BAB IV KESIMPULAN

Carles Puigdemont resmi menjabat sebagai Presiden Katalonia, Carles

Puigdemont langsung mengatakan bahwa dalam 18 bulan Katalonia akan melakukan referendum, juga menyatakan keinginan Katalonia untuk merdeka kepada wakil – wakil diplomat yang berada di . Upaya diplomasi dilakukan oleh Carles Puigdemont dengan cara mengadakan pertemuan dengan wakil negara lain seperti dari Flanders, Scotlandia dan parlemen Uni Eropa. Upaya diplomasi

Carles Puigdemont termasuk dalam paradiplomasi yang bearti proses diplomasi dilakukan oleh “sub-state” karena bagaimanapun, Katalonia masih merupakan bagian dari Spanyol dan tujuan dari diplomasi Carles Puigdemont juga merupakan diplomasi publik untuk merubah persepsi negara lain terhadap proses kemerdekaan Katalonia dari Spanyol.

Pemerintahan dan warga Katalonia menginginkan kemerdekaan dari Spanyol karena merasa adanya ketidak adilan dan berbeda dengan Spanyol. Keinginan tersebut dilaksanakan ketika pada masa pemerintahan Carles Puigdemont yang mempunyai afiliasi partai separatis dan berkuasa di parlemen Katalonia. Pada 1

Oktober 2017 Katalonia akhirnya mengadakan referendum mengenai kemerdekaan

Katalonia dan hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa 90 persen pemilih mendukung gerakan independen dari Spanyol Carles Puigdemont langsung mendeklarasikan kemerdekaan pada 27 Oktober. Mengetahui hal ini, pemerintah Spanyol pun memberlakukan aturan

67

langsung dengan menerapkan Undang-Undang Pasal 155 dari konstitusi dasar, dan ini merupakan implementasi yang dilakukan pertama kalinya oleh negara Spanyol.

Berdasarkan fungsi dan mekanisme Generalitat Katalonia, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Katalonia sebagai wilayah otonomi Spanyol memiliki hak untuk menjalankan hukum dan pemerintahannya sesuai dengan udang-undang yang telah ditetapkan dan berlaku di Katalonia, tetapi dalam undang-undang ini juga terdapat campur tangan dari pemerintah pusat Spanyol. Jadi, dalam membentuk undang-undangnya,

Katalonia harus mendapatkan persetujuan dari Spanyol. Penggunaan Pasal 155 merupakan salah satu bentuk tindakan pemerintah Spanyol yang berperan sebagai pemerintahan pusat Katalonia. Pemerintah Spanyol berhak mengatur dan masyarkat wajib untuk memenuhi dan menjalankan kebijakan yang telah ditetapkan oleh pemerintah Spanyol.

Pembubaran Diplocat merupakan cara untuk menetralisir gejolak yang terjadi di Katalonia. Pemerintah pusat Spanyol berhak untuk membubarkan atau melikuidasi

Diplocat, karena meskipun Diplocat dibentuk dan di bawah payung pemerintah

Katalonia, pemerintah pusat Spanyol memiliki hak untuk melakukan pemerintahan langsung pada wilayah otonomnya. Namun, walaupun dibubarkannya Diplocat dan

Carles Puigdemont tidak berada di Katalonia diapun masih tetap memperjuangkan kemerdekaan Katalonia.

68

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

BUKU

Creswell, John W. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Los Angeles: Sage, 2014.

Criekemans, David. Are The Boundaries between Paradiplomacy and Diplomacy Watering Down?Belgium: University of Anwerp and Flemish Centre for International Policy, Juli 2008.

Contijoch, Anna Gallardo, and Iztok Ptokar. "Japan Action Plan of the Government of Catalonia 2016-2019." Ministry of Transparency and Foreign and Institutional Relations and Affairs. 2016.

Djelantik, Sukawarsini. Diplomasi Antara Teori & Praktik. Graha Ilmu, 2008

JURNAL

De Vicuňa, Ramón Lohmar Sainz. "The Effects of the 2006 Statute of Autonomy and the Government on Catalan Paradiplomacy."

Gilboa, Eythan. Searching for a Theory of Public Diplomacy. Vol. 616. Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science, 2008.

Kartasasmita, Giandi, and A. Irawan J, H. "Diplomasi Komersial Indonesia Ke Belanda Masa Kepemimpinan Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (2004- 2014)." 2015

Lecours, André. "Political Issues of Paradiplomacy: Lessons from the Developed World." Netherlands Institute of International Relations „Clingendael‟, Desember 2008.

