DOCSLIB.ORG

Parasitic Organisms Chart

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Parasitic organisms: Pathogen (P), Potential pathogen (PP), Non-pathogen (NP) Parasitic Organisms NEMATODESNematodes – roundworms – ROUNDWORMS Organism Description Epidemiology/Transmission Pathogenicity Symptoms Ancylostoma -Necator Hookworms Found in tropical and subtropical Necator can only be transmitted through penetration of the Some are asymptomatic, though a heavy burden is climates, as well as in areas where skin, whereas Ancylostoma can be transmitted through the associated with anemia, fever, diarrhea, nausea, Ancylostoma duodenale Soil-transmitted sanitation and hygiene are poor.1 skin and orally. vomiting, rash, and abdominal pain.2 nematodes Necator americanus Infection occurs when individuals come Necator attaches to the intestinal mucosa and feeds on host During the invasion stages, local skin irritation, elevated into contact with soil containing fecal mucosa and blood.2 ridges due to tunneling, and rash lesions are seen.3 matter of infected hosts.2 (P) Ancylostoma eggs pass from the host’s stool to soil. Larvae Ancylostoma and Necator are associated with iron can penetrate the skin, enter the lymphatics, and migrate to deficiency anemia.1,2 heart and lungs.3 Ascaris lumbricoides Soil-transmitted Common in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Ascaris eggs attach to the small intestinal mucosa. Larvae Most patients are asymptomatic or have only mild nematode America, Asia, and the Western Pacific. In migrate via the portal circulation into the pulmonary circuit, abdominal discomfort, nausea, dyspepsia, or loss of non-endemic areas, infection occurs in to the alveoli, causing a pneumonitis-like illness. They are appetite. Most common human immigrants and travelers. coughed up and enter back into the GI tract, causing worm infection obstructive symptoms.5 Complications include obstruction, appendicitis, right It is associated with poor personal upper quadrant pain, and biliary colic.4 (P) hygiene, crowding, poor sanitation, and places where human feces are used as Intestinal ascariasis can mimic intestinal obstruction, fertilizer. bowel infarction, intussusception, and volvulus. Hepatic and pancreatic ascariasis can mimic biliary colic, acute Transmission is via the fecal-oral route.4 acalculous cholecystitis, hepatic abscess, acute pancreatitis, and ascending cholangitis. Appendicular ascariasis can mimic appendicular colic, appendicitis, appendicular gangrene. Gastric ascariasis can mimic pyloric obstruction.6 Capillaria philippinensis Fish-borne nematode Although rare in the US, it is more Ingested larvae reside in the human small intestine, where Diarrhea, anorexia, malaise, and vomiting.4 common in Asia (Thailand and the the female deposits eggs, which then develop, causing (P) Philippines)4 autoinfection and hyperinfection.4 Capillariasis can mimic IBD and other causes of protein losing enteropathy.6 Infection occurs from eating raw or undercooked fish containing larvae. Enterobius vermicularis Pinworm Compared to other intestinal parasites, Eggs are deposited around the anus by the worm. Some infections are asymptomatic. the transmission of pinworm is limited Autoinfection occurs due to scratching the perineal area, The most common worm because their eggs are unable to survive then thumb-sucking or nail-biting. Pinworms reside in the Symptoms may include itching and irritation. Occasional infection in children ages in the environment. The main routes of intestine but can migrate to distant organs.4 migration of the worm to distant organs can cause 5-10 in the US infection are autoinfection from eggs or dysuria, vaginal discharge, enuresis, and peritoneal larvae deposited on the anus, granulomas.4 (P) contamination from bed sheets, clothing, door handles, and inhalation of eggs from Enterobiasis can mimic hemorrhoids and IBD.6 Pathogen (P), Potential pathogen (PP), Non-pathogen (NP) 1 Parasitic Organisms NEMATODES – ROUNDWORMS Organism Description Epidemiology/Transmission Pathogenicity Symptoms hands, bed mattresses, or dust. As a result, infections tend to be limited to families and individuals in close proximity, like nurseries and boarding schools.7 Spread by overcrowding and poor hygiene. Strongyloides stercoralis Soil-transmitted Endemic to the tropics and temperate Infection occurs from skin penetration where the organism Most patients have subclinical or asymptomatic nematode subtropics where poor sanitation then travels systemically (blood, lung, GI tract).8 infections. They are commonly chronic and longstanding facilitates fecal contamination. Also found due to the autoinfective lifecycle.4 (P) in poorer areas of the US: Appalachian Strongyloides stercoralis is unique among nematodes mountain communities, Kentucky, and infections in humans because larvae passing in the feces can