00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page iii Constitutional Law A Context and Practice Casebook Revised Printing David S. Schwartz University of Wisconsin Law School Lori A. Ringhand University of Georgia School of Law Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page iv Copyright © 2013 David S. Schwartz, Lori A. Ringhand All Rights Reserved Revised Printing ISBN 978-1-61163-527-0 LCCN 2013946821 Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com Printed in the United States of America 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page v We dedicate this book to John Kidwell. John was our teacher, mentor, colleague and friend. He inspired us in so many ways, and was taken from us much too soon. 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page vi 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page vii Summary of Contents Introduction: Constitutional Litigation and Analysis 3 Part One: Legislative Power and Federalism 47 Chapter 1 • Legislative Power 51 Chapter 2 • Limitations on State Powers 263 Part Two: Separation of Powers 317 Chapter 3 • Executive Power 319 Chapter 4 • Other Separation-of-Powers Issues 509 Part Three: Judicial Power 559 Chapter 5 • Judicial Review 561 Chapter 6 • Justiciability 613 Part Four: Due Process, Fundamental Rights, and Equal Protection 657 Chapter 7 • Substantive Due Process 661 Chapter 8 • Equal Protection 769 Part Five: The First Amendment 935 Chapter 9 • Freedom of Speech 937 Chapter 10 • Religious Freedom 1073 Appendix • The Constitution of the United States of America 1127 Index 1143 vii 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page viii 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page ix Contents List of Diagrams and Figures xix Table of Cases xxi Series Editor’s Preface xxxi Acknowledgments xxxiii Introduction: Constitutional Litigation and Analysis 3 A. Overview 3 B. What Is Constitutional Law? 4 1. The Constitution 4 2. Constitutional Actors 5 3. The Power to Interpret the Constitution 7 Exercise: Constitutional Law 8 C. Constitutional Cases 8 1. The Requirement of Governmental Action 8 Exercise: State Action 9 2. Eight Patterns of Constitutional Cases 9 a. Patterns 1 through 4: Constitutional Right Asserted as Litigation Defense 10 b. Patterns 5 through 8: Constitutional Right as Basis for Claim 10 Exercises: Patterns of Constitutional Cases 12 D. Litigation Procedure in Constitutional Cases 12 1. In General 12 2. The Court System 13 3. Initiating the Constitutional Case 15 4. Appeals 17 5. Reaching the Supreme Court 18 6. A Note on Party Designations and Case Captions 22 Exercise: Party Designations and Case Captions 23 7. Proceedings on Remand 23 8. Remedies and the Impact of Unconstitutionality Rulings 24 Exercise: Remedies 27 E. Reading Supreme Court Opinions: Form and Format 27 1. Un-Edited or Original Print Supreme Court Opinions 28 2. Case Citations and Case Envelopes 29 3. Edited Supreme Court Opinions in This Book 30 F. Reading Supreme Court Opinions: Substance 31 1. Level 1: Holdings 32 2. Level 2: Reasoning/Argument 32 ix 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page x x CONTENTS 3. Level 3: Broad Themes 33 4. Level 4: Between the Lines Decision Factors 33 G. Level 3 Broad Themes 35 1. Deference 35 2. Democracy 36 3. Neutral Principles 37 4. The Nature of Rules: Balancing Tests, Bright Lines, Slippery Slopes 37 Exercise: Rule Structures 39 5. Modes of Constitutional Argument 39 Exercise: Modes of Constitutional Argument 42 H. Precedent and Stare Decisis 42 I. The Role of Statutes in Constitutional Cases 44 1. Reading Statutes 44 2. Facial versus As-Applied Challenges 45 3. The Doctrine of Constitutional Avoidance 45 Exercises 46 Part One: Legislative Power and Federalism 47 A. Overview 47 B. The Concept of Enumerated Powers 48 Case Note: National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius 48 Chapter 1 • Legislative Power 51 A. Overview: The Affordable Care Act Case 51 National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius 51 B. Foundational Doctrine 54 McCulloch v. Maryland 56 Exercise: Necessary and Proper Clause 67 C. The Commerce Clause 67 1. Doctrinal Origins 68 Gibbons v. Ogden 69 Note: Daniel Webster’s Argument for Gibbons 73 2. The Lochner Era: 1880s to 1937 74 Hammer v. Dagenhart 75 A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States 79 Carter v. Carter Coal Co. 81 Exercises: The Lochner Era 85 3. The New Deal Turnaround and the Reaction to the Lochner Era: 1937 to 1995 86 National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. 