SOCIAL, HUMANITARIAN & regards to issues such as the right to have CULTURAL COMMITTEE (SOCHUM) a political opinion and/or impact, freedom Author: Sara Herrera & Gabriela García of expression, an appropriate life, freedom Time for opening speech: 90 seconds itself, amongst many others. In addition, it must be noted that the third committee COMMITTEE DESCRIPTION has a high relevance within the UN since it seeks the constant protection of the rights of those involved in the conflict. The Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural Committee (SOCHUM), is the third committee of the main organ of the United Meaning that it's a commission that has Nations (UN), the General Assembly (GA). the jurisdiction to be connected in other It was founded after the Universal committee matters. However, SOCHUM, Declaration of Human Rights (1948) was like all other committees excluding the endorsed, with the purpose of establishing Security Council, has certain limitations resolutions towards social, humanitarian, regarding the penalties it grants; meaning and cultural issues that have an that it cannot carry out economic international impact, for instance, the sanctions, liens, coordinations in regards advancement of women, the protection of to military actions, among others. infants, problematics that involve indigenous groups, refugee issues, the fomentation of the fundamental freedoms TOPIC A: SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF by means of the elimination of racism, and WOMEN IN AREAS OF HUMANITARIAN the right to self-determination. It counts ASSISTANCE with the 193 member states of the HISTORICAL CONTEXT organization (UN).

These are entitled to an equivalent vote, Female sexual exploitation started by the the action that leaves aside veto powers. ​ end of the 15th century. In this case Moreover, it is important to mention that countries where there is a lot of armed the third committee has jurisdiction over conflict. For example, Iraq, , South the demand of resolutions established Sudan, Somalia Afghanistan, where there within itself, and thanks to a vote that are more areas of humanitarian assistance surrounds the majority of the commission, as there is so much of armed conflict. towards the General Assembly for a final Therefore usually in this country's woman decision in its Plenary Sessions. Meaning are usually seen as vulnerable, and they that it enforces and assures basic social can become really violent as militaries are rights, by promoting deep research in killing, sexually assaulting, abusing, torturing, while taking advantage of them however this situation is seen a lot and is which has gone throughout the years weeling to be decreased. without having an end. CAUSES

