DOCSLIB.ORG

The Archaeology of the Upper City and Adjacent Suburbs LINCOLN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES NO

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Archaeology of the Upper City and Adjacent Suburbs LINCOLN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES NO The Archaeology of The Upper City and Adjacent Suburbs Upper City and Adjacent of The Archaeology The LINCOLN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES NO. 3 The Archaeology of The Upper City and Adjacent Suburbs Lincoln Archaeological Studies Series Editors: Michael J. Jones and Alan Vince No. 1 No. 6 Pre-Viking Lindsey A Corpus of Roman Pottery from Lincoln No. 2 No. 7 The Archaeology of Wigford A Corpus of Anglo-Saxon and the Brayford Pool and Medieval Pottery from Lincoln No. 3 No. 8 The Archaeology of The Upper City A Corpus of Roman Glass and Adjacent Suburbs from Lincoln No. 4 No. 9 The Archaeology of The Lower City Finds from the Well and Adjacent Suburbs at St Paul-in-the-Bail No. 5 No. 10 Steane Of Butchers and Breeds The City by the Pool Kate Steane with Margaret J. Darling, Michael J. Jones, Jenny Mann, Alan Vince and Jane Young Oxbow Books i LINCOLN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES NO. 3 GENERAL EDITORS: MICHAEL J. JONES AND ALAN VINCE The Archaeology of the Upper City and Adjacent Suburbs Kate Steane with Margaret J. Darling, Michael J. Jones, Jenny Mann, Alan Vince and Jane Young Oxbow Books Published by Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK © Kate Steane, Margaret J. Darling, Michael J. Jones, Jenny Mann, Alan Vince and Jane Young 2006 ISBN 978-1-84217-065-6 A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library This book is published with the aid of a grant from English Heritage. English Heritage is now Historic England This book is available to download from http://books.casematepublishing.com/ The_Archaeology_of_The_Upper_City_and_Adjacent_Suburbs_Lincoln.pdf Contents List of Contributors .................................................................................................................iv Preface and Acknowledgements, by M J Jones......................................................................v Summaries: English, French...................................................................................................vii 1 Introduction by K Steane and A Vince.......................................................................................... 1 THE EXCAVATIONS 2 Lincoln Cathedral Sites (cat86, ch83, dg83, lc84, ny87) ..................................................11 3 Cecil Street (ce75) ..............................................................................................................43 4 Chapel Lane (cl85) .............................................................................................................47 5 East Bight (eb80) ................................................................................................................61 6 The Lawn (l86, la85, lh84) ................................................................................................81 7 Mint Wall (mw79) ............................................................................................................113 8 Mint Wall Stables (mws83 and sp84) ............................................................................121 9 St Paul-in-the-Bail (sp72) ..............................................................................................129 10 Westgate School (w73) ....................................................................................................212 11 West Bight (wb76) ............................................................................................................228 12 West Bight (wb80) ...........................................................................................................234 13 Winnowsty Cottages (wc87) .......................................................................................255 14 Discussion by K Steane, M J Jones, and A Vince with contributions by M J Darling and J Young..............................................................267 APPENDICES I: The Archiving and Analysis Projects by A Vince and K Steane ...................................288 II: Roman pottery codes ....................................................................................................298 III: Post Roman pottery codes ...........................................................................................300 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................305 INDEX .......................................................................................................................................309 List of contributors City of Lincoln Archaeology Unit staff (1991–6) Jeremy Ashbee: Architectural and Sculptural Fragments Prince Chitwood: Stratigraphical Reports Jane Cowgill: Non-ceramic Artefacts Margaret J. Darling: Roman Pottery C. Pamela Graves: Architectural