981 Jerup Construction year: 1947 Heated floorage: 129 m2 Heat supply: Naturgas Annual heat consumption: 3.421 m3 Annual electricity consumption: 4.900 kWh

Valuation of the property: DKK 500.000 Sales price (Sold 2012): DKK 225.000

Current annual operating costs: Heat consumption (incl. service): DKK 31.536 Electricity (Incl. Household and subscription): DKK 12.152 Total: DKK 43.688

Investments: Energy renovation of thermal envelope: DKK 309.262

37 4,5 kW liquid/water heat pump: DKK 120.000 6 kWp Solar cell panel: DKK 115.188 Total: DKK 544.450

Annual future operational costs: Heat consumption (incl. service): DKK 1.200

Electricity (Incl. household and subscription): DKK 9.732 Total: DKK 10.932

Total annual saving: DKK 32.756

Payback time: 16,6 year DETACHED HOUSE Current

Future

Address: Gyvelvej 2 9981 Jerup Construction year: 1957 Heated floorage: 110 m2 Heat supply: Natural gas Annual heat consumption: 2.467 m3 Annual electricity consumption: 3.300 kWh

Valuation of the property: DKK 520.000 Sales assessment: DKK 340.000

Current annual operational costs: Heat consumption (incl. service): DKK 23.157 Electricity (Incl. subscription): DKK 12.911 Total: DKK 36.068

S38 Investments: Energy renovation of thermal envelope: DKK 161.700 4,5 kW liquid/water heat pumps: DKK 120.000 6 kWp Solar cell panel: DKK 115.188 Total: DKK 396.888

Future annual operational costs: Heat consumption (incl. service): DKK 1.200 Electricity (incl. subscription): DKK 4.078 Total: DKK 5.278

Total annual saving: DKK 30.790

Payback time: 12.9 year FARM HOUSE Current

Future

Address: Skagensvej 494 9981 Jerup Construction year: 1970 Heated floorage: 272 m2 Heat supply: Oil Annual heat consumption: 3.500 ltr. Annual electricity consumption: 4.500 kWh

Current annual operational costs: Heat consumption (incl. service): DKK 41.750 Electricity (incl. subscription): DKK 11.248 Total: DKK 52.998

39 Investment: 10 kW liquid/water heat pump: DKK 128.250 10 kW household wind turbine: DKK 339.938 Total: DKK 468.188

Future annual operational costs: Heat consumption (incl. service): DKK 1.200 Electricity (Incl. service and subscription): DKK -14.717 Total: DKK -13.517

Total annual savings: DKK 66.515

Payback time: 7,0 year

S40 9 Financing

Several banks offer the so-called “energy loans” where the customers can borrow money for investments in connection with energy optimization of the house at a lower interest rate, which both includes energy ren- ovation and installation of renewable energy system. The basis for this extraordinary service is an increase in the demand for this. The current tough energy labelling demands and increasing fees make the house owners, whether they wish to sell their house or not, and potential purchasers think about the energy con- sumption of the house even more. Basis for the interest in energy optimization is several incentives includ- ing improved comfort in the house and extension of the lifespan of the house, but likewise a financial sav- ing and increased sales price for the property. [54]. To be able to make specific suggested solutions for the three reference houses for the inhabitants in Jerup we prepared an appurtenant financing offer in cooperation with Nordjyske Bank. This will make the process much clearer to the inhabitants, which is determining for the realization of the project. Typically, the house owners find it difficult to assess the opportunities for energy optimization as there are many questions to take into consideration [55]. With a specific energy solution and appurtenant financing offer on the house owners own house, the house owner in principle only needs to give permission to the project. In this report, the prepared energy savings on the reference houses in Jerup have been reviewed together with Nordjyske Bank who has a considerate part of the local inhabitants as customers. Nordjyske Bank has allocated a pool of 100 mill. DKK for energy loans, which is usable for all types of energy improvements on the property. However, Nordjyske Bank has made certain conditions for taking up an energy loan. The en- ergy loan requires that debtor is full customer in Nordjyske Bank, but if the debtor chooses to gather, all his/her banking in the bank, lower preliminary expenses is achievable. The loan period is up to 20 years, but the lifespan of the investment must not exceed the loan period, as the bank gives security in the property. Nordjyske Bank gives the possibility of postponing the first settlement of the energy loan in up to one year equalling the annual saving took place. There are two scenarios in the financing offer. This to focus on ensuring the sustainable village and to en- lighten the challenges, or possibilities that are present for private homeowners in terms of energy optimi- zation. To turn the decline in the population of the villages around we should emphasize that it is important to make the houses of the villages attractive to potential newcomers but also to the existing house owners to prevent these to move away from the village. Furthermore, it is important to enlighten both scenarios to reduce the national CO2-emission and the use of fossil fuels.

Scenario 1) The owners of the representative houses want financing for energy renovation. Kommentar [CH1]: Scenario 2) Possible buyers want financing for purchase of house with appurtenant energy re novation. Note that the mentioned loans are only a few out of many possibilities. As the main part of the preliminary expenses by energy loans is registration and preliminary expenses the customer with an existing, usable mortgage deed will get a considerate reduction in preliminary expenses. Apart from this, basis of the calcu- lation is the financing where other owner’s expenses, insurances or the like are not included. The interest rate for the energy loans and the building society loans is the lowest possible interest achievable.

41 9.1 SCENARO 1: EXISTING HOUSE OWNERS This scenario is considered a specific revelation that enlightens specific financing offers for the existing local population in Jerup who wishes to energy renovate their house. This also applies for house owners, who primarily wants to achieve financial advantages and improved housing conditions, but also for the house owners that want to sell their house and in this way increase the market value of the house. The duration of the energy loans is set at 20 years to ensure the annual payment does not exceed or equal the savings on operational costs. This to avoid putting further financial burden on the house owners during the loan period than already. Note however, that the loan period is reducible at the expense of a higher monthly payment. Basis for the calculation of the financing is on energy loan, as the rather small principals do not suggest a division of loan between building society and bank.

LyngtoftenLyngtoften 10 10 Gyvelvej Gyvelvej 2 2 Skagensvej Skagensvej 494 494 Type of loan: Energilån Energilån DLR lån Total investment (principal): 543.000 DKK 393.000 DKK 493.000 DKK Of this preliminary expenses: 12.710 DKK 10.460 DKK 23.000 DKK Monthly payment after tax: 3.316 DKK 2.975 DKK 3.100 DKK Loan period: 20 år 20 år 20 år Interest rate: 4,95% 4,95% 3,00%

Table 9.1: Specific loan specifications by energy optimization on representative houses in Jerup.

If the conditions is that the annual financial saving by energy optimization is spend to pay off the energy loan, the investment will pay for itself during the loan period. The annual financial saving will even exceed the annual payment on the energy loan whereby an improvement of the personal finances will be im- proved every year already from year one. In this way, we are talking about a specific energy solution with appurtenant financing where the investment pays for itself and leaves a monthly personal financial profit during the loan period. For both investments goes that after the loan period a considerate personal financial profit will be available every year until the lifespan of the energy system expires and new investments need financing. During the loan period, the house owner can also be happy about an increased level of comfort in the house, in- creased market value of the house, extension of the lifespan of the house, renewal of outdoor look of the house, reduced CO2-emission and a contribution to the regional and national objective of phasing out the use of fossil fuels. In other words, we are both talking about a financial but also socio-economic solution for each individual house.

S42 9.2 SCENARO 2: POTENTIAL PURCHASER OF HOUSE

Second scenario a financing offer is set up for potential buyers of houses in Jerup who in connection with the purchase see an advantage in saving energy and therefore make the described energy optimization. This scenario will enlighten the monthly costs by settling down in an energy renovated house with energy label ”A” located in Jerup. The financing has the same conditions as above with a full loan with the cheapest energy loan and a loan period of 20 years. Based on the outlined conditions and loan conditions Nordjyske Bank has prepared financing offers on two specific houses in Jerup. Note that the figures in the calculations are only guideline figures and that we as- sume the houses have been evaluated and approved by the building society, so the loans can be granted. Likewise, foreign currency hedging is not achievable based on the guideline calculations.

LyngtoftenLyngtoften 10 10 Gyvelvej Gyvelvej 2 2 Total investment (principal): 780.992 DKK 747.941 DKK Of this preliminary expenses for the bank: 11.542 DKK 11.053 DKK Monthly payment after tax: 4.306 DKK 4.127 DKK Loan period: 20 år 20 år Interest rate: 4,95% 4,95%

Table 9.2: Specific loan specifications by purchase and energy optimization of representative houses in Jerup.

To be able to compare the investment and the monthly payment, the mortgage and monthly overheads for a rented housing in the energy optimized apartment block Højbo in Frederikshavn are included in table 9,3. So focus is on comparing houses of different location respectively in the biggest city of the municipality and in Jerup. Højbo is “state-of-the-art” in modern energy optimized apartments and has been completely ren- ovated in 2013 including both renovation of the house and energy related improvements. Today Højbo complies with the government 2050 plan concerning a fossil free Denmark.

43

Højbo Lyngtoften 10 Gyvelvej 2 Location: Frederikshavn Jerup Jerup Living area: 96 m2 129 m2 110 m2 Mortgage: DKK 5,400 DKK 4,306 DKK 4,127 Property tax: DKK 0 DKK 331 DKK 248 House insurance: DKK 0 DKK 450 DKK 390 Other overheads:

Water DKK 300 DKK 300 DKK 300

Heat: DKK 150 DKK 100 DKK 100

Electricity: DKK 100 DKK 811 DKK 340 Total: DKK 5,950 DKK 6,298 DKK 5,505 Total: 61.98 DKK/m2 48.8 DKK/m2 50 DKK/m2

Table 9.3: Comparison of monthly overheads by different houses.

As mentioned in table 9.3 the square meter price on an energy-optimized house in Frederikshavn is almost 27 % more expensive than in Jerup, in spite of the fact that there is only 1 km. equaling 10 minutes ride by car or train between the two places. This is a way to attract newcomers to the village. What is not visible from 9,3 is that the monthly ”mortgage” on the loan to settle down in one of the shown houses in Jerup also covers payout of the loan, so that the house after the loan period of 30 years is owned and in principle can be sold with a financial profit contrary to the apartment in Frederikshavn. There are numerous house-related differences by settling down in either an apartment or a house. For example with the title as homeowner you have a garden and maybe a patio however, these need mainte- nance. So it is a subjective assessment as to whether the appurtenant consequences of purchasing a house are positive or not. This energy report only has the purpose of illustrating the financial advantages and ad- ditional room by settling down in a owned house. Note that the energy optimization of the houses in Jerup does not include a renovation of the house such as renovation of living room, new kitchen, new bathroom etc. However, the existing housing conditions are in rather good conditions. Furthermore, you get garden and patio when buying a house in e.g. Jerup.

