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Constitutional Law A Context and Practice Casebook

Revised Printing

David S. Schwartz University of Wisconsin Law School

Lori A. Ringhand University of Georgia School of Law

Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page iv

Copyright © 2013 David S. Schwartz, Lori A. Ringhand All Rights Reserved

Revised Printing

ISBN 978-1-61163-527-0 LCCN 2013946821

Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page v

We dedicate this book to John Kidwell.

John was our teacher, mentor, colleague and friend. He inspired us in so many ways, and was taken from us much too soon. 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page vi 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page vii

Summary of Contents

Introduction: Constitutional Litigation and Analysis 3

Part One: Legislative Power and Federalism 47 Chapter 1 • Legislative Power 51 Chapter 2 • Limitations on State Powers 263

Part Two: Separation of Powers 317 Chapter 3 • Executive Power 319 Chapter 4 • Other Separation-of-Powers Issues 509

Part Three: Judicial Power 559 Chapter 5 • Judicial Review 561 Chapter 6 • Justiciability 613

Part Four: Due Process, Fundamental Rights, and Equal Protection 657 Chapter 7 • Substantive Due Process 661 Chapter 8 • Equal Protection 769

Part Five: The First Amendment 935 Chapter 9 • Freedom of Speech 937 Chapter 10 • Religious Freedom 1073

Appendix • The Constitution of the United States of America 1127

Index 1143

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Contents

List of Diagrams and Figures xix

Table of Cases xxi

Series Editor’s Preface xxxi

Acknowledgments xxxiii

Introduction: Constitutional Litigation and Analysis 3 A. Overview 3 B. What Is Constitutional Law? 4 1. The Constitution 4 2. Constitutional Actors 5 3. The Power to Interpret the Constitution 7 Exercise: Constitutional Law 8 C. Constitutional Cases 8 1. The Requirement of Governmental Action 8 Exercise: State Action 9 2. Eight Patterns of Constitutional Cases 9 a. Patterns 1 through 4: Constitutional Right Asserted as Litigation Defense 10 b. Patterns 5 through 8: Constitutional Right as Basis for Claim 10 Exercises: Patterns of Constitutional Cases 12 D. Litigation Procedure in Constitutional Cases 12 1. In General 12 2. The Court System 13 3. Initiating the Constitutional Case 15 4. Appeals 17 5. Reaching the Supreme Court 18 6. A Note on Party Designations and Case Captions 22 Exercise: Party Designations and Case Captions 23 7. Proceedings on Remand 23 8. Remedies and the Impact of Unconstitutionality Rulings 24 Exercise: Remedies 27 E. Reading Supreme Court Opinions: Form and Format 27 1. Un-Edited or Original Print Supreme Court Opinions 28 2. Case Citations and Case Envelopes 29 3. Edited Supreme Court Opinions in This Book 30 F. Reading Supreme Court Opinions: Substance 31 1. Level 1: Holdings 32 2. Level 2: Reasoning/Argument 32

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3. Level 3: Broad Themes 33 4. Level 4: Between the Lines Decision Factors 33 G. Level 3 Broad Themes 35 1. Deference 35 2. Democracy 36 3. Neutral Principles 37 4. The Nature of Rules: Balancing Tests, Bright Lines, Slippery Slopes 37 Exercise: Rule Structures 39 5. Modes of Constitutional Argument 39 Exercise: Modes of Constitutional Argument 42 H. Precedent and Stare Decisis 42 I. The Role of Statutes in Constitutional Cases 44 1. Reading Statutes 44 2. Facial versus As-Applied Challenges 45 3. The Doctrine of Constitutional Avoidance 45 Exercises 46

Part One: Legislative Power and Federalism 47 A. Overview 47 B. The Concept of Enumerated Powers 48 Case Note: National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius 48

Chapter 1 • Legislative Power 51 A. Overview: The Affordable Care Act Case 51 National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius 51 B. Foundational Doctrine 54 McCulloch v. Maryland 56 Exercise: Necessary and Proper Clause 67 C. The Commerce Clause 67 1. Doctrinal Origins 68 Gibbons v. Ogden 69 Note: Daniel Webster’s Argument for Gibbons 73 2. The Lochner Era: 1880s to 1937 74 Hammer v. Dagenhart 75 A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States 79 Carter v. Carter Coal Co. 81 Exercises: The Lochner Era 85 3. The New Deal Turnaround and the Reaction to the Lochner Era: 1937 to 1995 86 National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. 87 United States v. Darby Lumber Co. 90 Wickard v. Filburn 93 Exercises: The New Deal Turnaround 96 Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States 97 Case Note: Katzenbach v. McClung 100 4. The Modern Era: The Commerce Clause Since 1995 101 United States v. Lopez 102 Exercises: Lopez 109 United States v. Morrison 110 Exercises: Lopez and Morrison 116 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xi

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Exercise: The ACA Case 116 Gonzales v. Raich 118 Exercise: The ACA Case (continued) 131 National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius 132 D. The Tenth Amendment 148 1. The Unsteady Path: Tenth Amendment Doctrine from the New Deal to 1992 148 National League of Cities v. Usery 149 Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority 152 2. The Tenth Amendment Anti-Commandeering Doctrine, 1992–Present 157 New York v. United States 158 Printz v. United States 165 Exercise: Printz v. United States 172 Reno v. Condon 173 Note: “Cooperative Federalism” 175 Bond v. United States 176 Recap: Tenth Amendment 179 Exercise: Commandeering 180 E. The Taxing and Spending Powers 180 1. The Taxing Power 181 United States v. Doremus 182 Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. 184 United States v. Kahriger 187 Exercises: The Taxing Power 192 National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius 193 Recap: The Taxing Power 199 2. The Spending Power 200 United States v. Butler 201 South Dakota v. Dole 207 Exercise: The ACA Case and the Spending Power 212 National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius 213 F. The Civil War Amendments 224 1. Foundational Doctrine 225 Katzenbach v. Morgan 226 a. The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment 230 b. The Incorporation Doctrine 230 City of Boerne v. Flores 231 United States v. Morrison 237 Recap 240 2. The Enforcement Clauses and the Eleventh Amendment 240 Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer 241 Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida 243 Exercise: The Enforcement Provisions and the Eleventh Amendment 248 Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents 250 Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs 253 G. The Modern Necessary and Proper Clause 257 Case Note: United States v. Comstock 257 H. The Treaty Power 258 Missouri v. Holland 258 Professional Development Reflection Questions 260 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xii