Irritation, edema, and urticaria at the site of skin rural Tennessee.1 give rise to a free-living generation of worms. The potential penetration.8 for autoinfection exists if larvae attain infectivity while in the Transmission is from contaminated soil.8 host.4 Diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, anorexia. Dry cough, tracheal irritation, recurrent asthma.8 Strongyloidiasis can mimic IBD and eosinophilic enterocolitis.6 Trichuris trichiura Whipworm Found in areas where human feces is used A human host consumes eggs, sometimes in food. Once the Mild infections are usually asymptomatic. Heavy worm as fertilizer. Found in the tropics and eggs are ingested, the larvae hatch in the small intestine. burden causes painful defecation with mucus, water, and Soil-transmitted places with poor sanitation. From there they migrate to the large intestine, where the blood (Trichuris dysentery syndrome). Rectal prolapse is nematode anterior ends lodge within the mucosa. This leads to cell also seen.9 Transmitted via the fecal-oral route.4 destruction and activation of the host immune system, The third most common recruiting eosinophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. This Children develop iron deficiency anemia, growth roundworm in humans4 causes the typical symptoms of rectal bleeding and retardations, and impaired cognitive development.4 abdominal pain.9 (P) Trichuriasis can mimic IBD, bacillary dysentery and acute intestinal amebiasis.6 Pathogen (P), Potential pathogen (PP), Non-pathogen (NP)2 2 Parasitic Organisms CESTODESCestodes – tapeworms – TAPEWORMS Organism Description Epidemiology/Transmission Pathogenicity Symptoms Dipylidium caninum Dog (or cat) tapeworm Human infection is rare but can occur in Fleas ingest D. caninum eggs. Adult fleas are ingested by pets Most are asymptomatic. When present, symptoms include those who kiss or are licked by their and establish in the small intestine where the eggs develop weight loss, colic, and vomiting.11 (P) infected pets.10 into the adult tapeworm. The tapeworm sheds proglottids, which are found in the stool. Humans are infected by accidental ingestion of infected dog or cat fleas.10 Diphyllobothrium latum Fish tapeworm D. latum occurs in freshwater fish After ingestion, in humans the adult helminth can live up to Mostly asymptomatic, but signs and symptoms can include throughout much of the northern 20 years in the small intestine. It adheres to the mucosa and nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight (P) hemisphere; intermediate hosts include can eliminate millions of eggs each day. Diagnosis is made loss.11 bears, pigs, cats, dogs, foxes, and wolves. by the demonstration of eggs or proglottids in the stool.12 Can cause megaloblastic anemia.6 Humans become infected after eating raw or undercooked fish.11 Hymenolepis diminuta Rat tapeworm Human infection with H. diminuta is rare Once ingested, H. diminuta grows to adult form and sheds Infection is usually asymptomatic, though may cause with only a few hundred cases reported, eggs through the stool. It attaches to the mucosal surface of abdominal pain, diarrhea, and irritability.14 (P) mainly in children. the intestine and grows to approximately 20-50 cm. in H. diminuta is prevalent worldwide in length. temperate to tropical conditions with poor sanitation.13 H. diminuta infection requires an intermediate host (usually rodents, but also insects). Humans become infected by ingesting food contaminated with larvae, or by direct hand contact.14 Hymenolepis nana Dwarf tapeworm H. nana is one of the most common H. nana eggs are immediately infective when passed through Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, anorexia, parasitic tapeworm infections worldwide, the stool and cannot last more than 10 days in the weight loss, malnutrition, and anemia.18 (P) found mainly in children. environment. It does not require an intermediary host Once ingested, larvae penetrate intestinal villi and develop and can be transmitted human to human, into adults that measure 15-40 cm. in length. Eggs pass into though rodents can also carry H. nana.15 stool or can reside within the intestinal villi and cause continual autoinfection.17 It has fecal-oral transmission from food and water in areas of poor sanitation.16 Pathogen (P), Potential pathogen (PP), Non-pathogen (NP) 3 Parasitic Organisms CESTODESOrganism – TAPEWORMS Description Epidemiology/Transmission Pathogenicity Symptoms Taenia spp. Organism TapewormDescription ThisEpidemiology/Transmission tapeworm is found in people who Ingested parasite cystsPathogenicity reach the intestine and develop into The adult tapeworm stageSymptoms is relatively innocuous and does have traveled outside of the US where the adult tapeworms, releasing motile segments and/or eggs in not have human pathogenic effects.
Recommended publications
  • Balantidium Coli