S44 10 PUBLIC ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

To reduce the number of house roofs with solar cell panels installed we suggest an innovative and contro- versial concept. The concept is based on a public electricity supply from a bigger solar cell plant. A public electricity supply in the form of renewable energy has the positive influence on the local population that it creates pride and commitment to make the local energy solution a common project. This is actually a pro- found landmark for the village. IMAGE The village will get the energy ”kick start” necessary to turn around the negative curve in the number of inhabitants and furthermore the advantage is that it works as a landmark to the village and in this way shows he surroundings a clear messages about an innovative and environmentally friendly village. ENERGY SECURITY The fact that mounting of solar cells by houses with lots of shade from bigger trees, topography or close- by buildings that shields the sun does not achieve sufficient profitability means that a bigger public solar cell plant will be a necessity to give all houses in the village the possibility to cover their consumption of

electricity and become CO2-neutral. FINANCES A public solar cell plant also has the significant advantage of being cheaper, based on the production price per kWh, as the cost for the mounting system per installed kWp is reduced significantly. The investment price for the plant is divided between the houses that have part in the plant, which equals 2/3 of the price for an individual solar cell panel. Through calculations, documentation has been given that a bigger solar cell plant will be able to give financial benefits for each individual household with part in the plant. Specifically the production price over 25 years can be lowered from 0.81 DKK/KWh to 0.52 DKK/KWh compared to individual solar cell panels and the payback time for the solar cell plant will be reduced by 5.8 year only by including the community in the planning. Green Source’s reference in Mygdal, where a 400 KWp solar cell plant that produces power to more than 60 houses was installed in September 2013, supports the concept. The plant was established on previous farmland and was included in a transitional scheme so that it runs under the old net meter scheme, which makes it even more profitable. This size plants are still profitable today in cases like a possible plant in Je- rup.

Reference – public solar cell plant

Mygdal Location 2013 Installation 10,000 m2 area 400 kWp Installed power 386 MWh Calculated annual output DKK 3,400,000 Total construction costs

8-9 years Payback time

45 A similar solar cell plant will be usable in Jerup. The plant will take up an area of approx. 1 ha and could be placed by Jerup playing field. Thereby it is close to the transformer station and hidden from the main road behind a bigger windbreak. Jerup football club is willing to let out the ground to solar cell panels.

Figure 10.1: Placement of a bigger public solar cell plant by Jerup playing field.

The public solar cell plant should be seen as a profitable alternative to the village for own production of power. The idea with the suggested solution is to make parts of the village self-sufficient with electricity by having a part in the public solar cell plant and thereby be shareholder and have power of 6 kWp. The plant will only work for the village, but instead of digging down separate electrical wiring in the entire village, it will be an advantage to use the already established electricity network against a settlement price of 0.15 DKK/kWh for distribution of power through the electricity network. Furthermore, this will create energy security for the village. There are however, legal obstacles by the current rules that contradicts such a public solar cell plant. The law states that by a public plant with a power limit that exceeds 400 kWp the settlement price for surplus production is lowered from 0.90 DKK/kWh to 0.60 DKK/kWh per hour. This means that a public solar cell plant with a power limit of 400 kWp is settled hourly where the power that is sold to the electricity network is settled with 0.90 DKK/kWh and power from the electricity network will be settled at market price. This means that the profitability of the plant is reduced so much that individual solar cell panels will be financial- ly preferable.

S46 S 0.15 DKK/kWh for distribution through the electricity network S In 2013, Læsø Kur & Helse planned to install geothermal heat pumps with appurtenant 225 kWp solar cells through Green Source. Originally, the solar cell plant was placed 600 m from Læsø Kur & Helse. However, Læsø Elnet A/S informed that they preferred that they used the existing elec-

tricity network against a distribution fee of 0.15 DKK/kWh, if the plant is placed close to a transformer station. The authorities approved the solu- tion.

47 11 SUB-CONCLUSION

Analysis are done of the energy related conditions of the village Jerup based on showing possible ener- gy savings and energy development integrated with renewable energy plants in a village with individual heat supply. Focus is on tree types of houses in Jerup; a detached house, a workers house and a farm- house and for these tree houses energy solutions have been analysed to reduce the energy consump- tion and improve the quality of the houses. The most common heat supplies in Jerup are gas boilers and oil boilers that are some of the least finan- cially profitable and the least energy saving heat supplies we know today. Therefore it has been easy to find environmentally and energy saving alternative. Exchange of both gas and oil boilers with geother- mal heat pumps is an advantage. For two of the three representative houses; the detached house and the workers house the analysis showed that it was recommended to review the technical features of the thermal envelope before energy renovating the houses and that improvement in terms of both house and comfort are achievable at the same time as you save money. By only harvesting these ”low hanging fruits” and maintaining the vision of doing a profitable energy renovation the net heating need, in the two houses with significant heat consumptions, can be more than halved. By the third representative house type the existing thermal envelope was sufficiently heat insulating. So we can conclude that it is possible to do profitable energy renovation on older houses however, the extend of this depends on the existing conditions. The most profitable heat solution varies for the indi- vidual house depending on existing heat supply and the energy related conditions of the thermal enve- lope. By installing heat pumps, the heat supply of a house will be removed however, at the expense of increased consumption of electricity for running the heat pumps. It is possible to minimize or even make these operational costs and the existing electricity consumption for common household “nega- tive”, e.g. converted into annual income due to surplus production of electricity from the suggested re- newable energy system in the analysis, which applies for solar cell panels on houses in urban areas and household wind turbines for houses in rural areas. For samtlige repræsentative boliger i Jerup er der udarbejdet reelle energiløsninger til en investerings- pris, der er mindre end salgsvurderingens estimerede stigning. Det betyder minimale driftsomkostnin- ger, forbedret komfort og anvendelsen af ”grøn energi” – altså fornuftige løsninger, der samtidig for- bedrer boligernes energimærkning til energimærke A. Nordjyske Bank determined the annual costs this entails by realization of the energy optimization based on the specific cases. Documentation based on this shows that by using the saving in operational costs to pay off the loan the energy optimization would have paid itself out within 20 years or less. By the correct loan agreement, it is possible to save money every year from the point where the energy optimization is reality in addition to the full saving after the loan period of the energy loan. Compared to the monthly costs by a purchase of a house with appurtenant energy optimization a house in Jerup is cheaper per month than a contemporary energy renovated rental flat in Frederikshavn in spite of more living space. This can influence the attractive force for newcomers and make the village sustainable and attractive.

S48 As a supplementary and furthermore controversial concept, a collective electricity supply is suggested among the urban houses of Jerup consisting of a bigger solar cell plant. Apart from further financial sav- ings by the energy optimization, the solution will also benefit the image of the village in the form of promotion as innovative and environmentally friendly village. The solution will also be necessary to achieve the energy optimization by the houses where shade-giving elements make the installation of individual solar cell panels impossible. The concept is based on a net meter scheme where only a distri- bution fee is paid by the use of the electricity network. Such scheme calls for a dispensation and au- thorization from the authorities.

49

Dybvad The energy optimized village Villages in front with sustainable energy development

S50

51 12 DESCRIPTION OF THE VILLAGE

Dybvad is a smaller village with 644 inhabitants [4] situated in the southern part of the municipality of Frederikshavn, 9 km. southwest of Sæby. The urban development of Dybvad started for real in 1899 as the local railway was founded. The basis for the placement of the village was the rather big distance to the nearest market town, which led to the foundation of a grocery shop and Dybvad tile works that later be- came the beginning of industry in the village [56]. Today the tile works is demolished but the village is still characterized by having an original and unique insight in the old ”red” railway town that was earlier ex- tremely marked by Dybvad Tile works and the many surrounding red brick houses. [57] Dybvad has good opportunities of grocery shopping and public institutions such as school, kindergarten, day-care and care home. Furthermore, possibilities of further education are present in the neighbouring towns Frederikshavn and Dronninglund. Likewise Dybvad has a good infrastructure as the village is easy accessible from the motorway between Frederikshavn and Aalborg. Furthermore, the roads that connect Dybvad to the neighbouring towns help increase the traffic-related accessibility.

Figure 12.1: Map of Dybvad with marking of the mentioned cases in the report.

Dybvad is a typical village with many detached houses, surrounding farms and industry. The reason for the many detached houses is establishment of several one-family neighborhoods on the outskirts of the urban area by earlier expansions of the village as the district plans demanded it. From table 12.1 based on build- ings registered in the Building and Housing register, you can get an overview of the current types of houses in Dybvad divided on the heat installations of the houses. Therefore, it is not possible to use the total num- ber of houses directly as the tables are generated from the Building and Housing register whereby one property can include more than one building. The 41 buildings that have no existing heat installations pri- marily include barns by farms and warehouses.

S52 Own Combina- Electrical District Heat Wood sto- No heat instal- Total plant tion plant heat heating pump ves etc. lation Detached house 16 - 4 228 1 - - 249 Terraced house - - 20 - - - 20 Block of flats 2 - 1 26 - 2 - 31 Holiday house ------0 Farm house 4 - - 1 - - - 5 Farm 3 - - 2 - - 13 18 Industry 14 - 1 3 - 1 8 27 Service company 2 - - 4 - - 2 8 Administration, incl. store 3 - 1 13 - 1 8 26 Public buildings - - 1 6 - - - 7 Educational institutions - - - 5 - - 0 5 Supply works - - - 1 - - 2 3 Transport and garage plants 1 - - 1 - - 8 10 Total 45 0 8 310 1 4 41 409 [40].

Table 12.1: Heat installations divided on types of houses in Dybvad [40].

The current heat installation is strongly marked by the fact that Dybvad has public heat supply why the most used heat supply among the 400 houses in Dybvad is district heating. [40] This primarily because the district heating in Dybvad is a cheap heat solution and furthermore the district heat is mainly manufactured by biomass.l r 1960. Anlægget anvender hovedsagligt CO2-

Fast Flydende Solid fuel Liquid fuel NaturgasNatural gas Elektricitet Electricity DistrictFjernvarme heating Andet Others Total Total brændsel brændsel Own system 3 38 1 - - 3 45 Combination system ------0 Electrical heat - - - 8 - - 8 Block heating - - - - 310 - 310 Heat pumps - - - 1 - - 1 Wood stoves etc. 2 1 - - - 1 4 No heat installation - - - - - 41 41 Total 5 39 1 9 310 45 409

Table 12.2: Heating source divided on heat installations used in Dybvad [40].

Apart from the heat installations used in Dybvad and stated in table 12.2 there are 7 cases where no heat installation is registered. The interesting thing in terms of a future energy optimization of the village is that only one house uses renewable energy in form of heat pumps to cover the heat consumption. This indi- cates that the costs for district heating in Dybvad are manageable. Based on statistics for heat installations, heat sources and types of buildings in Dybvad estimation is that detached houses and industry heated through district heating are the most representative buildings in Dybvad.

53 13 CASES

In this energy report, we use tree representative types of houses in Dybvad and we will analyze energy solutions to reduce the energy consumption and to improve the quality of the houses. The purpose is to show specific results for the most used type of houses in the urban area so that the suggested solutions for each of the analyzed houses are duplicable to similar houses and at the end cover the entire urban area. The shown houses have high energy consumption only to illustrate the savings potentials and thereby they are not an indication of insufficiently heat insulated houses in the village.

13.1 DETACHED HOUSE (ONE-STOREY) The definition of a detached house is a detached house on own lot [42]. The history of the detached house goes back to the 1850’s but had its real break-through during the construction boom in the 1960’s and 1970’s where almost half the currently existing detached houses were build. Today the detached house with 1 million houses is the most attractive type of house in Denmark [43]. This also applies for Dybvad where 249 out of 400 are detached houses and thereby the most common type of house.

