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mormon pacific historical society proceedings

eighth annual conference MORMON HISTORY IN THE PACIFIC

march 21 1987

KAHANA VALLEY recreational CENTER KAHANA HAWAII n0jpm0f4 IPACIIFBCUDACUFUC uuustoirucaidfflistolkicail SOCUIETU ipaipirqcbidiinb0 C 22ding a EIGHTH ANNUAL conference march 21 1987

presidents message 1.1 executive council 1987881987 88 1 the voice of the waves of the sea lance D chase 2 historical highlights of kahana 0.0 jimmy kaanaana 8 sam pua haaheo 0 0 0 0 0 midgeolerMidge oleroier 11 the hui of kahana robert stauffer 13 presidents MESSAGE dear MPHS member for the special experience we all enjoyed at kahanaKahanainin 1987 we owe thanks to many people I1 especially want to recognize jimmy kaanaana and his family jimmy not only serves as a most efficient treasurer for MPHS but his and his familysfamilys efforts at kahana were little short of heroic finally special thanks go to anne pikula of IPS and anna kaanga of the religion department for their work in preparing the proceedings for us I1 hope you enjoy reading them as much as we enjoyed preparing these papers while there were fewer of them than usual the memories of the wonderful tours we had and what I1 believe the hihighh quality of those papers included will compare favorably with past proceedings president midge oler and council member lanny britsch suggested the 1988 MPHS meeting be held at and feature presentations on the hawaii temple consequently the 1988 gathering will feature a tour and lecture by president D arthur haycock pertaining to the extensive improvements on the temple grounds as well as other interesting papers on the friezes and architecture of the temple thus may 212119881988 promises to be an exciting and informative day thank you for your continued support of MPHS sincerely

lance D chase MPHS president 1986871986 87

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL 1987881987 88 president midge oler 1989

VICE PRESIDENT cy bridges 1990 COUNCIL MEMBER glenn lung 1989 EXECUTIVE SECRETARY 1988 COUNCIL MEMBER ruth austin 1988 TREASURER jimmy kaanaana 1989 COUNCIL MEMBER R lanier britsch 1988 COONCIL MEMBER ken baldridge 1990 COUNCIL MEMBER gertrude failing 19819888 COUNCIL MEMBER lance D chase 1990 COUNCIL MEMBER gus pearson 1988 indicates expiration year of term

VOICE OF THE WAVES OF THE SEA seven children five girls and two boys the youngest of old resides in the kahukukahuhu senior citizens housing as of this which was mary 9 the nakamurasNakamuras must have feared thete date worst when after the waves from the tsunami had withdrawn the destruction caused by the waves at the nearby kahukukahuhu their daughter could not be found she was listed as missing air strip was widely documented the base had been built at for a day or so later unable to locate their tiny daughter a cost of five million dollars it suffered heavy damage and struggling in the current when last seen by her brother 13 year the effect of the waves was quite unusual many pounds of old james as they fled the house the parents drove to the fish lobsters and eels were found in the area after the water shinto temple near the cemetery in laie called the inari receded moreover in roughly circular areas three to five feet shrine this temple was the second to occupy the spot the across blocks of pavement were lifted soasso as to make conical priest was totaro nakayama whose son tom still lives in hills a foot or so high observers noted that the pavement kahukukahuhu and provided information for this paper totaro was rested on sand and the raising of the blocks of pavement was asked to help locate the by now undoubtedly deceased girl a result of hydraulic pressure how the water penetrated the using supernatural means since all mans efforts had proven pavement and why the pressure was greater under the futile two of marys older sisters kimi yoshida and hatsue pavement than over it remains a mystery shepard tanaka told me that although the nakamurasNakamuras were buddhists macdonald cox not shinto the priests inspiration was equal to the task for by following his directions marys bloated body was found in A second death due to the tsunami is made more dramatic a cane field under debris left by the flood A neighbor in by another geographical quirk A few hundred yards hauulagauula camp number three mrs hisashi hirata confirmed that side of pats at punaluapunaluu was a home in which mrs aimakakimaka first an arm then the rest of the body was uncovered kikaha lived nearly one hundred years old she was an strangely enough family members told me the doctors report invalid and lived with her daughter and granddaughter mrs indicated mary died of shock and was not drowned kikahas daughter margaret hiililillii who has since passed away two further details were confirmed by these three was that fateful monday morning on her way to schofield survivors of the tsunami mentioned earlier mary was barracks with her nephew simeon kanae when as she later considered by her teachers at kahukukahuhu elementary school to be said she realized something was wrong with the ocean I1 a very bright even precocious child of all the nine family turned back but didnt get home in time to save my mother 2 members kimi yoshida wondered aloud to me why would when the waves struck mrs hisnisilis eldest daughter helen mary the only methodist in the family be taken finally tried to save both her baby and her grandmother but when the natures irony had the last word had the nakamura family second wave washed into the house she could not keep all remained in their home rather than fleeing down the road three of them afloat at that point margaret who told the they would not even have had their feet wet the waves story to the honolulu advertiser said grandmother kikaha moved two makai houses over with the other six but left those begged helen to save herself and her baby ive lived my six of camp number three high and dry life let me go were her last words before she was sucked into according to asako nakamura in the buddhist tradition the churning waters and seen no more until her dead body was mary and her father who died in 1984 were cremated uncovered from the wreckage of their tiny home HA 4 aarapr marys ashes were kept at home on the family altar for a time p 2 this crippled and courageous woman might have today their earthly remains lie side by side in the pikake wondered at natures irony had she known before she died section of the mililani cemetery asako more than 80 years what investigators later confirmed that same force which VOICE OF THE WAVES OF THE SEA propelled the waves that took her life at Punapunaluapunaluuluu sent the observed the tsunami a few miles away at ka 010 point near highest waves to strike any of the hawaiian islands crashing kaaloakualoa the waves came at ordinary speed he said but back onto the shore on the hamakuakamakua coast at kaipiowaipio the very of each wave was a solid mass of water which picked up trees place where mrs aimakakimaka kikaha had been bomborn HSB 4 and took them right over HSB 3 aarapr p2pa at kahana near aarapr p 9 the headland east of the bay the water rose 17 feet and threw following a business arrangement still maintained in 1987 large blocks of coral onto the beach and even across the road between mormons and borthwick mrs kikahas funeral shepard macdonald cox 442 service was held at borthwick mortuary on thursday april it is interesting to compare disaster accounts today with 4419461946 the widow of kuamohelelani kikaha was buried in that at kahana 40 years ago had the 1946 tsunami occurred the diamond head memorial park surviving her were her in 1986 we would be surprised not to see a television daughter margaret six grandchildren and one great grandchild reporter his microphone thrust into mamos face asking her Hhsb4aprp9SB 4 aarapr p 9 how she felt when she realized she could not save her babies about three miles down the coast toward kaneohe from the extant accounts from that period are mercifully spare in this drowning site lies beautiful kahana bay though it was a both number and detail one wonders if people then were scene of devastation by 715 am the monday of april 1 in simply more sensitive to tragedies like that of the kanakanuisKanakanuis 1946 the land had long since passed into and out of the hands recognizing the need for privacy on such occasions three of mary robinson foster from the hui of latterlatterdayday saints days after the tsunami on thursday april ath4th the newspaper hui kuai aina 0 kahana the mormons there still worked carried a front page picture of grace under which the caption the fishponds under sam pua haaheo already almost a read her loss was greatest HA 4 apr 1 P 1 but it was legend but bishop trust had control of the property it was to mamos fatherinlawfather in law william isaac kanakanui who told the be a while yet before kilo joseph kekona took the lease of story on page four of the starbulletinstar bulletin he explained the huiluahuilda pond kelly p6pa the very shape of the valley that which help give it its I1 am the granddaddy of three little ones who picturesque beauty and fertility may well have been a were in the loving arms of their poormotherpoor mother contributing cause of the tragic deaths which occurred there while struggling with the heavy tidal waves that april fools day 1946 under the usually moderate pounding their little home on the beach at waves of theithe bay lies a submarine trench which appears to kahana bay had their mother not caught a have caused the waves of that tsunami to strike with particular large pine tree on her way out to the deep after violence along both sides of the bay shepard macdonald her three little ones were knocked out of her cox 424211 it was there on the southeast side near the cold hands she would also have drowned fishpond that the william isaac kanakanui jr family william she clenched to the tree and the waves were grace and their three children aged three two and one lived rushing under until the rushing water died off in a tiny house one report said the waves were three in only to find that her home and her loved ones number and struck at 700 am 707 and 714 am HSB had vanished forever WHSBsh 4 aarapr p 4 extra 1 aarapr p 1 grace mamo haaheosHaaheos husband had left for work with hawaiian electric company by the time the some accounts suggest the bodies were found in the fish water struck apparently it was not the height of the waves pond mamo pregnant with her fourth child she died but the sheer volume of the water which proved disastrous A bearing her seventh went into shock and it was feared she road construction superintendent john S townsend might lose the child she was carrying since that child