For example, in where Poverty: poverty is seen as one of the main ​ there is humanitarian assistance and causes for sexual exploitation of women in militars was stated that for at least this area of humanitarian assistance. 600,000 women fleeing the war zone is Women are subject to be vulnerable and fear of sexual assault. On another side considering their economical situations from 1880 to 1900 most states from the and the country's political, social and United states changed a child age of economical position, militaries, among consent from ten years old to sixteen others take advantage of what women and which created to be easier to manipulate the country is facing. In addition, poverty children into sexual exploitation also can also be seen specifically as social taking into account most jurisdictions set isolation, drug addiction, domestic the age of consent in the range 14 to 18 as violence, criminal behaviour etc. their brain is much more developed and they have more consent. Economic abuse which can be connected to poverty has also been seen as one of However throughout time reports for the main causes. This can as the victims sexual abuse were much more prevalent are women that have been affected by than people thought. Leading to raise the armed conflict as the country itself, which age of consent as this brought attention to makes them have really low monetary and the authorities of the country. Years later economic resources, which leads them to in 1978 this issue started being more have to get into prostitutuion and any kind recognized by the Mann Act was amended of sexual exploitation to get the resources to protect male or female minors from they need, as a result it can lead for sexual exploitation, later in America during women to have to own their life to the 1960 and 1970 people started being more victimiser leading to slavery, prostitution, comfortable speaking about sexuall abuse and mostly any kind of sexual explotaition. later in 1986 was stated that exploitation that can eb taken into “any sexual activity for which any person account. can be charged with a criminal offense.” Finally from the 2000 was brougth the first Abuse: abusion is other cause of sexual ​ law intended to fight human trafficking explotaition in humanitarian assistance leading the situacion having more areas that should be taken into account attentions and people seeking for justice are classism, racism, social isolation, past abuse and trauma, sex-based Physical damage: usually in many cases, discrimination, mental health issues, victims are obligated to face situations neurological and developmental disorders. which involve physical damage and abuse. This is usually in families that are going They can face inner traumas, bruises, through this situations and are forced to broken body parts and more that has to face sexual exploitation or force to sex do with violence which can also lead to work which include prostitution, psychological damage such as depression, pornography, sexual tourism and among anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder other to get economical resources which (PTSD), etc. Another big problem is that in are part of the illegal industry. Finally, some cases, the victims don't have any physical abuse and torture can also lead to medical help or are taken to a health health issues center where later they could face serious injuries or health complications. There is also a high risk of sexually transmitted REPERCUSSIONS infections such as gonorrhea, HIV and others, affecting even more women. Psychological and Emotional Damage or Abuse: this is used to provoke the victim's ​ fear and intimidation and force the victim to do what the victimiser wants it to do. In CURRENT SITUATION order to show power and control over the victims, the victimiser harms or kills others International Actions: The World Health Organization - “Sexual Exploitation and to demonstrate strength. Some ​ Abuse” Article: WHO has released an psychological and emotional damage are ​ destroying property, harming the victims article on (29 sept 2020) called “Sexual Exploitation and Abuse” in which informs relatives such as their children and other actions that appeal to violence which can the community about what is sexual exploitation and the difference with sexual lead to mental health issues such as abuse. WHO also admits that sexual depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress exploitation needs to be punished with disorder (PTSD), etc. It can be traumatic serious disciplinary action in exchange for and the victims usually need psychological monetary resources. Thus, it states that or even psychiatric help. It is also taken sexual activities with people under the age into account as a powerful strategy as the of 18 is prohibited and that WHO will victims are so intimidated, leading them to not have any option to admit to what the protect and have preventive actions towards sexual exploitation cases. WHO victimiser. provides links of support and places

people can report a sexual exploitation case. “— Secretary-General António /us_news-military/t/female-soldiers-raise- Guterres stated the 9 of march of 2017 Let alarm-sexual-assaults/#.X5LRJZNKi3I us declare in one voice: We will not tolerate anyone committing or condoning Case Study: South Sudan: sexual exploitation and abuse. We will not let anyone cover up these crimes with the The first case study is South Sudan. South UN flag. ... Let us make zero tolerance a Sudan, officially the Republic of South ​ reality." Sudan is a landlocked sovereign country located in East Africa, with capital in the The UN has taken several actions for city of Juba. prevention such as; mandatory training for South Sudan has been facing Armed women, outreach to find any women at conflict since The South Sudanese Civil ​ risk in communities, among others. For War, leading the country to face sexual ​ enforcement: investigations, disciplinary exploitation in the southern of sudan. In sanctions, cooperation with host 2018 approximately 175 both women and authorities. For victim’s assistance, the UN girls were raped or were in other sexually has provided assistance in the field, given violence sitiations in South Sudan. trust and support to the victims and DNA testing. All these solutions have come from The victimisers who sexually exploited the Victim’s Rights Advocate (VRA for these women were military from different victims of sexual exploitation and abuse) groups that are in the area where these by the since 18 of women live and do daily life works, such as September of 2017. going to get firewood, water or food but by doing this daily work this military at any

time and any moment sexually assaulted these women. This happens more than a few times because of the lack of protection they have and are considered normal based on all the times that have and still happens, and aso as the way the image of women is seen nowadays in society especially in the middle east considering culture and religion. female experience unwanted sexual contact. (especially marine females facing The reason why this happens in Sothern sexual exploitation) Sudan is because of how many militars http://www.nbcnews.com/id/25784465/ns groups of youth men are in the area such as the Sudan People's Liberation ​

