Allied Agreement at the Yalta Conference
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The Cold War and East-Central Europe, 1945–1989
FORUM The Cold War and East-Central Europe, 1945–1989 ✣ Commentaries by Michael Kraus, Anna M. Cienciala, Margaret K. Gnoinska, Douglas Selvage, Molly Pucci, Erik Kulavig, Constantine Pleshakov, and A. Ross Johnson Reply by Mark Kramer and V´ıt Smetana Mark Kramer and V´ıt Smetana, eds. Imposing, Maintaining, and Tearing Open the Iron Curtain: The Cold War and East-Central Europe, 1945–1989. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2014. 563 pp. $133.00 hardcover, $54.99 softcover, $54.99 e-book. EDITOR’S NOTE: In late 2013 the publisher Lexington Books, a division of Rowman & Littlefield, put out the book Imposing, Maintaining, and Tearing Open the Iron Curtain: The Cold War and East-Central Europe, 1945–1989, edited by Mark Kramer and V´ıt Smetana. The book consists of twenty-four essays by leading scholars who survey the Cold War in East-Central Europe from beginning to end. East-Central Europe was where the Cold War began in the mid-1940s, and it was also where the Cold War ended in 1989–1990. Hence, even though research on the Cold War and its effects in other parts of the world—East Asia, South Asia, Latin America, Africa—has been extremely interesting and valuable, a better understanding of events in Europe is essential to understand why the Cold War began, why it lasted so long, and how it came to an end. A good deal of high-quality scholarship on the Cold War in East-Central Europe has existed for many years, and the literature on this topic has bur- geoned in the post-Cold War period. -
'Europe First' Strategy, 1940-1941
Why ‘Europe First’? The Cultural, Economic and Ideological Underpinnings of America’s ‘Europe First’ Strategy, 1940-1941 “That those threats to the American way of life and to the interests of the United States in Europe, Latin America and the Far East – against which threats the huge new defence program of this country is directed – all stem, in the last analysis from the power of Nazi Germany.”1 “The Atlantic world, unless it destroys itself, will remain infinitely superior in vigor and inventive power to the too prolific and not too well-nourished Orientals.”2 “Since Germany is the predominant member of the Axis Powers, the Atlantic and European area is considered to be the decisive theatre. The principal United States Military effort will be exerted in that theatre.”3 Nearly seventy years have passed since the Roosevelt administration tacitly accepted the 'Europe First' policy as the controlling element of American grand strategy in the Second World War. Three generations of historians have traced the genesis and evolution of “the most important strategic concept of the war”.4 Most of the scholarship centres on how the official documents and reports shaped American strategic policy. We know that American war planning began before the US was actively engaged in battle and that the Navy had a prominent voice in matters of strategy. We know that President Franklin D. Roosevelt stayed aloof from the hypothetical discussions of his military 1 Resolution of the Miller Group at the Century Club in New York City on 11 July 1940. As quoted in Walter Johnson, The Battle Against Isolation, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1944), pp. -
Yalta, a Tripartite Negotiation to Form the Post-War World Order: Planning for the Conference, the Big Three’S Strategies
YALTA, A TRIPARTITE NEGOTIATION TO FORM THE POST-WAR WORLD ORDER: PLANNING FOR THE CONFERENCE, THE BIG THREE’S STRATEGIES Matthew M. Grossberg Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in the Department of History, Indiana University August 2015 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Master’s Thesis Committee ______________________________ Kevin Cramer, Ph. D., Chair ______________________________ Michael Snodgrass, Ph. D. ______________________________ Monroe Little, Ph. D. ii ©2015 Matthew M. Grossberg iii Acknowledgements This work would not have been possible without the participation and assistance of so many of the History Department at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis. Their contributions are greatly appreciated and sincerely acknowledged. However, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to the following: Dr. Anita Morgan, Dr. Nancy Robertson, and Dr. Eric Lindseth who rekindled my love of history and provided me the push I needed to embark on this project. Dr. Elizabeth Monroe and Dr. Robert Barrows for being confidants I could always turn to when this project became overwhelming. Special recognition goes to my committee Dr. Monroe Little and Dr. Michael Snodgrass. Both men provided me assistance upon and beyond the call of duty. Dr. Snodgrass patiently worked with me throughout my time at IUPUI, helping my writing progress immensely. Dr. Little came in at the last minute, saving me from a fate worse than death, another six months of grad school. Most importantly, all credit is due Dr. -