4 VOICE OF THE WAVES OF THE SEA william isaac kanakanui IV would not be bomborn until seven reports of additional waves on the way compelled the army to months later in november mamos obstetrical problems must remove everyone between laie and kaaloakualoa up to the camp have been those associated with early pregnancy william where they were housed in two large wooden barracks and isaac kanakanui IV later married maggie broad of laie I1 am tents which the army brought in the honolulu advertiser grateful to her for information included in this paper the said that PX privileges were extended to refugees although bodies were located and transported to the jungle training camp the number present as listed by that newspaper appears inflated in green valley where some 24 army personnel were still by at least a third WHAA 3 aarapr p 1 three thousand cots stationed futile attempts were made to revive william isaac were set up and at least 6000 worth of emergency rations III111 3 years old sam Puaapuaaheoheo 2 and little ah moe expended there were four mess halls serving B and C kawaiahao only 1 rations schooling was provided for the children present no photographs of or statements from the father of the transportation also was made available by military vehicles children appear in any of the newspaper or journal accounts chaplains were brought in representing several faiths HA apr it is possible he too may have been in shock simply 3 p 1 army engineers even installed oil burning water unavailable when reporters were present or the irregularity of heaters army 10 his habits may account for this omission yet he went on to outlive mamo and to remarry later he is buried near his the locals sense of humor was apparent in their reports parents in an unmarked grave in the hauulagauula cemetery next to concerning their treatment some of us are getting better food the ruins of the stone church than weve ever had in our lives and yet they call it emergency the transportation of the dead babies to green valley camp rations tomorrow they plan to feed us garrison rations provides the natural transition to the concluding chapter in our chicken and steak etc almyarmy 7 but while a carnival story about three miles up the left fork of the valley on the atmosphere may have prevailed temporarily it was colored hauulagauula side of the road was this jungle training base which with tragedy for many had lost at least some property and had only 24 soldiers left over from the war everyone must have been affected by the deaths four of them militarycivilianmilitary civilian relations were as problematical in 1946 as children records show that despite the generous and even they are now in the same month as the tsunami a hauulagauula heroic army efforts ably backed by the red cross the number boy moroni kamai was shot and critically wounded in a of refugees at green valley camp declined drastically each brawl with soldiers on punaluupunalua highway an area of six acres day the army personnel present declined daily also though in laie as well as a residential portion of waipahu had just at a slower rate than civilians A week after the tsunami only been removed from off limits for military personnel 220 civilians remained matched by 21 officers 427 enlisted civilians seemed to feel that soldiers had been spoiled and the men and 39 vehicles it is supposed that the nonmilitarynon military soldiers that civilians had lived very selfishly during the war people represented those unable to return to their destroyed HSB 3 aarapr p 6 feelings were aggravated after the homes on the 23rd of april there were still 69 people from tsunami when military heavy equipment operators simply five families at the base HSB 23 aarapr p5pa As usually followed their officers orders and demolished buildings as happens the refugee situation faded from the newspapers they bulldozed them off the roads where they had been left by when the sensational elements which made it newsworthy the waves rather than drive around them make an attemptanattempt to were gone thus the exact date when the last refugee left the move them back to their original sites or even just push them camp is difficult to determine today the camp itself is but a out of the way but the behavior of the military generally after memory in fact with each passing month it seems those the tsunami rightly came in for high praise by the refugees who recall the disaster from first hand experience are fewer

5 VOICE OF THE WAVES OF THE SEA mary nakamurasNakamuras mother is the sole surviving parent of those one of the most ominous and portentous articles in the who lost their lives on the north shore starbulletinstar bulletin of april 1 1946 almost makes one wonder if A summation recalls a line from john donnes famous there has not been some mistake it read robert levy poem A valediction forbidding mourning in which he notes merchant seaman was charged with importing a quantity of that cataclysms moving of the earth as he calls them cause marihaunamarihauna sic yet still another note raises the question men to reckon what it did and meant it is well to consider whether or not the voice of the waves of the sea has taught us donne like if the voice of the waves of the sea in 1946 speaks anything the day following the 1946 tsunami the honolulu any messagedmessages for our day it is possible that the intervening star bulletin headline spoke of the need for an investigation years have been only an illusion consider that two days after into the lack of warning for what territorial delegate joseph R the tsunami the entertainment page of the honolulu star farrington called the worst peacetime disaster ever in hawaii bulletin featured a movie teen age the come on explaining p 1 last spring may 1986 despite some advanced thattiethatthethat the film showed modem youth on the rampage on the warning that a tsunami of dangerous proportions was same day another colonel effinghams raid was approaching not only did the threatened wave not arrive to advertised by an illustrationrationillustillusto of a woman her skirts blowing up cause the damage feared but the citys emergency a la marilyn monroe the enticement it started like this communications system failed to function properly resulting the following scene shows joan bennett and charles coburn in an investigation not completely resolved even now in an embrace the words explaining they finish it like this A poet has wisely said experience deepens our insights pretty tame stuff in 1987 we say at the same time recognizing into the past and we feel we never understood or appreciated the ageless and continuing source of the appeal it thoroughly while it was the present george eliot 459 looters too were part of the 1946 disaster though the one current events make it amply clear we have not adequately reported apprehended by police was clearly less sophisticated understood or appreciated the events of april 1 1946 but at than looters in our day in an area where 42 homes had been least one thing is certain the voice of the waves of the sea will completely demolished 45 needed major repairs and 67 speak again minor ones the looter whose wife admitted he had been acting strangely lately was arrested a second time in his possession were toilet bowls and wash basins HA 5 aarapr p 1 A kalihi valley man he was committed for mental observation consider further that the sports pages for april 1 1946 show the headline tough samoan team outroughsOutroughs rivals in matfestMatmathestfest do the names of the winning tag team of this so called professional sport which is undergoing such a renaissance in the 1980s sound familiar vilai sua and al lolotai the losing roughhouseroughhousersrs bill venable and harry dellis found the samoans too big too tough too strong and too much the writeup clearly shows that professional wrestling tactics have not changed most of the damage was done by forearm smashes

6 VOICE OF THE WAVES OF THE SEA

NOTESN 0 T E S WORKS CITED

honolulu star bulletin history of tsunamis in hawaii adams bill the rarity of the 1 april 1946 tsunami is one of death destruction 8 may 1986 a3aa hereafter journal of physical oceanography 20 21992 1992011992199201201 references to this evening newspaper will be HSB and will be army activities resulting in benefits to Territterritoryga of hawaii parenthetical US army forces in middle pacific 9ndand found in the UH hamilton library call number HV 553 honolulu advertiser 4 april 1946 2 hereafter u55 HA and be haight gordon S george eliot A biography oxford references to this morning newspaper will be will press parenthetical oxford university 1969 kelly marion historic hawaii news 197519791975 1979 10 nov 1979 494 9 shepard PPFP G A macdonald and D C cox the tsunami of april 1 1946 berkeley university of california press 1950 interviews conducted in 1986871986 87 principals listed parenthetically