    Balantidium Coli

    GLOBAL WATER PATHOGEN PROJECT PART THREE. SPECIFIC EXCRETED PATHOGENS: ENVIRONMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGY ASPECTS BALANTIDIUM COLI Francisco Ponce-Gordo Complutense University Madrid, Spain Kateřina Jirků-Pomajbíková Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre, ASCR, v.v.i. Budweis, Czech Republic Copyright: This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://www.unesco.org/openaccess/terms-use-ccbysa-en). Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Citation: Ponce-Gordo, F., Jirků-Pomajbíková, K. 2017. Balantidium coli. In: J.B. Rose and B. Jiménez-Cisneros, (eds) Global Water Pathogens Project. http://www.waterpathogens.org (R. Fayer and W. Jakubowski, (eds) Part 3 Protists) http://www.waterpathogens.org/book/balantidium-coli Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI, UNESCO. Acknowledgements: K.R.L. Young, Project Design editor; Website Design (http://www.agroknow.com) Published: January 15, 2015, 11:50 am, Updated: October 18, 2017, 5:43 pm Balantidium coli Summary 1.1.1 Global distribution Balantidium coli is reported worldwide although it is To date, Balantidium coli is the only ciliate protozoan more common in temperate and tropical regions (Areán and reported to infect the gastrointestinal track of humans.
  • The Functional Parasitic Worm Secretome: Mapping the Place of Onchocerca Volvulus Excretory Secretory Products

    The Functional Parasitic Worm Secretome: Mapping the Place of Onchocerca Volvulus Excretory Secretory Products

    pathogens Review The Functional Parasitic Worm Secretome: Mapping the Place of Onchocerca volvulus Excretory Secretory Products Luc Vanhamme 1,*, Jacob Souopgui 1 , Stephen Ghogomu 2 and Ferdinand Ngale Njume 1,2 1 Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology and Molecular Medicine, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (F.N.N.) 2 Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Biotechnology Unit, University of Buea, Buea P.O Box 63, Cameroon; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 October 2020; Accepted: 18 November 2020; Published: 23 November 2020 Abstract: Nematodes constitute a very successful phylum, especially in terms of parasitism. Inside their mammalian hosts, parasitic nematodes mainly dwell in the digestive tract (geohelminths) or in the vascular system (filariae). One of their main characteristics is their long sojourn inside the body where they are accessible to the immune system. Several strategies are used by parasites in order to counteract the immune attacks. One of them is the expression of molecules interfering with the function of the immune system. Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) pertain to this category. This is, however, not their only biological function, as they seem also involved in other mechanisms such as pathogenicity or parasitic cycle (molting, for example). Wewill mainly focus on filariae ESPs with an emphasis on data available regarding Onchocerca volvulus, but we will also refer to a few relevant/illustrative examples related to other worm categories when necessary (geohelminth nematodes, trematodes or cestodes).
  • Trichinosis (Trichinellosis) Case Reporting and Investigation Protocol