and Sculptural Fragments Christopher Guy: Stratigraphical Reports Michael J. Jones: Joint General Editor; Academic and Copy Editing; Discussion Richard Kemp: Building Materials Jen Mann: Non-ceramic Artefacts Paul Miles: Stratigraphical Reports; computer support Barbara Precious: Roman Pottery Kate Steane: Site Reports (general co-ordination); Introduction, Discussion and Appendix I Alan Vince: Joint General Editor; Introduction, Discussion and Appendix I Jane Young: Post-Roman Pottery Integrated Contributions and Archive Reports by: Petra Adams and Julian Henderson (Medieval and later vessel glass) Marion Archibald (Medieval and later coins and tokens) Joanna Bird (Samian pottery) Mark Blackburn (Anglo-Saxon coins) Lucy Bown and Judy O’Neill (also contributed to the work on the Post-Roman pottery) Anthea Boylston and Charlotte Roberts (human remains) Hilary Cool, Jenny Price and Sally Cottam (Roman glass) John Davies (Roman coins) Brenda Dickinson (Samian stamps) Keith Dobney, Debbie Jaques, (animal and fish bones) Brian Irving, Annie Milles and Sally Scott Rowena Gale and Carole Morris (wood) Katherine Hartley (mortaria stamps) David King (Medieval decorated window glass) Don Mackreth (Roman brooches) Lisa Moffett (environmental samples) David Moore (hones – petrology) Quita Mould (leather objects) David Peacock and David Williams (amphorae and marble petrology) James Rackham (animal bones) Fiona Roe (stone objects) David Stocker (architectural and sculptural fragments) Penelope Walton Rogers (textiles) Radio carbon dates were provided by the Harwell Low Level Measurements Laboratory through the good offices of English Heritage’s Ancient Monuments Laboratory. Illustrations by Paul Miles, Helen Palmer-Brown, Zoe Rawlings and David Watt Preface and Acknowledgements The Upper City at Lincoln was the first area of the explored as part of a wider study of the aqueduct town to be defined by fortifications – first for the (Jones M J 1980, 17–9; Wood 1981). timber Roman legionary fortress and later, in stone, It is notable that, as elsewhere, interest was for the succeeding colonia. For over 300 years, the formerly confined to the Roman period. This principal administrative buildings for their suc- changed from the early 1970s with the establishment cessive establishments lay within this circuit. The of a professional archaeological field unit. The excav- centre of power also had a religious dimension, the ations at Westgate School (w73) and at St Paul-in- Christian cathedral replacing the pagan state temple the-Bail (1972–9; sp72) concerned themselves with from possibly as early as the 4th century. The see the full sequence of archaeological deposits up to was based here intermittently during the Anglo- the modern period. The form of presentation in this Saxon period, and continuously from 1072, rep- volume, dealing with sites investigated in the period resenting the centre of the diocese. In the form of the 1972–87, gives due prominence to the complete strat- castle and cathedral, the town is still dominated igraphic sequence, organised into context groups physically by the twin symbols of English medieval (cgs) and Land Use Blocks (LUBs), as also set out in authority. The surrounding streets always contained the report dealing with the Wigford suburb (Steane the greatest concentration of prestigious buildings et al 2001) see Appendix 1 and the Introduction, in the city, but the area was not without its setbacks: below, regarding the systems adopted). battles in 1141 and 1216/7 and again during the The sites reported on here included large-scale Civil War caused considerable physical damage. excavations which yielded some stunning finds, Given such a history, it is not surprising that the none more so than those at St Paul-in-the-Bail. This Upper City still preserves many ancient features. contained remains of the Roman legionary head- Remains of Roman and medieval date have been quarters building, followed by the civic forum, and noted by antiquarians for several centuries, and a series of church buildings dating back possibly to monuments such as the Bailgate Roman colonnade the end of the Roman period. The results of the less carefully recorded. Today, much of that heritage, substantial investigations have helped us under- above and below ground, is protected by legislation, stand better the larger sites and certainly contribute and current policies should help to conserve the to the study of the area as a whole in terms of historic fabric, while deterring investigation of topography and function, among other aspects. buried deposits and thereby preserving them for The data recovered have provided important new future generations. But there have been substantial knowledge on the Roman military occupation, inside discoveries over the past century or so, and par- and outside the walls, and not only
Load more

Recommended publications
  • REACHING out a Celebration of the Work of the Choir Schools’ Association