7 historical highlights OF KAHANA by jimmy kaanaana

records on file in the state of hawaii bureau of coupled with competition from an increasing number of rice conveyances reveal an ahupuaaahupuaa consisting of 5050 acres in entrepreneurs in the surrounding communities along the kahana was awarded to chieftess ane keohokalole mother windward region and the fast growing pineapple and of king kalakaua in 1848 land court award 8452 and sugarcane industry which had begun in the valley royal patent 4387 these records are believed to be the first on 1 august 1874 ah mee negotiated a promissory instruments of land ownership title in kahana agreement with hui kuai aina church members land much of the lower marshland surrounding the river was company to purchase his property for a sum of 6000 planted with taro by the pu e pue e method by subjects of the leaders representing the hui included JW puontipuonui JW chieftess the higher dryland area leading to the ridges on makuakane kamaka niau and chieftess ane keohokalole both sides of the river was planted with mango breadfruit fulfillment of the promissory agreement terms between both guava coconut tapioca sugar cane banana and sweet potato parties finalized the conveyance of this ahupuaaahupuaa on 15 groves of hawaiian bamboo ti leaves kukui and hala trees at march 1875 various locations indicate significant areas of ancient dwelling hui kuai aina had become an organized group of saints places who protested hawaii mission president frederick mitchells on 15 may 1857 a deed was settled from keohokalole announcement citing further growing of awa in laie would be to a chinese merchant named ah sing containing 3000 acres punishable by law this enraged group fled to kahana in of marshland for 2000 the entire area was planted with search of a new promised land to establish a selfsustainingself sustaining rice by a small group of chinese workers indicating the earliest settlement under guidance of their purchasing agreement with known rice cultivation and migration of chinese immigrants in ah mee this plight brought much attention to church kahana the harvested crops were tediously processed authorities in utah and was later termed the hawaii mission manually prior to establishment of a mechanical powered crisis of 1874 from this episode came the birth of a new processing mill in the valley which not only trimmed process era in the history of the LDS church in kahana and hawaii time in half but allowed the much needed labor to be utilized in the trials and tribulations of these saints were many as the cultivation phase they contended with the daily challenges of a new lifestyle and after eleven successful years of enterprising ah sing environment together as a close knitted ohana they shared through his attorney negotiated terms with one JALA chuck of their banawamanawa and endeavors they labored countless hours macao china for sale of his thriving business property for cultivating their ahupuaaahupuaa with taro fruits medicinal plants 6000 final transactions transpired on 17 october 1868 and herbs and other food staples the long winding kahawai on 15 march 1872 after a few unprofitable harvestingsharvestings through the valley awai and nearby ocean provided their chuck sold his land ownership to H ah mee a chinese source of seafood while the surrounding mountain harbored merchant from honolulu for 5000 over the following two additional food to curb their appetites they were jubilant for years ah mee experienced a steady decline in production due the harvesting and apportioning of their seasonal crops that to rising machinery repair costs and decreasing labor forces occasionally had to grow under adverse weather conditions

8 historical highlights OF KAHANA

fulfillment of their spiritual needs came under the slopes of the valley A japanese hui from honolulu and two guidance and leadership of the priesthood brethren in the independent growers from kahukukahuhu entered kahana valley and community this group was sustained a branch of the laie established the pineapple plantations the hui spearheaded by mission and later a dependent branch of the hauulagauula branch shoso tanaka started their operation under the name of the little chapel perched on the eastern slope near the kahana agriculture company while the two independent entrance of the valley served the congregational activities and growers established their plantations under their family names sunday meeting from 1871 services were discontinued in of anzai and furuya they brought with them the first group 1953 after deterioration rendered the chapel unsafe for further of japanese and filipino immigrant laborers the hui planted use repair and preservation efforts by dan bierne came to a their crop on 80 of the eastern slope leased from the foster temporary halt with his passing in the summer of 1986 estate while furuya grew his crop on the western slope across although volunteer and community groups have been the valley also leased from foster anzais lease of fifteen maintaining the ground and cemetery acres was comprised of the abandoned rice patches adjacent to hiin 1889 and following many kahana saints answered the the agriculture company acreage where he restored the rice call to colonize losepajosepa in skull valley utah these saints growing chiefly for community consumption the pineapple relinquished their kuleanakuheana at the mercy of mary fosters harvested by these growers were transported and sold to unjust purchasing scheme that was to aid their fare for libby mcneill and libby pineapple cannery at wallau the passage she emerged a very wealthy individual after present site of st johns by the sea daycareDaydaymarecare center in acquiring much of the ahupuaaahupuaa in kahana by 1930 she kahaluuKahaluu these employers built for their laborers multiple entertained in her luxurious home members of the royal single room houses that were synonymously identified as family and dignitaries of the kingdom during their trips tanaka and furuya camps around the island her estate was inherited by her family the by 1923 the escalating cost of operation resulted in a ward estate following her death at the closing of the losepajosepa decision by the agriculture company and their counterpart colony in 1917 many of the colonizers journeyed home and across the way to terminate the pineapple production and established residence in various places in hawaii while others engage in the more lucrative sugar can industry the anzai chose to remain and call the state of utah home clan acquired an additional lease and extended their farming by 1927 a vast majority of the kahana kamaainakamaaina land venture into sugar cane the cane produced in the valley was owners vacated their kuleanakuheana for other destinations in the sold to kahukukahuhu plantation which transported the harvested territory of hawaii some of them were never seen or heard crops to kahukukahuhu mill aboard their recently purchased railroad from again and they took with them many fond memories of system established by james castles koolau railway their ancestral and historical background As the mounting company however by 1935 the sugar cane industry had departures continued the loiiollot107 image began disappearing from dissolved its operations due to expensive competition with the scene of a once lush view of kalo being overgrown with mainland grown sugar beets and cane i heavy brush and foliage the few remamremainingregaming patches scattered tanaka moved to marconi near turtle bay and throughout the valley became almost invisible at the close of an established a general merchandise store that is still in operation era characterized by half a century of productive activities and today while the anzai clan established permanent residence in growth neighboring kaaawakagawa and grew vegetables that were sold to the the kalo and rice flourished as a result of the combined produce markets in honolulu they established the anzai departures of the kamaainakamaaina and chinese populations seeking general store a few years later across from kaaawakagawa park and greener pastures while pineapple began to thrive along the sold out to the present 7117 11 chain store in 1985 the

9 historical highlights OF KAHANA furuyasfurulyasFuruyas after terminating their sugar planting also began kahana has also contributed its share of talented growing vegetables that were sold to the honolulu produce individuals in both the ancient and modem hula profession markets they remained in the valley throughout the second taro cultivation experts and akamaiakamat fishermen world war later moving to honolulu the majority of their since condemnation by the state of hawaii in 1970 the laborers moved to laie and kahukukahuhu plantation camps at the residents of kahana have grouped themselves together as the end of the sugar cane era in kahana some of the japanese kahana ohana unity council segments within the council workers in the valley included the kurata ueno nozawa are assigned with responsibilities for various projects that will uichi and gorai while the filipinos who remained in kahana become a part of the living park concept proposed phases of married into the native clans included the asintistaAsintista the park have yet to be initiated by the state which has domingues canape dela cema and garvida who reared a inconveniently burdened the residents with a month to month great number of children in this quiet village some of whom lease of theirkuheanaku kuleanaleana this hardship has restricted them from still reside here today making major repairs to their dilapidating homes or from in 1942 the US army engineer corp erected a jungle rebuilding it is hopeful that the bill before the legislature warfare training center in the valley this facility and proposing a sixtyfivesixty five year lease for these tenants will be another similar one built in neighboring punaluupunalua green passed and supported by governor john waihee who has valley was continually used by the armed forces throughout declared this year the year of the hawaiian the duration of world war H to train servicemen prior to their one of the two restoration and historical landmark commitment to the pacific war zone A tour of the valley registration proposals being pursued by a segment of the following the closing of the training facility disclosed kahana ohana unity council is the chapel and cemetery the numerous landmarks destroyed or damaged beyond mormon pacific historical society also shares a common recognition and replaced by a number of manmademan made features interest in this projected goal the huiluahuilda fishpond is the that gave the entire area a new look taro thus had a dim second landmark under proposal possibility of resurfacing ever again in the valley until the early in february 1986 the hauulagauula second ward of the laie eighties when two determined families planted a few patches hawaii stake began holding sunday school classes in the that have since fared very well kahana youth center under the direction of brother joe and like other places in the history of hawaii nei kahana has sister lee pouha this reactivation program was prompted by its own unique historical background landmarks and legends the low attendance record of children from the kahana area very few of these landmarks remain visible most having due to lack of transportation to the hauulagauula chapel the succumbed to the destructive forces of man and mother classes has gained tremendous progress with favorable results nature among the oldest landmark to be observed although and noted especially by frequent attendance of some elderly partially damaged is the huiluahuilda fishpond situated at the saints eastern entrance of the kahana stream this pond was used to raise mullet for the residents since being built in the ancient days it is believed that huiluahuilda was built by the menehunesmenehunes and was fed by a number of fresh water springs damages inflicted by two tsunamis made repairs very difficultanddifficult and costly to pursue as witnessed by its fallen walls

