Parasite Management for Small Ruminants
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Bacterial and Parasitic Infection of the Liver with Sebastian Lucas
Bacterial & parasitic infections Sebastian Lucas Dept of Histopathology St Thomas’ Hospital London SE1 Post-Tx infections Hepatitis A-x EBV HBV HCV Biliary tract infections HIV disease Crypto- sporidiosis CMV Other viral infections Bacterial & Parasitic infections Liver Hepatobiliary parasites • Leishmania spp • Trypanosoma cruzi • Entamoeba histolytica Biliary tree & GB • Toxoplasma gondii • microsporidia spp • Plasmodium falciparum • Balantidium coli • Cryptosporidium spp • Strongyloides stercoralis • Ascaris • Angiostrongylus spp • Fasciola hepatica • Enterobius vermicularis • Ascaris lumbricoides • Clonorchis sinensis • Baylisascaris • Opisthorcis viverrini • Toxocara canis • Dicrocoelium • Gnathostoma spp • Capillaria hepatica • Echinococcus granulosus • Schistosoma spp • Echinococcus granulosus & multilocularis Gutierrez: ‘Diagnostic Pathology of • pentasomes Parasitic Infections’, Oxford, 2000 What is this? Both are the same parasite What is this? Both are the same parasite Echinococcus multilocularis Bacterial infections of liver and biliary tree • Chlamydia trachomatis • Gram-ve rods • Treponema pallidum • Neisseria meningitidis • Borrelia spp • Yersina pestis • Leptospira spp • Streptococcus milleri • Mycobacterium spp • Salmonella spp – tuberculosis • Burkholderia pseudomallei – avium-intracellulare • Listeria monocytogenes – leprae • Brucella spp • Bartonella spp Actinomycetes • In ‘MacSween’ 2 manifestations of a classic bacterial infection Bacteria & parasites What you need to know 3 case studies • What can happen – differential -
Common Helminth Infections of Donkeys and Their Control in Temperate Regions J
EQUINE VETERINARY EDUCATION / AE / SEPTEMBER 2013 461 Review Article Common helminth infections of donkeys and their control in temperate regions J. B. Matthews* and F. A. Burden† Disease Control, Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh; and †The Donkey Sanctuary, Sidmouth, Devon, UK. *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Keywords: horse; donkey; helminths; anthelmintic resistance Summary management of helminths in donkeys is of general importance Roundworms and flatworms that affect donkeys can cause to their wellbeing and to that of co-grazing animals. disease. All common helminth parasites that affect horses also infect donkeys, so animals that co-graze can act as a source Nematodes that commonly affect donkeys of infection for either species. Of the gastrointestinal nematodes, those belonging to the cyathostomin (small Cyathostomins strongyle) group are the most problematic in UK donkeys. Most In donkey populations in which all animals are administered grazing animals are exposed to these parasites and some anthelmintics on a regular basis, most harbour low burdens of animals will be infected all of their lives. Control is threatened parasitic nematode infections and do not exhibit overt signs of by anthelmintic resistance: resistance to all 3 available disease. As in horses and ponies, the most common parasitic anthelmintic classes has now been recorded in UK donkeys. nematodes are the cyathostomin species. The life cycle of The lungworm, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, is also problematical, these nematodes is the same as in other equids, with a period particularly when donkeys co-graze with horses. Mature of larval encystment in the large intestinal wall playing an horses are not permissive hosts to the full life cycle of this important role in the epidemiology and pathogenicity of parasite, but develop clinical signs on infection. -
The Influence of Human Settlements on Gastrointestinal Helminths of Wild Monkey Populations in Their Natural Habitat
The influence of human settlements on gastrointestinal helminths of wild monkey populations in their natural habitat Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines DOKTORS DER NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN (Dr. rer. nat.) Fakultät für Chemie und Biowissenschaften Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) – Universitätsbereich genehmigte DISSERTATION von Dipl. Biol. Alexandra Mücke geboren in Germersheim Dekan: Prof. Dr. Martin Bastmeyer Referent: Prof. Dr. Horst F. Taraschewski 1. Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Eckhard W. Heymann 2. Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Doris Wedlich Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 16.12.2011 To Maya Index of Contents I Index of Contents Index of Tables ..............................................................................................III Index of Figures............................................................................................. IV Abstract .......................................................................................................... VI Zusammenfassung........................................................................................VII Introduction ......................................................................................................1 1.1 Why study primate parasites?...................................................................................2 1.2 Objectives of the study and thesis outline ................................................................4 Literature Review.............................................................................................7 2.1 Parasites -