Movement-in-Oppositionor (SLPA-IO) or Afghanistan, Burma, Cameroon, The ​ the South Sudan People's Defence Forces democratic republic of the Congo and ​ (SSPDF) who are really involved in this other regions in South Sudan. ​ study as they rape, abuse and sexually Nevertheless, sexual traffickers offer assult women or a girl and take advange fraudulent employment offers. A report of their vulnerability, as well as the made by the US department revealed that personal problems these females face on a the government of South Sudan does not daily basis. accomplish with the standards that are required for the abolish of sex traffic and The United Nations provide assistance to it’s not making efforts for it. The United victims of sexual harassment by providing States implies that corruption in trafficking the victims services and resources. . In crimes is a concern for the country, as 2017, the United Nations guaranteed that there is no investigation or prosecution. the victims of sexual exploitation look The US says South Sudan needs to increase forward to service providers and receive its efforts to enforce the law in sexual the appropriate assistance, by creating a traffic crimes. Field Victim’s Rights Advocate. The United Nations recommends to have further contact and give more victim’s feedback, thus having more budget lines to assist victims of sexual exploitation that cannot be helped by existing services.

This creates more confidence between the people or citizens with the country or the situation making them feel safer. However, it doesn't mean that it still doesn't happen, South Sudan humanitarian snapshots 2020 so people are at least relieved that they (COVID-19 and armed conflict)continued can have some help. Nonetheless, taking to drive humanitarian needs in the country. into account the 3.1. Geneva Conventions https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/s 1949 which Establish a step forward for outh-sudan- protection of women in the armed conflict means that this problem shouldn't be Case Study: Iraq happening in the country.

The undeveloped humanitarian conditions Sexual exploitation in Iraq during armed conflict has been seen for a long time. One in South Sudan, has made many people to of the reasons the country of Iraq faces immigrate to countries such as Uganda, this situation is with a group called ISIL, main component of violence and sexual which is a Militant Islamic Group and a exploitation in the country. The United former protostate that follows Nations are pending on this situation in fundamentalists in the country. The ISIL Iraq. (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) is a group that has to do a lot with the cases of They are operating 55 safe centers for sexual exploitation in Iraq. In November, women and support the functioning to run some statistics were released of women women shelters to help these women and which stated that in the zone where this girls that have been affected by the sexual military group was located, showed that exploitation in Iraq. This is helping since 2014, 1,197 Yazidi women and 1,038 decrease the problem. However it's not Yazidi girls were rescued by being fixing it completely as the military still abducted and sexually exploited by their makes the situation in Iraq worse. As abductors. However, this statistic showed already mentioned, women live with a lot one community, but doesn't show others of fear as they are scared of what can that are also affected by the same problem happen to them and to their families, and the same group of militants, such as which creates a lot of tension between the the Turken Shia community. The society and the government and even goverment also collected statistics of how though the aid given to this gender has many cases of conflict, related to sexual made the female community feel relieved, violence in women from the ISIL in 2014 it doesn't change the fact that they keep and got to aproximately 1,000 cases of being vulnerable. Finally, it's difficult for women and girls that has suffered this the country to face this as there is a lot of situation by this group in Iraq. Another armed conflict etc. Taking into group that has to do with this is Iraq consideration all the Geneva Conventions, Security Forces that also had cases especially the 3.1 for helping women reported in 2016. during war.