10 SAMUEL PUA HAAHEO

by midge oler

samuel pua haaheo was bomborn in 1885 on the island of always wore long blouses with a bahupahu or ti leaf skirt he maui and died in kahana on april 22 1952 at the age of 87 always prayed both at the beginning and end of practice he he came to kahana while in his youth and there married his felt that in teaching and leaminglearning the hula there was a fine line companion amoy who hadbad been raised there in the valley he between doing what would be pleasing to god and doing that was a good fisherman and was noted for his ability to fish and which was not as pleasing he felt it was important to stay on to lawai a kilo or spot the fish in order that the nets could the right side of that line and blessings would thus follow then be used to surround the fish he operated the fishpond sally kekuaokalani who also grew up in kahana and adjoining his home and not only enjoyed fishing but used it kaui zuttenneisterzuttermeisterZutterZuttenneistermeistermelster of kumuhula ofkaneoheofkaneoheKaneohe were two of his as a means of providing for his family he was also a students both of these women were eager to share their policeman at the time he was a strong member of the church memories of uncle pua and were my primary sources of of jesus christ of latterdaylatter day saints a temple member as well information being neighbors of his sallys mother and as being district president daughter both took hula from uncle pua also sallys tenure after sam retired from the police force he taught hula was for approximately six months primarily to the church members there in kahana he strictly kaui zuttermeisterZuttermeister studied with uncle pua for about three taught all of his classes in the hawaiian language and expected years she was related to amoy puas wife at the age of much his students would perform for church functions as 27 after working each day for the hawaii state hospital as a well as the community at large church functions always held telephone operator from 800 am till 500 pm her husband a higher priority would drive her from kaneohe to kahana practice would be his teachers of the hula are kamowaiKamkapowaiowai niuolaaNiuolaa akolikoAkoliko from 600900600 900 pm monday friday they would take a kaiwihoona and kanukakanuku two of his contemporaries in the halfhourhalf hour break and then uncle pua would teach kaui and his hula were kiaka kanahele and louisa kaiupeleKaiupele both oflaieofoflahelaielale daughter mamo from 930 midnight the training was so he had a distinctive style of drumming and chanting while rigorous that kaui would always need to take an extra change using the bahupahu drum the large drum and the smaller coconut of clothes drum all his dances were ceremonial for the alii and were kauis husband who was of german descent would mostly about nature encourage her to leamlearn the hula she went down for six he believed that there were two characteristics that were months to just watch before she finally felt like joining in she important for becoming a good dancer these were discipline said uncle pua was very patient with her and would invite her and humility discipline in order to make the daily practices to join them and one day she finally did once she started it study and retain the chants and humility in order to be came to her rapidly and quite naturally her mother and dad teachable he taught in a white shirt and pants he students were both native speakers and could thus help her with her

11 SAMUEL PUA HAAHEO hawaiian and she too was fluent in the hawaiian language he was felt to be a kind loving man who loved the hula making the leaminglearning of the chants easier it demanded a lot of and wanted to see his teachings live on through generations time study and sacrifice but she felt that it was important to after his wife amoy passed away he married a much her life she later went on to teach and uncle pua was very younger women named rachel happy that his teachings would be carried on aunty kaui was he was a loyal and faithful member of the church and he a catholic and she said uncle pua had wanted her to join the seemed able to merge culture and his religion into a special and church of jesus christ of latterlatterdayday saints but she felt she harmonious relationship was too set in her ways to change uncle pua was a good As we look at LDS life here in kahana we are grateful for missionary aunty kaui said every wednesday nightniht was his the famed pua haaheo and for his contribution to the church temple night and aunty kaui and his daughter moana would and to the hula in passing on his knowledge to others and teach the hula class for him perpetuate this part of hawaiian culture

12 THE HUI OF KAHANA

by bob stauffer ABSTRACT hawaii this district encompasses a large valley and the ocean fishery offshore from it the mission and membership of the church of jesus the valley is drained by the major kahana river which is christ of latter day saints in the hawaiian islands were in turn fed by the kawaKawa and kahana streams which flow from confronted early on with two epic cruises first there was the wet forked backbackcounttybackcountrycountry valleys in addition to these loss of the colony on the island of lanai in the early 1860s irrigation sources the hawaiians had constructed two major then came the sundering and temporary loss of about half of rocklinedrock lined auwaiahwai watercourseswatercourses of 151.5 and 252.5 miles in the faithful from the laie mission in the 1870s through the length helping to create an intensive agricultural community socalledso called awa rebellion 1 this paper picks up the thread with a relatively high precontactpre contact population of about 1000 of the churchs breakaway mormon colony in kahana in people doing so light is also shed on the broader debate over defining altogether the valley system was some eight square miles the traditional hawaiian system of land ownership and 5200 acres in size with another 232 3 square miles of bay and management offshore fishery A traditional lifestyle appears to have been practiced with the peoples time spent largely with gardening taro in irrigated BACKGROUNDbackgrounds2 terraces iolaliloi&li tending to other agricultural produce and harvesting the rich fishery and the acquaticacquatic produce of rock some ten miles down along the windward coast of oahubahu sugar walled fishpondsfishponds from the old laie mission and plantation lies the gm class which provided adnaanadministrative land A chiefly alii existed dnistrative ahul2uaaahupuaaahupuaa district of kahana As was common in coordination for the upkeep of the auwaiahwai and the fishery helped in the mediation of disputes and enforceenforcementmi ent of societys rules and in the exercise of certain religious observances the people of the valley the makaamakaainanainana class appear to have had certain operativecooperativeco interests and rights to itheataitheawaIThethe awa rebellion has been separatelyseparatelyaracely reported on by the historical the land and to making their views known and respected society it involved amongst other factors the excommunication of a although a centuryoldcentury old debate continues amongst historians large number of native members of the church over a dispute regarding and as to the extent of such interests and rights methysticum commentators the raising of awaw piperpiller methvsticum the kava plant the roots of here as elsewhere in old hawaii one popular view is that the which are used to make an intoxicating beverage makaamakaainanainana were little more than serfs with their labor and ithesthe2the hawaiian term hui means a group association club organization lives controlled by the alii in a feudal relationship society or partnership see page 7 for a fuller description of a huhuihuli aina As occurred throughout the islands the effects of disease land partnership the hui aina 0 kahana often shortened simply to diminished kahanas population by more than eighty percent the hui 0 kahana or the kahana hui was an organization formed to only about 150 people in 35 families remained in the ahupuaaahupuaa purchase the land division of kahana and operate a community within it by the mid 19th century such land huishuls of a century ago should not be confused with their modem namesakes which are little more than land speculation schemes