    Trichinosis (Trichinellosis) Case Reporting and Investigation Protocol

    Wisconsin Department of Health Services Division of Public Health P-01912 (Rev 08/2017) Communicable Disease Case Reporting and Investigation Protocol TRICHINOSIS (TRICHINELLOSIS) I. IDENTIFICATION AND DEFINITION OF CASES A. Clinical Description: A parasitic disease caused by ingestion of Trichinella species larvae. The disease causes a variety of clinical manifestations. Common signs and symptoms among symptomatic persons include eosinophilia, fever, myalgia, and periorbital edema. B. Laboratory Criteria: Confirmatory laboratory evidence: • Demonstration of Trichinella larvae on muscle biopsy, OR • A positive serology for Trichinella. C. Wisconsin Surveillance Case Definition: A clinically compatible illness that is laboratory confirmed. NOTE: In an outbreak setting, at least one case must be laboratory confirmed. Associated cases are considered confirmed if the patient shared an epidemiologically implicated meal or ate an epidemiologically implicated meat product and has either a positive serology for trichinosis or a clinically compatible illness. II. REPORTING A. Wisconsin Disease Surveillance Category II – Methods for Reporting: This disease shall be reported to the patient’s local health officer or to the local health officer’s designee within 72 hours of recognition of a case or suspected case, per Wis. Admin. Code § DHS 145.04 (3) (b). Report electronically through the Wisconsin Electronic Disease Surveillance System (WEDSS), or mail or fax a completed Acute and Communicable Disease Case Report (F-44151) to the address on the form. B. Responsibility for Reporting: According to Wis. Admin. Code § DHS 145.04(1), persons licensed under Wis. Stat. ch. 441 or 448, laboratories, health care facilities, teachers, principals, or nurses serving a school or day care center, and any person who knows or suspects that a person has a communicable disease identified in Appendix A.
  • Mechanistic and Single-Dose in Vivo Therapeutic Studies of Cry5b Anthelmintic Action Against Hookworms

    Mechanistic and Single-Dose in Vivo Therapeutic Studies of Cry5b Anthelmintic Action Against Hookworms

    Mechanistic and Single-Dose In Vivo Therapeutic Studies of Cry5B Anthelmintic Action against Hookworms Yan Hu1., Bin Zhan2*., Brian Keegan2, Ying Y. Yiu1, Melanie M. Miller1, Kathryn Jones2, Raffi V. Aroian1* 1 Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America, 2 Section of Tropical Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America Abstract Background: Hookworm infections are one of the most important parasitic infections of humans worldwide, considered by some second only to malaria in associated disease burden. Single-dose mass drug administration for soil-transmitted helminths, including hookworms, relies primarily on albendazole, which has variable efficacy. New and better hookworm therapies are urgently needed. Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein Cry5B has potential as a novel anthelmintic and has been extensively studied in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we ask whether single-dose Cry5B can provide therapy against a hookworm infection and whether C. elegans mechanism-of-action studies are relevant to hookworms. Methodology/Principal Findings: To test whether the C. elegans invertebrate-specific glycolipid receptor for Cry5B is relevant in hookworms, we fed Ancylostoma ceylanicum hookworm adults Cry5B with and without galactose, an inhibitor of Cry5B-C. elegans glycolipid interactions. As with C. elegans, galactose inhibits Cry5B toxicity in A. ceylanicum. Furthermore, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which controls one of the most important Cry5B signal transduction responses in C. elegans, is functionally operational in hookworms. A. ceylanicum hookworms treated with Cry5B up-regulate p38 MAPK and knock down of p38 MAPK activity in hookworms results in hypersensitivity of A.
  • First Report of Ancylostoma Ceylanicum in Wild Canids Q ⇑ Felicity A

    First Report of Ancylostoma Ceylanicum in Wild Canids Q ⇑ Felicity A

    International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 2 (2013) 173–177 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijppaw Brief Report First report of Ancylostoma ceylanicum in wild canids q ⇑ Felicity A. Smout a, R.C. Andrew Thompson b, Lee F. Skerratt a, a School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia b School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia article info abstract Article history: The parasitic nematode Ancylostoma ceylanicum is common in dogs, cats and humans throughout Asia, Received 19 February 2013 inhabiting the small intestine and possibly leading to iron-deficient anaemia in those infected. It has pre- Revised 23 April 2013 viously been discovered in domestic dogs in Australia and this is the first report of A. ceylanicum in wild Accepted 26 April 2013 canids. Wild dogs (dingoes and dingo hybrids) killed in council control operations (n = 26) and wild dog scats (n = 89) were collected from the Wet Tropics region around Cairns, Far North Queensland. All of the carcasses (100%) were infected with Ancylostoma caninum and three (11.5%) had dual infections with A. Keywords: ceylanicum. Scats, positively sequenced for hookworm, contained A. ceylanicum, A. caninum and Ancylos- Ancylostoma ceylanicum toma braziliense, with A. ceylanicum the dominant species in Mount Windsor National Park, with a prev- Dingo Canine alence of 100%, but decreasing to 68% and 30.8% in scats collected from northern and southern rural Hookworm suburbs of Cairns, respectively.
  • Download the Abstract Book