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Chapter 2 • Limitations on State Powers 263 A. Overview 263 B. The Dormant Commerce Clause 263 1. Foundational Doctrine 265 H.P. Hood & Sons, Inc. v. Du Mond 265 2. Facially Discriminatory Laws 268 City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey 269 C&A Carbone v. Town of Clarkstown 270 3. Facially Neutral Laws 273 Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission 273 Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery 276 4. Analysis if Discriminatory 278 Dean Milk v. City of Madison 279 Maine v. Taylor 281 5. Analysis if Not Discriminatory 284 Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines 284 Exercises: Applying the Dormant Commerce Clause 286 6. Exceptions 286 Reeves v. Stake 286 South-Central Timber Development v. Wunnicke 291 C. The Privileges and Immunities Clause 297 Hicklin v. Orbeck 298 United Building and Construction Trades Council v. City of Camden 301 Exercise: Privileges and Immunities Clause 305 D. Preemption 306 Geier v. American Honda Motor Co. 309

Part Two: Separation of Powers 317

Chapter 3 • Executive Power 319 A. Overview 319 B. Foundational Doctrine 320 Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer 321 C. War and National Security 333 1. Executive Powers over the Conduct of Hostilities 335 President Lincoln’s Proclamation of Blockade 336 The Prize Cases 338 President Johnson’s Message to Congress 346 The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 347 Statement by the President on the Passage of the Joint Resolution on Southeast Asia 347 Massachusetts v. Laird 348 War Powers Resolution 352 President Nixon’s Veto of War Powers Resolution 355 Certification of Congress Regarding Override of the War Powers Resolution Veto 358 Recap: The War Powers Resolution 359 Campbell v. Clinton 360 Recap: War Powers 370 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xiii

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2. Suspension of Habeas Corpus 371 a. The Civil War 372 An Act Relating to Habeas Corpus, and Regulating Judicial Proceedings in Certain Cases 372 Lincoln’s Proclamation Suspending Habeas Corpus throughout the United States, September 15, 1863 374 Ex Parte Milligan 375 b. World War II 380 Korematsu v. United States 381 Ex Parte Quirin 385 Johnson v. Eisentrager 392 Case Note: Reid v. Covert 397 c. The War on Terrorism 399 Authorization for Use of Military Force 400 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld 401 Boumediene v. Bush 415 D. Foreign Affairs 429 United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. 430 Case Note: Dames & Moore v. Regan 433 Exercise: Foreign Affairs 434 E. Executive Privileges and Immunities 435 United States v. Nixon 436 Nixon v. Fitzgerald 441 Clinton v. Jones 446 F. The Veto Power 452 Exercise: The Veto Power 454 G. Executive Orders and Presidential Direct Action 455 1. Types of Presidential Direct Action 455 a. Executive Orders and Proclamations 455 b. Other Presidential Direct Action Devices 457 2. Legal and Constitutional Status 458 H. Appointment and Removal of Executive Officers 459 1. Appointment 460 Buckley v. Valeo 461 2. Removal 466 Myers v. United States 466 Humphrey’s Executor v. United States 470 Case Note: Weiner v. United States 472 Case Note: Bowsher v. Synar 473 3. Synthesis: Appointment and Removal Powers 475 Morrison v. Olson 475 Case Note: Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting and Oversight Board 486 Recap: Appointment and Removal Powers 487 I. The Take Care Clause 488 1. The Duty to Adhere to Supreme Court Constitutional Interpretations 489 President Andrew Jackson’s Message in Support of His Veto of the Re-Charter of the Bank of the United States 489 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xiv

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Lincoln v. Douglas on Judicial Supremacy: The 1858 Illinois Senate Race 493 2. Faithful Execution: Does the President Have Power to Decline to Enforce Laws He Deems Unconstitutional? 499 Opinion of the Office of Legal Counsel: Presidential Authority to Decline to Execute Unconstitutional Statutes 500 3. Judicial Review of Executive Discretion 503 Case Note: United States v. Armstrong 503 Case Note: Dalton v. Specter 505 Case Note: Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency 506 Exercise: The Take Care Clause and Related Matters 507 Professional Development Reflection Questions 507

Chapter 4 • Other Separation-of-Powers Issues 509 A. Overview 509 B. Integrity of the Legislative Process 510 Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha 510 Exercise: Legislative Veto and War Powers 520 Clinton v. City of New York 521 Recap: Chadha and Clinton v. New York 529 Exercise: Chadha and Clinton v. New York 529 C. The Administrative State 530 1. Administrative Lawmaking Power: The Nondelegation Doctrine 531 2. Non-Article III Adjudicatory Power 532 Case Note: The Bankruptcy Court Cases 533 3. Synthesis: Delegation of Legislative and Judicial Power 535 Mistretta v. United States 536 Exercises: Other Separation-of-Powers Questions 553 D. Impeachment 554 Articles of Impeachment [of Richard Nixon] 556 Resolution Impeaching William Jefferson Clinton, President of the United States, for High Crimes and Misdemeanors 557 Exercise: Impeachment 558

Part Three: Judicial Power 559

Chapter 5 • Judicial Review 561 A. Overview 561 B. Historical Antecedents 562 1. The Political Revolution of 1800 and Marbury v. Madison 562 2. Judiciary Act of 1789 565 The Judiciary Act of 1789 565 Marbury v. Madison 567 Stuart v. Laird 574 C. Judicial Review and Judicial Supremacy 576 Scott v. Sandford 577 Exercise: Judicial Review and Constitutional Interpretation 585 Cooper v. Aaron 585 D. Supreme Court Review of State Court Opinions 591 Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee 592 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xv

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Michigan v. Long 599 Exercises: Supreme Court Review of State Court Decisions 603 E. Judicial Review in Practice 603 F. The Exceptions Clause 605 Ex parte McCardle 606 United States v. Klein 607 Exercises: The Exceptions Clause 610 Recap: Judicial Review 610 Professional Development Reflection Questions 611

Chapter 6 • Justiciability 613 A. Overview 613 B. Foundational Doctrine 613 C. Standing 615 1. Basic Doctrine 615 Allen v. Wright 615 Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife 618 2. Organizational and Representational Standing 630 Raines v. Byrd 630 D. Advisory Opinions 636 E. Ripeness 637 F. Mootness 638 G. Political Question 638 Powell v. McCormack 640 Walter L. Nixon v. United States 646 Recap: Political Question Doctrine 654 Exercises: Justiciability 655 Professional Development Reflection Questions 656

Part Four: Due Process, Fundamental Rights, and Equal Protection 657

Chapter 7 • Substantive Due Process 661 A. Overview 661 B. Foundational Doctrine 664 1. The Privileges or Immunities Clause 664 Barron v. Baltimore 665 The Slaughterhouse Cases 666 2. Incorporation and Due Process 676 Twining v. New Jersey 677 Brown v. Mississippi 682 Professional Development Reflection Question 685 Case Note: Gitlow v. New York (1925) 685 3. Selective or Total Incorporation? 686 Palko v. Connecticut 686 Adamson v. California 688 Rochin v. California 690 C. Fundamental Rights and Economic Regulation 692 Lochner v. New York 694 Meyer v. Nebraska 701 Pierce v. Society of Sisters 703 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xvi