    REACHING OUT A celebration of the work of the Choir Schools’ Association The Choir Schools’ Association represents 46 schools attached to cathedrals, churches and college chapels educating some 25,000 children. A further 13 cathedral foundations, who draw their choristers from local schools, hold associate membership. In total CSA members look after nearly 1700 boy and girl choristers. Some schools cater for children up to 13. Others are junior schools attached to senior schools through to 18. Many are Church of England but the Roman Catholic, Scottish and Welsh churches are all represented. Most choir schools are independent but five of the country’s finest maintained schools are CSA members. Being a chorister is a huge commitment for children and parents alike. In exchange for their singing they receive an excellent musical training and first-class academic and all-round education. They acquire self- discipline and a passion for music which stay with them for the rest of their lives. CONTENTS Introduction by Katharine, Duchess of Kent ..................................................................... 1 Opportunity for All ................................................................................................................. 2 The Scholarship Scheme ....................................................................................................... 4 CSA’s Chorister Fund ............................................................................................................. 6 Finding Choristers .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Installation of Canons
    Lincoln Cathedral CHORAL EVENSONG with the Installation of Canons Sunday 2nd May 2021 3.45pm Welcome to Lincoln Cathedral We are delighted to welcome you to Lincoln Cathedral for the installation of new canons, and the welcome of new members of the cathedral’s governing Chapter. A particular welcome to family, friends and congregation who have come to support those being installed today. Earlier this week the canons designate made the Declaration of Assent and swore the Oaths of Allegiance, and the Bishop of Lincoln collated them as canons of the cathedral. We gather now for their installation. Much of this afternoon’s service is sung by the choir and follows a set pattern which is offered daily in the cathedral. Its essence is praise: words, inspired by God, used to worship him and lift our minds and hearts. The singing of psalms and the reading from the Old Testament unite us with our spiritual ancestors, the Jews, and with Jesus Christ, who himself used them to praise God. Our meditation on the word of God leads us to Jesus who is the Word made flesh, and so the Magnificat - a song of praise first sung by Mary, the mother of Jesus - acts as a pivot, pointing us to the new relationship with God which is brought about in the birth of Christ. The remainder of the service celebrates that ‘new covenant’ and, in the intercessions, commits us to the life of service to which Christians are called. If the service is new to you, we hope that in the prayerful combination of words, music and silence you will find space for meaningful reflection.
    [Show full text]
  • The Column Figures on the West Portal of Rochester Cathedral
    http://kentarchaeology.org.uk/research/archaeologia-cantiana/ Kent Archaeological Society is a registered charity number 223382 © 2017 Kent Archaeological Society A QUESTION OF IDENTITY? THE COLUMN FIGURES ON THE WEST PORTAL OF ROCHESTER CATHEDRAL S. BLISS In the summer of 1991, the Romanesque west front of Rochester Cathedral (Plate I) underwent thorough cleaning and conservation.' This event draws attention, once again, to the significance of the façade and its sculptural enrichment within the development of English Romanesque art. The west portal (Plate II) is an important monument of this period and occupies a place of special significance in understanding some of the links between the theological, cultural and artistic concerns of the day. It would appear that both the patrons and sculptors of the west portal were highly aware of contemporary Continental precedents and this is made clear by an examination of the column figures incorporated into the jambs (Plates III and IV). They instigated work, which in its theological and aesthetic programme, was unusually rare in England and, perhaps more importantly, saw fit to adapt their subject-matter to express a number of concerns both spiritual and temporal. The figures' identities have been the subject of some debate and, though contemporary scholarship identifies them as King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, it is the intention of this short paper to review their formal uniqueness within the English Romanesque, the debates surrounding their attribution and to provide a possible reading of their meaning within the context of the Rochester portal. Before describing and discussing the figures in detail, it will be useful to consider their physical context within the design of the cathedral's west front.