    Download the Abstract Book

    1 Exploring the male-induced female reproduction of Schistosoma mansoni in a novel medium Jipeng Wang1, Rui Chen1, James Collins1 1) UT Southwestern Medical Center. Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by schistosome parasites that infect over 200 million people. The prodigious egg output of these parasites is the sole driver of pathology due to infection. Female schistosomes rely on continuous pairing with male worms to fuel the maturation of their reproductive organs, yet our understanding of their sexual reproduction is limited because egg production is not sustained for more than a few days in vitro. Here, we explore the process of male-stimulated female maturation in our newly developed ABC169 medium and demonstrate that physical contact with a male worm, and not insemination, is sufficient to induce female development and the production of viable parthenogenetic haploid embryos. By performing an RNAi screen for genes whose expression was enriched in the female reproductive organs, we identify a single nuclear hormone receptor that is required for differentiation and maturation of germ line stem cells in female gonad. Furthermore, we screen genes in non-reproductive tissues that maybe involved in mediating cell signaling during the male-female interplay and identify a transcription factor gli1 whose knockdown prevents male worms from inducing the female sexual maturation while having no effect on male:female pairing. Using RNA-seq, we characterize the gene expression changes of male worms after gli1 knockdown as well as the female transcriptomic changes after pairing with gli1-knockdown males. We are currently exploring the downstream genes of this transcription factor that may mediate the male stimulus associated with pairing.
  • Onchocerciasis

    Onchocerciasis

    11 ONCHOCERCIASIS ADRIAN HOPKINS AND BOAKYE A. BOATIN 11.1 INTRODUCTION the infection is actually much reduced and elimination of transmission in some areas has been achieved. Differences Onchocerciasis (or river blindness) is a parasitic disease in the vectors in different regions of Africa, and differences in cause by the filarial worm, Onchocerca volvulus. Man is the the parasite between its savannah and forest forms led to only known animal reservoir. The vector is a small black fly different presentations of the disease in different areas. of the Simulium species. The black fly breeds in well- It is probable that the disease in the Americas was brought oxygenated water and is therefore mostly associated with across from Africa by infected people during the slave trade rivers where there is fast-flowing water, broken up by catar- and found different Simulium flies, but ones still able to acts or vegetation. All populations are exposed if they live transmit the disease (3). Around 500,000 people were at risk near the breeding sites and the clinical signs of the disease in the Americas in 13 different foci, although the disease has are related to the amount of exposure and the length of time recently been eliminated from some of these foci, and there is the population is exposed. In areas of high prevalence first an ambitious target of eliminating the transmission of the signs are in the skin, with chronic itching leading to infection disease in the Americas by 2012. and chronic skin changes. Blindness begins slowly with Host factors may also play a major role in the severe skin increasingly impaired vision often leading to total loss of form of the disease called Sowda, which is found mostly in vision in young adults, in their early thirties, when they northern Sudan and in Yemen.
  • The Intestinal Protozoa