13 THE HUI OF KAHANA

it was 1848 when the great kahelemahele dividing of the land greatgreatgreatgreat great great grandchildren of the homesteader named began prior to the kahelemahele there were no private lands in kadadakapadakapapa hawaii through the kahelemahele every acre became owned by nearly all of the descendants of these kahelemahele era families someone the king 245 of the high alii and the government who remained in kahana later joined the church of jesus took 99 percent of the islands land for themselves leaving the christ of latter day saints some also joined the breakaway remaining one percent to the makaamakaainanainana mormon group huihulhuihul which brought out the 5000acre5000 acre kahana fared no differently the homesteads kuleanakukuheanaleana kahana interest of the high chief keohokalole in the 1870s awarded to the valleys families totalled under two hundred keohokalole had sold her interest in 1857 to the chinese acres and the districts high chief got the remainder of the land merchant ahsing in honolulu aldaidakanaapakanaapadanaApAiDakana in hawaiian buying including the rights to the fishery the fishfishpondsponds and to the for 2500 he sold his interest a decade later for 6000 J surplus supplies of surface and underground water cheang chuck locally known as achuck was the buyer A high chiefs had vested interests in keeping the wealthy businessman in the portugese colony of macao his makaamakaainanainana homesteads within their districts as small as local partnership afong and achuck was a leading trading possible because all homesteadnonhomesteadnon land went to them aiding house in honolulu easily equalling any of the white 11aolehaole them in this were government rules excluding from homestead firms of his day awards those formerlytilledformerly tilled familyy lands which lay untended kahana was being used for rice farming and a local due to declines in family population those gardens which chinese rice farmer H ahheeahmee bought achuck out in 1872 were laying fallow and the large upcountry lands which having taken a hawaiian wife ahheeahmee personally worked his families utilized for nonintensivenon intensive agricultural production fields along with his hired hands he made a good enough the name of the high chief of kahana at the time of cook business of it to keep his mortgage payments current but he is lost to history although we know that he or she would have eventually yearned to return to his native china and so he been a chief of oahubahu0ahu through the right of conquest was open to an offer from the breakaway mormons from laie kamehameha I1 and his group of big island chiefs had since who had been temporarily cast out from the church due to the 1795 appointed the ruling chiefs of kahana in 1848 this was events of the awa rebellion A keohokalole coming from the hilo area keohokalole was mother of the kalakaua dynasty king kalakaua queen liliuokalaniLiliuokalani THE hulHUI OF KAHANA princess likelikelakelikeLikelike and prince leieiohokuleleiohoku II11 keohokalole received several dozen ahul2uaaahupuaaahupuaa of land on all the major the group which made the offer to ahheeahmee was an odd islands on the windward coast of oahubahu0ahu area she got the bundle of native hawaiiansHawaiians there were some local kahana kahana and malaekahanaMalaekahana districts it is doubtful if she ever residents or others living nearby all homesteaders or their visited those outlying areas more likely she managed these heirs who undoubtedly wished to regain a broader say and districts through local land agents konohikikonohiki influence over the land district than had been granted them appendix A lists the 35 families of kahana at the time of through the kahelemahele the kahelemahele and shows their original requests and the many of the group hujihuihulchuji members were those who had left trimmedtrimmeddowndown sizes of their final homestead awards at least laie and were interested in establishing their own gathering one of these families has descendants who still live in the place and in fanningfarming the area but there were also friends or valley john gorai kapapa and beatrice gorai soga each of family from other districts on oahubahu0ahu as well as the islands of whom are grandparents in their own right are two of the hawaii kauai and maui who joined in

14 THE HUI OF KAHANA

with the concurrence of brigham young and the central kamakaniauKamak aniau in return he agreed to abide by the bylawsby laws church authorities the members of the officially unrecognized established by the hui and unorthodox colony were quickly welcomed back into the the final settlement of the mortgage and exchange of the fold the colonys chapel bomborn in heresy to succor heretics deed occurred on october 31 1881 it was at this time that stands today as the oldest standing mormon structure on hui members were clearly listed as holding operativecooperativeco oahubahu shares in the 5000acre5000 acre parcel and its associated water and the huishulshurshues administrative leader was george william fishing rights appendix B lists the hui membership as of kamakaniauKamakaniau sometimes known as kamaka niau on 1875 and 1881 august 1 1874 on behalf of the huis membership he most of the current residents of kahana are descendants or signed an intent to purchase the ahul2uaaahupuaaahupuaa from ahheeahmee otherwise heirs to either the original kahelemahele families or the hui inadequate funds were raised but a year later a preliminary members or both adella johnson and lilliana vincent both sale was made with ahheeahmee holding the deed until a mortgage slated to be on our afternoon panel are heirs to the for the remaining half of the sale price had been settled with laeasolomona and mahelona shares respectively the him many of the group members began farming the area vierra family who currently live by the kahana fishpond that A separate 1875 document listed the relationship between we visited this morning are descended from makanoa kamakaniauKamakaniau and the members of the hui As it was not proper for all of the members to sign the purchase agreement with ahheeahmee they expressed their great confidence in WHAT IS A HUI kamakaniauKamakaniau to act on their behalf as he was a good and conscientious person the contract agreed that it was traditional hui employ legal arrangements which are Kamakanikamakaniausaus responsibility to collect members payments to uniquely hawaiian they have been described as being the hui and to use these funds to make payments and settle similar to partnerships corporations or the systems of some accounts with ahheeahmee rather like priordayprior day aliiam who had old new england towns where each family got a house and collected tribute for payment to higher aliiailtalij kamkamakaniauKamakakaniauaniau was yard but the commons were held by everyone and also called upon to collect and pay each members share of the everyone came together in town meetings to make important government land taxes decisions with the daytodayday to day events taken care of by elected while the 5000 acres were legally unsubdivided and held officials in common by the hui members it would be incorrect to huis were use primarily by makaamakaainanainana who felt their assume these were purely communal lands it is true that as homesteads kuleanakuheanakuleana were inadequate and who banded was the case under traditional landuseland use patterns the members together to buy out the rest of their land districts the groups expected things like the backbackcountrycountry lands to be a commons were common in hawaii until the mid 1920s when the area but exclusively set aside for each member for a houselotbouselothouselot hawaii premesupremesu court ruled against their legality nearly all nahalnahaipahalhahalepapahalehaiehalehaicS and for taro gardens &loteioloa014104lo40 i reminiscent of the role of have since been phased out within the immediate area that we ancient aliiaillailialpi the 1875 hui contract called upon kamakaniauKamakaniau to are in today kahana hakipuuHakipuu and waisanewaikane were all owned settle the division and assignment of the lands to the member by a hui at one time families the kahana hui had certain unique aspects the role of recognizing the difficulties inherent in dealing with a the awa rebellion in giving impetus to the movement to mortgage holder surveyors and government land and tax purchase the valley was certainly unrivaled it also appears to officials all members agreed to try hard and be patient with have been the only mormondominatedmormon dominated hui in hawalthawaii

15 THE HUI OF KAHANA

certain parts of the kahana hui bylawsby laws deal with an bound to the land of their chief they were instead free to move enforcement of rules of conduct usually reserved for the away from an oppressive administrator likewise there are judicial system of the government review of these bylawby law clear indications of a operativecooperativeco management the districts of sections can lead to an interpretation within the mormon old hawaiihawalt we forget perhaps because the kahelemahele utilized tradition of calling members together for the protection and hawaiian words that the entire theory and practice of the survival of the church that this place was the members own kahelemahele was instigated and largely carried out by whites it is sort of gathering place a colony with its own system ofbf incorrect to look at the shares of land ownership awarded by administration separate from civil authorities this may the kahelemahele and think that this reflected traditional powers and however simply trace to makaamakaainanainana concerns over a interests of the alii and makaamakaainanainana classes foreignerdominatedforeigner dominated government often seen as being one of the very few precise descriptions of hui policies to unfavorable to their interests survive to the present day is the 1882 edition of the kahana the bylawsby laws called for hui members to be mormon hui bylaws see appendix QC As we read these bylawsby laws meetings were held at the chapel following the ringing of the today we are struck as much by what was not included in them chapel bell oldoldtimerstimers attest to the chapel being the cultural as by what was in contrast to modem corporate or partnership and social center of valley life such makaamakaainanainana connections charters and bylawsby laws there are little in the way of legal with religion were not uncommon however other churches technicalities and faiths primarily of the congregational missionaries it is clear however that new chiefs were being put into served identical roles in other districts place the bylawsby laws deal most completely with defining the beyond these mormon particularities however the new chiefs power in relation to the rights and authority of the kahana hui was much like others set up in the 1870s and newcommonersnew commoners 1880s as makaamakaainanainana attempted in their own way to reject the arbitrary division of land which came with the kahelemahele and THE NEW CHIEFS instead to attempt to recreatere create the operativecooperativeco land ownership and administrative system of traditional hawaii and in rural in keeping with the understanding that the ahtaliiduigui of old places like kahana at least for a little while they appear to served needed roles as administrators and coordinators with have worked shared powers with the people it is not surprising to find the it is true that late 19th century hawaiian huis were hui voluntarily setting up supervisors iunaluna1anapna over the land constrained to some extent by western legalities and by the which held powers similar to traditional alii peoples own history and the incorporation of aspects of bylawby law I11 began by saying that it shallshailshali be proper for the western civilization from horseback transportation to firearms hui to establish three members to manage the affairs of the to native influenced christianity yet the huis were formed land and as was traditional from amongst this class of by rural folk steeped in traditional life who had been bom three administrators one was the chief superintendent luna before the kahelemahele more than a reflection of the new nuinulnud who in practice exercised the principal executive role in influences it is suggested that the huis were attempts at the ahul2uaaahupuaaahupuaa A later section on the powers of the new kahana huibuihul sheds light on the scholarly debate over the rights commoners discusses the members powers to recall the and powers of the makamakaainanmakaamakaainanaainaninana in precontactpre contact times three luna the current popular theory that ancient hawaii practiced a bylawby law 5 provided regulations against letting domestic form of feudalism has its obvious weak points unlike the pigs run free and put the luna nui in charge of settling the serfs of feudal europe for example the makamakaainanmakaamakaainanainanaainan were not matter any incipient mutiny by members objecting to the

