Women and Men in Romania

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WOMEN AND MEN IN ROMANIA Bogdan GREABU Monica APOSTOL This presentation summarizes the Romanian experience in the gender statistics and is based on the publication “Women and men - life and work partnership” issued every two years by the National Institute of Statistics.

The publication outlines statistically the partnership between women and men in family life and at work. The main fields under analysis are demography, health, education, labour force and population income.

Note: Some data presented are provisional and will be revised based on the resident population re-estimated in accordance with the Population and Housing Census 2011 results.

2 Demographic aspects

• On January 1, 2013 the population of Romania was 20,020,074 inhabitants, of which 48.8% men and 51.2% women.

• The masculinity ratio was 952 men per 1,000 women; the disproportion is more pronounced for population aged 65 and over (673 men per 1,000 women).

3 • The male population outnumbers the female up to the age of 50; from this age on, the number of women is higher and can be double at the age of 85 and over. Sex ratio on January 1, 2013 (men=100) 225 200 199 172 175 158 150 143 117 126 125 110 Percent 102 100 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 75 93 94 96

9 9

29 14 19 24 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 69 74 79

84 84

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85+

25 10 15 20 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 4 • Marriage rate had a decreasing trend in the last five years, from 6.6 to 5.1 marriages per 1,000 persons. Marriage rate 7 6,6 5,7 6 5,2 5,4 5,1 5 4 3 2 1

0 Marriages per 1,000 persons 1,000 per Marriages 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

5 • Young people tend to postpone marriage because of changes in living conditions as well as growing challenges in their education and qualifications needed for stable jobs. • In 2013, mean age at first Mean age at first marriage 29.9 marriage was higher than in 30 29.1 29.1 29.3 29.6 28 26.7 2009 by 0.8 years for men 25.8 26.0 26.2 26.4 and by 0.9 years for women. 26

Age 24 22 20 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Men Women

6 • The tendency of mean age at first marriage to increase has been accompanied by a similar rise in the mean age at which women give birth to their first child. Mean age of women at first childbearing

• In the last 5 years, the mean 27 26.5 age at first childbearing 26.2 26.3 26.0 increased by 0.9 years. 26

25.6 Age 25

24 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

7 • Social and economic changes taking place in the last years did not influence significantly the divorciality, its level being kept low enough (under 1.80 divorces per 1,000 persons).

• The highest frequency of Divorce rate 2 1,78 divorces in 2013 was 1,59 1,61 1,56 registered for age group 1,34 1

30-34 for women and persons

35-39 for men. 1,000 per Divorces 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

8 • Average duration of marriage of divorcing couples was 13.6 years in 2013, with 0.3 years longer than in 2009.

• Number of divorces because of the husband was 3 times higher than those because of wife.

9 Health

• In 2013, life expectancy at birth reached 74.74 years, 71.24 for men and 78.28 for women.

• In recent years, life expectancy at birth slightly but constantly increased for both genders.

10 • In 2013, women had an average lifetime with 7.04 years more than men, the difference between genders decreasing compared to 2009 (when the difference was 7.41 years). Life expectancy at birth

80 78.28 77.09 77.30 77.53 77.86 75 71.24 69.76 70.72

Age 69.68 70.11 70

65 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Men Women

11 • In 2013, there were 109 dead men per 100 dead women. • Main death causes are highly different between men and women. Main death causes by gender, 2013

12 • Men mortality is higher than women’s in case of tumors, respiratory system diseases, digestive diseases system, infectious diseases, traumatic injuries, poisoning and other external causes. • For the female population, circulatory system diseases – and especially cerebrovascular accidents – account for more casualties than for men. • Other higher figures for women compared to men are in the case of nervous system, endocrine diseases, nutrition and metabolism.

13 Education

• Most adults have medium education level; women represent most of graduates from higher education. • In 2013, the proportion of persons aged 25-64 with a medium level of education was 60.6%, with high differences by gender: 64.7% of men and 56.7% of women. • About a quarter of women had a low level of education in 2013.