    [Show full text]
  • Inhouse Lent 2019
    Issue 44 Lent edition 2019 InHousethe Journal of the Lincoln Cathedral Community Association Archaeology The Lincoln Imp Page 2 Page 6 Hospitality and Lincoln Cathedral Muriel Robinson Those of our readers who attend the 9.30 Eucharist on Sundays have heard several sermons recently around the theme of hospitality. We thought it might be interesting to explore this in terms of how it applies practically to our cathedral community. An initial conversation with our Dean re- vealed so much that is already happen- ing, often unseen by many of us, that I persuaded Dean Christine to talk to me at greater length- an act of hospitality in itself, as she welcomed me into the Deanery on a cold January evening after Evensong when I’m sure she would rather Lincoln Cathedral- reaching out to the diocese and county have been relaxing after a long day. The Dean reminded me that the Ca- thedral has a strong pastoral mission, in nity. ‘Our vergers have a wonderful minis- of us who are stewards will also know which hospitality plays a central part. Our try’ she told me. ‘They treat the homeless how often we help people to slip in to priority needs to be building on hospital- with respect and get to know them’. The light candles around the edges of formal ity and welcome. We are of course not a coffee shop also plays a part, and Susan, events. Many of us were amazed to hear parish, but we are a community, and that the manager, is often on hand with coffee how many candles were used during the community includes not just staff, regular on a cold day for those in distress.
    [Show full text]
  • Magna Carta Map
    MAGNA CARTA MAP See the towns where the story unfolded and the places where copies can be seen. www.magnacarta800th.com 1 Where can I see Magna Carta? THE FIVE “CHARTER TOWNS” CITY OF CANTERBURY Canterbury lay in the eye of the storm which began with the accession of Stephen Langton as Archbishop in 1207. He became implacably opposed to King John and in 1213, Archbishop Langton revived the ancient charter of Henry I. This pressure, combined with the military power of the Barons, led directly to the showdown at Runnymede. The Town of Faversham in Kent holds a 1300 version of Magna Carta. Visit Canterbury: http://www.canterbury.co.uk/ CITY OF LONDON Events that took place in the City of London on Sunday 17th May 1215, became the tipping point in the long-running battle between King John and the Barons. While everyone was at mass, the Barons simply installed their own Mayor, took over the city and then used this as leverage to compel King John to meet them at Runnymede. Visit London: http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk RUNNYMEDE Runnymede may derive from the Anglo-Saxon word “runinge”, meaning to take council and “moed” meaning meadow. Some believe that King Alfred held meetings at Runnymede in ancient times. Travel by boat along the Thames was the standard means of safe transport and the choice of venue would have added additional gravitas to the unfolding drama of Magna Carta, not lost on the recalcitrant King John. Visit Runnymede: http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-runnymede ST ALBANS St.
    [Show full text]
  • From Isolation to Celebration: How We 'Found Our Light Within'
    Chaplaincy Focus MARCH 2021 MULTI-FAITH CHAPLAINCY In praise of shared space Carl Christopher Pre-corona, I’d been enjoying going to the chaplaincy for midday prayers ever since I started here, around eight months before the lockdowns. While Witham House can seem a bit out-the- way, it does offer a quiet place to make From Isolation to time for God, as well as the chance to meet people from all round the world, from all religious backgrounds. In fact, Celebration: How We one of the nicest things is that the prayer space is shared - you might find ‘Found Our Light Within’ a Christian, Muslim and Buddhist in Karishma Vora the same spot at any one time. After a year when we’ve been told to keep a literal distance from each other, I’m When it comes make a DIY version following the hoping 2021 will see the return of this to celebrating origami tutorial from our event (see very symbolic sharing of space. In Diwali, it is no the highlights from our Instagram prayer we stand before our Lord, and foreign concept page @nhsflincoln) in knowing Him, we know ourselves. that the triumph • Instead of getting Indian sweets from I think we’re fortunate at Lincoln of good over evil the store, try to create some of your that these revelations can take place is signified. It own recipes for a homemade version alongside others. is an occasion Imagine my surprise then, when a visitor where disputes are forgotten, and Speaking about homemade baking, we asked me if it was “hard” to pray with friendships have blossomed.
