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LOS INCAS EN EL ECUADOR Análisis De Los Restos Materiales (I Parte) Los Incas En El Ecuador

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LOS INCAS EN EL ECUADOR Análisis De Los Restos Materiales (I Parte) Los Incas En El Ecuador LLOOSS IINNCCAASS EENN EELL EECCUUAADDOORR Análisis de los restos materiales Albert Meyers LOS INCAS EN EL ECUADOR Análisis de los restos materiales (I Parte) Los Incas en el Ecuador. Análisis de los restos materiales Albert Meyers Título original: Die Inka in Ekuador. Untersuchungen anhand ihrer materiellen Hinterlassenschaft. Estudios Americanistas de Bonn, No. 6, Bonn, 1976 Junta Monetaria Danilo Carrera Drouet, Presidente Banco Central del Ecuador Fidel Jaramillo Buendía, Gerente General Mauricio Yépez Najas, Subgerente General Dirección de Programas Culturales Juan Fernando Pérez Arteta, Director, Quito Programa Editorial Xavier Michelena, Editor © Ediciones del Banco Central del Ecuador, 1998 Apartado Postal Nº 17-21-366 Telefax: 568973 e-mail: [email protected] Quito, Ecuador © Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1998 Av. 12 de Octubre 14-30 y Wilson Casilla 17-12-719 Telf: 562-633/506-217/506-251 Fax: (593 2) 506255 e-mail: [email protected]. Quito, Ecuador Traducción del alemán: Christiana Borchart de Moreno Levantamiento y diseño: Abya-Yala Editing ISBN: 9978-72-077-4 (Colección Pendoneros) ISBN: 9978-04-310-1 (Los Incas en el Ecuador) INDICE I Parte Presentación ............................................................................................ 11 Prefacio a la edición en español ............................................................ 13 Prefacio ............................................................................................ 15 1. Introducción .................................................................... 19 1.1. El país ................................................................................ 19 1.1.1. Geografía............................................................................ 19 1.1.2. Historia de los asentamientos humanos .......................... 21 1.2. La época incaica en el Ecuador ........................................ 25 1.2.1. La investigación histórica.................................................. 25 1.2.1.1. La situación de las fuentes ................................................ 27 1.2.1.2. El estado de la investigación ............................................ 29 1.2.2. La investigación arqueológica .......................................... 33 1.2.2.1. La situación de las fuentes ................................................ 33 1.2.2.2. El estado de la investigación ............................................ 35 1.3. Los objetivos y la metodología.......................................... 38 Notas .................................................................................. 43 2. El estilo Inca del Cuzco .................................................... 47 2.1. Las costumbres funerarias y los tipos de hallazgos.......... 48 2.2. La cerámica ........................................................................ 51 2.2.1. Las formas .......................................................................... 51 2.2.2. La realización técnica ........................................................ 53 2.2.3. La decoración .................................................................... 55 2.2.3.1. La decoración plástica ...................................................... 55 2.2.3.2. Pintura................................................................................ 56 2.2.3.2.1. Monocromo y bicromo .................................................... 56 2.2.3.2.2. Policromo .......................................................................... 56 2.2.3.2.3. Los “pottery types” de Rowe ............................................ 58 2.2.4. Características generales de la cerámica .......................... 59 2.3. El material no cerámico .................................................... 61 2.3.1. Metal .................................................................................. 61 2.3.2. Piedra.................................................................................. 63 2.3.3. Madera................................................................................ 64 2.3.4. Otros materiales ................................................................ 65 Notas .................................................................................. 66 3. El estilo incaico en el Ecuador ........................................ 69 3.1. Preámbulo.......................................................................... 69 3.1.1. Crítica del material ............................................................ 69 3.1.2. Terminología...................................................................... 70 3.1.2.1. Terminología básica .......................................................... 70 3.1.2.2. Las formas .......................................................................... 73 3.1.2.3. Realización técnica ............................................................ 73 3.1.2.4. Las decoraciones ................................................................ 76 3.2. La cerámica Inca Imperial ................................................ 77 3.2.1. Formas................................................................................ 77 3.2.1.1. Los cántaros ...................................................................... 77 3.2.1.2. La escudilla ........................................................................ 82 3.2.1.3. Ollas con pie y asa horizontal .......................................... 83 3.2.1.4. Los jarros............................................................................ 85 3.2.1.5. Cuencos de dos asas .......................................................... 86 3.2.1.6. Las vasijas de cuello ancho y de dos asas ........................ 87 3.2.1.7. Botellas de cuello corto y con asa .................................... 88 3.2.1.8. Los vasos ............................................................................ 89 3.2.1.9. Las botellas de dos asas...................................................... 90 3.2.1.10. Ollas con boca abierta y base puntiaguda........................ 91 3.2.1.11. Vasija de cuello ancho y de una asa.................................. 91 3.2.1.12. Botellas de cuello largo con asa ........................................ 92 3.2.1.13. Platos .................................................................................. 92 3.2.1.14. Formas especiales .............................................................. 92 3.2.1.15. Otros objetos cerámicos.................................................... 95 3.2.2. La realización técnica ........................................................ 95 3.2.2.1. La construcción.................................................................. 96 3.2.2.2. El material .......................................................................... 96 3.2.2.3. La condición de la superficie ............................................ 100 3.2.2.4. Comparación con el Cuzco .............................................. 104 3.2.3. Formas y técnicas de decoración ...................................... 105 3.2.3.1. La decoración plástica ...................................................... 105 3.2.3.1.1. Apliques y representaciones zoomorfas .......................... 105 3.2.3.1.2. Representaciones plásticas ................................................ 108 3.2.3.2. La pintura .......................................................................... 109 3.2.3.2.1. La pintura monocroma .................................................... 109 3.2.3.2.2. La pintura bicroma............................................................ 112 3.2.3.2.3. La pintura policroma ........................................................ 113 3.2.3.2.3.1. Las zonas de decoración.................................................... 113 3.2.3.2.3.2. Los elementos individuales .............................................. 116 3.2.3.2.3.3. Los motivos principales .................................................... 119 3.2.3.2.3.4. Los motivos secundarios .................................................. 127 3.2.3.2.3.5. La realización y la disposición de la pintura.................... 130 3.2.3.2.3.6. Características generales.................................................... 134 3.3. El material no cerámico del estilo Inca ............................ 137 3.3.1. Metal .................................................................................. 138 3.3.1.1. Las formas de los recipientes ............................................ 138 3.3.1.2. Las figuras .......................................................................... 139 3.3.1.3. Piezas de traje y adorno .................................................... 139 3.3.1.4. Armas y artefactos ............................................................ 141 3.3.1.5. La metalurgia incaica en el Ecuador ................................ 142 3.3.2. Piedra.................................................................................. 144 3.3.2.1. Las formas .......................................................................... 144 3.3.2.2. Técnica e importancia del trabajo en piedra .................. 147 3.3.3. Madera y otros materiales ................................................ 147 3.4. La cerámica Inca Imitado.................................................. 148 3.4.1. Las formas .......................................................................... 149 3.4.1.1. Las imitaciones de cántaros .............................................. 149 3.4.1.2. Imitaciones de las demás formas...................................... 150 3.4.2. La técnica...........................................................................
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