Note: Higher level: short term and long term university, including master , Ph.D., post-Ph.D. and post-university studies Medium level: post high school specialty, high school, including the first level, vocational, complementary or apprentice Low level: gymnasium, primary and no school 14 • In the last years, the proportion of the population aged 25-64 with high education has increased for both genders, but more pronounced for women. Structure of population aged 25-64, by education level 2009 2013

70 66.0 70 64.7 57.0 56.7 60 60 50 50 40 40 29.7 26.9 30 20.9 30 20.4 20 13.1 13.3 20 14.9 16.4 10 10 0 0 low medium higher low medium higher

Men Women Men Women

15 • Young persons aged 20-24 with at least medium education level represented in 2013 almost 80% of total young persons belonging to this age group. Weight of young persons aged 20-24 with at least • For women, this ratio is medium education level, by gender 82 81.3 80.8 81.0 higher than for men, 78.4 78.5 80 77.8 78.9 77.7 78.8 77.9

the gap in 2013 being 2.5 - 78 % % - 76 percentage points, higher 74 than in 2009, but lower 72 than in 2011. 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Men Women Source: Household labour force survey

16 • The long-life learning (the percentage of the population aged 25-64 years in education or training in the four weeks preceding the survey*) was only 2.0% in 2013, with some difference by gender in favor of men (2.2%, compared to 1.9% in case of women). • This percentage had an Participation rate in education and training of the population aged 25-64 years, by sex 3 upward trend compared to 2.2 1.9 2009 for both genders, but 2 1.6 1.6 1.5 % 1.3 with a distinct tendency for 1

men. 0 2009 2011 2013 Men Women * Household labour force survey Source: Household labour force survey 17 Labour Force

• In 2013, active population (employed and unemployed) was 9,977,068 persons, over half being men (55.8%). • Employed population was 9,247,397 persons, out of which 44.5% were women. • The employment rate of working age population (15-64 years) was 52.6% for women and 66.8% for men in 2013.

18 • The gap between employment rates (for 15-64 years) by gender had an increasing trend in the recent years, from 13.2 percentage points in 2009 to 14.2 percentage points in 2013. Employment rate for working age population, by gender 66.5 70 65.2 65.7 65.0 66.8 65 60 52.0 52.6 52.6 55 52.0 52.0 % 50 45 40 35 30 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Men Women Source: Household labour force survey 19 • In 2013, from the total employed population, women represented 68.8% of contributing family workers, 44.7% of employees and 29.1% of self employed.

• The highest discrepancy by gender is noticed among employers, the number of women in this category being by 2.6 times lower than men.

20 • Only 0.8% from women was employer in 2013, compared to 1.6% from men. • In the female population, the proportion of self employed was almost half than that of the male population. Structure of employed population by status in employment in 2013 1.6 Men 67.6 23.9 6.9 0.8 Women 68.1 12.2 18.9

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percent Employee Employer Self employed* Contributing family worker

* Including member of agricultural company or non-agricultural company Source: Household labour force survey

21 • In 2013, the fields of activity with a prevalent women employment were: ‒ health and social assistance (80.9%) ‒ education (76.0%) ‒ financial intermediation (67.4%) ‒ hotels and restaurants (62.0%) ‒ professional, scientific and technical activities (55.1%) ‒ trade (55.1%) ‒ entertainment (52.8%)

22 • Except traditional activities where men prevail (construction 92.5%, mining and quarrying 87.9%, transportation 82.1% etc.) they are also a majority in: ‒ activities of administrative services and activities of support services (74.6%) ‒ public administration and defense; public insurance system (63.2%) ‒ information and communication (60.9%) ‒ real estate transactions (52.1%)

23 • By occupational groups men prevailed in the group of : ‒ craft and related workers (78.6%) ‒ managers (68.5%) ‒ unskilled workers (56.0%) ‒ skilled workers in agriculture, forestry and fishing (52.1%)

