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QUN'ngiaqtiarlugu (TAKING a CLOSER LOOK) at INUIT QAUJIMAJATUQANGIT in COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH by Jenny R. Rand

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QUN'ngiaqtiarlugu (TAKING a CLOSER LOOK) at INUIT QAUJIMAJATUQANGIT in COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH by Jenny R. Rand QUN’NGIAQTIARLUGU (TAKING A CLOSER LOOK) AT INUIT QAUJIMAJATUQANGIT IN COMMUNITY-BASED PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH by Jenny R. Rand Submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements of Doctor of Philosophy at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia June 2020 © Copyright by Jenny R. Rand, 2020 Dedication Past To my paternal grandparents, Eustace and Lorraine Rand, whose love for the North was part of the stories and artwork that surrounded me growing up - long before my parents ever dreamed of boarding up our home in Blomidon, Nova Scotia and moving to Kugluktuk, Nunavut. Eustace Louvain Rand (1914-1988) who traversed the Nahanni River NWT on two separate trips. The first in 1954, ran out of time and stopped short; they repeated the attempt in 1958 and made it all the way to Virginia Falls. Lorraine Geraldine (Hiltz) Rand (1917-2008) my Nanny, who traveled to Fort Smith, NWT in 1989, and who was a talented and prolific fibre artist who hooked beautiful wall hangings of northern scenes. Together, for over 30 years, my grandparents operated the general store in Port Williams, Nova Scotia. I now own my own home in Port Williams - just around the corner from their old house and from where their store sat, and it is from here that I completed this dissertation. Future For Ella, Tessa, Van, Judah, Briar, Owen and Madeline – Children, Nagligivagit, you are my future, my greatest wish for you is a brilliant and happy inuuhiq – and when you grow up - please do not forget, “You must do something to make the world more beautiful” - Miss Rumphius ii Table of Contents List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................... viii Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................... ix List of Abbreviations Used .................................................................................................................. x Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................. xii 1 Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Context ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Intentions ............................................................................................................. 6 1.3 Research Questions .............................................................................................................. 6 1.4 Terminology and the context of language ................................................................... 9 1.5 My Journey: My relationality ..........................................................................................11 1.6 Dissertation Outline ...........................................................................................................21 2 Chapter 2: Literature Review ................................................................................................. 22 2.1 Part I: Situating Inuit research in the context of Indigenous health research 22 2.1.1 Building Context: Historical look at research on Indigenous peoples .. 24 2.1.2 Resisting and Disrupting ........................................................................................ 35 2.2 Part II. Indigenous Health Research ............................................................................50 2.2.1 Indigenous research methodologies .................................................................. 52 2.2.2 The role of Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit in guiding Inuit Research ............... 65 2.2.3 Parallel to the emergence of Indigenous Research Methodologies ....... 70 2.2.4 Connections: Indigenous Research, CBPR and HIV Research & Prevention ..................................................................................................................................... 82 2.3 QUN’NGIAQTIARLUGU: Taking a Closer Look at IQ and CBPR .........................85 2.4 Intricacy and Tensions of CBPR with Indigenous communities .......................96 2.5 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................99 3 Chapter 3: Methodology ......................................................................................................... 101 3.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 101 3.2 Purpose ................................................................................................................................ 104 3.3 Research Questions ......................................................................................................... 105 iii 3.4 Research Identity, Theoretical Stance: My ‘ologies ............................................ 105 3.5 Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................. 113 3.6 Case Study Design ............................................................................................................ 123 3.7 The Case: Background of the CRM Adaptation Project ..................................... 126 3.8 Project Partner Profiles ................................................................................................. 129 3.8.1 Dalhousie University, Principal Investigator, Academic Institution .... 129 3.8.2 Pauktuutit Inuit Women of Canada, Principal Knowledge User, Community Organization ....................................................................................................... 129 3.8.3 Canadian Inuit HIV/AIDS Network (CIHAN), Advisory Group .............. 130 3.8.4 Canadian Aboriginal AIDS Network (CAAN), Co-Investigator Organization ................................................................................................................................ 131 3.8.5 CRM Co-Creators ...................................................................................................... 131 3.8.6 Community Heath Representatives .................................................................. 131 3.8.7 Community Research Assistants ....................................................................... 132 3.8.8 Community Profiles ................................................................................................ 132 3.9 Community Readiness Model ...................................................................................... 141 3.10 CBPR Principles within the CRM Adaptation Project ......................................... 144 3.11 Ethical Considerations ................................................................................................... 151 3.11.1 Confidentiality .......................................................................................................... 151 3.11.2 My Dual Roles ............................................................................................................ 152 3.11.3 Institutional Ethical Protocols ............................................................................ 153 3.12 Methods ............................................................................................................................... 154 3.12.1 Collecting Project Documents ............................................................................. 155 3.12.2 Writing Reflective Journal Entries .................................................................... 156 3.12.3 Conducting in-depth semi-structured interviews ...................................... 159 3.13 Meaning Making (Analysis) .......................................................................................... 162 3.14 Limitations and Strengths ............................................................................................ 165 3.15 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 168 4 Chapter 4: Findings .................................................................................................................. 169 4.1 Presentation of Findings ............................................................................................... 169 4.1.1 Piliriqatigiingniq ...................................................................................................... 170 iv 4.1.2 Aajiiqatigiinngniq .................................................................................................... 190 4.1.3 Pilimmaksarniq ........................................................................................................ 201 4.1.4 Qanuqtuurniq ............................................................................................................ 209 4.1.5 Pijitsirniq .................................................................................................................... 219 4.1.6 Ways of Being ............................................................................................................ 223 4.1.7 Ways of knowing.....................................................................................................
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