Quadrupole and Ion Trap Mass Analysers and an Introduction to Resolution a Simple Definition of a Mass Spectrometer
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Mass Spectrometry: Quadrupole Mass Filter
Advanced Lab, Jan. 2008 Mass Spectrometry: Quadrupole Mass Filter The mass spectrometer is essentially an instrument which can be used to measure the mass, or more correctly the mass/charge ratio, of ionized atoms or other electrically charged particles. Mass spectrometers are now used in physics, geology, chemistry, biology and medicine to determine compositions, to measure isotopic ratios, for detecting leaks in vacuum systems, and in homeland security. Mass Spectrometer Designs The first mass spectrographs were invented almost 100 years ago, by A.J. Dempster, F.W. Aston and others, and have therefore been in continuous development over a very long period. However the principle of using electric and magnetic fields to accelerate and establish the trajectories of ions inside the spectrometer according to their mass/charge ratio is common to all the different designs. The following description of Dempster’s original mass spectrograph is a simple illustration of these physical principles: The magnetic sector spectrograph PUMP F DD S S3 1 r S2 Fig. 1: Dempster’s Mass Spectrograph (1918). Atoms/molecules are first ionized by electrons emitted from the hot filament (F) and then accelerated towards the entrance slit (S1). The ions then follow a semicircular trajectory established by the Lorentz force in a uniform magnetic field. The radius of the trajectory, r, is defined by three slits (S1, S2, and S3). Ions with this selected trajectory are then detected by the detector D. How the magnetic sector mass spectrograph works: Equating the Lorentz force with the centripetal force gives: qvB = mv2/r (1) where q is the charge on the ion (usually +e), B the magnetic field, m is the mass of the ion and r the radius of the ion trajectory. -
Ion Trap Quantum Computer Selected Topics
Ion Trap Quantum Computer Selected Topics Ruben Andrist & Thomas Uehlinger 1 Outline Ion Traps Part I Deutsch-Josza Deutsch-Josza algorithm Problem Algorithm Implementation Part II Scalability Scalability of ion trap Problem Move ions quantum computers Microtraps Photons Charges Part III Roundup Roundup & Outlook Ruben Andrist Thomas Uehlinger 2 0:98.')4Part+8, 6: ,I39:2 .07.:09 $ " % H " !1 1# %1#% Quantum Algorithms H !1 1# %! 1#% 0"0.9743(.6:-(9 ( 5 ! ! 5 &1 ( 5 " "$1&!' 5 249(43,"6:-(9 # H !1 1# %1#%!4389,39( H !1 1# %! 1#% !,$,3.0/) ":,39:2,3,()8+8 ,+;08 9/0 7+,/9,38107 ,1907 ,8+3,(0 20,8:702039 3 W 0:98.)*# ,48.,*!74. # $4. 343/439*;99> W A0B803*C ):,3E*",3/"C*,2-7A/E0; > Implementation of the Deutsch-Josza Ion Traps algorithm using trapped ions Deutsch-Josza Problem ! show suitability of ion traps Algorithm Implementation ! relatively simple algorithm Scalability Problem ! using only one trapped ion Move ions Microtraps Photons Charges Paper: Nature 421, 48-50 (2 January 2003), doi:10.1038/nature01336; Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck ! Roundup ! MIT Media Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts Ruben Andrist Thomas Uehlinger 4 The two problems Ion Traps The Deutsch-Josza Problem: Deutsch-Josza ! Bob uses constant or balanced function Problem Alice has to determine which kind Algorithm ! Implementation Scalability Problem The Deutsch Problem: Move ions Bob uses a fair or forged coin Microtraps ! Photons ! Alice has to determine which kind Charges Roundup Ruben Andrist Thomas Uehlinger 5 Four -
240 Ion Trap GC/MS External Ionization User's Guide
Agilent 240 Ion Trap GC/MS External Ionization User’s Guide Agilent Technologies Notices © Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2011 Warranty (June 1987) or DFAR 252.227-7015 (b)(2) (November 1995), as applicable in any No part of this manual may be reproduced The material contained in this docu- technical data. in any form or by any means (including ment is provided “as is,” and is sub- electronic storage and retrieval or transla- ject to being changed, without notice, tion into a foreign language) without prior Safety Notices agreement and written consent from in future editions. Further, to the max- Agilent Technologies, Inc. as governed