Address: Grønningen 5 9352 Dybvad Construction year: 1960 Heater floorage: 129 m2 Heat supply: District heating Annual heat supply: 37.823 kWh Annual electricity consumption*: 4.900 kWh Sales assessment: 475.000 DKK Number of similar houses: 248 Figure 13.1: Grønningen 5. * the electricity consumption is calculated from standards in enclosure C. We have chosen Grønningen 5 as case, as the house is a one-storey house close to the village centre and thereby it is representative for the main part of the houses in Dybvad. The house is currently for sale and is equipped with older fixture. The construction has a medium heavy thermal mass, mainly because the outer wall is cavity wall that both on the inside and on the outside consists of bricks with a 75 mm cavity that was reinsulated with leca nuts before the energy renovation. However, the outer wall is uninsulated massive brick wall behind the radia- tors and up against unheated garage. The ceiling that borders an unheated attic with a slope of 30° is insu- lated with 25 mm mineral wool between trusses per 60 cm. The floor construction is in the main part of the building made as ground deck consisting of a concrete layer under which there is a 200 mm layer of leca nuts as floor insulation and a capillary break layer however, there is a small, uninsulated larder. The win- dows consists of old two-layer windows in badly shaped frames. Likewise, the house has two exterior doors with one-layer clear glass and a quite new terrace door with two-layer energy windows. The heating system of the house is district heating that primarily heats the house through radiators done as two-string system however, with floor heating in the bathroom. Hot utility water is heated in a 200 l. hot-water tank. [58]

S54 13.2 DETACHED HOUSE (1½-STOREY) The detached house comes in many different designs that are often related to the construction year. Most detached houses are one-storey houses however, there are also many 1½-storey detached houses and this is the case in Dybvad too, especially in the village centre because of the district plans. A 1½-storey house is defined as a house with 2 storeys of which the 1. floor has sloping walls, which specifically means that the front of the house stops at the horizontal division. The heat loss through the construction is contrary to block of flats and terraced houses happening through the construction elements, that means all facades, the roof and the ground deck/basement against the ground. This heat loss is however, reduced by a 1½- storey house where the construction is further compact compared to a 1-storey house.

Address: Winkelsgade 9 9352 Dybvad Construction hear: 1907 Rebuild/addition to house: 1980 Heated floorage: 150 m2 Heat supply: District heating Annual heat consumption: 35.820 kWh Annual electricity consumption*: 5.100 kWh Sales assessment: 895.000 DKK Figure 13.2: Winkelsgade 9. Number of similar houses: 248

* The electricity consumption is calculated from standards in enclosure C. The reason for choosing Winkelsgade 9 as case is that the house is representative for a big part of the houses in Dybvad. Currently the house is for sale, it is a 1½-storey house close the village centre with good shape fixtures. The house has been through continuous, limited energy renovation in the form of a recently change of two-layer windows into low energy windows. The house has an annexe of 64 m2 that was energy renovated in 2011 and is included in the sales assessment. The construction consists of outer wall with both inner and outer brick wall without any cavity insulation. The roof is rather new and has a slope of 45°. The attic a collar beam attic insulated with 150 mm mineral wool. The floor construction is mainly ground deck of 150 mm polystyrene with a layer of concrete below. The remaining floorage that consists of wood floor on a tier of beams as horizontal division against unheat- ed basement has 150 mm insulation. The Windows and the exterior doors consist of newer two-layer ener- gy windows however, with a single roof window facing east with two-layer glass. The heat system of the house is district heating that heats the house through radiators made as two-string system and through floor heating. The hot utility water is heated through a flow water heater placed in the unheated basement. [59] The energy labeling for Winkelsgade 9 can be seen in enclosure D.3.

55

13.3 INDUSTRY The industry of the village is from when the development of the village really started in 1899, which means that Dybvad today has a lot of workplaces and businesses within industry, office and storerooms. Among these, we can mention Vaskeriet Neptun A/S, Translyft A/S and Dybvad Stålindustri A/S. Last mentioned situated in the business area in 1969 as ”Dybvad Industribyggeri A/S” and was only dealing with steel com- ponents until 1979 where they started focussin on manufacturing of plate freezers and the company has the additional name Dybvad Stålindustri A/S. From 1997, the company chose only to focus on plate freezers designed from the specification of the customers. Today the company has 40 employees and customers worldwide. [60]

Addresse Parkvej 5 9352 Dybvad Construction year: 1969-2004 Rebuild / additon to the house: 1976-2010 Heat supply: Oil/district heating

2 Heated floorage: 3940 m Figure 13.3: Main entrance at Dybvad Stålindustri Of this heated with district heating: 815 m2 Of this heated with oil: 3.125 m2 Annual heat consumption: 378.840 kWh Of this oil: 27.874 ltr. Of this district heating: 101.215 kWh Annual electricity consumption: 150.000 kWh

Figure 13.4: Air phot of Dybvad Stålindustri

The reason for choosing Dybvad Stålindustri as case is that the buildings forms a business that is partly heated by district heating and partly by oil. A reduction of the heat consumption by industrial buildings is essential to achieve an energy optimized village. Furthermore, the district heating plant will be positive towards converting the entire company to district heating. District heating plants are especially dependent of having bigger buildings connected to the district heating pipes as these consume a much bigger part of the production compared to detached houses.

S56

Several new buildings, rebuilding and production areas have been added to the company through the years because of increasing turnover. The thermal envelope of the administration building is sufficiently heat insulated and furthermore heated by district heating (marked with green on figure 13.5). The production areas are heated with oil boiler and caloriferes, and an addition was made to the last bigger production building (building 8) in 2010. Building 11 is the latest building and is unheated as it is only used as store.

Figure 13.5: Layout of Dybvad Stålindustri. The numbers on the buildings are according to the Building and Housing Register. Building heated by district heating are marked with green.

57 14 ENERGY RENOVATION OF THERMAL ENVELOPE

There are several ways to energy renovate a house with insufficient heat insulating thermal envelope. Some solutions are more demanding while others are rather easy. Common for all of these is however, a reduction of the heat loss and often a better indoor climate in terms of less temperature gradient, less draught and maybe a reduced risk of health-damaging damp problems. To calculate the savings potential by energy renovation of the thermal envelope of the tree cases in Dybvad we have prepared initial energy calculations. By review of the energy-related condition of the thermal en- velope of the reference houses the heat loss of the 1-storey detached house (Grønningen 5) and the 1½- storey detached house (Winkelsgade 9) are conpagesable high, more specifically energy label ”G” and ”F”. This gives a big incentive to energy renovate these two houses. The energy assessment on the industrial building (Dybvad Stålindustri) is not made as the existing heat insulation is satisfying why further energy renovation will not be financially profitable and only an optimization of the energy supply would possibly be profitable. This will be analysed in the following chapter. All data from the energy assessments on the existing houses are visible in enclosure E7 and E10 however; the key figures in table 14.1 are to create an overview of the energy condition of the existing houses.

1-storey1-plans detached parcel house 1½1½-storeyplans parcelhusdetached house

Energy need of the house [kWh/m2] 312,7 251,1

2 Power for running the building [kWh/m ] 2,5 x 7,8 2,5 x 4,9 Heat consumption [kWh/m2] 293,2 238,8

Net heating need [kWh/m2] 274,2 219,9

Net heating need for VBV [kWh/m2] 19,1 18,9

Dimensioned heat loss [W/m2] 105,1 84,6

Transmission loss eg. Windows/doors [W/m2] 26,1 30,3

Table 14.1: Key figures from energy assessments of existing houses ahead of energy renovation of thermal en- velope. The energy assessments are comparable with the current heat consumption stated by consumer and ener- gy labels and they are furthermore representative for older houses both in terms of the energy need of the building and dimensioned heat loss. It is possible to deviate from the assumed heat consumption by assess- ment in the future. This because the energy assessments are prepared based on standard assumptions fit in with an average family [45]. The used insulation thicknesses and thermal features on exterior doors and windows are chosen based on the vision of doing a profitable energy renovation and observing the requirements of the building regula- tion for insulation of thermal envelope and linear thermal transmittance by “renovation and other changes in the house”. So we are not talking about achieving a so called ”2020-low energy building” only by the use of passive initiatives by renovating the thermal envelope but about being less ambitious and focussing on harvesting “the low hanging fruits”.

S58 1-STOREY HOUSE  Attic : Existing layer of insulation towards unheated attic will be replaced by 400 mm new insulation in the form of paper wool granulate. By using paper wool granulate in this thickness establishment of new vapour barrier is unneccessary. The insulation thickness according to low energy is through assessments identified as the most profitable.  Exterior doors and All exterior doors and windows with two-layer glas will be exchanged with ener- windows: gy windows due to the current insufficient thermal features and bad shape. This will also reduce the linear thermal transmittance by the windows.  Outer walls and footing: Reinsulation of existing cavity wall insulated outer wall with outside facade insula-tion is through assessments identified as the most profitable. Linear thermal transmittance by foundation and footing is reduced by installing a capillary break insulation layer of polystyrene in the same thickness as the outer façade insulation. ÷ Floor construction: Existing insulated ground deck will be maintained.

÷ Heat distribution energy renovation of existing well-insulated ground deck is not identified as finan- system: cially profitable, why a floor heating system is not profitable either and therefore this will only remain in the bathroom.

1½-STOREY DETACHED HOUSE  Attic : Further 150 mm insulation will be added to the already existing 150 mm insulation in the collar beam attic. The insulation thickness according to the building regulation is identified as most reasonable to avoid inacceptable reduction of the usable area in the top storey.

÷ Exterior doors and Newer exterior doors and windows with energy glass are identified as sufficient windows: in terms of energy technics and will be maintained. However the two-layer glass in the roof window will be exchanged with energy glass.  Outer walls: Reinsulation of existing outer wall without cavity insulation with granulate of paper wool is through assessments identified as financial and environemtal profitable. ( ) Floor construction: Existing insulated ground deck with floor heating will be maintained. Uninsulated floor construction above unheated basement will be reinsulated from the bottom to a max. layer thickness in the tier of beams to bottom edge of tier of beams equalling 50 mm. ÷ Heat distribution The existing heat distribution system of the house consisting of radiators and floor system: heating will be maintained.

59

As the energy renovation of the thermal envelope as a minimum is done approximately according to the requirement of the building regulation for heat insulation by energy renovation the energy framework for the house is still far from current valid rules for new build houses, which was however, not the intention. The remaining energy consumption for the reference houses is however, after the energy renovation of the thermal envelop at such level that technical heat solutions will be usable.

The energy renovating initiatives include a considerate reduction of the heating needs. E.g. the heat con- sumption used for dimensioning of possible new heat installation have almost been halved in both houses, which underlines the savings potential by energy renovation. The energy labelling of both detached houses will be changed to ”C”. Data from the energy assessments on the energy-renovated houses can be seen in enclosure E8 and E11 however, key figures are shown in table 14.2. The energy assessments are made based on drawing materials and descriptions of the houses and the construction of their thermal enve- lopes.

1-storey1 -detachedplans parcelhus house 1½-1½storey-plans detached parcelhus house

Energy need of the building [kWh/m2] 98,6 119,0

Electricity for running the house [kWh/m2] 2,5 x 7,8 2,5 x 4,9 Heat consumption [kWh/m2] 79,2 106,7 Net heating needs [kWh/m2] 60,1 87,9 Net heating needs for VBV [kWh/m2] 19,1 18,9 Dimensioned heat loos [W/m2] 35,1 42,5 Transmission loss eg. windows/doors [W/m2] 5,9 10,9

Table 14.2: Key figures from energy assessments on houses with energy renovated thermal envelope

By energy renovation of the thermal envelope on the reference houses an assessment on the total invest- ment price has been made. By assessment of the profitability the investment price is including VAT. The payback time is set from simple calculations. Please note that an artisan deduction of up to DKK 15,000 incl. VAT will be applied for to cover the pay for service and maintenance of the house. This deduction is not included in the below table.

