Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Historical Linguistics and Cognitive Science
5 Historical Linguistics and Cognitive Science Philip Baldi 1 2 & Paola Eulalia Dussias1 (1 Penn State University) (2 University of Cagliari) Abstract In this paper we investigate possible links between historical linguistics and cognitive science, or theory of the mind. Our primary goal is to demonstrate that historically documented processes of a certain type, i.e. those relating to semantic change and grammaticalization, form a unified theoretical bundle which gives insight into the cognitive processes at work in language organization and evolution. We reject the notion that historical phenomena are excluded from cognitive speculation on the grounds that they are untestable. Rather, we argue for an extension of Labov’s uniformitarian doctrine, which states “that the same mechanisms which operated to produce the large-scale changes of the past may be observed operating in the current changes taking place around us.” (Labov, 1972:161). This principle is transferable to the current context in the following way: first, language as a system is no different today than it was millennia ago, easily as far back as diachronic speculation is likely to take us; and second, the human brain is structurally no different today from the brain of humans of up to ten thousand years ago. The cognitive- linguistic parallelism between the past and the present makes speculation possible, in this case about code- switching, even if it is not testable in the laboratory. It further allows us to make forward and backward inferences about both language change and its cognitive underpinnings. Keywords: historical linguistics, cognitive science, code-switching, semantic change, grammaticalization 1. -
Contextualizing Historical Lexicology the State of the Art of Etymological Research Within Linguistics
Contextualizing historical lexicology The state of the art of etymological research within linguistics University of Helsinki, May 15–17, 2017 Abstracts Organized by the project “Inherited and borrowed in the history of the Uralic languages” (funded by Kone Foundation) Contents I. Keynote lectures ................................................................................. 5 Martin Kümmel Etymological problems between Indo-Iranian and Uralic ................ 6 Johanna Nichols The interaction of word structure and lexical semantics .................. 9 Martine Vanhove Lexical typology and polysemy patterns in African languages ...... 11 II. Section papers ................................................................................. 12 Mari Aigro A diachronic study of the homophony between polar question particles and coordinators ............................................................. 13 Tommi Alho & Aleksi Mäkilähde Dating Latin loanwords in Old English: Some methodological problems ...................................................................................... 14 Gergely Antal Remarks on the shared vocabulary of Hungarian, Udmurt and Komi .................................................................................................... 15 Sofia Björklöf Areal distribution as a criterion for new internal borrowing .......... 16 Stefan Engelberg Etymology and Pidgin languages: Words of German origin in Tok Pisin ............................................................................................ 17 László -
Lectures on English Lexicology
МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ГОУ ВПО «Татарский государственный гуманитарно-педагогический университет» LECTURES ON ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY Курс лекций по лексикологии английского языка Казань 2010 МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ГОУ ВПО «Татарский государственный гуманитарно-педагогический университет» LECTURES ON ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY Курс лекций по лексикологии английского языка для студентов факультетов иностранных языков Казань 2010 ББК УДК Л Печатается по решению Методического совета факультета иностранных языков Татарского государственного гуманитарно-педагогического университета в качестве учебного пособия Л Lectures on English Lexicology. Курс лекций по лексикологии английского языка. Учебное пособие для студентов иностранных языков. – Казань: ТГГПУ, 2010 - 92 с. Составитель: к.филол.н., доцент Давлетбаева Д.Н. Научный редактор: д.филол.н., профессор Садыкова А.Г. Рецензенты: д.филол.н., профессор Арсентьева Е.Ф. (КГУ) к.филол.н., доцент Мухаметдинова Р.Г. (ТГГПУ) © Давлетбаева Д.Н. © Татарский государственный гуманитарно-педагогический университет INTRODUCTION The book is intended for English language students at Pedagogical Universities taking the course of English lexicology and fully meets the requirements of the programme in the subject. It may also be of interest to all readers, whose command of English is sufficient to enable them to read texts of average difficulty and who would like to gain some information about the vocabulary resources of Modern English (for example, about synonyms -
The Importance of Morphology, Etymology, and Phonology