On another side the reason why this is happening in Iraq is because these militar ORIENTATION AND OBJECTIVE OF THE groups use gender norms in connection COMMITTEE with religious identities to organize the violence against this woman and girls. ISIL The chair expects delegates to have a ​ group reinforced these gender norms that complete knowledge and understanding are norms that abilitate men’s control over on their countries’ position regarding the women to organise their lives and the way committee and topics. Furthermore, they behave, however it has been seen delegates are expected to give concrete that gender and gender violence are the arguments and reasons, which can support their countries’ position regarding Committee how extended or limited the rights of the https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm2 imprisoned are. Also, it is recommended 01719/cmselect/cmintdev/840/84005.htm ​ for the delegates to give solutions and SEXUAL EXPLOITATION AND ABUSE BY UN, ideas under the legal mark, exchange NGO AND INGO PERSONNEL: A ideas and make new alliances to solve the SELF-ASSESSMENT - HUMANITARIAN issues discussed in the committee. PRACTICE NETWORK 2020 GUIDING QUESTIONS Humanitarian Practice Network. 2020. Sexual Exploitation And Abuse By UN, NGO 1. What does the government do And INGO about this situation in the country? https://odihpn.org/magazine/sexual-exploi 2. What recommendations does your tation-and-abuse-by-un-ngo-and-ingo-pers country consider to find a onnel-a-self-assessment/ ​ reasonable system to regulate sexual exploitation in these certain POLICIES AND PROTOCOLS | PREVENTING areas? SEXUAL EXPLOITATION AND ABUSE 3. How is your country involved in 2020 sexual exploitation in these areas Policies and Protocols | Preventing Sexual of humanitarian help? Exploitation and Abuse, 4. Does your country already have https://www.un.org/preventing-sexual-ex any actions to prevent or ploitation-and-abuse/content/policies-and decrease this problem? -protocols 5. What are the main causes of REFUGEES, U. sexual exploitation in your May 2020 country? Our fight against sexual exploitation, abuse and harassment https://www.unhcr.org/our-fight-against-s exual-exploitation-abuse-and-harassment. SUPPORT LINKS htmsexual and abusion, protection and ​ prevent- WHO SEXUAL EXPLOITATION AND ABUSE IN THE 29 sept 2020Sexual Exploitation And abuse ​ AID SECTOR - INTERNATIONAL https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/ DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE - HOUSE OF documents/ethics/sexual-exploitation-and- COMMONS abuse-pamphlet-en.pdf?sfvrsn=409b4d89_ 2020 2 Sexual exploitation and abuse in the aid sector - International Development

Through the implementation of various TOPIC B: CULTURAL PATRIMONY IN requirements, State Parties to the ZONES OF ARMED CONFLICT: Convention benefit from their mutual BELLIGERENT GROUPS IN THE MIDDLE commitment. This sparing a view to EAST affected cultural heritage in terms of armed conflict. Nevertheless, when ​ individuals, whether they’re members of HISTORICAL CONTEXT armed forces or civilians, violate the Second Protocol of the convention itself, It should be noted that within the they must be held as criminally historical context of the issue in question, responsible, and are judged under Article The 1954 Hague Convention for the 15 (2nd version), that talks about the Protection of Cultural Property in the forms of individual criminal responsibility Event of Armed Conflict should be totally (those who directly commit the act, those comprehended. However, this who attempt to commit the