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Manichaeism and Early Christianity

Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies

Editors

Jason D. BeDuhn Dylan M. Burns Johannes van Oort

Editorial Board

a.d. deconick – w.-p. funk – i. gardner

s.n.c. lieu – h. lundhaug – a. marjanen – l. painchaud n.a. pedersen – t. rasimus – s.g. richter m. scopello – j.d. turner † – g. wurst

volume 99

The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/nhms

Manichaeism and Early Christianity

Selected Papers from the 2019 Pretoria Congress and Consultation

Edited by

Johannes van Oort

leiden | boston

The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov lc record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Manichaeism and early Christianity (Conference) (2019 : University of
Pretoria), author. | Oort, J. van (Johannes), editor.
Title: Manichaeism and early Christianity : selected papers from the 2019 Pretoria congress and consultation / edited by Johannes van Oort.
Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2021] | Series: Nag Hammadi and Manichaean studies, 0929-2470 ; volume 99 | Includes bibliographical references and index. | English and French.
Identifiers: lccn 2020045264 (print) | lccn 2020045265 (ebook) | isbn 9789004445451 (hardback) | isbn 9789004445468 (ebook)
Subjects: lcsh: Christianity and other religions–Manichaeism–Congresses. |
Manichaeism–Relations–Christianity–Congresses. | Gnosticism–Congresses.
Classification: lcc bt1410 .m317 2019 (print) | lcc bt1410 (ebook) | ddc 273/.2–dc23 lc record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020045264 lc ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020045265

Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill‑typeface.

issn 0929-2470 isbn 978-90-04-44545-1 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-44546-8 (e-book)

Copyright 2021 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Requests for re-use and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill nv via brill.com or copyright.com.

This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.

Contents

Preface vii Notes on Contributors ix

1

The Religious Innovator Tatian: A Precursor of Mani in Syrian

  • Christianity?
  • 1

Josef Lössl

2

Antithèses en mutation, de Marcion à Mani 24

Michel Tardieu

3

The Diatessaronic Sequence of Mani’s Sermon on the Life of Christ in

the Berlin Kephalaia 35
Zsuzsanna Gulácsi

4

The Strange Case of ‘Quire A’ in the Dublin Kephalaia Codex: Further

Thoughts on Mani’s Book of Mysteries, M28i and the First Apocalypse of James 51
Iain Gardner

567

Mani’s Book of Mysteries: A Treatise De anima  70
Dylan M. Burns

A Manichaean Reading of the Gospel of Thomas  98
René Falkenberg

“For only our lord the Paraclete is competent to praise you as you deserve” (P.Kell.Gr. 63): Identifying a Roman-Egyptian Patron of the Manichaeans in Kellis 128

Mattias Brand

89

Les Acta Archelai et ses principaux personnages: Notes historiques et lexicales 152

Madeleine Scopello

Snakes in the Garden and Tares in the Wheat Field: Ephrem of Nisibis’ Polemic of Lineage against the Manichaeans 186

Robert Morehouse

vi

contents

10 Manichaeism in John Chrysostom’s Heresiology 225

Chris L. de Wet

11 Augustine’s De pulchro et apto and its Manichaean Context 253

Johannes van Oort

12 Thing and Argument: On the Function of the Scenario in Augustine’s De

beata vita  288
Therese Fuhrer

13 Augustine, Faustus, and the Jews 302

Jason David BeDuhn

14 Pelagius against the Manichaeans: Real Opponents or Clichéd
Heresiology? 324

Nils Arne Pedersen

15 Evodius of Uzalis and the Development of Manichaeism in Roman
North Africa 351

Aäron Vanspauwen

16 The ‘Children’ of the Manichaeans: Wandering Extreme Ascetics in the
Roman East Compared 374

Rea Matsangou

17 The Afterlife of Manichaeism in Neoplatonic Education 401

Byard Bennett

Index of Antique and Modern Personal Names 433

Preface

This volume contains the selected papers from the 2019 congress and subsequent consultation ‘Manichaeism and Early Christianity’ which was organized as part of the research project ‘Augustine and Manichaeism’ at the University of Pretoria. Nine contributions were read and discussed at the Congress that took place from 21–23 March 2019 in Brooklyn, Pretoria; the other contributions came from project participants unable to attend in Pretoria but happily willing to shed their specialist light on parts of the theme. All chapters have been thoroughly peer-reviewed by the best experts worldwide. The result is a book that uniquely explores the relationship between Mani’s religion (once again it turned out to be essentially a ‘Gnostic’ form of heretic Christianity) and diverse expressions of early mainstream and also other ‘Gnostic’ types of Christendom. In fact, this publication is the first major exploration of a largely undeveloped field of research that aims to study the relationship between Manichaeism and varied Early Christianity. Nevertheless, all experts inthedisciplinewillagreethatstillmuchcanandshouldbedoneinthisimportant field. To name just a few major research wishes: how was the relationship between Mani’s Church and the Jewish-Christian Elkesaites originally and later on?; to what extent was Athanasius acquainted with Mani’s religion and probably with Manichaeans in his immediate environments?; to what extent did Manichaean questions influence the development of the dogmata and confessional formulas of mainstream Catholic churches?; what about the enigmatic

writing A d I ustinu m M anichaeu m c ontr a d u o p rincipi a M anichaeoru m e t d e v era