by imum extent permitted by applicable United States and international copyright law, Agilent disclaims all warranties, CAUTION either express or implied, with regard laws. to this manual and any information A CAUTION notice denotes a Manual Part Number contained herein, including but not hazard. It calls attention to an oper- limited to the implied warranties of ating procedure, practice, or the G3931-90003 merchantability and fitness for a par- like that, if not correctly performed ticular purpose. Agilent shall not be or adhered to, could result in Edition liable for errors or for incidental or damage to the product or loss of First edition, May 2011 consequential damages in connection important data. Do not proceed with the furnishing, use, or perfor- beyond a CAUTION notice until the Printed in USA mance of this document or of any indicated conditions are fully Agilent Technologies, Inc. information contained herein. Should understood and met. 5301 Stevens Creek Boulevard Agilent and the user have a separate Santa Clara, CA 95051 USA written agreement with warranty terms covering the material in this document that conflict with these WARNING terms, the warranty terms in the sep- A WARNING notice denotes a arate agreement shall control. -
Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid Mass Spectrometer
MASS SPECTROMETRY Product Specifications Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid Mass Spectrometer Unmatched analytical performance, revolutionary MS architecture The Thermo Scientific™ Orbitrap Fusion™ mass spectrometer combines the best of quadrupole, Orbitrap, and linear ion trap mass analysis in a revolutionary Thermo Scientific™ Tribrid™ architecture that delivers unprecedented depth of analysis. It enables life scientists working with even the most challenging samples—samples of low abundance, high complexity, or difficult-to-analyze chemical structure—to identify more compounds faster, quantify them more accurately, and elucidate molecular composition more thoroughly. • Tribrid architecture combines quadrupole, followed by ETD or EThCD for glycopeptide linear ion trap, and Orbitrap mass analyzers characterization or HCD followed by CID • Multiple fragmentation techniques—CID, for small-molecule structural analysis. HCD, and optional ETD and EThCD—are available at any stage of MSn, with The ultrahigh resolution of the Orbitrap mass subsequent mass analysis in either the ion analyzer increases certainty of analytical trap or Orbitrap mass analyzer results, enabling molecular-weight • Parallelization of MS and MSn acquisition determination for intact proteins and confident to maximize the amount of high-quality resolution of isobaric species. The unsurpassed data acquired scan rate and resolution of the system are • Next-generation ion sources and ion especially useful when dealing with complex optics increase system ease of operation and robustness and low-abundance samples in proteomics, • Innovative instrument control software metabolomics, glycomics, lipidomics, and makes setup easier, methods more similar applications. powerful, and operation more intuitive The intuitive user interface of the tune editor The Orbitrap Fusion Tribrid MS can perform and method editor makes instrument calibration a wide variety of analyses, from in-depth and method development easier. -
Methods of Ion Generation
Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 361−375 361 Methods of Ion Generation Marvin L. Vestal PE Biosystems, Framingham, Massachusetts 01701 Received May 24, 2000 Contents I. Introduction 361 II. Atomic Ions 362 A. Thermal Ionization 362 B. Spark Source 362 C. Plasma Sources 362 D. Glow Discharge 362 E. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) 363 III. Molecular Ions from Volatile Samples. 