3/16/19 OUTLINE Introduction •Goals Scientific Word Investigations: •Spelling exercise •Clarify some definitions The importance of •Intro to/review of the brain and learning Morphology, Etymology, and •What is Dyslexia? •Reading Development and Literacy Instruction Phonology •Important facts about spelling Jennifer Petrich, PhD GOALS OUTLINE Answer the following: •Language History and Evolution • What is OG? What is SWI? • What is the difference between phonics and •Scientific Investigation of the writing phonology? system • What does linguistics tell us about written • Important terms language? • What is reading and how are we teaching it? • What SWI is and is not • Why should we use the scientific method to • Scientific inquiry and its tools investigate written language? • Goal is understanding the writing system Defining Our Terms Defining Our Terms •Linguistics à lingu + ist + ic + s •Phonics à phone/ + ic + s • the study of languages • literacy instruction based on small part of speech research and psychological research •Phonology à phone/ + o + log(e) + y (phoneme) • the study of the psychology of spoken language •Phonemic Awareness • awareness of phonemes?? •Phonetics à phone/ + et(e) + ic + s (phone) • the study of the physiology of spoken language •Orthography à orth + o + graph + y • correct spelling •Morphology à morph + o + log(e) + y (morpheme) • the study of the form/structure of words •Orthographic phonology • The study of the connection between graphemes and phonemes 1 3/16/19 Defining Our Terms The Beautiful Brain •Phonemeà -
Spelling Instruction Through Etymology – a Method of Developing Spelling Lists for Older Students1
SPELLING INSTRUCTION – HUTCHEON, CAMPBELL & STEWART 60 Australian Journal of Educational & Developmental Psychology. Vol 12, 2012, pp. 60-70 Spelling Instruction through Etymology – A Method of Developing Spelling Lists for Older Students1 Greg Hutcheon, Marilyn Campbell & Judith Stewart Queensland University of Technology ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an approach to developing word lists centred on etymological roots would improve the spelling performance of older primary school students. Participants were 46 students in the last year of primary school in south-east Queensland (31 girls and 15 boys) across three classes, with two classes being assigned to control conditions. Students were evaluated pre- and post-intervention on three dependent measures: British Spelling Test Series spelling, spelling in writing and writing. The results of this intervention revealed improvements in spelling for girls but not for boys. The implications for improved teaching methods are discussed. INTRODUCTION The development of effective literacy skills is vital to success in school, professional life, and everyday activities, and learning to spell is a crucial factor in overall literacy development. Difficulties with spelling can divert attention from other important processes in writing (Juel, 1999) and inhibit the quality of compositions by forcing writers to select less appropriate words (Kohnen, Nickles, & Castles, 2009), forget what they have planned to write (Graham, 1990), or have less resources available to develop the narrative (Sacre & Masterton, 2000). As such, effective spelling instruction not only can increase children’s performance on spelling tests but also may increase the length and proficiency of their compositions (Berninger et al., 1998). Teaching spelling effectively may also lead to higher levels of word reading ability. -
Semantic Etymology.Pdf
1 2 3 4 Semantic Etymology: An innovative approach to Historical Linguistics Dr. V N Bhattathiri, M.D., Ph.D Senior Research Fellow, Biolinguistics International School of Dravidian Linguistics Menamkulam, St. Xavier’s College P.O. Thiruvananthapuram - 695586 Mobile: +919847571228 Email : [email protected] Published in: Bharatha Pathrika (Trilingual Research Journal) ISSN 2277-5471 Vol 8., No. 4-6. April-June 2018 pp 9-14 5 Bronkhorst, the eminent Indologist and Sanskrit scholar, has very aptly divided etymology to two: Historical and Semantic. Historical etymology presents the origin or early history of a word, identifies and gives the information as to the word, belonging to an earlier language (along with the route through other languages, if any) or to an earlier stage of the same language, from which that particular word is derived. On the other hand, semantic etymology attempts to elucidate the meaning of the word and gain information thence. In effect, semantic etymology would cover a deeper and wider area than historical. Moreover, since word meanings are involved, semantic etymologising needs to be done with actual words that existed and meaningfully used in a language and not hypothetical ones belonging to any ‘Proto-language’ The difference between historical and semantic etymologies can be understood by an examination of the etymology of the word ‘etymology’. According to the online etymology dictionary (OED), the word etymology entered English in 14 th century AD, as ethimolegia , meaning “facts of the origin and development of a word,” from Old French etimologie , ethimologie (14 th century, Modern French étymologie ), from Latin etymologia , from Greek etymologia "analysis of a word to find its true origin," properly "study of the true sense (of a word)," with -logia "study of, a speaking of"+ etymon "true sense," neuter of etymos "true, real, actual," related to eteos ("true"), which perhaps is cognate with Sanskrit satyah , Gothic sunjis , Old English soð ("true"). -