24 • In the group of managers, the number of men was 2.2 times higher than of women in 2013. Women prevailed in the groups of clerical support workers (64.3%), services and sales workers (61.4%), professionals (58.3%) and technicians and associate professionals (55.1%). Structure of employed population by gender and major occupational groups, in 2013 GM 1: Managers 100% GM 2: Professionals Technicians and associate 80% 35.7 38.6 GM 3: professionals 41.7 44.9 52.1 60% 68.5 78.6 66.9 GM 4: Clerical support workers 40% GM 5: Services and sales workers 58.3 55.1 64.3 61.4 Skilled workers in agriculture, 20% 47.9 GM 6: 31.5 21.4 33.1 forestry and fishing 0% GM 7: Craft and related workers GM 1 GM 2 GM 3 GM 4 GM 5 GM 6 GM 7 GM 8, 9, 0 GM 8, 9, 0: Other groups of occupations Women Men Source: Household labour force survey

25 • Unemployment rate is lower in case of women compared to men.

• In 2013, unemployment rate* Unemployment rate

(ratio of ILO unemployed in active 10 7.7 7.9 7.9 7.6 7.9 6.5 6.4 population) was 7.3%. 5.8 6.8 6.6 5 • Female unemployment rate %

(6.6%) was lower than the male 0 one (7.9%). 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Men Women

* According to the criteria of International Labour Office (ILO) Source: Household labour force survey

26 • Unemployment rate for women is lower than that for men at almost all age groups, except 15-24 years group. • We can see the most significant difference at the 25-34 and over 55 years groups. Unemployment rate by gender and age group in 2013 23.9 25 23.5 20 15 9.7

Age 10 7.9 5.9 5.2 4.8 5.1 3.8 5 1.8 0 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+ Men Women Source: Household labour force survey

27 Population income

• The men’s average gross and net earnings are higher than the ones of women as well as the average per economy. • In 2013, the men’s average net salary earnings were 1,640 lei, by 8.7% higher than the women’s ones. • Differences of qualification level, hierarchical position at work place and occupation, influence the level of earnings for women and men who work in various activities of the national economy.

28 • In most economy fields, men have net monthly salary average earnings

higher than those of women. Average net salary earnings by gender

2100 • The highest differences 1800 1581 1640 1466 1530 1424 1509 (over 25%) are to be found 1500 1405 1310 1308 1349 1200 in financial intermediation 900 Lei/person 600 and insurance, other 300 related services and the 0 processing industry. 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Men Women

Source: Labour cost survey

29 • Except the category of invalidity pension, in the last years, for all the other categories of pensions, the number of men was lower than that of women. Average number of social insurance pensioners, by pension category and by gender (thou. persons)

2009 2011 2013 Men Women Men Women Men Women Age limit 1753 2189 1723 2228 1688 2237 Anticipated 3 6 3 6 6 8 Partial anticipated 41 71 49 76 43 59 Invalidity 476 450 450 397 405 337

30 • The level of average pension for women is under that of the average pension for men in all cases. • In the last years, the category Monthly average social insurance pension, by of pension for age limit pension category and by gender in 2013 1200 1159 1048 registered the highest gap 943 900 725 680 between the value of pension 591 620 600 520 for women and for men (about 300 60% in 2013), the lowest gap Lei/person 0 being registered for the Age limit Anticipated Partial Invalidity category of anticipated anticipated pension (about 11% in 2013). Men Women 31 • Total average income of households had much higher values in case of households headed by men, compared to those where women are household head.

Population total income, by gender of household head

-lei- Households with household head: Years Men Women Monthly average 2009 2558.5 1625.4 per household 2013 2800.9 1906.2 Monthly average 2009 809.7 745.9 per person 2013 899.8 880.6

32 • The total income of men headed households was about 1.5 times higher than that of women headed households in 2013 (1.6 times in 2009).

• The average income of households headed by women represented 68.1% from the average income of households headed by men in 2013 (63.5% in 2009).

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