Mukti, Takdir Ali. "Paradiplomacy: Bangkitnya Aktor Lokal Di Fora Internasional Paradiplomacy: Jurnal Magister Ilmu Politik Universitas Hasanuddin, no. 1 Januari 2015.

69

Tzagkas, Christos Anastasios. "The Internal Conflict in : The Case of Catalonia." International Journal of Latest Research in Humanities and Social Science (IJLRHSS)01, no. 08.

Wangke, Humphrey. " Referendum Kemerdekaan Katalonia Dari Spanyol." Majalah Info Singkat Hubungan Internasional, 20th ser., II, no. IX (Oktober 2017).

Wolff, Stefan. "Paradiplomacy: Scope, Opportunities and Challenges." University of Nottingham, 2009.

INTERNET

Susetyo,Benny. “Peranan Diplomasi Publik” , Bappenas, http://ditpolkom.bappenas.go.id/basedir/Artikel/062.%20Peranan%20Diploma si%20Publik%20%2818%20Desember%202008%29.pdf Desember 18, 2008.

Prim, Sara. "First Catalan Cultural Week in Shanghai Attracts 73,000 People." Catalan News. November 10, 2015 http://www.catalannews.com/culture/item/first-catalan-cultural-week-in- shanghai-attracts-73000-people.

"Puigdemont to Barcelona's Consuls: "Catalonia Walks towards Independence"." Catalan News. Febuari 11, 2016. http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/puigdemont-to-barcelona-s- consuls-catalonia-walks-towards-independence.

Prim, Sara. "Puigdemont: "Catalonia Would like to Follow Scotland's Path, but in Spain There Is No One Willing to Negotiate"." Catalan News. Mei 12, 2016. http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/puigdemont-catalonia-would-like- to-follow-scotland-s-path-but-in-spain-there-is-no-one-willing-to-negotiate.

Prim, Sara. "'Catalan Week': An Initiative to Explain Catalonia's Political Process to the World." Catalan News. September 05, 2016. http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/catalan-week-an-initiative-to- explain-catalonia-s-political-process-to-the-world.

"Puigdemont to Explain the Catalan Referendum in the European Parliament." Catalan News. Januari 16, 2017. http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/puigdemont-to-explain-the-catalan- referendum-in-the-european-parliament.

70

Kettner, Helle. "Catalonia Takes the Oktober 1 Referendum to Stockholm." Catalan News. Agustus 31, 2017. http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/catalonia-takes-the-october-1- referendum-to-stockholm.

"Who Is Catalan President Carles Puigdemont?" GCC News | Al Jazeera. Maret 26, 2018. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/catalan-president-carles- puigdemont-171001122719197.html.

"Who Is Catalan President Carles Puigdemont?" GCC News | Al Jazeera. Maret 26, 2018. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/catalan-president-carles- puigdemont-171001122719197.html.

"10 Historic Reasons Catalonia Is Fighting for Independence from Spain." Ancient Origins. Oktober 03, 2017. https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history- archaeology/10-historic-reasons-catalonia-fighting-independence-spain- 008896.

Badcock, Harriet Alexander; James. "Why Does Catalonia Want Independence from Spain?" The Telegraph. Oktober 05, 2017, 2018. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/does-catalonia-want-independence- spain/.

"Catalan Politics - Who's Who and What's What." Barcelonas, 2019. https://www.barcelonas.com/catalan-politics.html.

"Catalonia and Flanders, a Flourishing Relationship." Departement Buitenlandse Zaken. https://www.fdfa.be/en/catalonia-and-flanders-a-flourishing- relationship.

Deutsche Welle. "Former Catalan President Carles Puigdemont Detained in Germany | DW | 25.03.2018." DW.COM. https://www.dw.com/en/former-catalan- president-carles-puigdemont-detained-in-germany/a-43123009.

Deutsche Welle. "Spain's Article 155: The Constitution's 'nuclear Option' | DW | 21.10.2017." DW.COM. https://www.dw.com/en/spains-article-155-the- constitutions-nuclear-option/a-40861578.

71

Deutsche Welle. "Catalonia's Carles Puigdemont Vows to Remain in Brussels | DW | 06.12.2017." DW.COM. https://www.dw.com/en/catalonias-carles- puigdemont-vows-to-remain-in-brussels/a-41684720.

"DIPLOCAT." FemCAT. 2016. https://www.femcat.cat/en/projects/diplocat/.