87 United States v. Darby Lumber Co. 90 Wickard v. Filburn 93 Exercises: The New Deal Turnaround 96 Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States 97 Case Note: Katzenbach v. McClung 100 4. The Modern Era: The Commerce Clause Since 1995 101 United States v. Lopez 102 Exercises: Lopez 109 United States v. Morrison 110 Exercises: Lopez and Morrison 116 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xi CONTENTS xi Exercise: The ACA Case 116 Gonzales v. Raich 118 Exercise: The ACA Case (continued) 131 National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius 132 D. The Tenth Amendment 148 1. The Unsteady Path: Tenth Amendment Doctrine from the New Deal to 1992 148 National League of Cities v. Usery 149 Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority 152 2. The Tenth Amendment Anti-Commandeering Doctrine, 1992–Present 157 New York v. United States 158 Printz v. United States 165 Exercise: Printz v. United States 172 Reno v. Condon 173 Note: “Cooperative Federalism” 175 Bond v. United States 176 Recap: Tenth Amendment 179 Exercise: Commandeering 180 E. The Taxing and Spending Powers 180 1. The Taxing Power 181 United States v. Doremus 182 Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co. 184 United States v. Kahriger 187 Exercises: The Taxing Power 192 National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius 193 Recap: The Taxing Power 199 2. The Spending Power 200 United States v. Butler 201 South Dakota v. Dole 207 Exercise: The ACA Case and the Spending Power 212 National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius 213 F. The Civil War Amendments 224 1. Foundational Doctrine 225 Katzenbach v. Morgan 226 a. The Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment 230 b. The Incorporation Doctrine 230 City of Boerne v. Flores 231 United States v. Morrison 237 Recap 240 2. The Enforcement Clauses and the Eleventh Amendment 240 Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer 241 Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida 243 Exercise: The Enforcement Provisions and the Eleventh Amendment 248 Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents 250 Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs 253 G. The Modern Necessary and Proper Clause 257 Case Note: United States v. Comstock 257 H. The Treaty Power 258 Missouri v. Holland 258 Professional Development Reflection Questions 260 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xii xii CONTENTS Chapter 2 • Limitations on State Powers 263 A. Overview 263 B. The Dormant Commerce Clause 263 1. Foundational Doctrine 265 H.P. Hood & Sons, Inc. v. Du Mond 265 2. Facially Discriminatory Laws 268 City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey 269 C&A Carbone v. Town of Clarkstown 270 3. Facially Neutral Laws 273 Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission 273 Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery 276 4. Analysis if Discriminatory 278 Dean Milk v. City of Madison 279 Maine v. Taylor 281 5. Analysis if Not Discriminatory 284 Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines 284 Exercises: Applying the Dormant Commerce Clause 286 6. Exceptions 286 Reeves v. Stake 286 South-Central Timber Development v. Wunnicke 291 C. The Privileges and Immunities Clause 297 Hicklin v. Orbeck 298 United Building and Construction Trades Council v. City of Camden 301 Exercise: Privileges and Immunities Clause 305 D. Preemption 306 Geier v. American Honda Motor Co. 309 Part Two: Separation of Powers 317 Chapter 3 • Executive Power 319 A. Overview 319 B. Foundational Doctrine 320 Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer 321 C. War and National Security 333 1. Executive Powers over the Conduct of Hostilities 335 President Lincoln’s Proclamation of Blockade 336 The Prize Cases 338 President Johnson’s Message to Congress 346 The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 347 Statement by the President on the Passage of the Joint Resolution on Southeast Asia 347 Massachusetts v. Laird 348 War Powers Resolution 352 President Nixon’s Veto of War Powers Resolution 355 Certification of Congress Regarding Override of the War Powers Resolution Veto 358 Recap: The War Powers Resolution 359 Campbell v. Clinton 360 Recap: War Powers 370 00a schwartz ringhand final 8/1/13 10:03 AM Page xiii CONTENTS xiii 2. Suspension of Habeas Corpus 371 a. The Civil War 372 An Act Relating to Habeas Corpus, and Regulating Judicial Proceedings in Certain Cases 372 Lincoln’s Proclamation Suspending Habeas Corpus throughout the United States, September 15, 1863 374 Ex Parte Milligan 375 b. World War II 380 Korematsu v. United States 381 Ex Parte Quirin 385 Johnson v. Eisentrager 392 Case Note: Reid v. Covert 397 c. The War on Terrorism 399 Authorization for Use of Military Force 400 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld 401 Boumediene v. Bush 415 D. Foreign Affairs 429 United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. 430 Case Note: Dames & Moore v. Regan 433 Exercise: Foreign Affairs 434 E. Executive Privileges and Immunities 435 United States v. Nixon 436 Nixon v. Fitzgerald 441 Clinton v. Jones 446 F. The Veto Power 452 Exercise: The Veto Power 454 G. Executive Orders and Presidential Direct Action 455 1.