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Recap: Early Fundamental Rights Doctrine 705 West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish 706 United States v. Carolene Products Co. 709 Ferguson v. Skrupa 711 Exercise: Substantive Due Process and Economic Regulation 712 D. Fundamental Rights and Personal Liberties 713 Justice Harlan: Poe v. Ullman 714 Justice Scalia: Michael H. v. Gerald D. 716 Justice Kennedy: Lawrence v. Texas 718 Griswold v. Connecticut 719 Roe v. Wade 727 Planned Parenthood v. Casey 736 Professional Development Reflection Question 747 Case Note: Gonzales v. Carhart 748 Washington v. Glucksberg 748 Lawrence v. Texas 757 Case Note: Loving v. Virginia 762 Exercise: Due Process and Marriage Equality 763 Recap: Fundamental Rights and Personal Liberties 763 McDonald v. City of Chicago 764

Chapter 8 • Equal Protection 769 A. Overview 769 B. Foundational Doctrine 773 1. Rational Basis Review 773 Railway Express Agency v. New York 774 Case Note: Williamson v. Lee Optical of Oklahoma 776 Central State University v. American Association of University Professors 778 2. The Fourteenth Amendment’s State Action Requirement 780 The Civil Rights Cases 781 Exercise: The State Action Doctrine 789 Case Note: The “White Primary” Cases 789 3. Competing Concepts of Equality: Plessy, Brown, and Korematsu 791 Plessy v. Ferguson 792 Brown v. Board of Education 797 Note: The Rehnquist Memo on Brown 802 Korematsu v. United States 804 Recap: Concepts of Equality 809 C. Strict Scrutiny and Race Discrimination 810 1. The Intentional Discrimination Requirement 811 Yick Wo v. Hopkins 811 Palmer v. Thompson 816 Exercise: Discriminatory Purpose 821 Washington v. Davis 822 2. Affirmative Action 825 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 826 City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co. 838 Grutter v. Bollinger 846 Case Note: Gratz v. Bollinger 856 Recap: Affirmative Action 858 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xvii

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3. School Integration 858 Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District 859 Exercise: School Integration 878 D. Sex Discrimination 878 Bradwell v. Illinois 879 Reed v. Reed 881 Frontiero v. Richardson 883 Craig v. Boren 886 Professional Development Reflection Question 890 United States v. Virginia 891 E. Not-Quite-Suspect Classifications 904 City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center 905 Romer v. Evans 911 Lawrence v. Texas 920 Recap: Not-Quite-Suspect Classifications 922 Exercise: Equal Protection 923 F. Equal Protection and Fundamental Rights 924 Harper v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections 925 San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez 928

Part Five: The First Amendment 935

Chapter 9 • Freedom of Speech 937 A. Overview 937 B. Foundational Doctrine 939 1. Basic Principles 939 2. Vagueness and Overbreadth 940 a. Vagueness 941 b. Overbreadth 942 c. Vagueness and Overbreadth Compared 943 C. Content-Based and Content-Neutral Regulation 944 1. Content-Neutral Regulation of Expressive Conduct 946 United States v. O’Brien 947 Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence 951 Texas v. Johnson 957 2. Time, Place, or Manner Regulations 964 Frisby v. Schultz 965 City of Ladue v. Gilleo 970 Recap: Content-Based and Content-Neutral Laws 972 3. Viewpoint Discrimination 974 Exercise: Content-Based and Content-Neutral Laws 975 D. Unprotected Speech 975 1. Incitement 976 Brandenburg v. Ohio 978 Exercise: Incitement 982 2. Fighting Words and Offensive Speech 982 Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire 983 Cohen v. California 985 Case Note: Offensive Speech— Boos v. Barry and Hustler Magazine v. Falwell 988 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xviii

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Recap: Fighting Words 990 Exercise: Fighting Words 990 3. Hate Speech 990 R.A.V. v. St. Paul 991 Exercise: R.A.V. 1003 4. Obscenity and Indecency 1003 Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union 1005 E. Free Speech Doctrine in Special Contexts 1017 1. Campaign Finance 1017 Buckley v. Valeo 1018 2. Government Employment 1031 Garcetti v. Ceballos 1032 3. Public Schools 1037 Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier 1039 4. Commercial Speech 1045 Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Counsel 1045 F. Speech-Related Rights 1051 1. Freedom of Association 1051 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama ex rel. Patterson 1052 Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group of Boston 1056 Boy Scouts of America v. Dale 1061 Recap: Hurley and Dale 1070 Exercise: Freedom of Association 1070 2. Press and Petition 1071

Chapter 10 • Religious Freedom 1073 A. Overview 1073 B. Establishment Clause 1073 1. Foundational Doctrine: State Support for Religious Institutions 1074 Everson v. Board of Education 1074 Lemon v. Kurtzman 1080 2. School Prayer 1088 Engel v. Vitale 1089 Lee v. Weisman 1091 3. Ten Commandments Displays 1098 McCreary County, Kentucky v. American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky 1098 Exercise: Establishment Clause 1106 C. The Free Exercise Clause 1106 Sherbert v. Verner 1107 Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith 1112 Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah 1120

Appendix • The Constitution of the United States of America 1127

Index 1143 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xix

List of Diagrams and Figures

Introduction Figure 1. Ladder of Law 6 Figure 2. Constitutional Law Categories 6 Figure 3. Hierarchy of Court Systems of the United States 13 Figure 4. Holding of United States v. Lopez 32

Part One Figure I.1. Enumerated Powers: Article I, Sec. 8 (selections) 50

Chapter 1 Figure 1.1. Second Bank of the United States Building, Philadelphia. 66 Figure 1.2. Commerce Power v. “General Police Power” 79 Figure 1.3. The Transformation of the Supreme Court under FDR 96 Figure 1.4. Hitting the Bullseye 256

Chapter 2 Figure 2.1. Minnesota 276 Figure 2.2. Preemption Doctrine 307

Chapter 5 Figure 5.1. Votes by Justice and Issue Area to Declare Federal Laws Unconstitutional: 1994–2004 Term 604 Figure 5.2. Votes by Justice and Issue Area to Declare State Laws Unconstitutional: 1994–2004 Term 605

Part Four Figure IV.1. Rights Roadmap 658 Figure IV.2. Levels of Scrutiny 659 Figure IV.3. Levels of Deference 660

Part Five Chapter 9 Figure 9.1. Freedom of Speech Analytical Flow Chart 936

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Table of Cases

Note: Boldface page numbers indicate principal cases.

