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Filmed by the University of Library Dept. Of FILMED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF LIBRARY DEPT. OF PHOTOGRAPHIC REPRODUCTION MANUSCRIPT NO 20 MICROFILM NEGATIVE NO l(><H.20 NOTAS SODRE ZINACANTAN, CHIAPAS POR NI UNIDOS DI-I LA EXPEDICIÓN A ZINAOANTAN MM2-MM3 DAJO LA DIRECCIÓN DE SOL TAX NOTAS SOBRE ZINACANTAN, CHIAPAS FOR MIEMBROS DE LA EXPEDICIÓN A ZINACANTAN — 1942-3 BAJO LA DIRECCIÓN DE SOL TAX PRIMERA PARTE: Capitulo! Sobre la Organizaoión Religiosa-Polltiea. Ordenada por Fernando Cámara Barbaohano MICROFILM COLLECTION OP MANUSCRIPTS ON MIDDLE AMERICAN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY NO. 20 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 1947 ii Preface With funds supplied by the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, and by the government of the state of Chiapas, nine students of the Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia of Mexico accompanied me to Chiapas in December 1942 and January 1943. The primary purpose of the expedition was to learn how to do ethno- graphic field work. Needless to say, however, a secondary purpose was to learn something about the culture being studied. The Tzotzil- speaking community of Zinacantán was chosen for various reasons. First of all, my own interest in the modern Maya, arising from participation in the Carnegie Institution's general study of the area, required the selection of one of the Maya-speaking groups of Mexico. At the same time, Alfonso Villa Rojas had already begun studies for the Carnegie Institution of the Tzeltal-speaking Indians and it seemed advisable, therefore, to choose one of the closely related Tzotzil-speaking communities, which were at the time almost unknown ethnologioally. ZinaoantAn specifically was chosen because it is relatively small (oompared, for example, to Chamula) and because it is easily accessible by oar to Ciudad Las Casas. This last oonslderation was Important in the natter of supplying food and equipment to so large a party* Zinaoantan had the further praetieal advantage of being the site of a boarding school (Internado) which furnished us living quarters during this period toen the students were on vaoation. lii The names of the members of the expedition ara given in Sx». Cámara's Introducción which follows. The members of the expedition worked together very closely, exchanging notes as they were gathered, and attempting periodic summaries. At the end, we found ourselves with thousands of typewritten pages of notes. Upon our return from the field, we immediately began, in Mexico City, to put these in some sort of order. We classified the notes by topios and grouped them into chapters for the prospective report. Our plan then was to smooth out each of the chapters, not in finished form, but in such a manner that the notes would be reasonably useful. At the same time, the object was to keep the statements, whether complementary or contradictory, of the various informants, recognisable. Only the four chapters herewith reproduced have been completed due to the energy of Sefior Cámara. It is our hope that the others will be published in the same form. Sol Tax Iv ORGANIZACIÓN RELIQIOSA-POLITICA DE LOS TZOTZILES DE ZINACANTAN, CHIAPAS, MEXICO. Indio» ^^BWS.i.n Etnográfica que visito al Municipio de Zlnaoantan, Chiapas, Mexico, en Dioioabre 1942 y Enero 1943 3 Los alunaos que integraron dioha expedición ...... 3 El presente trabajo solaaento una parte de la Monografía de Zlnaoantan 3 Los capítulos nuaerados en este trabajo son la parte correspondiente a la Organización Religlosa-Folitioa 3 Algunos de estos oapitulos habían sido oondensados y clasificados por dos de loa aluanos . 3 La identificación de los individuos que dieron las informaciones* 3 Capillo mu Conceptos Peñérales. a. Fenoaenoo odcalóos, Meteorológicos, etc El sol es aasoulino y la lana feaenlna . 4 El sol es un Santo y ,1a luna una Virgen 4 Creenolas en ouanto a la luna 4 Creenolas en ouanto al sol 4 Creencias en ouanto al eclipse de luna y al eollpse de sol* • • 4 Cuando hay eclipse, se hacen todo el ruido posible 4-5 Cuando hay que tapiscar 5 No toaan en ouenta el solstioio • 5 Las nubes; el trueno • 5 La Cruz del Sur •••• 5 Las Siete Cabrillas 5 La Vía Láctea *.. • 5 Las estrellas que se oonooen 5 El Aroo Iris 5 El viento * * 5-6 b* Conceptos sagrados* / Los zinoanteoos profesan la religion cristiana 6 Esta religión esta tapizada de oreenolas tradicionales • • • • 6 Ho hay saeerdote residente en el pueblo 6 "Ellos rezan a su asnera" • Jesucristo; los santos • 66 Espíritus,que pueblan las cueras • 6 La religión Juega un papel de suaa laportanola en la vida diaria 6 Lagares sagradost cruces, oerros, piedras Milagrosas, etc. Los eJos de agaa Las cruces de los ojos de agua •••• Cruoes en los cerros ............. drusas en encrucijada» de salles y en cueras • • Cruces a la entrada del pueble * • 8 Cruoes en otros lugares . 