Parasitic Organisms Chart
Parasitic organisms: Pathogen (P), Potential pathogen (PP), Non-pathogen (NP) Parasitic Organisms NEMATODESNematodes – roundworms – ROUNDWORMS Organism Description Epidemiology/Transmission Pathogenicity Symptoms Ancylostoma -Necator Hookworms Found in tropical and subtropical Necator can only be transmitted through penetration of the Some are asymptomatic, though a heavy burden is climates, as well as in areas where skin, whereas Ancylostoma can be transmitted through the associated with anemia, fever, diarrhea, nausea, Ancylostoma duodenale Soil-transmitted sanitation and hygiene are poor.1 skin and orally. vomiting, rash, and abdominal pain.2 nematodes Necator americanus Infection occurs when individuals come Necator attaches to the intestinal mucosa and feeds on host During the invasion stages, local skin irritation, elevated into contact with soil containing fecal mucosa and blood.2 ridges due to tunneling, and rash lesions are seen.3 matter of infected hosts.2 (P) Ancylostoma eggs pass from the host’s stool to soil. Larvae Ancylostoma and Necator are associated with iron can penetrate the skin, enter the lymphatics, and migrate to deficiency anemia.1,2 heart and lungs.3 Ascaris lumbricoides Soil-transmitted Common in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Ascaris eggs attach to the small intestinal mucosa. Larvae Most patients are asymptomatic or have only mild nematode America, Asia, and the Western Pacific. In migrate via the portal circulation into the pulmonary circuit, abdominal discomfort, nausea, dyspepsia, or loss of non-endemic areas, infection occurs in to the alveoli, causing a pneumonitis-like illness. They are appetite. Most common human immigrants and travelers. coughed up and enter back into the GI tract, causing worm infection obstructive symptoms.5 Complications include obstruction, appendicitis, right It is associated with poor personal upper quadrant pain, and biliary colic.4 (P) hygiene, crowding, poor sanitation, and places where human feces are used as Intestinal ascariasis can mimic intestinal obstruction, fertilizer. -
Cutaneous Larva Migrans: the Creeping Eruption
Cutaneous Larva Migrans: The Creeping Eruption Marc A. Brenner, DPM; Mital B. Patel, DPM Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is the most com- Hospital in Ontario, Canada, 48% of patients with mon tropically acquired dermatosis. It is caused CLM had recently traveled to Jamaica.2 CLM is an by hookworm larvae, which are in the feces of animal hookworm infestation usually caused by the infected dogs and cats. The condition occurs Ancylostoma genus of nematodes. It is confined pre- mainly in the Caribbean and New World, and dominantly to tropical and subtropical countries, anyone walking barefoot or sitting on a contami- although its distribution is ubiquitous. Eggs of the nated beach is at risk. nematode (usually Ancylostoma braziliense) are Ancylostoma braziliense and Ancylostoma found most commonly in dog and cat feces. In caninum are the most common hookworms Uruguay, 96% of dogs are infected by hookworms.3 responsible for CLM. The lesions, called creep- An individual is exposed to the larvae by sitting or ing eruptions, are characteristically erythema- walking on a beach that has been contaminated tous, raised and vesicular, linear or serpentine, with dog or cat feces. In a retrospective survey of and intensely pruritic. The conditions respond to 44 cases of CLM presented at the Hospital for oral and/or topical application of thiabendazole. Tropical Diseases in London, 95% of patients Humans become an accidental dead-end host reported a history of exposure at a beach.4 Activi- because the traveling parasite perishes, and its ties that pose a risk include contact with contami- cutaneous manifestations usually resolve nated sand or soil, such as playing in a sandbox, uneventfully within months. -
Classification and Nomenclature of Human Parasites Lynne S
C H A P T E R 2 0 8 Classification and Nomenclature of Human Parasites Lynne S. Garcia Although common names frequently are used to describe morphologic forms according to age, host, or nutrition, parasitic organisms, these names may represent different which often results in several names being given to the parasites in different parts of the world. To eliminate same organism. An additional problem involves alterna- these problems, a binomial system of nomenclature in tion of parasitic and free-living phases in the life cycle. which the scientific name consists of the genus and These organisms may be very different and difficult to species is used.1-3,8,12,14,17 These names generally are of recognize as belonging to the same species. Despite these Greek or Latin origin. In certain publications, the scien- difficulties, newer, more sophisticated molecular methods tific name often is followed by the name of the individual of grouping organisms often have confirmed taxonomic who originally named the parasite. The date of naming conclusions reached hundreds of years earlier by experi- also may be provided. If the name of the individual is in enced taxonomists. parentheses, it means that the person used a generic name As investigations continue in parasitic genetics, immu- no longer considered to be correct. nology, and biochemistry, the species designation will be On the basis of life histories and morphologic charac- defined more clearly. Originally, these species designa- teristics, systems of classification have been developed to tions were determined primarily by morphologic dif- indicate the relationship among the various parasite ferences, resulting in a phenotypic approach. -