Abrams v. United States, 250 US 616 Armstrong, United States v. See United (1919), 939, 977 States v. Armstrong Adamson v. California, 332 US 46 (1947), 688, 692 Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co., 259 US 20 Adams, Terry v. See Terry v. Adams (1922), 184, 192 Affordable Care Act litigation. See Na- Baker v. Carr, 369 US 186, 217 (1962), tional Federation of Independent Busi- 639, 645 ness v. Sebelius; Thomas Moore Law Bakke, Regents of the University of Califor- Center v. Obama nia v. See Regents of the University of Alabama ex rel. Patterson, National Asso- California v. Bakke ciation for the Advancement of Colored Baltimore, Barron v. See Barron v. Balti- People v. See National Association for more the Advancement of Colored People v. Barnette, West Virginia State Bd. of Ed. v. Alabama ex rel. Patterson See West Virginia State Bd. of Ed. v. A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United Barnette States, 295 US 495 (1935), 79, 433, Barque Hiawatha, The, 336 Barron v. Baltimore, 32 US (7 Pet.) 243 532 (1833), 664, 665 Alden v. Maine, 527 US 706 (1999), 248 Barry, Boos v. See Boos v. Barry Allen v. Wright, 468 US 737 (1984), 615, Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, 359 US 520 630 (1959), 284 Allwright, Smith v. See Smith v. Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Allwright the FBI, 403 US 388 (1971), 435 American Association of University Profes- Board of Education, Brown v. See Brown v. sors, Central State University v. See Board of Education Central State University v. American Boerne, City of v. Flores. See City of Association of University Professors Boerne v. Flores American Civil Liberties Union of Ken- Bogan v. Scott-Harris, 523 US 44, 49 tucky, McCreary County, Kentucky v. (1997), 27n See McCreary County, Kentucky v. Bollinger, Gratz v. See Gratz v. Bollinger American Civil Liberties Union of Ken- Bollinger, Grutter v. See Grutter v. tucky Bollinger American Civil Liberties Union, Reno v. Bolling v. Sharp, 347 US 497 (1954), See Reno v. American Civil Liberties 371n, 810 Union Bond v. United States, 131 S. Ct. 2355 Ames, Champion v. See Champion v. Ames (2011), 176 Arizona, Miranda v. See Miranda v. Ari- Boos v. Barry, 485 US 312 (1988), 988, zona 990

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Borden, Luther v. See Luther v. Borden United Building and Construction Borough of Duryea, Pennsylvania v. Trades Council v. City of Camden Guarnieri, 131 S. Ct. 2488 (2011), Campbell v. Clinton, 203 F3d 19 (D.C. 1072 Cir. 2000), 11, 360 Boumediene v. Bush, 553 US 723 (2008), Carhart, Gonzales v. See Gonzales v. 399, 400, 415 Carhart Bowsher v. Synar, 478 US 714 (1986), 473 Carolene Products Co., United States v. See Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, 530 US 640 United States v. Carolene Products Co. (2000), 1061 Carr, Baker v. See Baker v. Carr Bradwell v. Illinois, 83 US 130 (1873), Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 US 238 878, 879, 883, 886, 890 (1936), 81 Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 US 444 (1969), Casey, Planned Parenthood v. See Planned 10, 978 Parenthood v. Casey Branzburg v. Hayes, 408 US 665 (1972), Central State University v. American Asso- 1071 ciation of University Professors, 526 US Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Second- 124 (1999), 777, 778 ary School Athletic Association, 531 US Chadha, Immigration and Naturalization 288 (2001), 790 Service v. See Immigration and Natu- Brig Amy Warick, The, 336 ralization Service v. Chadha Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 413 US 601 Champion v. Ames, 192 (1973), 942, 943 Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 US Brown v. Board of Education, 347 US 483 568 (1942), 983, 989, 990 (1954), 11, 37n, 693, 772, 791, 797 Chicago, City of, McDonald v. See McDon- Brown v. Mississippi, 297 US 278 (1936), ald v. City of Chicago 677, 682, 685, 708 Child Labor Tax Case. See Bailey v. Buckley v. Valeo, 424 US 1 (1976), 461, Drexel Furniture Co. 1018 Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. Burr, United States v. See United States v. City of Hialeah, 508 US 520 (1993), Burr 1120 Bush, Boumediene v. See Boumediene v. Cincinnati, City of, Coates v. See Coates v. Bush City of Cincinnati Bush, Rasul v. See Rasul v. Bush Citizens United v. Federal Election Com- Butler, United States v. See United States v. mission, 558 US 50, 130 S. Ct. 876, Butler 920 (2010), 43, 1031, 1072 Butz v. Economou, 446 City of Boerne v. Flores, 521 US 507 Byrd, Raines v. See Raines v. Byrd (1997), 225, 230, 231, 589, 591, 708 City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Cen- C&A Carbone v. Clarkstown, 511 US 383 ter, 473 US 432 (1985), 904, 905, 919 (1994), 270 City of Ladue v. Gilleo, 512 US 43 (1994), California, Adamson v. See Adamson v. 964, 970 California City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey, 437 US California, Miller v. See Miller v. Califor- 617 (1978), 269 nia City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co., 488 California, Rochin v. See Rochin v. Califor- US 469 (1989), 838 nia Civil Rights Cases, 109 US 3 (1883), 97, California, Whitney v. See Whitney v. Cal- 772, 780, 781 ifornia Clarkstown, C&A Carbone v. See C&A Camden, City of, United Building and Carbone v. Clarkstown Construction Trades Council v. See 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xxiii

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Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Vi- Dalton v. Specter, 511 US 462 (1994), olence, 468 US 288 (1984), 11, 951 505, 507 Cleburne, City of v. Cleburne Living Cen- Dames & Moore v. Regan, 453 US 654 ter. See City of Cleburne v. Cleburne (1981), 433, pm Living Center Darby Lumber Co., United States v. See Clinton, Campbell v. See Campbell v. Clin- United States v. Darby Lumber Co. ton Davis, Helvering v. See Helvering v. Davis Clinton v. City of New York, 524 US 417 Davis, Steward Machine Co. v. See Stew- (1998), 459, 521, 529, 635 ard Machine Co. v. Davis Clinton v. Jones, 520 US 681 (1997), 446 Davis, Washington v. See Washington v. Clover Leaf Creamery, Minnesota v. See Davis Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Dean Milk v. City of Madison, 340 US 349 Coates v. City of Cincinnati, 402 US 611 (1951), 279 (1971), 941, 942, 944 Debs v. United States, 249 US 211 (1919), Cohen v. California, 403 US 15 (1971), 976 983, 985, 989 Defenders of Wildlife, Lujan v. See Lujan v. College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Defenders of Wildlife Postsecondary Education Expense Dennis v. United States, 341 US 494 Board, 527 US 666 (1999), 248 (1951), 977 Comstock, United States v. See United Des Moines Independent Community States v. Comstock School Dist., Tinker v. See Tinker v. Des Condon, Nixon v. See Nixon v. Condon Moines Independent Community Condon, Reno v. See Reno v. Condon School Dist. Connecticut, Griswold v. See Griswold v. Dickerson v. United States, 590, 591 Connecticut Dole, South Dakota v. See South Dakota v. Connecticut, Palko v. See Palko v. Con- Dole necticut Doremus, United States v. See United Cooper, Kovacs v. See Kovacs v. Cooper States v. Doremus Cooper v. Aaron, 358 US 1 (1958), 585, Dred Scott. See Scott v. Sandford 591 Drexel Furniture Co., Bailey v. See Bailey Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Def. & Ed. v. Drexel Furniture Co Fund, 473 US 788 (1985), 964 Du Mond, H.P. Hood & Sons, Inc. v. See Covert, Reid v. See Reid v. Covert H.P. Hood & Sons, Inc. v. Du Mond Craig v. Boren, 429 US 190 (1976), 879, Duryea, Borough of, Pennsylvania v. 886 Guarnieri. See Borough of Duryea, Crockett v. Reagan, 558 F. Supp. 893 Pennsylvania v. Guarnieri (D.D.C. 1982), aff’d, 720 F2d 1355 (D.C. Cir. 1983), 359 Economou, Butz v. See Butz v. Economou Crowell v. Benson, 285 US 22 (1932), 532, Eisentrager, Johnson v. See Johnson v. 533 Eisentrager Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., United Employment Division, Department of States v. See United States v. Curtiss- Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith, Wright Export Corp. 494 US 872 (1990), 230, 1111, 1112, 1126 Dagenhart, Hammer v. See Hammer v. Engel v. Vitale, 370 US 421 (1962), 1089, Dagenhart 1097 Dale, Boy Scouts of America v. See Boy Environmental Protection Agency, Massa- Scouts of America v. Dale chusetts v. See Massachusetts v. Envi- ronmental Protection Agency 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xxiv