    [Show full text]
  • Inhouse Autumn 2016
    Issue 34: Autumn edition 2016 InHousethe Journal of the Lincoln Cathedral Community Association Rome The Bishop’s Eye remembered Page 9 Page 5 Messy Cathedral Elaine Johnson Messy Cathedral on the 26th July was a celebration of the many Messy Churches to be found now in so many of the Diocese of Lincoln’s churches. It was a taster for the notion of Messy Church and also opened the cathedral building to families in an informal and welcoming way. Messy Church is established world- wide. It is a fun way of being church for families, with its values being Christ-cen- tred, for all ages, based on creativity, hospitality and celebration. Philippa, who led the event in the Cathedral, al- ready runs a successful Messy Church at St John the Baptist in Lincoln and ran Messy Cathedral for the first time last year, with almost one hundred people taking part. This time attendance dou- bled. Nearly two hundred participants heard stories and did craft activities based on the parables of the Sower, the Lost Sheep, the Good Samaritan and the Prodigal Son. The session then moved into a ‘celebration’ time of more formal worship before finishing with everyone having a picnic lunch together. For many families, Messy Church is their church, where they first encoun- ter Christ and which they start to attend regularly. Many Messy Churches receive requests for baptism and confirmation. in touch with their local parish church Not all those people want to make a and the Messy Church in their area and transition into ‘traditional’ church, but several said they would.
    [Show full text]
  • Lincoln Cathedral: a Work of Art John S
    Roger Williams University DOCS@RWU School of Architecture, Art, and Historic School of Architecture, Art, and Historic Preservation Faculty Publications Preservation 2010 Lincoln Cathedral: A Work of Art John S. Hendrix Roger Williams University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://docs.rwu.edu/saahp_fp Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Hendrix, John S., "Lincoln Cathedral: A Work of Art" (2010). School of Architecture, Art, and Historic Preservation Faculty Publications. Paper 9. http://docs.rwu.edu/saahp_fp/9 This Conference Proceeding is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Architecture, Art, and Historic Preservation at DOCS@RWU. It has been accepted for inclusion in School of Architecture, Art, and Historic Preservation Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DOCS@RWU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Lincoln Cathedral: A Work of Art John Hendrix (Façade) The first line of the Introduction to Nikolaus Pevsner’s An Outline of European Architecture reads: “A bicycle shed is a building; Lincoln Cathedral is a piece of architecture.” Though this is one of the most provocative lines in architectural historiography, Pevsner’s rea- soning is unsatisfying. According to Pevsner, Lincoln Cathedral is ar- chitecture because it incorporates other arts. Then why can’t a bicycle shed? What makes a building architecture? What makes architecture a work of art? Lincoln Cathedral in fact serves as a perfect example to answer these questions because it displays as well as any building what I would propose makes a building architecture, and architecture a work of art: the structural articulation of the building expresses an idea which is not connected to the functional or structural requirements of the building.
    [Show full text]
  • St. John's Anglican Cathedral and the Beginnings of Ecclesiological Gothic in Newfoundland
    ANALYSIS I ANALYSE ST. JOHN'S ANGLICAN CATHEDRAL AND THE BEGINNINGS OF ECCLESIOLOGICAL GOTHIC IN NEWFOUNDLAND PETER COFFMAN is currently in the final stages >PETER COFFMAN 1 of a doctorate in the Department of Art at Queen's University in Kingston. He has published on numerous aspects of English medieval and Canadian Gothic Revival architecture. he Anglican cathedral of St. John Tthe Baptist in St. John's, Newfound­ land (fig. 1), is a quintessentially Eng - lish Gothic building of the thirteenth century, built six hundred years later and three thousand miles from England. Notwithstanding its remote location in one of the most impoverished corners of the British Empire, it was designed by the most famous and prolific archi­ tect of Victorian England, George (later Sir George) Gilbert Scott. The existence of such an extraordinary monument in such an unlikely place is due to the con­ vergence of a number of social, religious, economic, and architectural factors that have never received scholarly attention. The goal of this paper is to redress that neglect by examining events leading to and including the cathedral's first build­ ing campaign, which occurred from 1847 to 1850. As late as 1836, there was only one Angli­ can church in the city of St . John's. That church (fig. 2) was an extremely modest affair that would later be described as "a wooden shed of the most monstrous description."2 The process that eventu­ ally led to its replacement by Gilbert Scott's cathedral was triggered by a growing sense of crisis in the Established (i .e.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Cathedral News FEBRUARY 2021 Issue