1-storey 1detached-plans parcelhus house 1½-storey1½-plans detached parcelhus house

Annual saving

Heat [kWh] 27.606 19.815 Electricity [kWh] 0 0

Environment [kg CO2] 3.368 2.417 Finances [DKK] 16.564 11.889 Investment prices [DKK] 292.374 100.384 Payback time [years] 17,7 8,4 Profitability 1,98 4,73

S60 Total saving over 40 year incl. investment 287.152 374.231 Table 14.3: Profitability assessment for energy renovations.

In spite of a high pay-back time on one-storey detached houses the energy renovations are still financially profitable ( 1.33) because of the long lifespan of the construction material. Furthermore, please not that an energy renovation on a 1½-storey detached house is very profitable as important energy savings are ≥ achievable by a relatively limited investment.

As Denmark has obliged to reduce its CO2-emission in connection with the ratification of the Kyoto- agreement, the district heating sector must also focus on making energy savings for the benefit of the envi- ronment. This mainly by using CO2-neutral fuel consisting of wood pellets for production of district heating. However, the Danish Energy Agency demands that the consumers make the energy savings. Therefore he heating plant in Dybvad has specifically is charged with an annual saving of 137,000 kWh from 2010 on- wards. To achieve this energy saving the heating plant in Dybvad created a subsidy scheme for the citizens that choses to energy renovate the thermal envelope of their house. In this way, the heating plant will con- tribute with 0.20 DKK excl. VAT per realized kWh energy saving by energy renovation. Demands say howev- er, that the reported energy saving must be higher than 1,000 kWh per year and is only granted to houses connected to the heat supply from the heating plant in Dybvad. [61] Furthermore, the subsidy scheme has the advantage to the heat plant in Dybvad that establishing renewable energy systems for production of heat will become less profitable.

As the analyzed houses comply with the demands for achieving subsidy, this saving is included in the key figures in table 14.3. Specifically the subsidy gives a supplementary financial saving by the investment of almost DKK 5,000 and DKK 7,000 for respectively the 1-storey detached house and the 1½-stoorey de- tached house, which reduces the payback time with approximately 4-5 months. Please note that the energy renovations of the thermal envelopes of the houses would still be very profitable even without the subsidy from the heat plant in Dybvad.

61 15 THE ENERGY SUPPLY OF THE BUILDINGS

In this chapter we will present the data processing of respectively the heat supplies and the electricity supplies and the basis for the chosen energy solutions to optimize the buildings and reduce their energy consumption. These are primarily chosen based on a personal financial view, but the solutions that promotes public heat supply will be preferred as they are of most benefit to the village in general.

15.1 HEAT SUPPLY

Cost benefit analyises have been made on each of the two houses to chose the most beneficial heating installation for the house in question. A liquid/water heat pump, a air/water heat pump, a wood pellet boiler and a new condensing boiler were included in the analysis and for these the environmental and financial savings were calculated and evaluated cf. enclosure G4 – G5. In the cost-benefit analysis invest- ment price, annual efficiency/COP and life span were included for each of the heating installations. For each of the representative houses it was chosen to maintain the existing heat supply consisting of district heating. The main reason for this is that it is not financially profitable to install some of the above mentioned heat supplies. A condensing gas boiler will cause increased operational costs and solutions with heat pump or a wood pellet boiler will cause reduced operational costs that will not be able to repay the investment price in a profitable way within the full lifespan of the heat pump. The profitability calculations for the houses in Dybvad are influenced by subsidy from the heat plant in Dybvad that implies a reduced investment price on the energy renovation of the thermal envelopes by keeping the existing district heat installations. Please note that none of the alternative heat installations have been assessed financially without the subsidy from the heat plant in Dybvad. Furthermore, the profitiability for a new heating installation falls equivalent with the reduction of the heat consumption by energy renovation. The energy savings for the houses in the previous chapter however, more reasonable from a financial view.

Kondenserende gaskedel 1-plans parcelhus Træpillefyr (Grønningen 5) Luft/vand varmepumpe 1½-plans parcelhus (Winkelsgade 9) Jordvarmepumpe

0 0,25 0,5 0,75 1 1,25 1,5 Rentabilitet Figure 15.1: Profitability assessment for all possible heating installations. The positions towards a publicly heating of the houses in the form of district heating is positive as the heat plant in Dybvad primarily uses bio mass for producing the heat, which from an environmental point of view is conpagesed a fairly reasonable solution. Furthermore the prices on district heating will probably increase if more houses in near future convert to possible renewable enerby plant in the form of heat pump solutions. An increased price on district heating would then put off possible new citizens from moving to the village.

S62 Dybvad Stålindustri’s use of oil boiler and unit heaters for heating of production and storerooms is re- tained, as a possible energy optimization by changing to another heating installation would cause inac- ceptable high construction and material costs. This primarily because the existing heating installation is based on an airborne system why establishing heat pumps would require an appurtenant installation of a new water-borne distribution system. Apart from this, the existing heat system recently had a new heat recovery system installed and the oil boilers are equipped with energy measurers to focus on the consump- tion. Based on the actual oil consumption and the heated business area the energy demand of the buildings is set at 88.8 kWh/m2, which corresponds to energy label ”B”.

15.2 POWER SUPPLY

To reduce the operational costs for power energy solutions with solar cell panels are chosen for the houses and industry building. The existing consumption of power used in the houses on common household is estimed from standards to appear as representatives in the village. Otherwise this might deviate a lot for each house depending on consumer behaviour. Therefore the savings potential by changing to energy- efficient domestic appliances, lightning and central heating pump has not been assessed for the reference houses. The existing consumption of power in the industrial building is however, not conpagesed represen- tative and therefore it is not reported as actual consumption for the company. Recommendations suggest a solution with a 6 kWp solar cell panel for the houses to comply with current rules. Please note that by installation this on own roof the power limit of 6 kWp is not applicable, but this has been chosen to be able to compare with the references of Green Sources and to give the houses in the village the opportunity to chose panels placed on the ground. Furthermore the inverter will only convert 6 kW. The important advantage of solar cell panels by own house is that it sends out a signal of green energy and high technology, which is valued highly by many [32, p. 17]. By a detached house in the urban area the most common solution is to place the solar cell panels on the roof to reduce the risk of shade, but also because a panel placed on the ground will take up the rather limited space of the lot. In 2012 more than 70,000 solar cell panels were placed on the roof of Danish houses nationwide [48].

Figure 15.2: Registration of space and direction of roofs by representative houses; ssssssssiiii 1-storey detached house (left) and 1½-storey detached house (right).

63 When designing the solar cell panels and thereby determining their annual output space on the roofs and the direction of the roofs are taken into conpagesation. As seen in figure 15.2, the roofs facing south on Grønning 5 with a slope of 30° are obvious for installing solar cell panels. As for Winkelsgade 9 the roof, facing east/west and skylights makes assessing space and output more difficult. There are however, at least 40 m2 on both houses and thereby it is possible to install a 6 kWp solar sell panel with 24 solar cell panels.

Figure 15.3: Registration of space and direction of roof on the industrial buildings.

On the industrial building solar cells will be installed on usable roof surfaces. This includes 70 kWp on build- ing 8 according to the Building and Housing Register on roof surface facing east and 30 kWp on building 11 according to the Building and Housing Register on a roof surface facing south-west.

11-plans-storey parcelhus detached house1½-plans 1½ p-storyarcelhus detached Industri house Industry Annual saving

Heat [kWh] 0,0 0,0 0,0

Power [kWh] 6.421 5.207 91.381

Environment [kg CO2] 3.069 2.489 43.680 Finances [DKK] 10.229 8.727 139.979 Investment price [DKK] 115.188 115.188 989.800 Payback time [year] 11,2 13,2 6,7 Profitability 2,06 1,87 4,56 Total savings over 25 year incl. investment 121.643 100.703 3.520.079

Table 15.1: Profitability assessment for installation of solar cell panel and household wind turbines.

S64 A profitability assessment has been prepared on the installed solar cell panels with the purpose of covering the power consumption for common household and various fittings such as central heating pump and ex- haust hood etc. The financial saving is based on the assumptions that 40 % of the power production from renewable energy plants is used directly at the building and that 60 % of the power production is used di- rectly at the industrial building, as expectations are that a higher part will be used directly at the industrial building. These figures are based on the calculations from the Danish Energy Agency [49]. The payback time is determined from detailed calculations where an expected price development on power of 2.8% equalling the annual inflation in Denmark 2011 [50] is taken into account together with an annual loss on output of 0,6 % reported by the manufacturer. Furthermore, it is taken into account that the settlement price on power placed on the electricity network will decrease after 10 years to 0.60 DKK per kWh.

11--plansstorey parcelhus detached house 1½ - plans 1½ -parcelhusstorey detached house Beregnet Krav Beregnet Krav Energy framework 2010 [kWh/m2] 2,5 65,3d 39,7 63,5 d Energy framework 2015 [kWh/m2] -13,3 37,8 18,3 36,7 Energy framework 2020 [kWh/m2] -7,7 20,0 15,8 20,0

Table 15.2: Key figures from energy assessment on houses with energy renovated thermal envelopw and new heating installations.

By installing solar cells the energy consumption of the houses is reduced to such extend that both houses comply with the demands for energy framework 2020. The indicated energy frameworks on the two houses deviated depending on what energy framework is in focus. This because in the energy assessment, a primary energy factor on power consumption for district heating and power is multiplied. This convertion factor is caused by a.o. the composition of fuel, import and export and the fact that the production of power and district heating emit more CO2 than by other energy resources. [51]

FjernvarmeFjernvarme El

Bulding regulations 2010 1,0 2,5 Building regulation 2015 0,8 2,5 Building regulation 2020 0,6 1,8

Table 15.3: Energy factors used by energy calculation. [62]

Please note that power consumption for common household is not included in the energy assessments. This means that the actual energy consumption of the houses is bigger than stated in the energy assessment.

65 16 CHOSEN ENERGY SOLUTIONS

To create an overview of the specific proposed solutions for each of the reference houses, the total finan- cial saving and investment price have been assessed. These are presented as final energy solutions that are usable by calculation of financing offer. With a specific financial calculation, the house owner has the op- portunity to discuss this with his/her bank focussing on energy and profitability assessments, which is an important incentive to loan money.

Energy optimization of houses in the village has a lot of advantages including an increase in the market value of the houses. Energy labelling of houses in connection with sale is compulsory since 1997 and since 2010 it is also necessary to state this in particulars and sales advertisements. A study made by Danish Building Research Institute analysing the connection between the energy labels of houses and the sales price, gives a better understanding of the importance of the energy labelling in connection with sale of one detached houses. The study shows that a higher energy efficiency influences the sales price in a positive way and makes the house more attractive. The study is based in almost 34,500 houses sold in 2011 and 2012. [53] Average

Gennemsnitligm2 price Antal kvadratmeterpris Amount A 15.741 DKK/m2 81

B 15.247 DKK/m2 929

C 14.354 DKK/m2 5.790

D 13.052 DKK/m2 11.072

E 12.181 DKK/m2 7.687 2 F 11.383 DKK/m 4.767 G 9.827 DKK/m2 4.047

Table 16.1: The average sales price on houses sold in 2011 and 2012 divided according to energy labels [53].