8 Se Tan a curar en el Calvario .... 8 La aanera de que, las oruoes se hacen . < 8 Cruces en los^patios de las casas 8-9 Una deeoripcico ds tres cruets . , 9 Visitando las oruoes para curar . , 9-10 piedras que tienen noabre , 10 La oualidad de piedrecitas 10 Lot oerros titu habitados por ángeles 10-1 Loa ang«l«s liaran la Hurla . • 11 Sa la pida lluvia a loa oarros 11 Una ousva donda acuden los qua quieran haoarsa brujos. • • • 11 Zinaoantan as si o antro del «undo 11 Direoo iones .11 La orientación da la iglesia 12 La iaportanoia dal minero 3 12 • Oonoeptos sobranaturales. La oreen© la an las alnas • 17 La oraanola an loa aapantos negros 13 Los espíritus negros andan sn la noohe 7 pueden llevarse a la gente a Tierra Callente ..... 13 Coso oa Tisten loa espíritus nagros • • . 13 Cuantos an ouanto a laa alaaa 14 II Negro Claarrón ••«... 15 Loa negros tayaon • 15 II noaro nloai . 15 Ouaatoa oon raspeo to da los aapíritus nagros • • 15*16 Los Santos Habladoras 16 Muohas personas vienen a oonaultar oon sstos santos 16 Sa oobra $1.00 o |.50 por la oonsulta • • . 16 8a dloa que si propietario dal santo as ventriloouo 17 Auen*oa._ .17 Laa auanaa aon interpretados an si aentido da algo aalo que va suoeder a la persona qua fucua 17 Interpreta©lonas da varios sueños 17-18 Interpretaciones personales 18-19 Nahuallsao 19 Toda al aundo tiana un nahual 19 Los nahual es sieapre son aninales • ., 19 81 auere al nahual, la persona taablan nuera. 19 Los brujos y sus nahualea 19 Loa nahualea da las deaae psrsonaa 19 Brujería . 20 Nadie sabia quienes aran los brujos 20 Cuenteo sn ouanto a los brujos 20 10 hay auoha brujería aquí •••• . 20 Loa brujos 00 puedan ourar, para eohan enferaedades. • • • 21 COBO sa hacen los brujos ........... 21 Laa anlaalea qua aon loa nahuales da las brujas 21 Ossaantas volando • • 21 On nahual an forro da un ohivo blanco •• 22 La bruja qua so cuelga desnuda da laa oruees 22 11 nahual oa al diablo . ., 22 Cuando quieran echar bruJarla, loa brujea van a una oueva • . 22 Casos de enferaedad por brujería. 23 Algunos inforaantes dioan qua no aa saben quienes son brujos, otros dioon quo si—so o on 00 en a las brujos . • . 23 vi Indio», oont. Aousando los brujos 24 4* Oroonolas alseelaneaa La prooedenola do estas oroonolas . 25 Oroonolas on cuanto a los .anísalos; los pájaros • • . • 25 Oroonolas on ouanto al «ais •• 25 Oroonolas on ouanto a una major eabarasada 89 Bl oodro 7 ol plnaboto tlonon espíritu ooso las personas 26 para quo un roeIon naoIdo tonga buena salud 26 Oroonolas on ouanto a los piojos • 26 Nunoa so debe domlr o on la o abes a haola ol oooldonto • 27 Otras oroonolas on ouanto a una aujer eabarasada .... 27 Un Individuo quo os sodio houbre y aodlo aujer 27 Un aonstruo oon oreja» do porro 27 81 una aujer pasa sobro un honbre ..... 27 A una nina lo oayeron loabrioes porque oayo un rayo • • 27 No se debo pagar deudas en día lunes 27 No so debe dar nunoa la nano Izquierda 27 No se puedo ooaor la carne de la oulobra 28 No so debo tirar ol frijol 28 Oroonolas en ouanto a la sal • 28 Cierta» yerbas que se toaan que vuelven estériles a las au joros 28 No so puedo ooaor oarno de puoroo en Seaana Santa • • 28 Solo se debe barrer la easa en la aanana • • 28 No so debe dejar el algodón en el huso ........ 28 No se debe dejar la aano en el aetate 28 No debe dejarse la aguja pegada a la oostura 28 Una oereaonia al teneaaste . 29 Algunos entierran una eabosa de carnero debajo del centro do la oasa ouando fabriean 29 No so báSan en el teaasoal los doaingos 29 No so puede partir lena en ulereóles, JUOTOS y vierne» santo •••• • 29 Oroonolas en ouanto a loi noabros do los vivos • • . • 29 Oroonolas en ouanto a los extranjeros ........ 29 Los diablos que Juegan durante las fiestas 29 Los heraanos geaelos tienen un gusanito ••••••• 29 Oroonolas en ouanto a los oarneros que aueren • • • • 29 Bl "buluk sato" — un aniaalito que se introduce en la vagina de las aujero» ...... 30 Santos que hablan ••••••••••••••••^. 30 Oroonolas obtenido do Znf• Antonia Gonsáles Pakanoil y José de la Orus , 31-32 Datos en ouanto a la religion (Antonia Oonsáles PakanBil) 32 Datos en ouanto a la brujería (Antonia Oonsálos Pakanlll) 33 Capítulo XX t La Oraanlaaolon Foraal No sabeaos nada acerca de la organisaelo'n foraal Indígena prehlspaalea 34 Según Panlagua, la organisation política no ha oaabiado auoho en su eoqueaa fuadaaental desde el siglo pasado 34 Una estrecha oonexldn entre la organisation polítloa y la religiosa 34 m.mijiiiinnijm» nmmtiulMUMWí vii Indio», oont.
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