    Cathedral News February 2021 – No. 704 From the Dean The spiritual leaders of Israel took a popular pagan fertility rite, which required the sacrifice of a first-born child, and transformed it into an act of devotion: in which the eldest son would be consecrated to the service of the Lord God. That is why Mary presented Jesus in the Temple 40 days after his birth, to consecrate him to God. In the mediaeval Church, this day came to be known as Candlemas, because it was traditional to have a candle-lit procession, recalling Simeon’s words on seeing the baby Jesus: “A light to lighten the gentiles.” Candlemas evokes in us mixed emotions. The revelation of the child in the Temple, greeted by Simeon and Anna, promotes great rejoicing: Jesus is recognised and proclaimed as the Messiah. It therefore revives the great celebrations of Christmas, which is why it is usual to see this feast as marking the end of the Christmas and Epiphany season. So this is the day when we take our Christmas crib down in the Cathedral - and at home too for that matter. But in greeting the child, Simeon also prophesies the fall and rising of many, and the sword which will pierce Mary’s soul. So this is a time to look forward as well as backwards, forward to the suffering of the cross and to Passiontide. In this sense, Candlemas is a pivotal point in the Christian year: a last glance back to Christmas, and now we turn to the cross. We leave behind the exhilaration of Bethlehem and set our course towards the deep sorrow of Jerusalem.
    [Show full text]
  • The Monastic Libraries of the Diocese of Winchester During the Late Anglo-Saxon and Norman Periods
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-1981 The Monastic Libraries of the Diocese of Winchester during the Late Anglo-Saxon and Norman Periods Steven F. Vincent Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Medieval History Commons, and the Medieval Studies Commons Recommended Citation Vincent, Steven F., "The Monastic Libraries of the Diocese of Winchester during the Late Anglo-Saxon and Norman Periods" (1981). Master's Theses. 1842. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1842 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE MONASTIC LIBRARIES OF THE DIOCESE OF WINCHESTER DURING THE LATE ANGLO-SAXON AND NORMAN PERIODS by Steven F. Vincent A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Medieval Institute Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December 1981 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Anyone who works on a project for several years neces­ sarily finds himself indebted to a great number of people without whose patience and assistance the work would never have been completed. Although it is not possible to thank each individually, there are a few to whom I owe a special debt of gratitude. I am most grateful to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Meet Simon Crookall - LCCA Chair 2021 Margaret Campion
    Issue 53: Summer edition 2021 InHousethe Journal of the Lincoln Cathedral Community Association Farewell to our High Sheriff’s Award editor Page 7 Page 14 Meet Simon Crookall - LCCA Chair 2021 Margaret Campion Simon has kindly agreed to take over the chairing of the LCCA from John McNeil who has resigned due to in- creased family and work commit- ments. Simon is joining us at this difficult post-pandemic time and we are most grateful to him for volunteering his time to us. Simon was born in Cheshire to a musi- cal family and his interest in all forms of music, especially church and choral mu- sic, continued throughout his university years when he was a choral scholar at Kings College Cambridge. Post universi- ty his career was in music and the per- forming arts, firstly in Scotland, where he was General Manager of the Queen’s Hall in Edinburgh, and then Chief Execu- tive of Royal Scottish National Orchestra. In 2005 he moved to the USA to become President of the Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra and in 2013 he became Gen- eral Director of the Hawaii Opera The- atre in Honolulu, returning to England (and Lincoln) in 2018. It is an impressive CV and the LCCA are fortunate to have gained his interest. All through his youth, university and adult life Simon has been involved with coln to oversee the fundraising for the munity to use its time and talents in all the community and church life of every new Medical School. His current project aspects of Stewardship. He has so much town in which he lived, and throughout is Head of Development at the Voltaire to offer in his long and varied career and his career he has of necessity become an Foundation, Oxford.
    [Show full text]