Please note that the average square metre prices have an appurtenant standard deviation of 7.400 DKK/m2 [53], which describes a limited possibility for the reported average, which therefore must be treated with care. The reason for this sensitive parameter is that various other aspects influence the sales price, here under view, neighbours and nearby amenity values. For the 1-storey house and the 1½-storey house that represents older, insufficently insulated houses the energy labelling will be changed from ”G” and ”F” to ”A”, which increases the market value of the houses by:

1-storey detached house: 1½-storey detached house: +763.000 DKK +653.000 DKK

In spite of the sensibility of the figures, the statistics show that the market value of the houses increases more than the investment paid for the energy optimization. In other words, this is an additional incentive for energy optimizing the house, which influences especially older citizens, who do not have the financial advantages of the investment in the longer term, but intends to sell the house in the near future. Further- more, the energy optimization can be determining for being able to sell the house in the future.

S66 1-STOREY DETACHED HOUSE

Address: Grønningen 5 9352 Dybvad Construction year: 1960 Heated floorage: 129 m2 Heating supply: District heating Annual heat consumption: 37.707 kWh Annual power consumption: 4.900 kWh

Property value: DKK 620.000 Sales assessment: DKK 475.000

Current annual operating costs: Heat consumption: DKK 27.112 Power (Incl. subscription): DKK 12.152 Total: DKK 39.264

Investments: Energy renovation of thermal envelope: DKK 292.374 6 kWp Solar cell panel: DKK 115.188 Total: DKK 407.562

Annual future operating costs: Heat consumption: DKK 10.549

Power (incl. service and subscription): DKK 1.922 Total: DKK 12.471

Total annual saving: DKK 26.793

Payback time: 15,2 year

CURRENT

CURRENT

67 1½-STOREY DETACHED HOUSE Address: Winkelsgade 9 9352 Dybvad Construction year: 1907 Renovation/extension: 1980 Heated floorage: 150 m2 Heat supply: District heating Annual heat consumption: 36.090 kWh Annual power consumption: 5.100 kWh Property value: DKK 730.000 Sales assessment: DKK 895.000

Current annual operating costs: Heat consumption: DKK 26.306 Power (incl. household and subscription): DKK 12.603 Total: DKK 38.909

Investments: Energy renovation of thermal envelope: DKK 100.384 6 kWp solar cell panel: DKK 115.188 Total: DKK 215.572

Annual future operating costs: Heat consumption: DKK 14.416

Power (incl. Household and subscription): DKK 3.876 Total: DKK 18.292

Total annual saving: DKK 20.617

Payback time: 10,5 year

CURRENT

FUTURE

S68 INDUSTRY

Address: Parkvej 5 9352 Dybvad Construction year: 1969-2004 Renovation/extension: 1976-2010 Heated floorage: 3.940 m2 Heat supply: Oil/district heating Annual heat consumption: 378.840 kWh Of this oil: 27.874 ltr. Of this district heating: 101.215 kWh Annual power consumption: 150.000 kWh

Current annual operating costs: Heat consumption (district heating): DKK 60.398 Heat consumption (oil): DKK 243.153 Power: DKK 226.544 Total: DKK 530.095

Investments: 100 kWp solar cell panel: DKK 989.800 Total: DKK 989.800

Annual future operating costs: Heat consumption (district heating): DKK 60.398 Heat consumption (oil): DKK 243.153

Power: DKK 86.565 Total: DKK 390.116

Total annual saving: DKK 139.379

Payback time: 7,1 year

69 17 FINANCING

Several banks have started offering the so-called ”energy loans” where the customer can borrow for in- vestments in connection with energy optimization of their house at a lower rate of interest, which can both include energy renovation and installation of renewable energy systems. The reason for this extraordinary service is an increasing demand. The current tight demands for energy labelling and the increasing taxes mean that both the homeowners, whether they plan to sell their house or not, and people planning to buy a house are now considering the energy consumption of the house even more. The interest for energy op- timization is based on several incentives including improved comfort in the house and extension of the lifespan of the house, but also a financial saving and increased sales price on the house is important [54]. To be able to come up with a specific suggested solution on the two reference houses in Dybvad it is neces- sary to prepared an appurtenant financing offer. This makes the process much clearer to the inhabitants, which is determining to get the project running. Typically, it is difficult to the homeowners to get a clear view of the possibilities for energy optimization as there are too many questions to consider [55]. With a specific energy solution and appurtenant financing offer for that specific house in his/her hand, the home- owner will in principle only need to give permission to the project. The energy savings of this report on the reference houses in Dybvad have been reviewed with Spar Nord Bank A/S that has previously resided in Dybvad and in this way has many of the citizens as customers. Two scenarios are set up in the financing offers. Focus is on ensuring the sustainable village and at the same time clarify the challenges or rather possibilities that are available for private homeowners in terms of energy optimization. To turn the decline in population in the villages it is important both to make the houses in the village attractive to potential newcomers, but also to the existing citizens to prevent these from moving away. Furthermore, it is important to illustrate both scenarios to reduce the national CO2- emission and use of fossil fuels.

Scenario 1) Homeowners of the representative houses want funding for energy renovation

Scenario 2) Potential buyers want funding for purchase of house with appurtenant energy renovation

Please note that the mentioned loans are only few out of many possibilities. As the main part of the initial costs by energy-loans are registration and establishment fee a customer with an existing usable mortgage deed will be able to reduce the initial costs considerable. In addition, the calculation is based only on the funding where other owner costs; insurance and similar costs are not included. The rate of interest on the energy loans and on the mortgage loans is the lowest possible rate offered.

S70 17.1 SCENARIO 1: EXISTING HOMEOWNER

The intension of this scenario is to make a wake-up call that illustrates specific funding offers to the existing local population in Dybvad who wants to energy renovate their home. This applies for the homeowners who primarily wants to achieve financial advantages and improved housing conditions, but also for the homeowners who want to sell their house and in this way increase the market value. The loan period of the energy loans is set at 220 years to make sure that the annual payment does not sur- pass or is consistent with the saving of the operating costs. This not to burden the homeowners further financially over the life of the loan than he/she already is. Note however, that the loan period is reducible at the expense of a higher monthly payment. Calculation of the funding is based on an energy loan as the rather modest principals speak against a division of loan between mortgage provider and bank.

GrønningenGrønningen 5 5 Winkelsgade Winkelsgade 9 9 Type of loan: Energy loan Energy loan Total investment (principal): 417.460 DKK 222.560 DKK Hereof initial costs: 9.960 DKK 7.060 DKK Monthly payment after tax: 2.319 DKK 1.237 DKK Loan period: 20 year 20 year Rate of interest: 4,95 % 4,95 %

Table 17.1: Loan spicifications by energy optimization of representative houses in Dybvad.

If the annual financial saving by the energy optimization is used to pay of the energy loan, the investment will break even over the life of the loan. The annual financial saving on Winkelsgade 9 will even increase the annual payment of the energy loan whereby the personal finances will improve every year already from year one. Therefore, this is a specific energy solution with appurtenant funding where the investment breaks even and leaves a monthly profit in the personal finances after the loan period. For both investments, it applies that over the loan period a considerable profit on the personal finances is achievable every year until the lifespan of the energy related initiatives exceed and new investments must be funded. Furthermore, during the life of the loan, the homeowners can enjoy an improved comfort in the home, increased market value, extended lifespan, renewal of the outer look, reduced CO2-emission and contribution to the regional and national objectives concerning a phasing-out of the use of fossil fuels. In other words this is both a financial and a socio-economic solution for each individual houses.

71 17.2 SCENARIO 2: POTENTIAL HOUSE BUYERS

As in the first scenario, the funding offer is made for potential buyers of houses in Dybvad, who in connec- tion with the house recognized the advantage of saving energy and thus make the described energy optimi- zation. This scenario will illustrate the monthly costs by settling down in an energy renovated house with energy label ”A” located in Dybvad. Assumptions are that debtor in both cases has a payout of 10% of the total loan ahead of the founding of the loan. This because it seems realistic that potential house buyers has some kind of savings. So, calcula- tions are based on “mortgage package A: Fixed interests – high repayments” for the remaining 90 % fund- ing divided as follows:

• 60 % - Basic loan as a 3.5 % fixed-rate debenture loan with a loan period of 30 years and repayment freedom in the first 10 years.

• 20 % - Top loan as a 2.0 % fixed-rate debenture loan with a loan period of 9 years • 10 % - Energy loan with a loan period of 20 years

Based on the assumptions and the terms of loan, Spar Nord Bank A/S prepared a funding offer on the two specific houses in Dybvad. Please note that the used figures are only guiding and that the houses must be valuated and approved by the mortgage provider so the loan can be granted. Based on the guiding assess- ments it is not possible to achieve foreign currency hedging.

GrønningenGrønningen 5 5 Winkelsgade Winkelsgade 9 9 Total investment (principal): 807.100 DKK 1.015.729 DKK Hereof initial costs of the bank: 5.060 DKK 5.360 DKK Hereof initial costs of the mortgage costs: 23.277 DKK 23.349 DKK Yields: 765.395 DKK 967.194 DKK Monthly payment after tax: 3.526 DKK 4.436 DKK Loan period: 30 / 9 / 20 år 30 / 9 / 20 år Rate of interest: 3,50 % / 2,00 % / 4,95 % 3,50 % / 2,00 % / 4,95 %

Table 17.2: Loan specifications by purchase and energy optimization of representative houses in Dybvad.

To be able to compare the investment and its monthly payment, mortgage and overheads are included for a flat in the energy-optimized block of flats Højbo in Frederikshavn in table 17.3. Focus os on a comparison of houses with different locations respectively in the biggest city in the municipality and in a village like Dybvad. Højbo is ”State-of-the-art” in modern energy-optimized flats and was completely renovated in 2013. This gave rise to both home and energy related improvements, and it complies with the 2050 plan from the government about a fossil free Denmark.

S72

Højbo Grønningen 5 Winkelsgade 9 Location: Frederikshavn Dybvad Dybvad Living space: 96 m2 129 m2 214 m2 Rent: DKK 5.400 DKK 3.526 DKK 4.436 Property tax: DKK 0 DKK 212 DKK 239 House insurance: DKK 0 DKK 450 DKK 500 Other fixed expenses:

Water: DKK 300 DKK 300 DKK 300

Heat: DKK 150 DKK 879 DKK 1.201

Power: DKK 100 DKK 160 DKK 323 Total: DKK 5.950 DKK 5.527 DKK 6.999 m2-pris: 61,98 DKK/m2 42,85 DKK/m2 32,71 DKK/m2

Table 17.3: Comparison of monthly costs by various houses.

As stated in table 17.3 the square meter price of an energy-optimized house in Frederikshavn is almost twice as expensive as one in Dybvad in spite of the fact that there are only 3 km equaling 20 minutes’ drive between the two towns. This means that the village could possible attract new residents. In table 17.3 it does however, not appear that the monthly ”mortgage” for the loan to settle down in the mentioned houses in Dybvad also covers the payment of the loan so that the house is yours after the loan period of 30 years and in principle can be sold with financial profit contrary to the rental flat in Frederikshavn. There are numerous differences between settling down in a flat or in a house. We can mention that the title homeowner includes a garden and maybe a patio at the expense that these need maintenance. There- fore, this is a subjective evaluation on how the concomitant consequences are positive or not. The only purpose of this Energy report is to illustrate the financial advantages and additional space by settling down in a house. Please note that the energy optimization of the houses in Dybvad does not include a renovation of the house or a renovation of the common room, new kitchen and bathroom etc. However, the existing house related conditions are reasonable and furthermore you get a garden and patio when buying a house in Dybvad.