    The Intestinal Protozoa

    The Intestinal Protozoa A. Introduction 1. The Phylum Protozoa is classified into four major subdivisions according to the methods of locomotion and reproduction. a. The amoebae (Superclass Sarcodina, Class Rhizopodea move by means of pseudopodia and reproduce exclusively by asexual binary division. b. The flagellates (Superclass Mastigophora, Class Zoomasitgophorea) typically move by long, whiplike flagella and reproduce by binary fission. c. The ciliates (Subphylum Ciliophora, Class Ciliata) are propelled by rows of cilia that beat with a synchronized wavelike motion. d. The sporozoans (Subphylum Sporozoa) lack specialized organelles of motility but have a unique type of life cycle, alternating between sexual and asexual reproductive cycles (alternation of generations). e. Number of species - there are about 45,000 protozoan species; around 8000 are parasitic, and around 25 species are important to humans. 2. Diagnosis - must learn to differentiate between the harmless and the medically important. This is most often based upon the morphology of respective organisms. 3. Transmission - mostly person-to-person, via fecal-oral route; fecally contaminated food or water important (organisms remain viable for around 30 days in cool moist environment with few bacteria; other means of transmission include sexual, insects, animals (zoonoses). B. Structures 1. trophozoite - the motile vegetative stage; multiplies via binary fission; colonizes host. 2. cyst - the inactive, non-motile, infective stage; survives the environment due to the presence of a cyst wall. 3. nuclear structure - important in the identification of organisms and species differentiation. 4. diagnostic features a. size - helpful in identifying organisms; must have calibrated objectives on the microscope in order to measure accurately.
  • A Parasite of Red Grouse (Lagopus Lagopus Scoticus)

    A Parasite of Red Grouse (Lagopus Lagopus Scoticus)

    THE ECOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF TRICHOSTRONGYLUS TENUIS (NEMATODA), A PARASITE OF RED GROUSE (LAGOPUS LAGOPUS SCOTICUS) A thesis submitted to the University of Leeds in fulfilment for the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By HAROLD WATSON (B.Sc. University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne) Department of Pure and Applied Biology, The University of Leeds FEBRUARY 198* The red grouse, Lagopus lagopus scoticus I ABSTRACT Trichostrongylus tenuis is a nematode that lives in the caeca of wild red grouse. It causes disease in red grouse and can cause fluctuations in grouse pop ulations. The aim of the work described in this thesis was to study aspects of the ecology of the infective-stage larvae of T.tenuis, and also certain aspects of the pathology and immunology of red grouse and chickens infected with this nematode. The survival of the infective-stage larvae of T.tenuis was found to decrease as temperature increased, at temperatures between 0-30 C? and larvae were susceptible to freezing and desiccation. The lipid reserves of the infective-stage larvae declined as temperature increased and this decline was correlated to a decline in infectivity in the domestic chicken. The occurrence of infective-stage larvae on heather tips at caecal dropping sites was monitored on a moor; most larvae were found during the summer months but very few larvae were recovered in the winter. The number of larvae recovered from the heather showed a good correlation with the actual worm burdens recorded in young grouse when related to food intake. Examination of the heather leaflets by scanning electron microscopy showed that each leaflet consists of a leaf roll and the infective-stage larvae of T.tenuis migrate into the humid microenvironment' provided by these leaf rolls.
  • Blastocystis Hominis Transmission by Non-Potable Water: a Case Report In

    Blastocystis Hominis Transmission by Non-Potable Water: a Case Report In

    NEW MICROBIOLOGICA, 41, 2, 173-177, 2018, ISN 1121-7138 CASE REPORT Blastocystis hominis transmission by non-potable water: a case report in Italy Maria Cristina Angelici, Chiara Nardis, Riccardo Scarpelli, Paola Ade Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy SUMMARY In the reported case, a 41-year-old Italian man came to the clinician’s observation reporting cramps, bloat- ing and watery diarrhoea a few days after drinking water indicated as unpotable from a fountain in a farm area. The medical suspicion was directed at both gluten intolerance and enteric infection, eventually of waterborne origin. Gluten intolerance was investigated by intestinal biopsy and excluded, while stool analyses ruled out infective bacteriological or viral agents and parasites. Subsequently, a persistent eo- sinophilia was revealed and a parasitological analysis was again suggested, planning for a more sensitive molecular method. Therefore, a multiplex-PCR of enteric protozoa species DNA was performed on an intestinal biopsy and faecal samples revealing only Blastocystis hominis protozoa, subsequently typed as subtype 1 by RFLP-PCR method. B. hominis is an anaerobic protozoa found in the human and animal intestinal tract, recently associated with a pathogenic role characterized by chronic development. Since blastocystosis has been demonstrated as a waterborne infection, a sample of water matrix was analysed, revealing the B. hominis subtype 1 DNA inside. A probable water transmission of Blastocystis infection has been demonstrated in this case report. Only a probiotic treatment based on Saccharomyces boulardii was administered to the patient and this apparently resolved the infection. In summary, the case described here is a chronic blastocystosis of possible waterborne origin, controlled by assuming a yeast treatment.
  • Parasite Management for Small Ruminants