364 A. Electron Ionization (EI) 364 B. Chemical Ionization (CI) 365 C. Photoionization (PI) 367 D. Field Ionization (FI) 367 IV. Molecular Ions from Nonvolatile Samples 367 Marvin L. Vestal received his B.S. and M.S. degrees, 1958 and 1960, A. Spray Techniques 367 respectively, in Engineering Sciences from Purdue Univesity, Layfayette, IN. In 1975 he received his Ph.D. degree in Chemical Physics from the B. Electrospray 367 University of Utah, Salt Lake City. From 1958 to 1960 he was a Scientist C. Desorption from Surfaces 369 at Johnston Laboratories, Inc., in Layfayette, IN. From 1960 to 1967 he D. High-Energy Particle Impact 369 became Senior Scientist at Johnston Laboratories, Inc., in Baltimore, MD. E. Low-Energy Particle Impact 370 From 1960 to 1962 he was a Graduate Student in the Department of Physics at John Hopkins University. From 1967 to 1970 he was Vice F. Low-Energy Impact with Liquid Surfaces 371 President at Scientific Research Instruments, Corp. in Baltimore, MD. From G. Flow FAB 371 1970 to 1975 he was a Graduate Student and Research Instructor at the H. Laser Ionization−MALDI 371 University of Utah, Salt Lake City. From 1976 to 1981 he became I. -
Hydrogen Abstraction from Titanium and Zirconium Oxides
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Eberly College of Science NEW INSIGHTS IN THE GAS-PHASE ION CHEMISTRY OF GROUP IVB TRANSITION METAL OXIDES: CLUSTER MODELS FOR CATALYSIS A Dissertation in Chemistry by Christopher L. Harmon © 2016 Christopher L. Harmon Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2016 The dissertation of Christopher L. Harmon was reviewed and approved* by the following: A. W. Castleman, Jr. Evan Pugh Professor of Chemistry and Physics Eberly Distinguished Chair in Science Dissertation Adviser Chair of Committee Nicholas Winograd Evan Pugh Professor of Chemistry Lasse Jensen Associate Professor of Chemistry Robert M. Rioux Friedrich G. Helfferich Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering Professor of Chemistry Kenneth S. Feldman Professor of Chemistry Graduate Program Chair *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. ii Abstract The study of gas-phase cluster models has emerged as a useful tool to model catalytic active sites on surfaces. By observing how the reactivity of TMO clusters changes with cluster size, active site, and metal composition, we draw insights about the molecular factors governing reactivity and selectivity. The aim is to provide a conceptual framework to drive the development of improved catalysts with higher activity and selectivity. As group IVB transition metal oxides (TMOs) are widely used as catalysts and supports, we have undertaken mass spectrometric reactivity studies of titanium, zirconium, and hafnium oxide clusters with small organic molecules of interest in catalysis. We particularly note the differences in reactivity observed as the identity of the + metal in the cluster changes. We report the reactivity of MxO2x (M = Ti, Zr) clusters that contain radical atomic oxygen, O•−, with methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, and propylene. -
Electrification Ionization: Fundamentals and Applications
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 11-12-2019 Electrification Ionization: undamentalsF and Applications Bijay Kumar Banstola Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Analytical Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Banstola, Bijay Kumar, "Electrification Ionization: undamentalsF and Applications" (2019). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 5103. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/5103 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. ELECTRIFICATION IONIZATION: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Chemistry by Bijay Kumar Banstola B. Sc., Northwestern State University of Louisiana, 2011 December 2019 This dissertation is dedicated to my parents: Tikaram and Shova Banstola my wife: Laxmi Kandel ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my advisor Professor Kermit K. Murray, for his continuous support and guidance throughout my Ph.D. program. Without his unwavering guidance and continuous help and encouragement, I could not have completed this program. I am also thankful to my committee members, Professor Isiah M. Warner, Professor Kenneth Lopata, and Professor Shengli Chen. I thank Dr. Fabrizio Donnarumma for his assistance and valuable insights to overcome the hurdles throughout my program. I appreciate Miss Connie David and Dr. -
MASS SPECTROSCOPY APPLIED to GAS LEAK DETECTION and FUEL IONIZATION by JAYANTH POTHIREDDY a THESIS PRESENTED to the GRADUATE