73 18 PUBLIC ENERGY DEVELOPMENT

Public heat supply like district heating is an efficient distribution system to spread the green heat supply in Denmark and furthermore utilize the surplus heat from the industry. At national level approximately 63% of the houses have district heating from the total for 430 heating plants all situated in small or larger urban areas. This is almost a doubling isnce the spreading of districtheat production in 1990 [63]. The reason for this development is that district heating is often the easiest, most climate friendly and cheapest heat solution however, only where connection is possible. In this way district heating is limited with regard to rural district buildings where construction costs for the transmission system and the heat loss are to high and therefore district heating requires a concentrated local community. The objective is to have 75% of the Danish households heated by district heating.

In addition the district heating has the advantage of a energy security as the heating plants are able to produce heat on many different fuels and energy sources and furthermore the production is monitored day and night.

Being the most used type of heating political focus is on helping the development of the heating plants in Denmark ant to decrease the heating plants use of fossil fuels. This means that today more than half the district heating is produced from CO2-neutral fuels and energy sources, which is a big step towards reachng the objective of 100% use of CO2-neutral fuels and energy sources in 2035 [64]. The division of fuels and energy sources used in Danish heating plants is as follows [29, p. 17]:

Biofuel (straw, wood chips, wood pellest and degradable wate) 41%

Inflammable wate 8%

Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) 48%

Sun, geothermal energy and wind 1%

Biooil and biogas 2%

The financial incentive to chose district heating varies significantly for each single heating plant in Denmark. For a standard one-family house of 130 m2 with an annual heat consumption of 18,1 MWh the annual costs for district heating has an national average of DKK 16,600 and varies from DKK 7,800 to DKK 37,100 only due to location [65]. Location has a big influence on what town the Danes move to as the significant differences are not only national, but also regional. For instande the village with the most expensive district heating in the municipality of Frederikshavn is also the village with the highest percentage decline in population, cf. enclosure B. As a result of this the connection between the heating plants is more and more common, which in principle will lead to a future connection of all heating plants in the regions, which will damper the differences on district heating prices.

S74 18.1 DYBVAD HEATING PLANT

The district heating in Dybvad is generally cheap compared to other heating plants in the country. Specifically the heating plant in Dybvad is the second cheapest heating plant in the municipality of Frederikshavn, only surpassed by the heating plant in Skagen, which is located in a bigger town [65]. The heating plant in Dybvad only had fixed expenses in the form of a limited rent of measurers and a socalled effect contribution that depends on the heated area. This however, lead to conpagesations on whether more of the bigger consumers resign from the heating plant in the future. This lead to adjustment of the fees so that a fixed subscription contribution in connection with a decrease of the effect contribution and apart from this a limit of 1000 m2, above which the area was free of payment [66]. This made it possible for more bigger consumers to connect to the heating plant and furthermore lowering the operating costs of the public houses in the village, including the school of Hørby-Dybvad, the care center and the sports centre in Dybvad. This shows the importance of how each single heating plant put together their fees and it also evaluates the board of the heating plant as being fair as there is just as much work with small as with big customers.

The heating plant in Dybvad was founded in 1959. The plant mainly uses CO2-neutral fuel in the form of 2,000-2,200 ton of wood pellets every year however, oil is used in limited amounts. The heating plants uses wood pellets instead of wood chips as this, in spite of a higher purchase price, is just as cheap as wood chips. This reasoned in limited maintenance of the bio boiler and less ashes when using wood pellets. Actu- ally, the bio boiler in the heating plant in Dybvad still works well in spite of an age of 18 years, as the wood pellets do not wear much on the boiler compared to wood chips. Furthermore, wood chips require much more storage space than wood pellets because wood pellets consist of compressed wood chips and saw dust [67]. The amount of ashes by the use of wood pellets is relatively small, equaling 2-3 containers every year. This is less that by the use of wood chips where more ashes must be disposed every year. Apart from this the heating plant is also environmentally friendly as regard handling of smoke as the heat is reused and damaging particles in the smoke is extracted through a scrubber.

Figure 18.1: The heating plant in Dybvad. Boiler (left) and sluice for wood pellet and stoker (right). [68]

The heating plant in Dybvad is working technically correct consisting of automatic supply of wood pellet to the bio boiler, monitoring the heating plant in the production, but also in the distribution network by the consumers so that leaks and damages are discovered and fised fast. Recent years the annual sale of heat

75 has varied from 6,800 to 8,300 MWh, but the transmission loss in the transmission system has stagnated at 19-20 %.

In 2012/2013, the sale of heat almost reached record high figures by the sale of 8,161 MWh district heating to the consumers in Dybvad, which with a transmission loss in the transmission system of 19.4 % gives a production of 10.129 MWh. [66]

The potential for connecting more buildings in Dybvad to the heating plant is limited as most of Dybvad is already connected with the exception of few houses heated by electricity, where the convertion to a water borne system is not financially profitable. This limited potential also applies for the industrial buildings where Translyft A/S was connected to the district heating in 2012 in connection with the adjustment of the district heating prices. The laundry Neptun A/S and the production buildings with Dybvad Stålindustri A/S are not connected to the heating plant yet. It would be an advantage to the heat plant in Dybvad to have the Laundry Neptun A/S connected as this company uses a lot of steam in the summer, which could be heated with district heating. There is no obligation to connect and there is no connection fee to the heating plant in Dybvad however, the new consumer pays the actual expenses. In this way, it is necessary to rethink things to promote the sustainability of the heating plant.

18.2 SETTING UP AN ACCUMULATOR

By the end of 2013 the heating plant in Dybvad purchased the neighbouring lot where Dybvad Tileworks was located earlier as the first part of a plan of establishing an accumulatro and possible solar cell panels connected to the heating plant in Dybvad. In 2010 the consumers suggested that the heating plant should buay the neighbouring land that consists of an area of approximately 11,230 m2 (1,1 hectares). The accumulator will have a volume of 2,000 m3, which accumulates 100 MWh and in this way it is made to work as buffer by peak periods and as storing of heat by surpluss production, whcih has several advantages [69]:

• The bio boiler runs stable as a result of a regulation of the fluctuating sale of heat to a realatively constant power consumption of the bio boiler. This includes an annual saving of approximately 8.9% of bio fuels as the boiler is not using unnecessary bio mass when the heat sale is reduced relatively fast. • In connection with maintenance and repairs on the heating plant the consumers are supplied with heat from the accumulator in up to 48 hours.

S76 • The existing bio boiler will not be idling during the summer. • The existing oil boilers are obviated whereby the oil consumption is neglected.

• In case more especially big consumpers in the future will use night-time drop (time-control) on their heating systems problematic peak periods would occur early in the morning. This is managed by using an accumulator.

The accumulator would be sufficient heat insulating with an insulation layer of 500 mm mineral wool, which makes the heat loss minimal. Therefore this is a sustainable energy solution that means that the heating plant will become 100% environmentally friendly and achieves energy related savings, which is of the benefit for the sustainability of the village.

The accumulator will, with a height of 18 meter, exceed the maximum construction height of 8,5 meter determined in the district plan, why an approved addendum to the district plan has been prepared. The height of the accumulator has also influenced its placement on the neighbouring land so that it is placed next to the main road (Aalborgvej) 130 m south of Jernbanegade in a dip in the terrain to avoid shades on the neighboring lots and to avoid upsetting the local population. As illustrated on figure 18.2, the district plan ensures a minimization of inconveniences to neighbors by planting plants around the accumulator so that it fits best possible into the landscape. [57, p. 11]

Legend:

District plan border

Building plot

Internal private road Planting belt

Figure 18.2: District plan map of the neighboring land where the accumulator and possible solar cell panels will be established and attached to the heating plant. [57]

The accumulator does not give a big financial profit to the heating plant, but is considered a future proofing of the heating plant that will be of benefit to the development of the local heat supply. For instance, the accumulator will be necessary by future connection to other heating plants. The heating plant in Dybvad is

77 right now applying for a building permission to establish the accumulation, which will expectedly take place during spring/summer 2014 so it is ready for operating during the winter 2014/15. [66]

18.3 COUPLING OF HEATING PLANTS

The heating plants in Dybvad and Flauenskjold have joint plans for the future concenring a coupling of the two plants to achieve cheaper consumer prices on district heating and increased energy security in their supply areas. The idea is to make a transmission line between the two plants that are located 6 km. apart. The financial aspects are still being negotiated, but a possibility could be that the heating plant in Flauenskjold would be a customer at the heating plant in Dybvad and buy surplus district heating in the winter time as supplement to the district heating. This does not mean that the heating platn in Dybvad supplies the entire Flauenskjold with district heating in the winter time, but only in spring and fall. The plant in Dybvad will be responsible for material and construction costs in connection with the realization of the transmission line to the ”curb”, which will be defined by negotiations. Other possibilities could be that a company or a group of people own the transmission line. The heating plant in flauenskjold uses gas to produce heat, but is working on becoming more environmentally friendly by setting up 3,000 m2 solar cell panels to utilize the solar heat as supplementare energy. This means that the heating platn in Flauenskjod will be able to cover the heating need in Flauenskjold in the summertime. Furthermore the solar cell panel is extendable in the future so Dybvad could be supplied through this, if the coupling is realized. Coupling of heating plant is more and more common. For instance the heating plants in Østervrå, Hørby og Thorshøj, close to Dybvad are working on realizing a coupling between the three heating plants. By copuling heating plants, the plant that produces the heat in the cheapest way will produce as much as possible where after the second cheapest plant will supplement. This continues until the heat need in all coupled heating plants is covered. This continues untill the heating need in all connected heating plants is covered. There are various advantages by such project, that argue that this is an advantageous energy development that promotes the sustainability of the village: • Cheaper district heating • Energy security • Administrative advantages • Possible environmental production of heat The important attraction for the two heating plants is the financial profitability in form of cheaper district heating in the villages and energy security, which will reduce the risk of consumers, small or big, resigning frem the heating plant in the future and furthermore contribute positively on the settlement of new citiziens. So this is an energy development not only of the two plants but also for the villages as a whole, as the concept is a futureproof and sustainable energy solution. Furthermore the coupling means that the heating plant in Flauenskjold will become more environemtally friendly during the winter time as some of the district heating produced by the use of natural gass can be supplemented with district heating from the plant in Dybvad where it is produced with biomass. Apart from this there will be some administrative advantages for both plants a.o. the community between the employees means that each individual employee will have more rare monitoring shifts.

S78 The district heating send from the heating plant in Dybvad to the heating plant in Flauenskjold is primarily taken from the accumulator in Dybvad. To be able to send the heat to the villages in question in situations where the temperature of the water in the accumulator does not exceed the flow temperature of the district heating a solution is suggested consisting of either a heat pump or an immersion heater in an accumulator halfway down the line. These will have power from an appurtenant 250 kW wind turbine. The wind turbine is chosen to be able to produce power and thus also heat in the winter time. The coupling of the heating plants is still at preliminary stage however, both heating plants are interested in the energy solution. It is expected that the ”know-how” achieved by the nearby coupling of the heating plants in Østervrå, Hørby and Thorshøj will be usable by project engineering to reduce the risk of mistakes in the project engineering. Furthermore the accumulator must be established before the coupling can start.