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Evans, Romer v. See Romer v. Evans Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw, 528 US Everson v. Board of Education, 330 US 1 167, 181 (2000), 630 (1947), 1074 Frisby v. Schultz, 487 US 474 (1988), Ex parte McCardle. See McCardle, Ex 37pm, 38pm, 964, 965, 973 parte Frohwerk v. United States, 249 US 204 Ex parte Milligan. See Milligan, Ex parte (1919), 976 Ex parte Quirin. See Quirin, Ex parte Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 US 677 Ex parte Young. See Young, Ex parte (1973), 879, 883, 890

Falwell, Hustler Magazine v. See Hustler Gade v. National Solid Waste Management Magazine v. Falwell Assn., 505 US 88 (1992), 306 FCC v. Fox Television Stations, 567 US Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 US 410 (2006), ___, 132 S. Ct. 2307 (2012), 944, 11, 25n pm, 1031, 1032 1004 Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Tran- Federal Bureau of Investigation, Six Un- sit Authority, 469 US 528 (1985), 10, known Named Agents of the, Bivens v. 152, 180 See Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Geier v. American Honda Motor Co., 529 Agents of the FBI US 861 (2000), 10, 307, 309 Federal Communications Commission v. Gerald D., Michael H. v. See Michael H. v. Pacifica Foundation, 438 US 726 Gerald D. (1978), 10, 1003, 1004 Gibbons v. Ogden, 22 US (9 Wheat.) 1 Federal Election Commission, Citizens (1824), 10, 68, 69, 308 United v. See Citizens United v. Federal Gilleo, City of Ladue v. See City of Ladue Election Commission v. Gilleo Ferguson, Plessy v. See Plessy v. Ferguson Gilligan v. Morgan, 413 US 1 (1973), 639 Ferguson v. Skrupa, 372 US 726 (1963), Gitlow v. New York, 268 US 652 (1925), 693, 705, 708, 711 685 Filburn, Wickard v. See Wickard v. Filburn Glucksberg, Washington v. See Washington Fitzgerald, Harlow v. See Harlow v. v. Glucksberg Fitzgerald Goguen, Smith v. See Smith v. Goguen Fitzgerald, Nixon v. See Nixon v. Fitzgerald Gonzales v. Carhart, 748 Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, 427 US 445 (1976), Gonzales v. Raich, 545 US 1 (2005), 101, 240, 241 117, 118 Flast v. Cohen, 392 US 83, 95 (1968), 613 Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 US 244 (2003), Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc., Hoffman 856, 857 Estates v. See Hoffman Estates v. Flip- Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 US 479 side, Hoffman Estates, Inc. (1965), 718, 719, 735, 762 Flores, City of Boerne v. See City of Boerne Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 US 306 (2003), v. Flores 845, 846, 857 Florida Board of Regents, Kimel v. See Guarnieri, Borough of Duryea, Pennsylva- Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents nia v. See Borough of Duryea, Pennsyl- Florida, Seminole Tribe of Florida v. See vania v. Guarnieri Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida Fox Television Stations, FCC v. See FCC v. Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 399 Fox Television Stations Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 US 507 (2004), Franklin v. Massachusetts, 505 US 788 11, 41pm, 391, 399, 401 (1992), 458 Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247 US 251 Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company (1918), 75, 148, 192 Accounting and Oversight Board, 561 Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 US 800 (1982), US ___, 130 S. Ct. 3138 (2010), 486 446 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xxv

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Harper v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections, Immigration and Naturalization Service v. 383 US 663 (1966), 924, 925, 932 Chadha, 462 US 919 (1983), 510, 520, Hayburn’s Case, 2 US (2 Dall.) 409 529 (1792), 636–37 Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Hayes, Branzburg v. See Branzburg v. Group of Boston, Hurley v. See Hurley Hayes v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bi- Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, sexual Group of Boston 484 US 260 (1988), 1039 Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States, Jacksonville, City of, Papachristou v. See 379 US 241 (1964), 86, 97 Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville Helvering v. Davis, 301 US 619 (1937), Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 US 184 (1964), 207 1004 Herdon, Nixon v. See Nixon v. Herdon Johnson, Texas v. See Texas v. Johnson Hernandez v. Texas, 347 US 475 (1954), Johnson v. Eisentrager, 339 US 763 (1950), 810 384, 392, 399, 429 Hialeah, City of, Church of the Lukumi Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., National Babalu Aye, Inc. v. See Church of the Labor Relations Board v. See National Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Hialeah Laughlin Steel Corp. Hibbs, Nevada Department of Human Re- sources v. See Nevada Department of Kahriger, United States v. See United Human Resources v. Hibbs States v. Kahriger Hicklin v. Orbeck, 437 US 518 (1978), Katzenbach v. McClung, 379 US 294 298 (1964), 86, 100 Hill, Houston v. See Houston v. Hill Katzenbach v. Morgan, 384 US 641 Hoffman Estates v. Flipside, Hoffman Es- (1966), 11, 225, 226, 240 tates, Inc., 455 US 489 (1982), 942 Keating, Southland Corp. v. See Southland Holland, Missouri v. See Missouri v. Hol- Corp. v. Keating land Kilbourn v. Thompson, 103 US 168, 202- Hopkins, Yick Wo v. See Yick Wo v. Hop- 04 (1881), 27n kins Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents, 528 US Houston v. Hill, 482 US 451 (1987), 942 62 (2000), 249, 250, 256, 256f H.P. Hood & Sons, Inc. v. Du Mond, 336 Klein, United States v. See United States v. US 525 (1949), 265 Klein Humphrey’s Executor v. United States, 295 Knowlton v. Moore, 178 US 41 (1900), US 602 (1935), 11, 470, 473, 530, 552 181n Hunter’s Lessee, Martin v. See Martin v. Korematsu v. United States, 323 US 244 Hunter’s Lessee (1944), 35, 333, 371n, 380, 381, 614, Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertis- 772, 791, 803, 804, 810 ing Commission, 432 US 333 (1977), Kovacs v. Cooper, 336 US 77 (1949), 964 273 Kraemer, Shelley v. See Shelley v. Kraemer Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Kuhlmeier, Hazelwood School District v. Bisexual Group of Boston, 515 US 557 See Hazelwood School District v. (1995), 1055, 1056, 1061, 1070 Kuhlmeier Hustler Magazine v. Falwell, 485 US 46 Kurtzman, Lemon v. See Lemon v. Kurtz- (1988), 988, 990 man