MASS SPECTROSCOPY APPLIED TO GAS LEAK DETECTION AND FUEL IONIZATION By JAYANTH POTHIREDDY A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2003 Copyright 2003 by Jayanth Pothireddy To my friends ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to sincerely thank Dr. Corin Segal for giving me this wonderful opportunity and for his unlimited support, understanding and incredible patience without which I would not have successfully completed my thesis. I would also like to thank Dr. David Mikolaitis and Dr. Martin Vala for their support and Dr. Norman Fitz-Coy for his valuable suggestions. Many thanks go to Mr. Jan Szczepanski for giving me “first lessons” on mass spectrometry, invaluable suggestions, tremendous support and help in developing the mass spectrometry system. My heartfelt thanks go to my friends Venkat, Sujith, Gopi, Anand, “Iranian bros” Amir and Omid, Weizhong, Sampath, Harsha, Adil, Anant, Sasidhar, Charan, Danny, Jonas, Nelson, Zhu Wei, Ron, “Dr” Amit, Errol, Anurag, Priya, Amit “Saale” and Balaji for their support and understanding. I thank Ron Brown for constructing a nice model of the Space Shuttle aft compartment and for his help in moving the mass spectrometer cart to and fro from “chemistry” to “aero.” iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES...........................................................................................................vii -
Mass Spectrometry (Part-II) Electrostatic Acceleration System
S.O.s. in environmental chemistry Jiwaji university, gwalior Presentation on:- Mass Spectrometry (part-II) Electrostatic Acceleration System:- 1) The positive ions formed in the ionisation chamber are withdrawn by the electric field which exists between the first accelerator plate and the second repeller plate. 2) A strong electrostatic field between accelerator and repeller plate accelerates the ions of masses m1 m2 m3... to their final velocities. 3) The ions which escape through slit having velocities and kinetic energies give. 2 2 2 eV=1/2m1v1 =1/2m2v2 =1/2m3v3 ...... Vacuum system:- 1) A high vacuum is to be maintained. 2) The inlet system is generally maintained at 0.015 torr, the ion source at 10-15 torr and analyzer tube at 10-7 torr or as low as possible. 3) Oil diffusion and mercury diffusion pumps are commonly used in different types of combination Mass analyzers:- 1) Separate ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) 2) Operate under high vacuum (keeps ions from bumping into gas molecules) 3) Actually measure mass-to-charge ratio of ions (m/z) Types of mass analyzers:- 1) Quadrupole mass analyzer 2) Time of flight analyzer (TOF) 3) Magnetic sector mass analyzer a) Single focusing b) Double focusing 4) Quadrupole ion trap mass analyzer Quadrupole mass analyzer:- 1) It consists of 4 voltage carrying rods. 2) The ions are pass from one end to another end 3) During this apply the radiofrequency and voltage complex oscillations will takes place. 4) Here the single positive charge ions shows the stable oscillation and the remaining the shows the unstable oscillations Magnetic Sector Mass Analyzer:- In magnetic sector analyzers ions are accelerated through a flight tube, where the ions are separated by charge to mass ratios. -
A Researcher's Guide to Mass Spectrometry‐Based Proteomics
Proteomics 2016, 16, 2435–2443 DOI 10.1002/pmic.201600113 2435 TUTORIAL A researcher’s guide to mass spectrometry-based proteomics John P. Savaryn1,2∗, Timothy K. Toby3∗ and Neil L. Kelleher1,3,4 1 Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA 2 Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA 3 Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA 4 Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA Mass spectrometry (MS) is widely recognized as a powerful analytical tool for molecular re- Received: February 24, 2016 search. MS is used by researchers around the globe to identify, quantify, and characterize Revised: May 18, 2016 biomolecules like proteins from any number of biological conditions or sample types. As Accepted: July 8, 2016 instrumentation has advanced, and with the coupling of liquid chromatography (LC) for high- throughput LC-MS/MS, a proteomics experiment measuring hundreds to thousands of pro- teins/protein groups is now commonplace. While expert practitioners who best understand the operation of LC-MS systems