"Discover Flanders." Vlaanderen.be. Agustus 30, 2018. https://www.vlaanderen.be/en/discover-flanders.

Ellyatt, Holly. "Article 155: What Spain's 'nuclear Option' Really Means." CNBC. Oktober 19, 2017. https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/13/article-155-what- -nuclear-option-really-means.html.

"Generalitat." Generalitat De Cataluña. https://web.gencat.cat/en/generalitat/

"Government Liquidates Diplocat, with Promote Independence of Catalonia." The Diplomat in Spain. Desember 16, 2017. https://thediplomatinspain.com/en/2017/12/government-liquidates-diplocat- the-organ-that-promoted-catalonias-independence/.

Hennessy-Fiske, Molly. "Up against Spain's Government, Can Catalonia's President Stick to His Dream of Independence?" Los Angeles Times. Oktober 25, 2017. https://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-spain-catalonia-20171025- story.html.

Jones, Sam, and Stephen Burgen. "Catalan Referendum: Preliminary Results Show 90% in Favour of Independence." The Guardian. Oktober 01, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/01/dozens-injured-as-riot- police-storm-catalan-ref-polling-stations.

"Junts Pel Sí I La CUP Tanquen Un Acord per a Dur Endavant La Legislatura." VilaWeb.cat. Januari 09, 201. https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/junts-pel-si-i- la-cup-tanquen-un-acord-per-a-tirar-endavant-la-legislatura/.

Little, Becky. "The Catalonian Fight for Independence Has Medieval Roots." History.com. Oktober 30, 2017. https://www.history.com/news/the- catalonian-fight-for-independence-has-medieval-roots.

Minder, Raphael, and Ellen Barry. "Catalonia's Independence Vote Descends Into Chaos and Clashes." The New York Times. Oktober 01, 2017.

72

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/01/world/europe/catalonia-independence- referendum.html.

Noguer, Miquel, and A. Garcia. "Carles Puigdemont Voted in as New Catalan Premier". EL PAÍS. Januari 11, 2016. https://elpais.com/elpais/2016/01/11/inenglish/1452498704_085748.html.

Pous, Laura. "Over 100 International Observers Will Be following Tomorrow's Referendum in Catalonia." Catalan News. http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/over-100-international-observers- will-be-following-tomorrow-s-referendum-in-catalonia.

"Hundreds Of Thousands March For Unified Spain in Barcelona." The Huffington Post. Oktober 29, 2017. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/catalonia-poll- spain-independence_us_59f5da6fe4b07fdc5fbeb0e4.

Riley Morgan 13 Sep 2017 - 4:17 PM UPDATED 12 Oct 2017 - 9:45 AM. "Why Do Want Independence from Spain?" SBS News. September 13, 2017. https://www.sbs.com.au/news/explainer/why-do-catalans-want-independence- spain.

Rodriguez, Vicente. "Catalonia." Encyclopædia Britannica. Oktober 31, 2018 https://www.britannica.com/place/Catalonia.

Saeed, Saim. "How the World Reacted to Catalan Independence Declaration." POLITICO. Oktober 28, 2017. https://www.politico.eu/article/how-the-world- reacted-to-catalan-independence-declaration/.

"Scottish Independence Referendum (Archived)." GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/topical-events/scottish-independence- referendum.

"Sol Daurella, Xavi Hernández and Jordi Savall, among Catalonia's 39 Newly- appointed "ambassadors"." Ara.cat. November 26, 2016. https://www.ara.cat/en/Daurella-Hernandez-Jordi-Savall- Catalonias_0_1694230798.html.

Sputnik. "New Catalan Leader Carles Puigdemont Sworn in Amid Secession Drive." Sputnik International. Januari 12, 2016. https://sputniknews.com/europe/201601121033024161-catalan-carles- puigdemont-sworn/.

73

Stothard, Michael. "Madrid Takes Control of Catalonia after Independence Vote." Financial Times. Oktober 28, 2017. https://www.ft.com/content/01355070- bae7-11e7-8c12-5661783e5589.

UpClosed. "About Carles Puigdemont | Politician, Journalist, Businessperson, Political Activist | Spain." UpClosed. https://upclosed.com/people/carles- puigdemont-i-casamajo/.

Xifra, Jordi, and David Mckie. "Foreign Action Plan of the Government of Catalonia." From Realpolitik to Noopolitik: The Public Relations of (stateless) Nations in an Information Age, 5th ser., no. 38 (2012). doi:doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.04.005.

74