16 THE HUI OF KAHANA

bylawsby laws would be settled under bylawby law 6 with the three which was the major harvest of the kahana fishing village the managers gathering together some of the members of this membership prohibited the luna nui from leasing the akule huihulhuf and investigating and agreeing upon the proper fine for fishing rights however but she did help coordinate the the upstartsupstarts members use of the fishery she appointed the chief while the ownership of the 5000acres5000 acres was cooperative fisherman and a person kliokilo for sighting the fish the each family got two parcels of land over which they had luna nui and aisherhisher representatives were allowed to set aside exclusive use and occupancy one parcel of about one acre in some of the fish caught and sell these to raise money for the size was for taro gardengardensS Qiolloi the second of about a quarter huhuihuli as long as a portion was kept to be eaten by this hui acre was the familys houselotbouselothouselot phahalepahalepaahhalehaiealejleoieo it was the luna nui the fish kept for hui consumption was divided between the who arranged to hand out the parcels as they were surveyed families by the luna nui bylawby law 26 and according to bylawby law 9 only the luna nui the luna nui also had the right to fine chinese for could consent to allow any member to cultivate any patch unsanitary practices bylawby law 21 thereby maintaining a outside of his lot traditional role of supervising the sanitation and upkeep of an this type of social practice is similar to early descriptions area of hawaiian life which noted that a commoner was free to anyone stealing cheating or doing anything wrong and cultivate anywhere that was open as long as the local chief thereby making trouble for the hui were to be brought to the consented it being understood that the local chief consented three lunaiunaliuna who would sit in judgementjudgement if they could not on the basis of being the administrator of the area settle the matter the member would be brought before the laws kahanas luna nui also controlled the use of lands and of the hawaiians using their ahianialii as arbitrators and referring their lease to outsiders and under bylawby law 17 she was given more pressing matters to higher authorities in the hui guilty the power to lease lands of the hui which had not been set parties could be cast out much as with the outcast kaawakauwa class aside for members i of old specifically they could be driven out of the hui and the luna nui also had the old alii power under bylawby law made to forfeit their political and social rights as well as their 10 to consent to allow any member or members to do property interests bylawby law 25 anything according to theirowntheirtheirownown volition income from the land paid the government taxes just as RIGHTS RESERVED FOR THE NEW COMMONERS in ancient times taxes to higher administrative aliiaillailigo had been paid from produce from the land and so too if the land did some students of old hawaii have suggested that the alii not cover the amount due then it was the luna nui who were not absolute monarchs but rather served at the pleasure collected the balance from the members bylawby law 3 also as of the people they reigned over under bylawby law 1 it was the had been true previously the three luna got paid from the members of the hui the new commoners who elected the produce from the land and were supplied with any materials new chiefs and if they are incompetent and they have not they needed to discharge their duties and for the proper managed the land properly then it shall be right for the hui running of the huihulhufhur bylawsby laws 23 and 24 to dismiss themtheril the luna nui did not only regulate the affairs of the land each member was free under bylawby law 7 to allow a strong she also was in charge of the fishery she was allowed and healthy member of aisherhisher family to cultivate on their under bylawby law 18 to lease the fishing rights within the premises family members could also cultivate and harvest districts fishery perhaps because of the richness of the items on hui lands away from their assigned parcels and pay a bigeye scad fishery akule for which kahana was famed and levy of 25 of the value of such produce to the hui

17 THE hulHUI OF KAHANA

sickly members of a family could cultivate or harvest members were allowed just 6 head of livestock besides away from the familys parcels and pay no levy bylawby law 8 pigs sheep and goats to run free on the common lands of the houselotsHouselots hahalenahalepahalepahale were reasonable in size under bylawby law hui A fee was charged for each head of cattle or each horse 11 each member had the right to a quarteracrequarter acre lot in good land above this limit bylawby law 4 or a halfacrehalf acre lot in bad and hilly places the hui arranged pigs had to be kept in a pen or tied with a rope and were for surveying the parcels not allowed to run at large on the plains violation resulted the three luna were required to post survey bonds bylawby law in a warning the first time a fine the second and the third 14 none could lessen the benefits of this huihul bylawby law resulted in the luna nui being called in bylawby law 5 15 each had to make quarterly reports of the income from the hui family members had to pay the 25 levy to the hui if land bylawby law 16 as well as expenses bylawby law 24 hiin no case healthy or not levy is sickly for cultivating or gathering items could the luna nui lease out to anyone the parcels set aside for from the common areas bylawsby laws 7 and 8 family members the members bylawby law 17 and under no circumstances was sickly or strong also had to pay an annual fee for keeping she to sell any of the land bylawby law 22 horses or cattle to protect against insider dealing the hui membership had probably to prevent arguments over claims of unbranded to ratify the leasing bytheby the luna nui of any portion of the hui livestock which would otherwise be claimed by the hui common land to any member bylawby law 26 and the right to members were suggested to mark their livestock prior to investigate and report on losses of hui funds and property running them on the common lands members were not including presumably losses caused by the action or inaction allowed to brand mark or castrate their own animals left on of the lunaiunalunass was reserved to the hui membership which the plains bylawby law 19 the hui operated a pen however could appoint member5member5 investigatory commcommittescommittedittes bylawby law 28 and it was permissiblepermissablepermissable to brand animals within the pen by- the members also ensured that the luna could not act to law 20 water down their interest in the common property through oral traditions and old photographs attest to the increasing the membership shares the number of hui shares immaculateness of the valley in the old days the bylawby law on were fixed at 115 bylawby law 2 each member could name just the chinese rice farmers in the valley no 21 states that the one representative in aisherhisher stead representatives had to be chinamen who have leased the land of kahana are not acceptable in this case they had to be mormon bylawby law 12 permitted to raise pigs ducks chickens at any place near the any member abandoning or wishing to sell aisherhisher interest watercourseswater courses aufaiauwaicauwaiCauauwaiwal neither anything that is insanitary was limited to transferring their shares to either the hui or to shooting of guns at night was specifically banned bylawby law another hui member to facilitate such sales the transfer 27 in a regulation reflecting a clearer lawyerfreelawyer free lifestyle price was fixed bylawby law 13 bylawby law 25 banned stealing cheating or doing anything wrong additional information on kahana and its hui is contained in appendices D and E LAND regulations conclusion in order to live properly on the land the members adopted certain additional regulations these tended to deal the bylawsby laws of the kahana hui particularly provide with the questions of neighbors getting along in a operativecooperativeco assistance to us in understanding the locale lifestyle and setting and reflect an earlier rural and pastoral age of traditions thinking of the breakaway kahana colony of the church of modified only slightly by introduced species of livestock jesus christ of latter day saints

18 THE hulHUI OF KAHANA

more generally the bylawsby laws also show the great powers which were extended to the chiefs as well as the important name ff parcels requested parcels total rights which were reserved to individual commoners or to and their description awarded aggaoeacreage the group as a whole this data in turn assists us in understanding the social relationships in traditional hawaiian kaiakahikauakahiKaiakahi 2 including 2 26872.687 acres life and give us a unique and important insight into how this 2 loiidiiolidl 2 kula social system may have functioned and I11 hahalepahale

kalauawa 1 1 4 acres

kaiikailkalimaonikalirnaoniKaliKalirnaonimaoni 6 2 1191.19ilg acres

kamakukuKamakuku 5 including 1 4654.65 acres APPENDIX A 2 groups of loiiollwi 2 igkulakuiaI and I11 hahalepahale1

THE ORIGINAL KULEANA OWNERS kaopae 3 2 4854.85 acres

kaopuunaopuu 3 including 2 19641.964 acres I11 group of loiiolioli terms used loi are wetlandwet land gardens for taro kukulakuia1aaa 1 kula and are open areas usually in the uplands dah12ahalepahaleaie are housesiteshousesites one area for drylanddry land agriculture was 1 hahalepahale specifically for the wauke plant used in making tapa 2 loj and pahale 2 5.252 acres cloth kapapa loiiollot hahale 52 kapena 4 including 2 1551.55 acres 3 groups of 101 name parcels requested parcels lol total and 1 imlaimia and their description awarded acreage andlulaandrulaiulaluialula