tend to have strong backgrounds in physics and engineering, consumers of proteomics data and technology are not exposed to the physio-chemical principles underlying the information they seek. Since articles and reviews tend not to focus on bridging this divide, our goal here is to span this gap and translate MS ion physics into language intuitive to the general reader active in basic or applied biomedical research. Here, we visually describe what happens to ions as they enter and move around inside a mass spectrometer. We describe basic MS principles, including electric current, ion optics, ion traps, quadrupole mass filters, and Orbitrap FT-analyzers. -
Ion Trap Quantum Computing with Ca+Ions
Quantum Information Processing, Vol. 3, Nos. 1–5, October 2004 (© 2004) Ion Trap Quantum Computing with Ca+ Ions R. Blatt,1,2 H. Haffner,¨ 1 C. F. Roos,1 C. Becher,1,3 and F. Schmidt-Kaler1 Received April 6, 2004; accepted April 22, 2004 The scheme of an ion trap quantum computer is described and the implementation of quantum gate operations with trapped Ca+ ions is discussed. Quantum infor- mation processing with Ca+ ions is exemplified with several recent experiments investigating entanglement of ions. KEY WORDS: Quantum computation; trapped ions; ion trap quantum com- puter; Bell states; entanglement; controlled-NOT gate; state tomography; laser cooling. PACS: 03.67.Lx; 03.67.Mn; 32.80.Pj. 1. INTRODUCTION Quantum information processing was proposed and considered first by Feynman and Deutsch.(1,2) The requirements for a quantum processor are nowadays known as the DiVincenzo criteria.(3) Storing and processing quan- tum information requires: (i) scalable physical systems with well-defined qubits; which (ii) can be initialized; and have (iii) long lived quantum states in order to ensure long coherence times during the computational pro- cess. The necessity to coherently manipulate the stored quantum informa- tion requires: (iv) a set of universal gate operations between the qubits which must be implemented using controllable interactions of the quantum systems; and finally, to determine reliably the outcome of a quantum compu- tation (v) an efficient measurement procedure. In recent years, a large vari- ety of physical systems have been proposed and investigated for their use in 1Institut fur¨ Experimentalphysik, Universitat¨ Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. -
Arxiv:1512.05503V4 [Physics.Plasm-Ph] 14 Mar 2016
Multipole Electrodynamic Ion Trap Geometries for Microparticle Confinement Multipole Electrodynamic Ion Trap Geometries for Microparticle Confinement under Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure Conditions Bogdan M. Mihalcea,1, a) Liviu C. Giurgiu,2 Cristina Stan,3 Gina T. Vi¸san,1 Mihai Ganciu,1 Vladimir E. Filinov,4 Dmitry Lapitsky,4, b) Lidiya Deputatova,4 and Roman Syrovatka4 1)National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics (INFLPR), Atomi¸stilorStr. Nr. 409, 077125 M˘agurele, Ilfov, Romania 2)University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics, Atomistilor Str. Nr. 405, 077125 M˘agurele, Romania 3)Department of Physics, Politehnica University, 313 Splaiul Independent¸ei, RO-060042, Bucharest, Romania 4)Joint Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Izhorskaya Str. 13, Bd. 2, 125412 Moscow, Russia Trapping of microparticles and aerosols is of great interest for physics and chemistry. We report microparticle trapping in case of multipole linear Paul trap geometries, operating under Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure (SATP) conditions. An 8-electrode and a 12-electrode linear trap geometries have been designed and tested with an aim to achieve trapping for larger number of particles and to study microparticle dynamical stability in electrodynamic fields. We report emergence of planar and volume ordered structures of microparticles, depending on the a.c. trap- ping frequency and particle specific charge ratio. The electric potential within the trap is mapped using the electrolytic tank method. Particle dynamics is simulated using a stochastic Langevin equation. We emphasize extended regions of stable trap- ping with respect to quadrupole traps, as well as good agreement between experiment and numerical simulations.