Public Opinion, Foreign Influences and Military Strategists: Why the United States Pursued a Europe First Strategy in World War II
Public Opinion, Foreign Influences and Military Strategists: Why the United States Pursued a Europe First Strategy in World War II Undergraduate Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with honors research distinction in History in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Michael Rueger The Ohio State University April 2015 Project Advisor: Professor David Steigerwald. Department of History War strategizing is a long and complicated process that requires extensive planning and analysis. Many different factors come into play with multiple variables changing constantly. As Commander in Chief, the President of the United States is responsible for the definitive decision on war strategy and is required to make decisions in the best interests of American security. World War II proved to be quite complicated and required President Franklin D. Roosevelt to consider many options. Ultimately, Roosevelt was forced to choose between a Europe-first strategy and a Pacific-first strategy in World War II. He chose a Europe-first strategy, with three major factors heavily influencing his decision-making process. The first factor was public opinion. The American people needed to support not only entering World War II, but also the government’s decision on which Axis power to pursue first. Second, foreign representatives from all around the world met with Roosevelt and his aides in an attempt to persuade the President to follow their advice. Finally, Roosevelt’s military advisers consulted with the President and determined which war strategy made the most sense in terms of manpower, tactics, supplies, and firepower. Roosevelt had to weigh all three influences as he made the difficult decision to pursue a Europe-first strategy over a Pacific-first strategy throughout World War II. -
Neville Chamberlain
Neville Chamberlain Arthur Neville Chamberlain was born in Birmingham, England, on March 18, 1869. Neville Chamberlain was Prime Minister of Great Britain in September 1939 at the start of World War II. In May 1940, after the disastrous Norwegian campaign, Chamberlain resigned and Winston Churchill became prime minister. Why did Chamberlain resign as prime minister? Members of the House of Commons saw him as an uninspiring war leader. He was blamed for loss of Norway to the Germans. Chamberlin realised that a National Government of all political parties was mandatory. In May 1940 members of the Labour Party and Liberal Party refused to serve in his proposed National Government. Chamberlain resigned realisng that a National Government would not be possible as long as he was leader. He was replaced by Winston Churchill. His business acumen raised him in the eyes of his father, who told a friend that of his two sons, "Neville is really the clever one" and but for his disinterest in politics, "I would back him to be Prime Minister". Chamberlain's business interests did not completely fill his time, and he indulged his love of natural history and other pursuits. He spent many Sundays working in the gardens and greenhouses at Highbury. He enjoyed long walks in the countryside, and developed a passion for hunting and fishing. Early days (May 1937 – March 1938) Chamberlain sought to conciliate Germany, and make it a partner in a stable Europe.[133] He believed Germany could be satisfied by the restoration of some of her colonies and during the Rhineland crisis of March 1936, had stated that "if we were in sight of an all-round settlement the British Government ought to consider the question [of restoration of colonies]".[134] The following month, however, he wrote his sisters, "I don't believe myself that we could purchase peace and a lasting settlement by handing over Tanganyika to the Germans, but if I did I would not hesitate for a moment to do so." 1 Chamberlain (center, hat and umbrella in hands) leaves for home after the Berchtesgaden meeting, 16 September 1938. -
World at War and the Fires Between War Again?