18.4 SETTING UP A SOLAR CELL PLANT

Denmark is in the lead when it comes to use of bigger solar sell plants for district heating. More and more heating plants realize the advantage of utilizing the solar heat and set up solar cell panels to save the costs for fuels and to minimize the CO2-emission. The development has experience an exponential growth. In 2013 the total area with solar cell panels increased from 230,000 m2 to 320,000 m2, and expectations are that this will increase to about 580,000 m2 before the end of 2014 [70]. Add to this that the heating plants primarily cause the explosive popularity of the solar cell plants.

To a heating plant, the profitability of a solar cell plant is strongly depending of the existing fuel and energy source that is used by the heating plant in question. The heating plant in Dybvad already contacted ARCON Solar A/S, who is the supplier of 15 of the 25 biggest large-scale solar cell plants established in Europe and furthermore several of the Danish solar cell plants set up at heating plants [71]. They presented a produc- tion price of 315 DKK/MWh by use of solar heat from level solar cell panels. This number exceeds the cur- rent production price of the 260 DKK/MWh by use of biomass. Thereby it is not profitable for the heating plant in Dybvad to invest in a solar cell plant with level solar cell panels.

Calculations are still not present on a so-called concentrated solar power (CSP) solar cell plant consisting of parabolic dishes covered with mirrors with appurtenant sun tracking system towards which the heating plant in Dybvad is positive. The CSP technology is a system of parabolic shaped troughs covered with mir- rors. The mirrors concentrate the sun's rays onto a pipe running through the burning point of the parabolic shaped mirrors cf. figure 18.3. The solar energy heats the water in the pipes to the desired temperature. One of the advantages of the CSP system is that it has an almost constant performance, even at high mid- dle temperatures. The reason for this is among other things that the pipes in which the water is heated are isolated with special glass vacuum tubes, which ensures minimal heat loss. Traditional level solar panels are only isolated behind pipe systems to reduce the heat loss, which forms a noticeable heat loss through the front of the panels. Another advantage by the CSP-system is that it only requires half the space as a similar traditional solar cell plant. [72]

79

Figure 18.3: Photo of parabolic shaped mirrors (left) and illustration of the sun tracking system (right). [72]

The CSP system is ideal for district heating where it works as an add-on unit. The heated water is lead through a heat exchanger and directly into the district heating pipelines or accumulated in accumulators. The first CSP system was set up in cooperation with the heat supply in Thisted where it delivers 140°C hot water to a hot water circuit. By a heat production temperature in the solar circuit of 95-98°C an optimum utilization of the accumulator is achieved. The appurtenant sun-tracking system works by a computer unit calculating and regulating the parabolic troughs according to the placement of the sun for optimum solar radiation in morning and evening hours. This leads to a specific output of about 750 kWh/m2, ´which ex- ceeds the specific output by traditional level solar panels of about 500 kWh/m2 depending of the wanted temperature cf. figure 18.4. Apart from this, the sun-tracking system also has the opportunity of defocusing the parabolic troughs in situations where the full capacity of the accumulator is in use so that they reduce or completely cut off the heat production. In this way, they avoid problems with excess production of heat. [72]

Figure 18.4: Annual output depending of the middle temperature of the solar circuit for traditional Solar panels and parabolic troughs. [72]

Because the output on traditional level solar panels is reduced as the middle temperature in the solar cir- cuit increases, the profitability depends on the wanted temperature, which is reflected in the production

S80 price. The need for specific conditions to evaluate if a CSP system set up at the heating plant in Dybvad is further financial profitable rather than a solar cell system with traditional level solar panels.

An future, alternative solution could be to further develop the solar cell system in Flauenskjold, which will be ready for use before summer 2014, so that it during the summer will not only cover the heating need in Flauenskjod but alos in Dybvad. This however, calls for a connection between the two heating plants before it is realizable.

81 19 SUB CONCLUSION

The analysis of the energy conditions in Dybvad is done with focus on illustrating the possible energy savings and the energy development in integrating renewable energy plants in a village with district heating. Focus has been on three representative type of buildings in Dybvad; one 1 storey detached house, one 1½ storey detached house and one company and for these three houses energy solutions have been analysed in terms of reducing the energy consumption and improving the quality of the building.

As representative for villages with district heating Dybvad has certain challenges in terms of improving the existing energy conditions. The existing district heating supply in the houses was retained for per- sonal financial reasons and the wish of promoting the heating plant. Therefore, it recommendation is that houses or the village as a whole do not convert from district heating to individual heat supply using renewable energy. The conversion might be profitable, if the heat consumption of the house is unac- ceptable high. However, in these cases it will be further profitable to retain the district heating installa- tion and review the thermic qualities of the thermal envelope as there might be possible improvements as regard improvements to the house and the comfort of the house and it might save you some money.

So we can conclude that the district heating in Dybvad is environmental friendly, financial profitable and furthermore a sustainable heat installation however, given a well-functioning heating plant and a well-insulated thermal envelope of the house. By harvesting only the “low-hanging fruits” and retain the vision of making a profitable energy renovation the significant heat consumption of the houses can be reduced by more than half. As regard the industrial building the existing thermal envelope was ap- proved as sufficiently heat insulating. Conclusion is that it is possible to do a profitable energy renova- tion of older houses, but the extend depends on the existing condition.

It is possible to minimize or even make the current operating costs for power used in the household “negative”, which means converted to annual incomes from excess power from a possible renewable energy system in form of a solar cell panel. In certain cases, it is possible to dimension solar cell panels so they face east/west, but specific calculations show that they will still be financially profitable. This emphasizes the fact that optimum direction is important, but not necessary to make solar cell panels a reasonable investment.

As a total, the houses could be given the optimum energy label A in spite of the fact that the original labels were in the bad end. This illustrates the fact that any house of older origin can achieve energy savings even in villages with sufficient cheap district heating. The operating costs of the houses were reduced as much as possible at an investment price lower than the estimated increase of the sales as- sessment as a result of minimum operating costs, improved comfort and the use of ”green” energy – so reasonable solutions.

S82 Spar Nord Bank determined the annual costs included by realization of the energy optimization based on the specific cases. Based on this it proven that by using the savings from the operating costs to pay off the loan the energy optimization will break even within 20 years or less. Therefore, by the correct loan agreement money you can save money every year from the realization of the energy optimization in addition to the full saving after the loan period of the energy loan. Compared to the monthly costs by a house with appurtenant energy optimizations it is obvious that a house in Dybvad is cheaper every month than a modern, energy-renovated rental flat in Frederikshavn in spite of a bigger living space. In the future, this might work as force of attraction for newcomers and in this way make the village sus- tainable and attractive.

83 ek CONCLUSION

Based on Jerup and Dybvad the energy conditions in Danish villages have been analyzed focusing on illus- trating the possible energy related savings and the energy development integrated with a renewable ener- gy plant. This because of the increasing number of people moving away from the municipality of Frederik- shavn where the villages form the biggest fall in percentages. Therefore, assumptions are that cheaper and more attractive houses in the villages can prevent people from moving away and attract newcomers.

The market potential for energy saving constructions and renovation is high in the Danish villages so there are many challenges in terms of improving the existing energy conditions. For a whole village to become an innovative society as regard environmentally friendly and energy saving systems, it is necessary to make rational and controversial energy developments. For financial and environmental reasons it is possible to convert the old energy consuming heat supply units such as oil and gas boilers, which pollute and erode fossil energy resources, into alternative heat supplies depending on the energy related condition of each single house. The increased use of biomass, solar energy, wind power and geothermal heat by the Danish District heating system has taken over the main part of the Danish heat production in certain towns as the consumer prices become competitive. Therefore, it is important to involve these in the energy develop- ment of the villages with district heating. In connection with the energy development of Danish villages, an initial profitable energy renovation should be made. Several of the existing buildings in the villages are of older origin and have great potentials to lower the actual heat consumption. What initiatives are profitable depends on the energy related condition of the building in question.

In this energy report documents that energy optimization of single houses can imply an optimum energy labelling independently of the existing thermal envelope of the building. The financial saving is however; only very relevant in the longer run, but then it is considerably higher than by short-term savings. When the savings on operating costs finance the loan, the monthly overheads will be future-proof without any wor- ries of fluctuating energy prices and possible future taxes on power and fuels. In addition to this, there are many social values such as extension of the life span of the house, improved living conditions and comfort and existing homeowners attach important to these as they influence the house right after the realization of the energy optimization.

As low energy houses are becoming more and more common, an energy optimization might be necessary to the existing houses that the homeowners wish to sel. By optimizing not only the house, but also the en- ergy labelling, which is stated in the particulars, the house is presented as more attractive and welcoming in spite of a higher sales price.

As documented in this energy-report the future brings a need for common thinking as regard the energy supply in the villages. This could also be a rationalization of the district heating system where relevant heat- ing plants are connected to balance the significant consumer prices the production of district heat so that close to 100% of all buildings are heated with district heating produced by biomass, solar energy, wind power and geothermal heat. The community regarding energy supply also applies for the local society where bigger common renewable energy plants as for instance solar cell plants can supply every single urban community with power at a favorable price so that even small villages can be self-supplying.

S84 Such commercial energy solutions might be necessary to achieve the government objective of making Denmark fossil free in 2050. What is now known as “peripheral Denmark” can become “Denmark at the cutting edge” [71].

85 PUTTING THE FUTURE INTO PERSPECTIVE

Passive houses, CO2 emission, energy optimizations and agreements on climate change are all words we hear every day in the media. They are important subjects, which we need to make up our mind about al- ready today.

There is a consensus about the reality of the global warming as a direct consequence of man-made increase of greenhouse gas emitted into our atmosphere. Climatic there are several exemplifications of the extend of the future of our planet, but the final conclusion is clear; we need to act now and the high concentration of fossil fuels must be stopped if we want to retain the planet as we know it today.

If Denmark is to reach the wanted CO2 savings referring to the energy strategy 2050 focus can not only be on energy saving new build houses as new build will always only make up 1% of the total house building. Therefore, it is not appropriate or time wise justifiable to wait until all old houses have been exchanged with new.

Today the detached house is the most preferred housing form in Denmark and therefore it is not only the most plentiful, but the most resource demanding housing form. In Denmark, there are approximately 1,207,603 detached houses. Of these almost 500,000 are detached houses from the 60’s and up to the 80’s. Most of these houses were generally badly build and often too fast, why the energy saving potential is ra- ther big. Detached houses will lose their heat through all sides of its thermal envelope contrary to blocks of flats or terraced houses. A segment this big in the already existing housing market that currently is between 40 and 50 years old it would be obvious to future-proof these with an energy renovation.