62 – Worms and More Worms Speaker: Edward Mitre, MD
62 –Worms and More Worms Speaker: Edward Mitre, MD Disclosures of Financial Relationships with Relevant Commercial Interests • None Worms and More Worms Edward Mitre, MD Bethesda, MD What are helminths? What are helminths? The most complex and fascinating organisms that routinely infect people Pathogenic Helminths How helminths differ from other pathogens Eukaryotic, multicellular animals • Lifespan most live for years ----- phylum Platyhelminths ----- --Its own phylum!!-- TREMATODES CESTODES NEMATODES • Metazoans – eukaryotic, multicellular organisms (flukes) (tapeworms) (roundworms) • often have complex lifecycles • induce Th2 responses with eosinophilia and IgE • with few exceptions*, DO NOT MULTIPLY WITHIN HOST Fasciolopsis Taenia Ascaris (* Strongyloides, Paracapillaria, Hymenolepis) Images CDC DPDx ©2021 Infectious Disease Board Review, LLC 62 –Worms and More Worms Speaker: Edward Mitre, MD Major Helminth Pathogens World Prevalence TREMATODES CESTODES NEMATODES Blood flukes Intestinal tapeworms Intestinal Ascaris > 400 million Schistosoma mansoni Taenia solium Ascaris lumbricoides Taenia saginata Ancylostoma duodenale Schistosoma japonicum Necator americanus Schistosoma haematobium Diphyllobothrium latum Trichuris trichiura Trichuris > 200 million (Hymenolepis nana) Strongyloides stercoralis Liver flukes Enterobius vermicularis Hookworm > 200 million Fasciola hepatica Larval cysts Taenia solium Tissue Invasive Clonorchis sinensis Echinococcus granulosus Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi Opisthorchis viverrini Echinococcus multilocularis -
Dipylidium Caninum in a 4-Month Old Male
CLINICAL PRACTICE Dipylidium caninum in a 4-month old male TABITHA TAYLOR, MICHELE B ZITZMANN ABSTRACT prescribed Mebendazole. The drug seemed to subdue Dipylidium caninum, known as the double-pored dog the symptoms, but only for a couple of weeks. tapeworm, is a parasite that commonly infects dogs and cats worldwide. Humans may be an accidental host if Additional history revealed that the family owned a dog. the infective stage, the cysticercoid larva, is ingested.1,2 The dog had been treated for worms two months before Although rare, it is more commonly seen in infants and the infant became symptomatic. A complete blood Downloaded from children.2-5 This case study involves an infant count (CBC) was ordered on the patient and the results misdiagnosed with pinworm infection twice before a were within normal range. However, the differential laboratory evaluation was able to confirm Dipylidium revealed a slight eosinophilia. Shortly after being caninum. Accurate diagnosis is important, as treatment admitted, a fresh stool specimen was collected from the for pinworm infection will not eliminate Dipylidium patient and examined for ova and parasites. The stool http://hwmaint.clsjournal.ascls.org/ caninum. examination revealed small, white, seed-like structures which were identified as proglottids, measuring 7mm by INDEX TERMS: Dipylidiasis, Cestoda, cestode 3mm and tapered at both ends. Microscopic infection, anticestodal agents, Praziquantel, examination revealed egg packets that were Niclosamide, tapeworm, tapeworm infection approximately 145 by 120µm, containing 8-10 eggs. These findings were consistent with a diagnosis of Clin Lab Sci 2011;24(4):212 Dipylidium caninum. The patient was treated with a single dose of Praziquantel. -
Introduction to Multicellular Parasites
Harriet Wilson, Lecture Notes Bio. Sci. 4 - Microbiology Sierra College Introduction to Multicellular Parasites Multicellular parasites are eukaryotic organisms in the Kingdom Animalia (like us). Though they are macroscopic (obviously visible to the naked eye), they are often included in microbiology textbooks for two reasons: 1) Their eggs and larvae (immature forms) are microscopic and microbiologists are often involved in their identification within human/animal tissues and/or excrement. Diagnosis and treatment requires identification of the parasites present. 2) Many external parasites are vectors, involved in the transmission of disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and other multicellular parasites. Since epidemiology is an important aspect of microbiology, the identification of vectors and appreciation for the role they play in disease transmission is essential. Multicellular parasites, like single-celled forms are chemoheterotrophs that rely on other organisms for their nutritional needs. They vary considerably in size and form, but can be divided into two categories on the basis of their relationships with their hosts. a) Endoparasites – Endoparasites are those found living inside their hosts. Though some of these spend a portion of their life in water or soil, their mature forms live within animal hosts and are often highly adapted to this specialized environment. b) Ectoparasites – Ectoparasites are those found living outside their hosts. Many ectoparasites live on or near the organisms they require for nutrients, while some spend considerable time away from their hosts. In some cases, only the females require a blood meal and males of the species feed on plants or other materials. Helminthes – The term helminth means worm, and applies to the multicellular endoparasites. -