Prehistory of Clay Mineralogy – from Ancient Times to Agricola
Acta Geodyn. Geomater., Vol. 6, No. 1 (153), 87–100, 2009 PREHISTORY OF CLAY MINERALOGY – FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO AGRICOLA Willi PABST * and Renata KOŘÁNOVÁ Department of Glass and Ceramics, Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague (ICT Prague), Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic *Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] (Received November 2008, accepted February 2009) ABSTRACT The prehistory of clay mineralogy is highlighted from the beginnings in ancient Greece to the mineralogical works of Agricola, in particular his famous handbook of mineralogy, entitled De natura fossilium (1546). Starting with a few scattered hints in the works of Archaic and Classic Greek authors, including Aristotle, the first treatment of clays as a part of mineralogy is by Theophrastus. This basic tradition was further supplemented by Roman agricultural writers (Cato, Columella), Hellenistic authors (the geographer Strabo and the physicians Dioscorides and Galen), the Roman engineer- architect Vitruvius, and finally summarized in Pliny’s encyclopedia Naturalis historia, which has become the main source for later authors, including Agricola. It is shown to what extent Agricola’s work is just a great summary of this traditional knowledge and to what extent Agricola’s work must be considered as original. In particular, Agricola’s attempt to a rational, combinatorical classification of “earths” is recalled, and a plausible explanation is given for his effort to include additional information on Central European clay deposits and argillaceous raw material occurrences. However, it is shown that – in contrast to common belief – Agricola was not the first to include “earths” in a mineralogical system. This had been done almost one thousand years earlier by Isidore of Seville. -
'Law' in the Medieval Christianity As Understood from the Etymologies Of
International Journal of Arts and Commerce Vol. 4 No. 2 February, 2015 ‘Law’ in the Medieval Christianity as understood from the Etymologies of Isidore of Seville Samina Bashir1 Abstract The article is an attempt to explore the history behind and meaning of the term ‘law’ in medieval Christianity. Isidore of Seville’s ‘Etymologiae’ is an encyclopedia of etymology and has defined in detail ‘law’ and relevant terms. This provides a glimpse of ‘Medieval’ culture and society, legal concepts, different laws prevalent at that time, nature of crimes and punishments. Key words: etymologiae, bishop, medieval, culture, law, natural law, human law. The Medieval period of western European history is spread over ten centuries, followed the disintegration of Roman Empire in the 4th and 5th century and lasted till the Italian Renaissance in 15th century.2 Isidore is commonly known as Isidore of Seville. He was born in 560, in Cartagena, Spain. This was the time when his father Sevarianus brought his family to Seville from Cartagena, since Cartagena was invaded and controlled by Byzantine forces. After the death of his parents he was brought up and educated by his elder brother Leander whom he succeeded as bishop of Seville later in 600. He received his elementary education in the cathedral school of Seville. He mastered Latin, Hebrew and Greek.3 Reccared, the king, converted to Catholicism which established close ties between the Catholic Church and the Visigoth (Spanish) monarchy.4 It seems that Isidore had some political influence as well. He enjoyed the relationship of friendship with Sisebut (612-621) due to common intellectual interests.5 Braulio, his younger colleague, who later became bishop of the church of Saragossa in 636 and on whose request he wrote his famous ‘Etymologies’ and who after the death of Isidore compiled a list of his works wrote about his personality and he has introduced his Etymologies, “[Etymologiae] … a codex of enormous size, divided by him into topics, not books. -
The Plinian Races (Via Isidore of Seville) in Irish Mythology
Divine Deformity: The Plinian Races (via Isidore of Seville) in Irish Mythology Phillip A. Bernhardt-House Abstract: This article examines the characteristics of the Fomoiri in Irish mythological literature—particularly their being one-eyed, one-legged, and one- handed or one-armed—and rather than positing a proto-Indo-European or native Irish origin for these physical motifs, instead suggests that these characteristics may be derived from Isidore of Seville’s Etymologiae, which contains a catalogue of the ‘Plinian races’ of classical mythology and pseudo-ethnography within it. All of the Fomoiri’s characteristics can be compared to the physiological forms of the Giants, Sciopods, Cyclopes, and Blemmyae from the canonical list of Plinian races. Further omparison of Irish accounts of cynocephali (dog-headed humanoids) within texts like Lebor Gabála Érenn are also likely derived from Isidore. Irish pseudohistorical writings of the medieval period suggest that the isle of Ireland was invaded by successive waves of inhabitants, the first being a granddaughter of the biblical Noah called Cesair, who invaded Ireland shortly before the flood (Carey 1987), but died with the rest of her companions (apart from one, a long- lived shape-shifting survivor) in the flood itself. The next post-diluvial invasion was that of Partholón, and it was during this period when Partholón’s people were the principal inhabitants of Ireland that the first battle in Ireland occurred, which was against Cichol Grichenchos of the Fomoiri, a race described as ‘men with single arms and single legs’ in the first recension of the pseudohistorical textLebor Gabála Érenn, ‘The Book of the Taking of Ireland’ (The Book of Invasions, First Recension, 238 §38). -