Illinois, Bradwell v. See Bradwell v. Illinois La Abra Silver Mining Co. v. United States, 175 US 423 (1899), 453, 454 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xxvi

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Ladue, City of v. Gilleo. See City of Ladue McCardle, Ex parte, 74 US 506 (1868), v. Gilleo 11, 606, 609 Laird, Massachusetts v. See Massachusetts McClung, Katzenbach v. See Katzenbach v. v. Laird McClung Laird, Stuart v. See Stuart v. Laird McCormack, Powell v. See Powell v. Mc- Lassiter v. Northampton County, 229 Cormack Lawrence v. Texas, 539 US 558 (2003), McCreary County, Kentucky v. American 713, 718, 719, 757, 919, 920 Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky, 545 Lee Optical of Oklahoma, Williamson v. US 844 (2005), 1098 See Williamson v. Lee Optical of Okla- McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 US (4 Wheat.) homa 316 (1819), 54, 56, 493 Lee v. Weisman, 505 US 577 (1992), 1089, McDonald v. City of Chicago, 561 US __, 1091 130 S. Ct. 3020 (2010), 763, 764 Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 US 602 (1971), Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 US 390 (1923), 1080, 1105 693, 701, 705, 718, 762 Lochner v. New York, 198 US 45 (1905), Michael H. v. Gerald D., 491 US 110 10, 74, 693, 694 (1989), 713, 716 Long, Michigan v. See Michigan v. Long Michigan v. Long, 463 US 1032 (1983), Lopez, United States v. See United States v. 598, 599 Lopez Miller v. California, 413 US 15 (1973), Loving v. Virginia, 388 US 1 (1967), 762 1004 Lowry v. Reagan, 676 F. Supp. 333 Milligan, Ex parte 71 US 2 (1866), 372, (D.D.C. 1987), 360 375, 414, 429 Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 US 555 Minnesota, Near v. See Near v. Minnesota (1992), 11, 618, 630, 655, 656 Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery, 449 Luther v. Borden, 48 US (7 How.) 1 US 456 (1981), 276 (1849), 639 Miranda v. Arizona, 590 Mississippi, Brown v. See Brown v. Missis- Madison, Marbury v. See Marbury v. sippi Madison Missouri v. Holland, 252 US 416 (1920), Maine, Alden v. See Alden v. Maine 258 Maine v. Taylor, 477 US 131 (1986), 281 Mistretta v. United States, 488 US 361 Marathon Pipe Line Co., Northern (1989), 10, 531, 535, 536 Pipeline Construction Co. v. See North- Moore, Knowlton v. See Knowlton v. Moore ern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Morgan, Gilligan v. See Gilligan v. Morgan Marathon Pipe Line Co. Morgan, Katzenbach v. See Katzenbach v. Marbury v. Madison, 5 US (1 Cranch) Morgan 137 (1803), 11, 15n, 436, 503, 507, Morrison, United States v. See United 564, 567, 590, 591, 598, 708 States v. Morrison Marshall, Stern v. See Stern v. Marshall Morrison v. Olson, 487 US 654 (1988), Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 14 US (1 11, 475, 552 Wheat.) 304 (1816), 591, 592, 598 Myers v. United States, 272 US 52 (1926), Maryland, McCulloch v. See McCulloch v. 11, 25n, 460, 466 Maryland Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection NAACP Legal Def. & Ed. Fund, Cornelius Agency, 549 US 497 (2007), 506, 630, v. See Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Def. & 636 Ed. Fund Massachusetts v. Laird, 400 US 886 National Association for the Advancement (1970), 348 of Colored People v. Alabama ex rel. Patterson, 357 US 449 (1958), 1052 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xxvii

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National Federation of Independent Busi- Nixon v. Herdon, 273 US 536 (1927), 789 ness v. Sebelius, 567 US ___, 132 S. Ct. Nixon v. United States. See Walter L. 2566 (2012), 45, 48, 308, 639 Nixon v. United States commerce power (individual man- Northampton County, Lassiter v. See Las- date), 132 siter v. Northampton County issues and background, 51 Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. spending power (Medicaid expan- Marathon Pipe Line Co., 458 US 50 sion), 212 (1982), 533 spending power (Medicare expan- sion), 213 Obama, Thomas Moore Law Center v. See taxing power, 193 Thomas Moore Law Center v. Obama National Labor Relations Board, Sure-Tan, O’Brien, United States v. See United States Inc. v. See Sure-Tan, Inc. v. NLRB v. O’Brien National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Ohio, Brandenburg v. See Brandenburg v. Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 US 1 (1937), Ohio 10, 87 Ohio, Jacobellis v. See Jacobellis v. Ohio National League of Cities v. Usery, 426 US Oklahoma, Broadrick v. See Broadrick v. 833 (1976), 149, 157, 180 Oklahoma Navajo Freight Lines, Bibb v. See Bibb v. Olson, Morrison v. See Morrison v. Olson Navajo Freight Lines Orbeck, Hicklin v. See Hicklin v. Orbeck Near v. Minnesota, 283 US 697 (1931), 1071 Pacifica Foundation, Federal Communica- Nebraska, Meyer v. See Meyer v. Nebraska tions Commission v. See Federal Com- Nevada Department of Human Resources munications Commission v. Pacifica v. Hibbs, 538 US 721 (2003), 10, 249, Foundation 253, 256, 256n Painter, Sweatt v. See Sweatt v. Painter New Hampshire, Chaplinsky v. See Chap- Palko v. Connecticut, 302 US 319 (1937), linsky v. New Hampshire 663, 686, 692 New Jersey, Twining v. See Twining v. New Palmer v. Thompson, 403 US 217 (1971), Jersey 811, 816, 825 New York, Gitlow v. See Gitlow v. New Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan, 293 US 388 York (1935), 433, 531 New York, Lochner v. See Lochner v. New Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville, 405 York US 156 (1972), 941, 942 New York, Railway Express Agency v. See Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Railway Express Agency v. New York Seattle School District, 551 US 701 New York, Redrup v. See Redrup v. New (2007), 859 York Paris Adult Theater I v. Slaton, 413 US 49 New York Times Co v. United States, 403 (1973), 940, 1004 US 713 (1971), 1071 Parrish, West Coast Hotel Co. v. See West New York Times v. Sullivan, 376 US 254 Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish (1964), 10, 939 Pennsylvania v. Union Gas, 491 US 1 New York v. United States, 505 US 144 (1989), 241 (1992), 11, 157, 158, 172, 175, 176, Philadelphia, City of v. New Jersey. See 180, 256, 308 City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey Nixon, United States v. See United States v. Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 US 510 Nixon (1925), 693, 703, 718, 762 Nixon v. Condon, 286 US 73 (1932), 790 Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 US 833 Nixon v. Fitzgerald, 457 US 731 (1982), (1992), 719, 735, 736 11, 441, 441, 446, 451 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xxviii