Sanitary Parasitology
:+2(0&(+( ,QWHJUDWHG*XLGH7R 6DQLWDU\3DUDVLWRORJ\ :RUOG+HDOWK2UJDQL]DWLRQ 5HJLRQDO2I¿FHIRUWKH(DVWHUQ0HGLWHUUDQHDQ 5HJLRQDO&HQWUHIRU(QYLURQPHQWDO+HDOWK$FWLYLWLHV $PPDQ±-RUGDQ WHO-EM/CEH/121/E INTEGRATED GUIDE TO SANITARY PARASITOLOGY World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Centre for Environmental Health Activities Amman – Jordan 2004 WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data WHO Regional Centre for Environmental Health Activities Integrated Guide to Sanitary Parasitology / WHO Regional Centre for Environmental Health Activities. p. 119 1. Sanitary parasitology – guidelines 2. Environmental health 3. Parasitic helminth 4. Water microbiology I. Title (ISBN 92-9021-386-8) [NLM Classification WA 671] © World Health Organization 2004 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from Distribution and Sales, World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, PO Box 7608, Nasr City, Cairo 11371, Egypt (tel: +202 670 2535, fax: +202 670 2492; email: [email protected]). -
Human Parasitology Laboratory
HUMAN PARASITOLOGY LABORATORY ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ Biology 546 - 2006 (.pdf edition) Steve J. Upton Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese liver fluke) (Drawing by Jarrod Wood) Division of Biology, Kansas State University ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ 2 HUMAN PARASITOLOGY LABORATORY OUTLINE - BIOLOGY 546 Tuesdays 8:30-10:20 (228 Ackert) JAN 17 INTRODUCTION AND SLIDE BOX ASSIGNMENTS JAN 24 DIGENES JAN 31 CESTODES FEB 07 DIGENES & CESTODES (Review) FEB 14 LAB EXAM #1 9:30 am (60 points) (Digenes & Cestodes) FEB 21 NEMATODES FEB 28 NEMATODES MAR 07 LAB EXAM #2 9:30 am (60 points) (Nematodes) MAR 14 PROTOZOA (flagellates) MAR 21 SPRING BREAK MAR 28 PROTOZOA (amoebae) APR 04 PROTOZOA (apicomplexa, ciliates, miscellaneous groups) APR 11 PROTOZOA (review of all phyla) APR 18 LAB EXAM #3 9:30 am (60 points) (Protozoa) APR 25 ARTHROPODA MAY 02 LAB EXAM #4 9:30 am (60 points) (Arthropoda) TOTAL POINTS POSSIBLE IN LAB: 240 (grading will be on a 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%... grading scale) 2 3 HUMAN PARASITOLOGY (BIOL. 546) LABORATORY MANUAL (Revised January, 2006) This laboratory is designed to teach students at Kansas State University the basics of identification of common eukaryotic parasites of humans. This course is targeted for sophomore/junior students and at least one course in General Biology is required as a prerequisite. In addition, Biology 545 (human parasitology lecture) is required either as a prerequisite or co-requisite. It is often helpful to also bring the Biology 545 text with you to each laboratory. Students will be required to work in groups of 2-3 and share an assigned slide box containing just under 100 permanently preserved specimens. -
Worm Infections in Children
Worm Infections in Children Jill E. Weatherhead, MD,*† Peter J. Hotez, MD, PhD*† *Department of Pediatrics (Sections of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine), National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX. †Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, TX. Educational Gaps 1. Clinicians should know that worm infections are among the most common pediatric infections in developing countries, led by intestinal helminth infections and schistosomiasis, and that these infections have chronic and disabling consequences for child growth and development. 2. Clinicians should know that some worm infections, such as toxocariasis and cysticercosis, are also common among children living in poverty in the United States and elsewhere in North America and Europe where, in some cases, they are important causes of epilepsy, cognitive impairments, and other illnesses. 3. Clinicians need a high index of suspicion for linking chronic disabilities in children to infections caused by worms. Objectives After completing the article, the reader should be able to: 1. Recognize the global burden of disease of worms in children. 2. Discuss the age-intensity distribution for worms in children. 3. Recognize the unique signs and symptoms of worm infections found predominantly in developing countries, such as intestinal helminth infections (ie, ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm infection) and schistosomiasis, as well as those also found widely in impoverished areas in North America and Europe, such as toxocariasis, enterobiasis, and cysticercosis. 4. Recognize the advantages and disadvantages of diagnostic modalities for helminth infections, schistosomiasis, toxocariasis, taeniasis, and cysticercosis. 5. Discuss and deliver recommended treatment regimens for intestinal helminth infections, schistosomiasis, toxocariasis, taeniasis, and AUTHOR DISCLOSURE Drs Weatherhead and Hotez have disclosed no financial cysticercosis in nonendemic and endemic countries.