Heads Mpongwe Grammar
C O N TE N TS . ORTHOGRAPHY Diphthongs Gender and Denominatives Number and ‘ First Class . d and Third lasses Secon C . Fourth Class — in han o m r m N S . c e t No 31, , g d , Nouns used only in First Third Class Fourth Class Nouns in Superlative Degree Anm cr' l vns Comparison of Table of Adj ectives and Nouns Pronominal Adj ectives d o o o o o o o o o o o S OW InfleCte o o o o o o o o o H o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 Table of Compounde d Location of Adj ective Pronouns Table of m n a i nitial i am Ter i l , i y Table of Nouns and Adjective Pronouns“ ' Emphatic SufliL miJmé Dem onstrative Pronouns N CO TEN TS . Decimal o r Digital Us ed as Nouns Table of Cardinal Numbe rs . — Remark s Nouns 1st Class Singular Arrange m ent of Nouns and Numerals Abbreviation of Numerals N e s ecom e N s and N J un N e ed Possessive umb r b oun , umb r Ans wer by show of Fingers Adjective Ph rases Diminutive ye ORD INALS How Formed a Fraction l Parts . PR ONOUN B Pe rsonal Number and Case Table ec n d Pe s ar 17 5 S o r on Singul , Relative Pronouns o i a mi P a , S ngul r, , lur l Agree with Ante cedent in Number and Person Interrogative How Definite Pronoun . -
MERI-DIES ACCORDING to LATIN AUTHORS from CICERO to ANTHONY of PADUA: the VARIOUS USES of a COMMONPLACE ETYMOLOGY* Tim Denecker
ACTA CLASSICA LX (2017) 73-92 ISSN 0065-1141 MERI-DIES ACCORDING TO LATIN AUTHORS FROM CICERO TO ANTHONY OF PADUA: THE VARIOUS USES OF A COMMONPLACE ETYMOLOGY Tim Denecker Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO), Leuven/Ghent ABSTRACT The etymology of meridies stands as a commonplace in the Latin literary tradition. The present article aims to expand on the evidence collected by Maltby in his 1991 A Lexicon of Ancient Latin Etymologies – primarily by extending its historical scope into the Middle Ages – and to interpret and contextualise the body of source material thus established. It is shown that in the relevant sources (chronologically ranging from Cicero [born 106 BC] to Anthony of Padua [died 1231]), the meri- component is mostly reduced to merus or to medius, but that combinations and minor alternative explanations frequently occur. It also becomes clear that the etymology of meridies is discussed and put to use in a broad variety of text types, and in very diverse historical and cultural contexts. Lastly, it is argued that the case of meridies is illustrative of the difference between ‘ancient’ and ‘modern’ concep- tions of etymology. Introduction The etymology of meridies, ‘midday, noon, south’, has commonplace status throughout the Latin literary tradition, including technical genres and exegetical works. In Maltby’s presentation of the relevant source material, three possible accounts of the word’s history can be discerned. According to what seems to be the oldest etymology, the components medius and dies (a noun which may have masculine or feminine gender) were contracted to medidies, which was subsequently altered by dissimilation – for the sake of euphony – into meridies. -
Revisiting Kurdish Dialect Geography: Preliminary Findings from the Manchester Database
Revisiting Kurdish dialect geography: Preliminary findings from the Manchester Database June 2017 Yaron Matras University of Manchester Introduction: Database method and Persian). Bilingual speakers were asked to translate the phrases into their local Kurdish dialect. Sessions were and scope recorded and transcribed into templates in which each phrase was pre-tagged for anticipated structures. The data My aim in this paper is to describe preliminary findings was imported into an open-source database (utilising from work carried out between 2011-2017 as part of a MySQL and PHP web interface software), which was made collaborative project on ‘Structural and typological accessible online. It allows the user to filter transcribed variation in the dialects of Kurdish’, based at the phrases by content (Kurdish forms), English elicitation University of Manchester. The project’s objectives were to phrase, tags, and speaker’s place of origin. create a reference database covering the main areas in A pilot questionnaire was tested in 2011-2012. It which dialects of Kurdish are spoken, to assess typological contained around 200 items, of which around half were variation (with particular consideration to possible individual lexemes and function words. The items had been contact influences), and to investigate the role of verb selected based on an assessment of structural variation in semantics in the volatility of the ergative construction in samples of connected speech from around 50 recorded Kurmanji/Bahdini. This paper presents initial findings interviews of up to 40 minutes each with speakers from pertaining to the distribution of structural features, dialect various locations in Turkey, Iraq, and Iran, and based on geography, and dialect classification.