In recent years, urbanization has characterized the recession that caused several villages to disintegrate. However, according to several fora the small villages will be part of Denmark also in the future, as we are not only facing a disintegration. There is a hope that in the future the villages will play an important role in the Danish society by creating growth and be the main provider of quality food and biomaterial. Further- more, recreation, adventures and nature become attractive alternatives to the stressful and hectic life in the cities (Realdania Debat og Mandag Morgen, 2012). To make the innovative society become real there is a need for social sustainability in the small local com- munities. The energy could be a part of the solution. Energy optimization of houses in the Danish villages has a big potential. Houses in bad shape will be increasingly difficult to sell as the new low energy houses become more common. This primarily because the creditors and the house buyers will not only focus on the purchase price, but also on the operating costs that comes with the house. In the future, this focus will make the energy labelling of the house get an even bigger influence in the particulars and in this way, the houses have to be as energy saving as possible. Villages like Jerup and Dybvad are only small pieces in the overall picture of a society that is fighting against the urbanization that has happened in recent years. With this report, we have put focus on the financial incentives that hopefully will make more people return to these villages in the future, to what once was. Rather than the cities, the villages have open widths and thereby big opportunities for public solutions in terms of renewable energy as for instance solar and wind energy. However, there are still political barriers in this area that makes such initiatives impossible. However, we could wish for a future solution such as

S86 some kind of Smart Grid where each individual household pays for the annual use of the energy company grid.

Subsidy schemes are most often the incentive that makes people invest in energy solutions and the gov- ernment has given the Danes the opportunity of having some of the costs for artisans with the service scheme also mentioned the craftsmen deduction.

However, good initiatives from the government is not the only thing. An energy renovation is often fi- nanced by the mean of either mortgage providers or your own bank, and that is probably the biggest barri- er today. To buy a house in a village is easier said than done. An important barrier that stunts the future perspectives of the energy development in the small villages is that the mortgage providers will not lend out money to potential house buyers in the so-called risk zones, which is areas where the houses are diffi- cult to sell. In a questionnaire made by Dansk Ejendomsmæglerforening (the Danish Association of Char- tered Estate Agents) 55 % of the 384 asked real estate agents answered that they often or sometimes expe- rience situations where creditworthy and deep-pocketed customers are rejected a mortgage loan because of the location of the house (Hansen, 2014). This creates a viscous circle, as we will never turn around the negative development where the village societies disintegrate.

To be able to fulfil our international agreements in terms of the Kyoto protocol and fulfil the government’s climate plan for both 2020 and up until 2050 we need to re-open for investments in the so-called peripher- al Denmark. The energy renovation in Denmark cannot only take place inside the city walls of the bigger cities. The chain is no stronger than its weakest link and if the government wants to succeed with its plan the banks, the mortgage providers and the government itself need to approach each other and make a plan on how the peripheral areas too can benefit from the possibility of energy renovations and thereby the mortgaging.

A suggestion could be that if the banks do not want to lend money to the homeowners in the peripheral areas because the house value is often not high enough to finance a mortgage loan, then an opportunity could be state guaranteed loans. Germany has practices this for several years (Kreditanstalt für Wiederauf- bau) and basis for the payback could be in the saving from the energy renovation or a scheme similar to the State Education loans could be a possibility. This would be a neutral scheme to both the state and the tax- payers.

87

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S94

95 List of appendices

A Calculation assumptions

B Population figures urban areas in the municipality of Frederikshavn

C Estimated power consumption

D Energy labels D1 Gyvelvej 2, 9981 Jerup ...... 10 pages D2 Grønningen 5, 9352 Dybvad ...... 16 pages D3 Winkelsgade 9, 9352 Dybvad ...... 10 pages

E Energy calculations E1 Lyngtoften 10, 9981 Jerup – existing building ...... 22 pages E2 Lyngtoften 10, 9981 Jerup – energy renovated building ...... 21 pages E3 Lyngtoften 10, 9981 Jerup – energy optimized building...... 21 pages E4 Gyvelvej 2, 9981 Jerup – existing building...... 23 pages E5 Gyvelvej 2, 9981 Jerup – energy renovated building ...... 22 pages E6 Gyvelvej 2, 9981 Jerup – energy optimized building...... 22 pages E7 Grønningen 5, 9352 Dybvad – existing building...... 25 pages E8 Grønningen 5, 9352 Dybvad – energy renovated building ...... 25 pages E9 Grønningen 5, 9352 Dybvad – energy optimized building ...... 25 pages E10 Winkelsgade 9, 9352 Dybvad – existing building...... 24 pages E11 Winkelsgade 9, 9352 Dybvad – energy renovated building ...... 24 pages E12 Winkelsgade 9, 9352 Dybvad – energy optimized building ...... 24 pages

F Heat pumps F1 Lyngtoften 10, 9981 Jerup ...... 6 pages F2 Gyvelvej 2, 9981 Jerup ...... 6 pages F3 Skagensvej 494, 9981 Jerup ...... 6 pages

S96 G Cost-benefit analysis for heat supply G1 Lyngtoften 10, 9981 Jerup ...... 3 pages G2 Gyvelvej 2, 9981 Jerup ...... 3 pages G3 Skagensvej 494, 9981 Jerup ...... 3 pages G4 Grønningen 5, 9352 Dybvad ...... 3 pages G5 Winkelsgade 9, 9352 Dybvad ...... 3 pages

H Individual solar cell plant (6 kWp) H1 Lyngtoften 10, 9981 Jerup – Design ...... 1 pages H2 Lyngtoften 10, 9981 Jerup – Profitability calculation...... 1 pages H3 Gyvelvej 2, 9981 Jerup – Design ...... 1 pages H4 Gyvelvej 2, 9981 Jerup – Profitability calculation...... 1 pages H5 Grønningen 5, 9352 Dybvad – Design ...... 1 pages H6 Grønningen 5, 9352 Dybvad – Profitability calculation...... 1 pages H7 Winkelsgade 9, 9352 Dybvad – Design ...... 1 pages H8 Winkelsgade 9, 9352 Dybvad – Profitability calculation...... 1 pages H9 Parkvej 5, 9352 Dybvad – Design ...... 2 pages H10 Parkvej 5, 9352 Dybvad – Profitability calculation ...... 1 pages

I Public solar cell plant (400 kWp) I1 Design ...... 1 page I2 Profitability calculation ...... 1 page

J Household wind turbine J1 Profitability calculation - 10 kW ...... 1 page J2 Profitability calculation - 25 kW ...... 1 page

K Financing offer K1 Lyngtoften 10, 9981 Jerup ...... 6 pages K2 Gyvelvej 2, 9981 Jerup ...... 6 pages K3 Skagensvej 494, 9981 Jerup ...... 2 pages K4 Grønningen 5, 9352 Dybvad ...... 6 pages K5 Winkelsgade 9, 9352 Dybvad ...... 6 pages

Read or download enclosures on www.smartcitydk.dk

97

S98

GREEN SOURCE A/S - KNIVHOLTVEJ 45 - DK-9900 FREDERIKSHAVN - T: 7026 6677 99 [email protected] - WWW.GREENSOURCE.DK

A Basis of calculations

By calculations in this energy report for determination of the annual savings, following basis of calculations have been used. Calorific values have been copied from the calculation program from Bosch for dimension- ing of heat pumps. Energy prices are including VAT and valid for the municipality of Frederikshavn and the price for district heating is validt for the heating plant in Dybvad in 2013/2014. CO2-emissions are refer- ences from ”Knowledge centre for energy savings in buildings”.

Calorific value: Natural gas 10,60 kWh/m3 Oil 9,96 kWh/L Wood pellets 4,90 kWh/kg

Energy price: Natural gas 8,78 DKK/m3 Oil 11,50 DKK/L Power 2,26 DKK/kWh Wood pellets 2,71 DKK/kg District heating 0,60 DKK/kWh

Fixed annual charges (incl. VAT): Power 1078 DKK District heating (Subscription + rent of 2000 DKK measurer) District heating (Effect contribution) 18,75 DKK/m2

CO2-emission:

Natural gas 0,205 kg CO2/kWh

Oil 0,265 kg CO2/kWh

Power 0,478 kg CO2/kWh

Wood pellets 0,000 kg CO2/kWh

District heating 0,122 kg CO2/kWh

Table A.1: Basis of calculations.

S100 B Population figures for urban areas in the municipality of Frederikshavn

The population figure, valid on January 1st of the concerned year, is listed for all urban areas in the munici- pality of Frederikshavn in table A.1. The urban areas are listed based on the highest populations figure in 2013. Green and read markings respectively indicate the highest (green) and lowest (red) population figure for the period.

ProcentvisProcentvis By 20062006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20112011 2012 2013 ændring 20062006 - -2013 2013 Frederikshavn 23.636 23.499 23.551 23.511 23.331 23.339 23.295 23.309 -1.4% Sæby 8.672 8.770 8.892 8.911 8.898 8.875 8.843 8.770 1.1% Skagen 9.380 9.187 8.941 8.750 8.636 8.515 8.347 8.220 -12.4% Strandby 2.483 2.463 2.416 2.419 2.397 2.357 2.377 2.389 -3.8% Ålbæk 1.587 1.608 1.596 1.588 1.597 1.571 1.555 1.544 -2.7% Østervrå 1.413 1.413 1.405 1.401 1.397 1.391 1.364 1.350 -4.5% Elling 1.203 1.210 1.195 1.236 1.214 1.208 1.220 1.216 1.1% Kilden 851 865 885 898 895 882 869 895 5.2% Gærum 688 700 684 662 665 661 662 655 -4.8% Dybvad 718 709 712 714 695 674 678 644 -10.3% Ravnshøj 686 690 674 669 670 651 645 642 -6.4% Jerup 701 597 589 588 644 634 645 622 -11.3% Voerså 578 590 576 571 559 572 583 573 -0.9% Hørby 477 472 486 479 483 473 454 438 -8.2% Kvissel 445 441 448 456 432 431 429 426 -4.3% Haldbjerg 343 349 346 350 352 344 348 341 -0.6% Thorshøj 318 312 299 299 294 288 306 279 -12.3% Syvsten 302 301 307 301 295 288 266 272 -9.9% Lyngså 268 276 269 269 268 269 252 255 -4.9% Præstbro 277 265 275 272 274 258 260 249 -10.1%

Table B.1: Population figure for the urban areas in the municipality of Frederikshavn during the period from 2006 to 2013 [4].

101 C. Estimated power consumption

The consumption of buildings on household deviates a lot. In general the power consumption in a detached house twice as high as in flats, which is primarily because some power consumption in flats is included in the individual electrical bill such as outdoor lighting and central heating pumps. Furthermore, it is often so that less persons live in a flat and often the household income is lower. [73]

Figure C.1: Annual power consumption in detached house or terraced house [78] Based on analysis of approximately 8,500 detached houses the Danish Building Research Institute has set up the equation (C.1), which is usable as rule of thumb for estimating a ”normal” power consumption in a given household however, provided that the household is a detached house without electrical heating. Annual power consumption in detached houses [31]: Q = 530kWh + A*12kWh/m2 + n*690kWh/pers. (C.1)

Q Annual power consumption [kWh] A Housing area [m2] n Number of persons [-]

By the use of equation (C.1) it is possible to determine an estimated average power consumption for the reference houses where the actual power consumption is unknown. The average power consumption also has the advantage of being based on standards, which is considered as representative in this energy report.

AAdresseddress HousingBolig area areal ExpectedForventet number antal of personer persons AnnualÅrligt energiforbrug power consumption Jerup Gyvelvej 2 110 m2 2 3.300 kWh Jerup Lyngtoften 10 129 m2 4 4.900 kWh Dybvad Grønningen 5 129 m2 4 4.900 kWh Dybvad Winkelsgade 9 150 m2 4 5.100 kWh

Table C.1: Estimation of the annual power consumption for reference houses

S102