4 1 7575.75 acres aiosiaiohi 2 2 212.1 acres kapua kaualua 4 2 19121.912 acres hohoiea 10 parcels 1 1481.481 acres including 34 10loiiol A keakuakuakua 1 1 212.1 acres hooliliamanuhooliliarnanu 2 2 212.1 acres kekaikekui 6 including 1 3535.35 acres 1 fishpond 3 3 2.121 acres hua 21 2 kula and 1 pahale kaaiawahia 3 3 4764.76 acres hahale

19 THE HUI OF KAHANA name parcels requested parcels total name parcels requested parcels total and their bescriptdescriptdescriptionion awarded acreaacreageae and their description awarded acreage kuaiokuamo 4 including 1 101.0lo acre nuhi 6 5 13651.365 acres I11 jqjjwj group 1 21 1 kikula for wauke nunu 4 including ti212.1 acres I11 other kilzkalzkaizkulakuia and 2 segments of land 1 kula and 1 mhnahaleaieale 1 wooded upland area kuamoo 8 including 5 191.9ig acres 5.271 acres estuary area okehau 4 including 2 5271 1 M19d group kuapuu 3 including a 1 455455.455 acres 1 fallow iiiloiiol group fallow loi area I11 kkulakuiaI and a hahalepahale and a wooded gulch 1 paleuapalega 2 including 1 7187.18 acres kukui 3 including a 2 2652.65 acres 1 group of ichloiiol holahola 10loiiol group a kullkulakuia and a dalepalehahalepahalepawe and a hahalepahale pine 4 including a hahalepahale 1 363363.363 acres lilipifilipi 5 including 1 iili111.11 1 acres a loilollotloj group auneepunee 2 2 36373.637 acres a fallow loi group a kula a mountain ula 2 2752.75 acres area and I11 hahalepahale baheawahea 5 including lim1101 IQ 2 2592.59 acres group I11 fallow JQJ maunuimaunus 9 including 2 1731.73 acres loiiol several kula and group 2 kula and a whale a hahale12ahalepahale many were older individuals tracing their claims napela 4 including some 3 4224.22 acres of the homesteaders 1 1819 most had passed away by fallow 16loiiol to the time of king kamehameha I d the time of the formation of the kahana hui and so it was their heirs the above homesteaders naumu 89 including 2 16491.649 acres who became involved in hui activities two of 2 groups of loi do however appear on the 1875 hui list kuamoo and napela 2 fallow groups of1ablalaabloiiol 1 drylanddry land group of gardens 2 kula and I11 nahale

20 THE HUI OF KAHANA

APPENDIX B name 1875 hui list 1881 huihul list kaauweaina yes no IM kaawa yes 2 shares yes yes HUI membership AS OF 1875 1881 kaeo no polailepolaire kahakulaniKahakulani yes yes kahalehiwaKahalehiwa yes yes yes name 1875 hui list 1881 huihul list kahanaaupuniKahanaaupuni no kaheanakuheana yes yes N ahehoi yes no 2 shares yes kahele yes no ananiniaAna Ninia no yes abildapild yes yes kahewahewanui no yes kahiamoe no yes davida no yes elena no yes kahikikaahiki yes CW elia yes no kahili yes no george yes JWH kahoohua yes no no yes haili no yes kaiaikalewa no kalapa no yes 5 shares yes hakachakao yes yes kaihekamakaKaihekamaka no yes kailiula yes yes haohauhaohao hoe no yes hapauea yes yes kaio yes yes sam kakaekahae no yes hewahewaHewahewa no yes hookaaku yes yes kalauaokalawao no yes kalaewaumoku yes yes hoopiogoopio no yes huihui yes no kaleo no ikeole yes yes samuel kaleohano yes no kalili yes no 2 shares yes riakalanibiablahiakalaniRiaHiakalani no yes kalima no yes yes kalimakuhiKalimakuhi yes no ilipolohi yes kaahanui yes yes S kaloa no 2 shares kalianakaloana yes yes kaaikaula yes yes kalua yes no yes yes samuela sam kalua yes yes kaaina yes yes kaaiulaula no yes kalua Poapoalomakalomaka yes yes kamaka kailihueKailihue yes no kaakahaaka yes yes kaanaana yes no WD kamaka niau kaauanuikahuanuiKaauanui no yes CW kamaka niau mahoe kaaukai yes yes or george william kamakaniauKamakaniau

21 THE HUI OF KAHANA name 1875 hui list 1881 hui list name 1875 hui list 1881 hui list kamakea yes yes luka yes yes kamanonahu yes yes D lucelaluwela no yes kameo yes yes mahelona yes yes kanakaole yes yes mahuka yes yes Kaninaukaninaualukaninauafiiaiualu yes yes makaalu yes no kaohimanunu yes no makakehuaMakakehua no yes kaolala yes yes makanoa yes yes kawainuikapainuiKapainui no yes makanoemakanoa no yes kapela yes yes makanui yes yes kapu yes yes makaula kaikikuiki yes no kauhaa yes yes makaula lilia yes no kaulunahalaKaulunahala yes yes makiamaidamaklamalda yes no kaawakauwa yes no JWB makuakane yes no kauwiki yes no malaea no yes kawaaikiKawaaiki yes no mano no yes kawi yes no miliama yes no keaka no yes cohoemohoe hooke yes no kealoha yes yes mua no yes JW keanu no yes naehu no yes JWH keanu yes yes naholoaaNahonaholowaaloaa yes no keawe yes yes nahooikaika yes yes keawekalanuiKeawekalanui yes yes nakao yes no keliipupuleKeliipupule no yes nakapuahiNakapuahi yes yes keokipauKeokipau yes yes naone no yes keola no yes napela yes no keonoi no yes nehemia yes no mahoe kilioekilgoe yes yes nihonui yes no S kipela yes no homalienohomalieNo yes no koinuikoknui no yes HS ohule yes yes nolea yes no oliva no yes ku yes no opala yes yes Kuarkuamoonoo yes no opu no yes kuapalahalaha yes no 4 shares kuawiliwkuawiliwili yes yes paabpaao yes yes kuhilanikuailaniKuhilani no yes pae yes no kukapu no yes paka yes yes laeagaea no yes paulo yes yes 3

22 THE HUI OF KAHANA name 1875 hui list 1881huilist1881 huihul list APPENDIAPPENDIX pauoahu no yes pelekane yes 2 shares yes pohaku yes no WHAT HAPPENED TO THE HUI pono yes no yes poo no the members of the hui were strong devout members of poolaapoolak yes no the church of jesus christ of latter day saints when the call poopaa yes no came in the late 1880s to gather at salt lake city many from puamana yes no kahana wanted to leave for utah with other hawaiian pukal yes no cormonsmormons yes Mormons records indicate that at least a third of the founders JW Puaopuaoanuianui yes of the hawaiian mormon losepaiosepaiokepa joseph colony in utah 3 shares yes were from kahana pupu yes but to have such a large number of hui members leave 2 shares yes created a crisis for the hui according to the bylawsby laws anyone solomona yes leaving1eavingbeaving had to sell his membership share to the hui or to 2 shares another member yet no member nor the hui as whole was solomona umi no yes prepared to pay off the large number of members leaving for uilama yes no utah still these members needed money in order to pay their ululaniuluhaniuluhahi yes yes yes way to salt lake wahinemaikaiWahinemaikai no complicating matters was the spread of leprosy some waiohawaiohu yes yes members were coming down with the dread disease and had to leave for molokai they too wanted to be bought out note george kalima kapela mahoe kilgoekilioeKilioe oliva the result appears to have been a subtle and de facto pelekane solomona and of course GW kamakaniauKamakaniau were amendment of the bylawsby laws 20 shares were sold to a non listed as original founders of losepaiosepaiokepa colony the hawaiian mormon outsider a haole businessman involved with the mormon colony in utah the kekuku clan which went to schooners who brought supplies to the koolau coast this losepajosepa was also apparently related to kahana As such about was thomas foster and he purchased his shares in 1889 and a third of the original losepajosepa colonists were from kahana apparently thought little more of them foster died in 1891 leaving a childless widow mary E foster who was a prominent hapa haole kamaainakama aina member of the shipbuildingship building robinson clan mary had little to do with the valley until the late 1890s when a crisis erupted when kaneoheKane ohe ranch company moved in and began burning down the jungle in order to begin a ranching operation in the uplands of the valley the ranch claimed that it had leased all of the valley not directly used by hui members the lease was supposed to have