act, and those understanding is determined by the “how” who participate in the act). On the other of the establishment of it. hand, when the circumstance doesn’t fit the profile for whom must be judged The convention, as self-explanatory, was under the previously mentioned settled within The Hague, Netherlands in stipulations, it is considered as a “joint 1945. It occurred as World War II woke up criminal enterprise”, and it must be a massive era full of destruction of recognized by the case-law of international cultural heritage. It was the first criminal tribunals. international treaty that had a worldwide scope, in regards to the preservation of Therefore, it's important to mention that cultural patrimony during times of armed even though the employment of The 1954 ​ conflict. Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed It covered and still does, immovable and Conflict has been highly crucial in the past movable, culturally relevant and socially decades, patrimony has been brutally beloved heritage, such as monuments of ​ destroyed by groups outside the law; as a architecture, art or history, archaeological principal case study, belligerent groups in sites, works of art, manuscripts, books, and the middle east. other objects of artistic, historical, or archaeological interest, as well as scientific For instance, the highly disruptive event collections of all kinds regardless of their that had as a repercussion, the destruction origin or ownership. of the Great Mosque of Aleppo, Syria. Due to the constant fight in the Syrian Civil causing terror to the citizenry. Meaning War, the Great Mosque’s minaret was that these groups often work with the goal destroyed. of portraying themselves as figures of power; power gained with the fear they’ve In addition, in regard to historical events created within society, constantly trying to employed by the Islamic State of Iraq and prove they’re capable of everything. On Syria, it's crucial to underline the the other hand, these attacks happen as a destruction of the of at repercussion of ethnic and ideological , Syria. Without leaving aside the hegemony. significant circumstance in which, ISIS destroyed the Gates of Nineveh in Iraq. Nazis (Polish Invasion): As one of the biggest, most significant case studies in the world’s history, the Nazi CAUSES Germany presents a huge case of destroying cultural patrimony. On Focusing on the case study provided, as in September 1, 1939, the German national belligerent groups in the middle east, it's forces, under the harsh control of Adolf crucial to comprehend the different causes Hitler, brutally bombarded Poland; the in the different attacks to cultural event was carried out on both land and air. patrimony. This caused the polish invasion, which later witnessed how the Nazi leader ordered the As society has evolved through time, it has wide-scale destruction of the city, in which come to realize that total agreement is around 90% of all polish historical hard. Meaning that unanimity, in any case, buildings, including the royal palace, were is hardly possible. Therefore, it must be blown up. noted that one of the biggest causes regarding the destruction of cultural patrimony is the political disagreement among the society (including the citizenry, the government and said belligerent groups). Briefly, these felonies are carried out as significant acts of violence to manifest their unconformities in regards to the political matters in question. Hence, it's possible to mention the fact that socially, the destruction of cultural patrimony jumps into society, as a way of