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Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 US 537 (1896), Romer v. Evans, 517 US 620 (1996), 11, 772, 791, 792 904, 911 Pocket Veto Case, 279 US 655 (1929), 454 Rumsfeld, Hamdan v. See Hamdan v. Poe v. Ullman, 367 US 497 (1961), 713, Rumsfeld 714 Rumsfeld, Hamdi v. See Hamdi v. Rums- Powell v. McCormack, 395 US 486 (1969), feld 11, 630, 640 Ryan, Panama Refining Co. v. See Panama Printz v. United States, 521 US 898 Refining Co. v. Ryan (1997), 11, 40, 157, 165, 172, 176, 180, 256, 257, 308 Salerno, United States v. See United States Prize Cases, The, 67 US 635 (1863), 336, v. Salerno 338, 345, 350 San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 411 US 1 (1973), 924, Quirin, Ex parte 317 US 1 (1942), 384, 928 385, 414 Sanchez-Espinoza v. Reagan, 568 F. Supp. 596 (D.D.C. 1983), aff’d, 770 F.2d 202 Raich, Gonzales v. See Gonzales v. Raich (D.C. Cir. 1985), 359 Railway Express Agency v. New York, 336 Sanford, Scott v. See Scott v. Sanford US 106 (1949), 774, 777, 780 Sawyer, Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Raines v. Byrd, 521 US 811 (1997), 11, See Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. 630 Sawyer Rasul v. Bush, 542 US 466 (2004), 399 Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States. R.A.V. v. St. Paul, 505 US 377 (1992), See A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. 974, 991 United States Reagan, Lowry v. See Lowry v. Reagan Schenck v. United States, 249 US 47 Reagan, Sanchez-Espinoza v. See Sanchez- (1919), 976 Espinoza v. Reagan Schooner Brilliante, The, 336 Redrup v. New York, 386 US 767 (1967), Schooner Crenshaw, The, 336 1004 Scott-Harris, Bogan v. See Bogan v. Scott- Reed v. Reed, 404 US 71 (1971), 879, 881, Harris 885, 890 Scott v. Sanford, 60 US 393 (1857), 493, Reeves v. Stake, 447 US 429 (1980), 286 576, 577, 584 Regents of the University of California v. Seattle School District, Parents Involved in Bakke, 438 US 265 (1978), 826, 858, Community Schools v. See Parents In- 859 volved in Community Schools v. Seattle Reid v. Covert, 354 US 1 (1957), 397 School District Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, Sebelius, National Federation of Independ- 521 US 844 (1997), 11, 15n, 45, 1005 ent Business v. See National Federation Reno v. Condon, 528 US 141 (2000), 157, of Independent Business v. Sebelius 173, 173, 176 Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida, 517 Richmond, City of v. J. A. Croson Co. See US 44 (1996), 240, 243, 248 City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co. Sharp, Bolling v. See Bolling v. Sharp Rochin v. California, 342 US 165 (1952), Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 US 1 (1948), 8, 690 790 Rodriguez, San Antonio Independent Sherbert v. Verner, 374 US 398 (1963), School District v. See San Antonio Inde- 1107 pendent School District v. Rodriguez Slaton, Paris Adult Theater I v. See Paris Roe v. Wade, 410 US 113 (1973), 10, 638, Adult Theater I v. Slaton 718, 727, 762, 858 Slaughterhouse Cases, 83 US (16 Wall.) 36 (1873), 664, 666, 676, 684, 763 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xxix

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Smith, Employment Division, Department Twining v. New Jersey, 211 US 78 (1908), of Human Resources of Oregon v. See 663, 676, 677, 684, 686 Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith Ullman, Poe v. See Poe v. Ullman Smith v. Allwright, 321 US 649 (1944), Union Gas, Pennsylvania v. See Pennsylva- 790 nia v. Union Gas Smith v. Goguen, 415 US 566 (1974), 941 United Building and Construction Trades Society of Sisters, Pierce v. See Pierce v. So- Council v. City of Camden, 465 US 208 ciety of Sisters (1984), 301 South-Central Timber Development v. United States, Abrams v. See Abrams v. Wunnicke, 467 US 82 (1984), 286, United States 291, 297 United States, A.L.A. Schechter Poultry South Dakota v. Dole, 483 US 203 (1987), Corp. v. See A.L.A. Schechter Poultry 11, 175, 207, 223 Corp. v. United States Southland Corp. v. Keating, 465 US 1 United States, Bond v. See Bond v. United (1984), 308 States Stake, Reeves v. See Reeves v. Stake United States, Debs v. See Debs v. United Stern v. Marshall, 131 S. Ct. 2594 (2011), States 10, 534 United States, Dennis v. See Dennis v. Steward Machine Co. v. Davis, 207 United States St. Paul, R.A.V. v. See R.A.V. v. St. Paul United States, Frohwerk v. See Frohwerk v. Stuart v. Laird, 5 US (1 Cranch) 299 United States (1803), 565, 574 United States, Heart of Atlanta Motel v. Sullivan, New York Times v. See New York See Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United Times v. Sullivan States Sure-Tan, Inc. v. NLRB, 467 US 883 United States, Humphreys’ Executor v. See (1984), 1072 Humphreys’ Executor v. United States Sweatt v. Painter, 339 US 626 (1950), 801 United States, Korematsu v. See Korematsu Synar, Bowsher v. See Bowsher v. Synar v. United States United States, La Abra Silver Mining Co. v. Taylor, Maine v. See Maine v. Taylor See La Abra Silver Mining Co. v. United Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Asso- States ciation, Brentwood Academy v. See United States, Mistretta v. See Mistretta v. Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Sec- United States ondary School Athletic Association United States, Myers v. See Myers v. Terry v. Adams, 345 US 461 (1953), 790 United States Texas, Hernandez v. See Hernandez v. United States, New York Times Co v. See Texas New York Times Co v. United States Texas, Lawrence v. See Lawrence v. Texas United States, New York v. See New York v. Texas v. Johnson, 491 US 397 (1989), 957, United States 974, 1126 United States, Printz v. See Printz v. Thomas Moore Law Center v. Obama, 651 United States F.3d 529 (6th Cir. 2011), 117 United States, Schenck v. See Schenck v. Thompson, Kilbourn v. See Kilbourn v. United States Thompson United States v. Armstrong, 517 US 456 Thompson, Palmer v. See Palmer v. (1996), 503, 506 Thompson United States v. Burr, 25 F. Cas. (1807), Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Com- 440 munity School Dist., 393 US 503 United States v. Butler, 297 US 1 (1936), (1969), 1038 10, 200, 201, 206 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xxx