World at War and the Fires Between War Again? The Rhodes Colossus.© The Granger Collection / Universal Images Group / ImageQuest 2016 These days there are very few colonies in the traditional sense. But it wasn't that long ago that colonialism was very common around the world. How do you think your life would be different if this were still the case? If World War II hadn’t occurred, this might be a reality. As you've already learned, in the late 19th century, European nations competed with one another to grab the largest and richest regions of the globe to gain wealth and power. The imperialists swept over Asia and Africa, with Italy and France taking control of large parts of North Africa. Imperialism pitted European countries against each other as potential competitors or threats. Germany was a late participant in the imperial game, so it pursued colonies with a single-minded intensity. To further its imperial goals, Germany also began to build up its military in order to defend its colonies and itself against other European nations. German militarization alarmed other European nations, which then began to build up their militaries, too. Defensive alliances among nations were forged. These complex interdependencies were one factor that led to World War I. What Led to WWII?—Text Version Review the map description and the descriptions of the makeup of the world at the start of World War II (WWII). Map Description: There is a map of the world. There are a number of countries shaded four different colors: dark green, light green, blue, and gray. -
USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #6 “Mr. Roosevelt's Three Wars: FDR As War Leader” Maurice Matloff, 1964 It Is a Privilege To
'The views expressed are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the US Air Force, Department of Defense or the US Government.'" USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #6 “Mr. Roosevelt's Three Wars: FDR as War Leader” Maurice Matloff, 1964 It is a privilege to be invited to the Academy, to participate in the distinguished Harmon Lecture series, and to address the members of the Cadet Wing and their guests from Colorado College. This occasion is particularly pleasurable since it brings back memories of my own introduction to the field of military history during my service in World War II- as a historian on the staff of the Fourth Air Force Headquarters. The early interest of your service in military history has now become a tradition fittingly carried on here in the Academy and in this series, which bears your founder's name. I welcome the opportunity to speak to you this morning on the important subject that your Department of History has selected-one that has long interested me, that has affected all our lives, and that has bearing on your future careers.' Let me begin by going back to March 1, 1945, when a weary President, too tired to carry the ten pounds of steel that braced his paralyzed legs, sat down before the United States Congress to report on the Yalta Conference-the summit meeting in the Crimea with Marshal Stalin and Prime Minister Churchill-from which he had just returned. "I come from the Crimea Conference," he said, "with a firm belief that we have made a good start on the road to a world of peace… "This time we are not making the mistake of waiting until the end of the war to set up the machinery of peace. -
War Against Allies
Bard College Bard Digital Commons Senior Projects Spring 2016 Bard Undergraduate Senior Projects Spring 2016 War Against Allies Witawin Siripoonsap Bard College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2016 Part of the Military History Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Siripoonsap, Witawin, "War Against Allies" (2016). Senior Projects Spring 2016. 369. https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2016/369 This Open Access work is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been provided to you by Bard College's Stevenson Library with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this work in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights- holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. For more information, please contact [email protected]. War against Allies Senior Project submitted to The Division of Social Studies Of Bard College By Witawin Siripoonsap Annandale-on-Hudson, New York May 2016 Acknowledgement I would like to give thanks to Professor Gregory Moynahan who was both my first history professor at Bard College and my advisor who introduced me to the subject. The knowledge he bestowed upon me provided me with the basic understanding of western cultures and their histories. I would also like to thank my senior project advisor Professor Sean McMeekin who helped me complete my senior project in every step of the way towards completion despite being busy finishing a project of his own. -
Franklin Roosevelt and Presidential Power
Franklin Roosevelt and Presidential Power John Yoo* Along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, Franklin D. Roosevelt is considered by most scholars to be one of our nation's greatest presidents. FDR confronted challenges simultaneously that his predecessors had faced individually. Washington guided the nation's founding when doubts arose as to whether Americans could establish an effective government. FDR radically re-engineered the government into the modern administrative state when Americans doubted whether their government could provide them with economic security. Lincoln saved the country from the greatest threat to its national security, leading it through a war that cost more American lives than any other. FDR led a reluctant nation against perhaps its most dangerous foreign foe-an alliance of fascist powers that threatened to place Europe and Asia under totalitarian dictatorships. To bring the nation through both crises, FDR drew deeply upon the reservoir of executive power unlike any president before or since-reflected in his unique status as the only chief executive to break the two-term tradition. 1 * Emanuel S. Heller Professor of Law; Visiting Scholar, American Enterprise Institute. Thanks to Jeffrey Senning for outstanding research assistance. 1 There are a great number of works on Roosevelt, with more appearing all the time. I have relied on general works for the background to this chapter. See generally JOHN Yoo & JULIAN Ku, TAMING GLOBALIZATION: INTERNATIONAL LAW, THE U.S. CONSTITUTION, AND THE NEW WORLD ORDER (2012); CONRAD BACK, FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT: CHAMPION OF FREEDOM (2003); 1 JAMES MACGREGOR BURNS, ROOSEVELT: THE LION AND THE Fox 1882-1940 (1956); JAMES MACGREGOR BURNS, ROOSEVELT: SOLDIER OF FREEDOM (1970); KENNETH S. -