portion of commercial publicity towards the group.

It's important to remember the destruction of the Nergal Gates of the Assyrian City of Nineveh. In Iraq (2016) the socially beloved and popular Gates of Nineveh, constructed in the seventh century B.C, was destroyed by ISIS. The group leveled both the Adad Gate and the Mashki Gate (also known as Gate of God). Bearing this in mind, it's possible to infer that it occurred as a part of the group’s ongoing campaign against cultural sites Temporary borders created by the Nazi and relics; a campaign that maintains an German troops, and the Soviet troops ideology of hate towards archeology, during 1939. Retrieved from demonstrating their piety and stoke https://www.vox.com/2014/9/1/6084029/ division within local societies. h itlers-invasion-of-poland-explained ​ ​ Al Qaeda (Alleged destruction of The Great ISIS (Destruction of The Temple of Bel and Mosque of Aleppo): It's crucial to remark ​ The Gates of Nineveh): The temple of Bel ​ the fact that the Great Mosque of Aleppo was a religious site in the ancient city of was built between the eighth and 13th Palmyra, that 2000 years after its centuries; meaning that it was an ancient construction, was destroyed by the Islamic monument that had a relevant role within State of Iraq and Syria (2015). The the Syrian society. Furthermore, it was belligerent group, like many others around believed that it saved the remains of the the globe, urgently need economic prophet Zechariah, once again prioritizing sustenance, to maintain their job afloat. its relevance within Syria. Last but not Therefore, it's crucial to understand the least, it called Muslims to daily prayer. main reason for this attack. The sale of However, in 2013, years after the Syrian looted antiquities is nevertheless one of civil war initiated, it was destroyed. Even the highest income activities within ISIS. though the motives are, up to date, Meaning that as the attack happened, the unknown, it's relevant to highlight the fact belligerent group gained profit. In that the mosque was being occupied by addition, the destroying of this temple non-governmental forces, and therefore provided popularity and therefore a huge the Syrian President Bashar al-Assad’s governmental body blamed the damage In addition, as these attacks jump into on individuals linked to Al Qaeda. society, a clear cycle of loathe and dislike, between the government and said groups, develops, if not created yet. This manages to create political conflicts that also disturb the society as a whole. Also, the loss of patrimony, as it represents such REPERCUSSIONS symbolism and has historical meaning, affects the internal political context of the Hence, it's important to acquire a broader country itself; this includes how society point of view, and understand how these views the political body within the country circumstances affect the international in question. community. Therefore, the repercussions must be highlighted and comprehended. Nazis (Polish Invasion): As this invasion ​ occurred and, as mentioned previously, a As these attacks proceed to happen, and huge portion of cultural heritage was valuable pieces of patrimony are destroyed, the Polish forces started to destroyed, restoration, rather than develop an idea of revolution. Polish reconstruction, is needed. Meaning, a resistance fighters rose up against the significant amount of damage occurs, and Nazi occupation on August 1, 1944. This so it requires a significant amount of had as a repercussion a violent brawl money, eventually impacting in a massive within the population and the invaders. way the economic situation of the country Around 200,000 civilians were executed itself. However, the destruction of during this encounter. On the other hand, important heritage sites provides a spot many other individuals were sent to the for tourism that regularly, is really brutal concentration camps, the Nazi appealing to the public. Meaning that forces used to commit massive killings. In these attacks can also conclude in an conclusion, it is evident that as this violent economic profit by fields such as tourism. event occurred, in which a huge portion of cultural patrimony was destroyed, civilians On the other hand, as the attack is carried attempted to defend themselves, and out, huge portions of land are impacted. ended up as victims of this terrorizing era. This leads to the injury of a massive amount of individuals; a broad quantity of ISIS (The destruction of The Temple of Bel): them, being guilt-free, out of conflict, and The destruction of the Temple of Bel therefore innocent. unleashed a new era of brutal action towards sacred patrimonies within the Syrian territories. Briefly, the destruction of the Temple of Bel followed the unanimously voted in favor of Resolution destruction of the Temple of ; 2347, a proposition that relates to the another ancient religious site in Palmyra. protection of cultural heritage. Even though the development of this idea lasted Al Qaeda (Alleged destruction of The Great for nearly a century, progress and success Mosque of Aleppo): The destruction of The ​ were finally achieved. Great Mosque of Aleppo had massive cultural impacts, affecting especially the It proves how the international community religious field of the Syrian population. shares a united and equal ideology that Due to the fact that the Mosque suffered goes in favor of the political determination significantly during both the attack and to protect cultural heritage. This being years later, as the Syrian civil war said, it is crucial to highlight that developed, ancient heritages have been Resolution 2345 of the UN Security affected. First of all, antique furnishings Council formally states that the total and the popular sculpted colonnades, protection via defense, of cultural have deteriorated, and even lost their patrimony, is imperative for security, and aesthetic value. that Pacta Sunt Servanda must be ​ employed within itself. Moreover, ancient artifacts have been looted, stealing how sacred the object is Case Studies: in the eyes of the Syrian religious ISIS: It is important to mention that the population; for example, a box purported ​ to contain a strand of the Prophet Islamic State has partially lost its territory Muhammad’s hair. Last but not least, and fighters; 10,000 members of ISIS have handwritten Quranic manuscripts’ tracks been, either killed or imprisoned and their have been lost. former leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is deceased.