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United States v. Carolene Products Co., Virginia State Board of Pharmacy v. Vir- 304 US 144 (1938), 693, 701, 705, ginia Citizens Consumer Counsel, 425 708, 709, 712, 770, 777, 802, 803, US 748 (1976), 1045 881, 932, 1051 Virginia, United States v. See United States United States v. Comstock, 560 US ___, v. Virginia 130 S. Ct. 1949 (2010), 257 Vitale, Engel v. See Engel v. Vitale United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 US 304 (1936), 430, 456 Wade, Roe v. See Roe v. Wade United States v. Darby Lumber Co., 312 Walter L. Nixon v. United States, 506 US US 100 (1941), 10, 86, 90, 96, 148 224 (1993), 554, 555, 645, 646 United States v. Doremus, 249 US 86 Washington State Apple Advertising Com- (1919), 182, 182, 187, 192 mission, Hunt v. See Hunt v. Washing- United States v. Kahriger, 345 US 22 ton State Apple Advertising (1953), 187, 192 Commission United States v. Klein, 80 US 128 (1872), Washington State Grange v. Washington 607 State Republican Party, 552 US 442 United States v. Lopez, 514 US 549 (2008), 942 (1995), 10, 16, 26, 27, 32f, 101, 102, Washington v. Davis, 426 US 229 (1976), 109, 181, 308 822 United States v. Morrison, 529 US 598 Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 US 702 (2000), 10, 101, 110, 116, 181, 225, (1997), 748 236, 237 Weiner v. United States, 357 US 349 United States v. Nixon, 418 US 683 (1958), 472 (1974), 11, 436, 440 Weisman, Lee v. See Lee v. Weisman United States v. O’Brien, 391 US 367 West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, 300 US (1968), 946, 947, 957, 973, 1017, 379 (1937), 693, 705, 706 1119, 1126 West Virginia State Bd. of Ed. v. Barnette, United States v. Salerno, 481 US 739 319 US 624 (1943), 1037, 1039, 1060 (1987), 942 “White Primary” Cases, 789 United States v. Virginia, 518 US 515 Whitney v. California, 274 US 357 (1925), (1996), 879, 890, 891 939, 977 United States v. Williams, 553 US 285 Wickard v. Filburn, 317 US 111 (1942), (2008), 941 86, 87, 93, 96, 101, 192 United States, Walter L. Nixon v. See Wal- Williamson v. Lee Optical of Oklahoma, ter L. Nixon v. United States 348 US 483 (1955), 774, 776, 780, United States, Weiner v. See Weiner v. 1051 United States Williams, United States v. See United Usery, National League of Cities v. See Na- States v. Williams tional League of Cities v. Usery Wright, Allen v. See Allen v. Wright Wunnicke, South-Central Timber Devel- Valeo, Buckley v. See Buckley v. Valeo opment v. See South-Central Timber Verner, Sherbert v. See Sherbert v. Verner Development v. Wunnicke Virginia, Loving v. See Loving v. Virginia Virginia Military Institute v. United Yick Wo v. Hopkins,118 US 356 (1886), States. See United States v. Virginia 810, 811, 821, 822, 825 Virginia State Bd. of Elections, Harper v. Young, Ex parte, 248 See Harper v. Virginia State Bd. of Elec- Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, tions 343 US 579 (1952), 11, 318, 320, 321, 333, 350, 384, 433, 434, 436, 459, 505, 507, 530, 552 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xxxi

Series Editor’s Preface

Welcome to a new type of casebook. Designed by leading experts in law school teaching and learning, Context and Practice casebooks assist law professors and their students to work together to learn, minimize stress, and prepare for the rigors and joys of practicing law. Student learning and preparation for law practice are the guiding ethics of these books. Why would we depart from the tried and true? Why have we abandoned the legal education model by which we were trained? Because legal education can and must im- prove. In Spring 2007, the Carnegie Foundation published Educating Lawyers: Preparation for the Practice of Law and the Clinical Legal Education Association published Best Practices for Legal Education. Both works reflect in-depth efforts to assess the effectiveness of modern legal education, and both conclude that legal education, as presently practiced, falls quite short of what it can and should be. Both works criticize law professors’ rigid adherence to a single teaching technique, the inadequacies of law school assessment mechanisms, and the dearth of law school instruction aimed at teaching law practice skills and inculcating professional values. Finally, the authors of both books express concern that legal education may be harming law students. Recent studies show that law students, in comparison to all other graduate students, have the highest levels of depression, anxiety and substance abuse. The problems with traditional law school instruction begin with the textbooks law teachers use. Law professors cannot implement Educating Lawyers and Best Practices using texts designed for the traditional model of legal education. Moreover, even though our understanding of how people learn has grown exponentially in the past 100 years, no law school text to date even purports to have been designed with educational research in mind. The Context and Practice Series is an effort to offer a genuine alternative. Grounded in learning theory and instructional design and written with Educating Lawyers and Best Practices in mind, Context and Practice casebooks make it easy for law professors to change. I welcome reactions, criticisms, and suggestions; my e-mail address is michael.schwartz@ washburn.edu. Knowing the author(s) of these books, I know they, too, would appreciate your input; we share a common commitment to student learning. In fact, students, if your professor cares enough about your learning to have adopted this book, I bet s/he would welcome your input, too! Professor Michael Hunter Schwartz, Series Designer and Editor Co-Director, Institute for Law Teaching and Learning Associate Dean for Faculty and Academic Development

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Acknowledgments

Writing a Constitutional Law casebook is a daunting task. The field is vast, and there are many wonderful books by renowned authors already available. But the Context and Practice Series is special. Michael Schwartz and his team of editors at Carolina Academic Press have a powerful vision of what legal education should and can be. That vision is one that we share, and we are honored to be a part of this unique series. Any undertaking of this nature could not be successful without a great deal of help. We offer our sincere thanks to the numerous friends and colleagues who read various chapters of the book. We particularly acknowledge the help of Andrew Coan, Dan Coenen, Anuj Desai, Hillel Levin, Dan Lorentz, Timothy Meyer, Elizabeth Sanger, Brad Snyder, Sonja West and BethAnne Yeager. We also thank Michael for his optimism and good advice, and Linda Lacy and Karen Clayton at CAP for their tireless help in preparing the manuscript. Stacy Harvey played a special role in keeping us on track and organized throughout the project, for which we are much indebted. We also thank our institutions for supporting this project.

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