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(COP) to the Protocol Concerning Pollution from Land- Based UNITED NATIONS EP Distr. LIMITED UNEP(DEPI)/CAR IG.41/INF.3 29 May 2019 Fourth Meeting of the Contracting Parties (COP) Original: ENGLISH to the Protocol Concerning Pollution from Land- Based Sources and Activities (LBS) in the Wider Caribbean Region Roatan, Honduras, 4 June 2019 STATE OF THE CARTAGENA CONVENTION AREA REPORT An Assessment of Marine Pollution from Land-Based Sources and Activities in the Wider Caribbean Region STATE OF THE CARTAGENA CONVENTION AREA REPORT An Assessment of Marine Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities in the Wider Caribbean Region May 2019 UNEDITED 2 CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Coordination: Cartagena Convention Secretariat, UN Environment CEP (Christopher Corbin) Lead author: Sherry Heileman (Consultant) Contributing lead author: Liana Talaue-McManus (Consultant) Contributing authors: Christopher Corbin (UN Environment CEP) Linroy Christian (Antigua & Barbuda) Darryl Banjoo (Trinidad & Tobago) Stephanie Adrian (USA, Chair LBS Monitoring and Assessment Working Group) Emilio Mayorga, University of Washington Other contributors LBS Monitoring and Assessment Working Group LBS Protocol Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee (STAC) Basel Convention Regional Centre for Training and Technology Transfer for the Caribbean Region (BCRC Caribbean) Regional Marine Pollution Emergency, Information and Training Centre – Caribe (REMPEITC) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Financial support Integrating Water, Land, and Ecosystems Management in Caribbean Small Island Developing States (IWEco) Project (GEF/UN Environment) Catalysing implementation of the Strategic Action Programme for the sustainable management of shared Living Marine Resources in the Caribbean and North Brazil Shelf Large Marine Ecosystems (UNDP/GEF CLME+ Project) Mapping Centro del Agua del Trópico Húmedo para América Latina y el Caribe (CATHALAC) John Knowles (UNDP/GEF CLME+ Project) Reviewers National Focal Points, Cartagena Convention Land-Based Sources Protocol Regional Activity Centres Regional Project Partners BCRC Caribbean Administrative support Sancha Foreman, Programme Assistant, UN Environment CEP Donna Henry-Hernandez, Programme Management Assistant, GEF IWEco Project 3 Contents CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... 3 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................... 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 9 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ................................................................................................ 24 1.1. Land-based pollution: what’s at stake ....................................................................................... 24 1.2. The Cartagena Convention Area ................................................................................................ 26 1.3. The Caribbean Environment Programme and Cartagena Convention ...................................... 26 1.4. The State of the Convention Area Report .................................................................................. 28 2. THE WIDER CARIBBEAN REGION ....................................................................................................... 30 2.1. Countries and territories ............................................................................................................ 31 2.2. River basins ................................................................................................................................ 31 2.3. Ocean circulation ....................................................................................................................... 32 2.4. Permeable soils and karstic groundwater aquifers ................................................................... 33 2.5. Living marine resources ............................................................................................................. 33 3. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................... 35 3.1. Conceptual framework .............................................................................................................. 35 3.2. Geographic scale ........................................................................................................................ 37 3.3. Thematic scope .......................................................................................................................... 38 3.4. Data sources ............................................................................................................................... 39 3.5. Computational steps .................................................................................................................. 40 4. INTERACTION OF HUMANS WITH MARINE ECOSYSTEMS: DRIVERS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE .............................................................................................................................................................. 42 Key messages .................................................................................................................................... 42 4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 42 4.2. Demographic trends .................................................................................................................. 42 4.2.1. Population change, 1950-2050 ........................................................................................... 42 4.2.2. Contemporary spatial distribution of coastal population ................................................... 43 4.3. Urbanization, 1950-2050 ........................................................................................................... 45 4.4. Human development patterns ................................................................................................... 49 4.5. Major economic sectors related to the marine environment ................................................... 49 4.5.1. Tourism, fisheries, and aquaculture ................................................................................... 49 4.5.2. Agriculture........................................................................................................................... 55 4.5.3. Maritime transport ............................................................................................................. 56 4.5.4. Industries ............................................................................................................................ 57 5. PRESSURES FROM LAND-BASED SOURCES AND ACTIVITIES ............................................................. 59 4 Key messages .................................................................................................................................... 59 5.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 59 5.2. Pathways for introduction of contaminants to the marine environment ................................. 59 5.3. Domestic (municipal) wastewater loads .................................................................................... 60 5.4. Nutrients .................................................................................................................................... 62 5.5. Sediment mobilization ............................................................................................................... 71 5.6. pH ............................................................................................................................................... 72 5.7. Industrial pollution and hazardous waste.................................................................................. 72 5.8. Emerging issues .......................................................................................................................... 73 6. STATE OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT WITH RESPECT TO LAND-BASED POLLUTION .................... 75 Key messages .................................................................................................................................... 75 6.1. Indicators of changing state ....................................................................................................... 75 6.1.1. Nutrients ............................................................................................................................. 76 6.1.2. Chlorophyll-A ...................................................................................................................... 80 6.1.3. Dissolved oxygen ................................................................................................................. 82 6.1.4. Turbidity .............................................................................................................................. 83 6.1.5. pH ........................................................................................................................................ 85 6.1.6. Faecal contamination indicators ......................................................................................... 86 7. IMPACT: CHANGING MARINE ECOSYSTEM CONDITION AND HUMAN COSTS ................................. 91 Key messages ...................................................................................................................................
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