A Kurdish militant leader developed a CURRENT SITUATION strategy that had as the main purpose, the full reactivation of the group. This, leading to the fact that ISIS is now, bigger, International Actions: In regards to the broader, more present than it was when it ​ protection of cultural heritage, it is crucial founded its self-styled caliphate. to mention the latest resolution to protect cultural heritage, Similar to the Hague Proportionally to this significant event, the Convention, on March 24, 2017, the American president, Donald Trump has United Nations Security Council declared victory over ISIS. However, and as mentioned previously, it is an ongoing conflict that has gone to such a point that the American democratic government has expressed its desire to withdraw troops. COMMITTEE ORIENTATION Nevertheless, even after the United States of America spent billions of dollars during 2 presidential periods, in which an As a united commission, the SOCHUM anti-ISIS ideology was predominant, the committee should analyze, criticize, and Islamic state persists. comprehend why did not The Hague Convention totally terminate the A permanent end to the conflict remains destruction of cultural patrimony. It is out of reach. Moreover, ISIS stands ready hoped that via a debate that includes to push Trump’s desire to end America’s truthful data, the committee provides a forever wars and shift the country’s focus resolution that guarantees the regulation to countering Iran, affecting the UN’s of brutal acts committed by belligerent resolution to provide international peace groups, towards cultural patrimony; and security. without leaving aside the ideal of international security, and constantly Al Qaeda: In 2009, the current American ensuring international wellbeing. ​ president, Barack Obama, developed a strategy that gave top priority to the Even though a constant scope in the defeat of Al Qaeda core in Pakistan. It middle east’s situation should be carried consisted of the regular use of drones, out, it is expected that the debate and eventually in 2015, under the 2011 includes the participation and the commando raid that killed bin Laden in eventual benefit of all delegations Abbottabad, the campaign gradually wore present. The commission’s jurisdiction down the core. must be totally clear, and the constant employment of Pacta Sunt Servanda is ​ Following this event, in September 2014, recommended at all times. To effectively Zawahiri planned the last international and certainly achieve international peace terror plot, which he eventually foiled. It within what’s going to be stipulated. consisted of the hijacking of the Pakistani Navy, and then, the sinking of a US navy ship in the Indian Ocean. Zawahiri still GUIDING QUESTIONS lives, and even though he still addresses statements from his hideouts in Pakistan, Has the nation experienced brutal events the core has been defeated. towards its cultural patrimony?

ention/ Is there any relationship between the B. Little. (Jan 9, 2020). History: 7 Cultural nation and belligerent groups? Both in a ​ Sites Damaged or Destroyed by War. historical and present ​ context. https://www.history.com/news/cultural-si tes-heritagewars#:~:text=During%20World Has there been any action taken upon the %20War%20II%2C%20countries,Opera%20 destruction of cultural heritage within the House%20in%20Valletta%2C%20Malta.&te country’s xt=According%20to%20these%20internati internal situation? onal%20agreements,sites%20is%20a%20w ar%20crime. ​

Has there been any action taken, to BBC. (Sep 1, 2015). BBC News: Palmyra’s recuperate destructed patrimony? ​ Temple of Bel Destroyed Says UN. ​ https://www.bbc.com/news/ Has there been any action taken, in order world-middle-east-34111092 to protect/preserve the well being of the citizenry? K. Romey. (Apr 14, 2020). National

Geographic: Why ISIS Hates Archaeology What could be a pertinent motive to the ​ and Blew Up Ancient Iraqi Palace. brutal events mentioned, taking into ​ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/new consideration the fact that the Hague s/2015/04/150414-whyislamic-state-destr Convention was at constant use? oyed-assyrianpalace-nimrud-iraq-video-isis -isil archaeology/ SOURCES

Un.org. (2015). United Nations Global R. Romaniec and L. Sanders IV. (Ago 18, ​ 2019). Focus on Europe: Germany Issues. ​ http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/wome expresses “deep shame” for Nazi destruction of Poland. n/ ​ https://www.dw.com/en/germanyexpress UNESC. (n.d). Armed Conflict and es-deep-shame-for-nazidestruction-of-pola Heritage: The 1954 Hague Convention for nd/a-49838740 ​ the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. BBC. (Apr 24, 2013). BBC News: Syria ​ http://www.unesco.org/new/en/cult clashes destroy ancient Aleppo minaret. ​ ure/themes/armed-conflict-andheritage/c https://www.bbc.com/news/worldmiddle- onvention-andprotocols/1954-hague-conv east-22283746 ​ ​

M. Giglio and K. Gilsinan. (Feb 14, 2020) The Atlantic: The Inconvenient Truth About ​ ISIS. ​ https://www.theatlantic.com/politic s/archive/2020/02/kurdish-leader isis-conflict-iraq-iran/606502/

SUPPORTING LINKS www.unesco.org https://ihl https://www.nationalgeographic.com/new s/2015/04/150414-whyislamic-state-destr oyed-assyrianpalace-nimrud-iraq-video-isis -isil archaeology/