    Parasite Management for Small Ruminants

    Parasite Management for Small Ruminants Slides contributed by tatiana Stanton, Steve Hart, Betsy Hodge, Katherine Petersson, Susan Schoenian, Mary Smith DVM and James Weber DVM and many others Part 1. Know the problem Brown Stomach Worm (Ostertagia) • Used to be considered most serious parasite of sheep in cool climates • Worm develops in gastric glands of stomach (abomasum) and destroys the glands as they grow • Affects appetite, digestion and nutrient utilization • Clinical signs – diarrhea, reduced appetite, weight loss Haemonchus contortus The Barber Pole Worm • short generation time, A blood-sucking parasite heavy egg producer; that pierces the mucosa of 5,000-10,000 the abomasum (ruminant eggs/worm/day “stomach”), causing blood plasma and protein loss to the sheep or goat. • can infest and kill host in 4 weeks • Each worm can consume 0.05 ml blood per day Haemonchus (Barber pole worm) and other strongyles • pasture and barnyard problem - especially if pasture is small and damp • few larvae picked up in barn – ammonia gas from bedding pack discourages larvae survival • infective larvae in dewdrops on grass On Pasture - • Eggs in feces, fall from animal to ground • Requires warmth (may be as cool as 50°F but lots of response by 60°F) and humidity to hatch into first stage larvae, L-1. Occurs in 1-6 days. • L-1 eats bacteria in feces and grows, molts (sheds skin like a snake) and becomes L-2 • L-2 also eats bacteria in feces and then molts On Pasture - • Direct sunlight can heat fecal pellet to 155° F and sterilize pellet – This is an excellent time to mow a pasture short to aid in drying the fecal pellet • Diatomaceous earth may help pellet to dry out and reduce viability of larvae? • Shade trees and tall, dense grass increase humidity and protect fecal pellets from the sun à increase problem Infectious Larvae on Pasture – L3 • L-2 molts to L-3.
  • Waterborne Zoonotic Helminthiases Suwannee Nithiuthaia,*, Malinee T

    Waterborne Zoonotic Helminthiases Suwannee Nithiuthaia,*, Malinee T

    Veterinary Parasitology 126 (2004) 167–193 www.elsevier.com/locate/vetpar Review Waterborne zoonotic helminthiases Suwannee Nithiuthaia,*, Malinee T. Anantaphrutib, Jitra Waikagulb, Alvin Gajadharc aDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand bDepartment of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand cCentre for Animal Parasitology, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Saskatoon Laboratory, Saskatoon, Sask., Canada S7N 2R3 Abstract This review deals with waterborne zoonotic helminths, many of which are opportunistic parasites spreading directly from animals to man or man to animals through water that is either ingested or that contains forms capable of skin penetration. Disease severity ranges from being rapidly fatal to low- grade chronic infections that may be asymptomatic for many years. The most significant zoonotic waterborne helminthic diseases are either snail-mediated, copepod-mediated or transmitted by faecal-contaminated water. Snail-mediated helminthiases described here are caused by digenetic trematodes that undergo complex life cycles involving various species of aquatic snails. These diseases include schistosomiasis, cercarial dermatitis, fascioliasis and fasciolopsiasis. The primary copepod-mediated helminthiases are sparganosis, gnathostomiasis and dracunculiasis, and the major faecal-contaminated water helminthiases are cysticercosis, hydatid disease and larva migrans. Generally, only parasites whose infective stages can be transmitted directly by water are discussed in this article. Although many do not require a water environment in which to complete their life cycle, their infective stages can certainly be distributed and acquired directly through water. Transmission via the external environment is necessary for many helminth parasites, with water and faecal contamination being important considerations.