"Europe-First" Strategy, 1939-1951: a Study in Diplomatic As Well
George C. Marshall and the “Europe-First” Strategy, 1939–1951: A Study in Diplomatic as well as Military History by Mark A. Stoler The completion this year of the seventh and final volume of The Papers of George Catlett Marshall makes this an appropriate time for a Marshall lecture that focuses on Marshall himself, specifically on the diplomatic as well as the military components of one of his fundamental strategic concepts. As a diplomatic as well as a military historian, I have in many if not most of my writings emphasized the fusion of these two fields of historical study, citing Clausewitz’s famous dictum that war is an instrument of policy as well as Churchill’s later statement that “It is not possible in a major war to divide military from political affairs. At the summit they are one.”1 Ten years ago, I tried to explain to members of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) the relevance of military history to their work.2 Here I would like to try to explain to military historians the relevance of international relations history to their work. Consequently I have chosen in this lecture to analyze a specific aspect of Marshall’s career that illustrates the fusion of these two fields: his support and implementation of a global strategy for the United States—a grand strategy, or national security policy if you will—in which Europe and European allies were the top priority, be it by military or diplomatic means. No such commitment to Europe and allies, in fact no U.S. -
Declaration of Liberated Europe Yalta Conference
Declaration Of Liberated Europe Yalta Conference deactivatesBending Terence his tarbrush hinnying achromatized very womanishly ordinarily while or Jon actinically remains after badgerly Mika fallowand incondensable. and tabularise Viewy uniformly, or discussible, ferny and conoid.Elisha never cannibalises any bales! Len Yalta conference potsdam conference of yalta. Soviet socialist political fate of. Central europe were on oil was set forth in his wish to receive substantial concessions to be associated with such views and dream as! Each leader include an pattern for the Yalta Conference Roosevelt wanted Soviet support post the US Pacific War against Japan and Soviet participation in the UN Churchill pressed for free elections and democratic governments in Eastern and Central Europe specifically Poland and Stalin demanded a Soviet sphere of. Stalin, which divided eastern Europe into spheres of influence. But it random the whale of Eastern Europe that tremble made the conference a lively partisan symbol for a ''Declaration on Liberated Europe'' the. Text Proposed by the United States for a Declaration on Liberated Europe February 9. Churchill understood, him he did not left it. Differences between Yalta and Potsdam The conferences at Yalta and Potsdam. Coming again the conference the Soviet Union install the strongest military were in Europe. Bbc world power and west from germany, the united states of its participants obliged themselves at the war with the liberated of declaration on. How did not be accepted by whose agenda to be taken at yalta seeking a mechanism to yalta and west and a cynical deal with a military. Soviets declared war against japan enabled for information should be place for an element in control commission had been submitted to fulfill their direct interest. -
Chapter Twelve: America in World War II
Chapter Twelve: America in World War II “I am become death, the destroyer of worlds.” -J. Robert Oppenheimer After seeing the first demonstration of the atomic bomb. Chapter Objective, Essential Questions, & TEKS • Objective: ▫ Identify the reasons for U.S. involvement in World War II and describe the major issues and military events of World War II., while analyzing its effects on the economy and the homefront. • Essential Questions: ▫ What factors led to the outbreak of World War II? ▫ How were the U.S. and its Allies able to win victory in World War II? ▫ What were the major effects of World War II on America and the world? • TEKS: ▫ History: 2 (A), 2 (B), 2 (C), 2 (D), 7 (A), 7 (B), 7 (C), 7 (D), 7 (E), 7 (F), 7 (G) ▫ Economics: 17 (A) ▫ Government: 19 (B) ▫ Culture: 26 (F) ▫ Science, Technology, and Society: 27 (B) Chapter Vocabulary • Adolf Hitler • Dwight Eisenhower • Appeasement • George Marshall • Neutrality Acts • Vernon Baker • Flying Tigers • Omar Bradley • Pearl Harbor • Holocaust • Rationing • Bataan Death March • Victory Gardens • Navajo Code Talkers • Office of War • Battle of Midway Information • Nuremberg Trials • Tuskegee Airmen • Douglas MacArthur • Executive Order 9066 • Harry Truman • Korematsu v. U.S. • Hiroshima • George Patton • Nagasaki Important Ideas • Conditions in Europe after World War I were favorable to the rise of dictatorships. The Russian Revolution Jed to the world's first Communist state in the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.). The dissolution of the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires led to the creation of fragile new democracies in other parts of Europe. • Benito Mussolini formed the Fascist Party, which took power in Italy in 1922.