23 THE VOICE OF THE WAVES OF THE SEA

by lance D chase

it is likely that at this very moment unbeknownst to us one tsunami expert has called the april 119461 1946 tsunami a thousands of miles away from this beautiful spot in kahana one per two thousand years event adams 1 but another valley events are unfolding which could have a dramatic and observed that they have occurred in hawaii since 1819 at a rate lasting impact on the lives of some of us sitting here of one each year shepard macdonald cox 393 of course consider the fact that in 1815 in indonesia there was a most are too small to be observable only 15 have resulted in volcanic eruption which so affected an obscure 35 year old significant loss of life and property 1 the april 1 1946 farmer by the name of smith living in norwich vermont that tsunami was the most serious of these in fact it was the he decided to move his family to farmington in western new worst natural disaster in hawaiian history HSB 8 may york some 250 miles distant millions of lives have been 1986 p3pa changed because of his decision tsunamis remain a mystery despite the great amount of similarly an event occurring at 200 am hawaiian time study given them and the vagaries of the tsunami of 1946 add monday april 1 1946 in alaska 2200 miles from the north to the mystery wave height varied from 36 feet at kaipiowaipio shore of oahu which could not then have been detected by valley on hawaii to so slight at kaneohe bay that a boat a foot anyone on the sea or in the air between those two points above the water was untouched at kabelakawela bay the force of forever changed many lives more particularly for this scope the waves carried a house 200 feet from its foundation yet was of this paper it impacted dramatically upon five totally so gentle that it left breakfast cooking on the stove and dishes unsuspecting individuals here in this area four of the five intact on the shelves in that same house shepard macdonald were within three miles of where we sit and three the cox 457 the loss of life was by far highest on the island of youngest of the five were no more than two or three hundred hawaii where 173 perished on kauai 15 died on maui 16 yards from this spot six on oahu HSBHSJB 23 aarapr p 1 but although the big island deservedly received most of the media attention the this distant event was a slippage in the ocean bottom of focus of this paper is on the north shore of oahubahu the aleutian trench south unimakunimanofunimakof island it sent a wave approximately half a mile from the kamehameha highway thousands of miles at nearly 500 miles per hour it was not a toward the kabelakawela bay side and daukamauka of the present turtle tidal wave exactly for it had nothing to do with the tides in bay hilton hotel in april of 1946 was a village of eight fact it is fortunate that fate determined that the waves would homes camp number three six daukamauka of the railroad strike at some time other than high tide or destruction and loss tracks were occupied by railroad workers and their families of life would have been much greater yet for residents living makai of the tracks were two homes of the employees of close to kahana bay the japanese definition of this natural hawaiian meats owners of a ranch the family of takejiro phenomenon called a tsunami would have a fatal irony shorty and asako nakamura lived in one of the six japan translated it means large waves in harbors shepard bomborn takejiro was later employed by the sugar mill at kahukukahuhu macdonald cox 393 but in 1946 helped service the oahu railway the parents of

2 THE HUI OF KAHANA been agreed to at a meeting of the hui yet marys agents mrs emma opunui grandmother to lilliana claimed she had not been informed that a quorum had not vincent owned onehalfone half share been present and that she objected to the conduct of the lincoln mccandlessmccandless11 daughter mrs loy ranch mccandless marks one and onehalfone half share mary fosters personal interest in the valley apparently traces to this period as she had not visited the place prior to note the hui had bought out ahmelsahmees 5000 acres of that time after winning her lawsuit she sought to purchase land water rights and fishing rights the original the pieces of homesteads kuleanakukuheanaleana andsharesand shares of the hui homesteads kuleanakukuheanaleana however remained in private hands which the ranch had owned she also began visiting the mrs foster andft mccandless sought to buy up the kuleanakuheana valley occasionally interests As with the shares of the hui mrs foster also things came to a head around 1912 when it was gained ownership of most of the kuleanakukuheanaleana there were a few discovered that water could be gotten from the valley for the small parcels which remained privately ownedandownedownedandand occupied planned waiahole water company tunnel system suddenly lydia delacernadeiaDelaCema and the makanoa families in kahana were the hui was worth a substantial sum as the hui owned the owners of two such parcels A few other auleankuleankuleanakuheanaq had owners water rights to the ahul2uaaahupuaaahupuaa who could never be found the old koolau railway lincoln mccandless principal owner of the waiahole companys rightsofwayrights of way was the largest remaining parcel in water company and mary foster entered into a bitter battle the valley that was nnotot owned by mrs foster the company for the control of the hui each actively attempting to buy out had gotten its land from her when it put its line in around the remaining residents mary eventually won but had to pay 1915 very large sums to mccandless in a final settlement shares which residents sold for 200 at the turn of the century or 300 in 1912 suddenly were each worth 3000 or even 10000 to mccandless as he sold them to mrs foster all this when a wage of a dollar a day was common by 1920 the ownership of the valley had been pretty well settled the ownership remained essentially unchanged until the late 1960s when the state condemned all of the ahupuaaahupuaa for the kahana state park the huihul ownership during that latter period was as follows

the 11511 5 original shares had been reduced to 105 due to various causes mary foster owned 101 of the 105 remaining shares ernest H wodehouse mrs fosters nephew owned one share laeagaea nuhi au mother of kahana resident adella johnson owned one share

24 THE HUI OF KAHANA

APPENDIX D it was a nephew ernest wodehouse who came to the rescue he had married one daughter of marys sister victoria ward son of the longtimelong time british ambassador minister to ernest was as a WHY DO WE HAVE SUCH A GOOD RECORD ONQN hawaii staunch royalist as mary hed lost KAHANA a government job after the overthrow and had first done a bit of insurance selling and had then taken a parttimepart time job with the british firm theo H davies besides starting to manage the year 1895 must have been particularly harsh for mary his motherinlawsmother in laws and aunts affairs over 50 years old childless she had lost her husband ernest was an honest bright and hardworkinghard working sort he foster through the four years earlier knowing little about accounts she sat back slowly rose davies ranks to become its president by of her and through that position rose to president of the hawaiian on a retirement income managed the trustee planters a young attorney with a missionary sugar association the de facto czar of the islands husbands estate mary background named lorrin andrews thurston his shrewd investments for the wards and foster husband increased their fortunes and incomes many times over marys father had been a boat builder and her marys had run a shipping line their fortunes had both been ones amongst his work on accounts was the careful but marys disputed that had been active and had depended upon their own establishment of almost claim to the ahupuaaahupuaa presence and management to maintain the high income mary of kahana beautiful kahana the favorite old hawaiian it was writtenwhitten by mary had been used to now she was faced with the lower rate of song says charles E king for amongst his return of fixed investments other habits ernest kept detailed notes make matters worse her beloved queen had been reports and legal documents on everything he gathered up to the 1880s overthrown by the hated americans in 1893 and thurston what he could on kahana from and earlier and what he had been a ringleaderring leader he couldnt find documented through private research his several members of her clan the robinsons and wards investigators were sent out with orders to interview old timers had left the islands in protest mary herself left for a year of and write down detailed genealogies and reports on various travels and then retreated to her country lands at hoaeae in the land and property dealings in order to strengthen his aunts for the family as land titles ewa district it was a particularly hard time even members who had worked for the government lost their after he got the new land court to certify his aunts the he jobs because they refused to sign the loyalty oaths to the new holdings in kahana continued to keep the detailed land mary in 1930 government files and when died what a life she had lived he became the executor her will A brotherinlawbrother in law had taken over her accounts when she of he liquidated finally got them away from thurston but it turned out that the nearly everything distributing the funds to marys as is in law was not all that competent a bookkeeper worse mary beneficiaries but clear from his letters kahana clearly inlaw special in his was apparently up to her neck in royalist activity and the held a place heart he prevailed on the estate to aborted countercounterrevoltrevolt of 1895 left the queen imprisoned and keep the valley when some heirs wanted the valley several conspiratorscococonspirators behind bars charged with the capital subdivided and sold off he maneuvered to keep the holdings offense of treason someone had to go through her books and intact he as marys papers and destroy all references to her involvement when retired trustee of estate in 1944 he deposited all of his papers with the bishop trust company

25