carne Christi, often ascribed to the—in fact not much less enigmatic and still understudied—Roman rhetor and Christian Marius Victorinus? Etc.!
These last observations may not only indicate how many results can still be expected in our new and rich field of research: they may also implicate to what extent wonderful results can alreadybe reported.This book bears witness toindepthresearchintoMani’spredecessors;newlightonsomeof hisownwritings; surprisingresultswhencomparingManichaeantextswithanumberof theNag Hammadi documents; a new analysis of some of the recent Kellis finds; thoroughexaminationof writingsbymainstreamChristianauthorswho—whether or not attesting to unique knowledge of Manichaean thought or writ—dealt with Manichaean principles and practices: (Pseudo-)Hegemonius, Ephrem the Syrian, John Chrysostom, Augustine, Pelagius, Evodius of Uzalis, later Greek ecclesiastical writers and even a Neoplatonic inspired philosophical instruction published here for the first time with analysis of its ecclesiastical setting in the manuscripts. The philosophical and theological questions emphatically

viii

preface

raised by the Manichaeans have dominated the discussions for centuries, and not least the writings of Church Father Augustine provide an example in this regard that has had a great and even lasting influence on Western thought.

Thinking about the contents of this book, the bright days of March 2019 come to mind again. From entirely different places in the world, a unique band of researchers came together for two days of intensive discussion of a dozen in-depth research papers. From the outset this conference had been called a ‘congress’, but perhaps better—if this would not have triggered possible misunderstandings among those who go for the literal meaning of a word—a ‘symposium’. Anyway, thedeliciousdiscussionscompletedwithdeliciousmealsand drinks, and finally a visit to the Cradle of Mankind with a lion park game drive, have become unforgettable for many.
The editor of this collection would like to express his special gratitude not onlytoallwhomadetheirscientificcontributionsthenandlater, butalsotothe Deanof Universityof Pretoria’sFacultyof TheologyandReligion, Prof. JerryPillay, for his support, and to its Deputy Dean and Supervisor of Research, Prof. Ernest van Eck, for opening the conference. The Board of the International Association of Manichaean Studies was so kind as to accept the 2019 Pretoria meeting as one of its congresses and both its President, Nils Arne Pedersen, and Vice-President, Jason BeDuhn, were present and actively participated in the deliberations. Our highly esteemed colleague Chris de Wet from the University of South Africa (unisa) in Pretoria gave many valuable advice. Wilma de Weert was once again a great support at Brill, as was Louise Schouten, who even attended our conference. The young Leuven doctor Aaron Vanspauwen was of great help in compiling an Index.

Brooklyn, Pretoria, the 13th of November 2020, JvO

Notes on Contributors

Jason David BeDuhn

is Professor of Religious Studies at Northern Arizona University. Among his

recent publications are Augustine’s Manichaean Dilemma: 1: Conversion and Apostasy, 373–38 8 c . e . and 2: Making a ‘Catholic’ Self, 388–40 1 c . e ., University of

Pennsylvania Press, 2010 and 2013.

Byard Bennett

is Emeritus Professor of Historical and PhilosophicalTheology at Grand Rapids Theological Seminary/Cornerstone University. His publications have focused on Greek Christian philosophical texts of the patristic, Byzantine, and postByzantine periods.

Mattias Brand

is a postdoctoral fellow at the Zürich Institute for the Study of Religions. He received his PhD at Leiden University (2019) on ‘The Manichaeans of Kellis: Religion, Community, and Everyday Life in Late Antiquity’. His research interests include late antique religion, Manichaeism, Early Christian diversity, as well as method and theory in the study of religion.

Dylan M. Burns

is a research associate at Freie Universität Berlin. He has published several books and many articles on Gnosticism, later Greek philosophy, early Christianity, and their modern reception, recently including New Antiquities (Equinox, 2019) and Did God Care? (Brill, 2020).

René Falkenberg

(Aarhus University) is associate professor of New Testament Studies. He has published on Paul, Manichaeism, and texts from Nag Hammadi. Currently he works in the Biblia Manichaica Project and on a monograph on Eugnostos the

Blessed (nhc iii,3 and v,1) entitled Immortal among Mortals (Brill).
Therese Fuhrer

holds the Chair of Latin at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich. She is the author and editor of several books such as (with Martin Hose) Das antike

Drama, München: Beck 2017 and (with Simone Adam) Augustinus, Contr a A ca-

demicos, De beata vita, De ordine (Bibliotheca Teubneriana 2022), Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter 2017.

x

notes on contributors

Iain Gardner

is Professor of the History of Religions at the University of Sydney, and a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Humanities. His recent publications include The

Founder of Manichaeism. Rethinking the Life of Mani, Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press 2020.

Zsuzsanna Gulácsi

is Professor of Art History and Asian Studies at Northern Arizona University,

Flagstaff. She is the author of Manichaean Art in Berlin Collections (Brepols 2001), Mediaeval Manichaean Book Art (Brill 2005), and Mani’s Pictures: The Didactic Images of the Manichaeans from Sasanian Mesopotamia to Uygur Cen- tral Asia and Tang-Ming China (Brill 2015).

Josef Lössl

isProfessorof ReligiousStudiesandTheologyatCardiff University, specializing inthestudyof earlyChristianity, patristicsandLateAntiquity. Heisco-editorof

A Companion to Religion in Late Antiquity (Wiley Blackwell 2018) and currently

working on a commentary on Tatian’s Oratio ad Graecos in the series Kommen-

tar zu frühchristlichen Apologeten (KfA).
Rea Matsangou

is a member of the Department of History, Archaeology and Social Anthropology, University of Thessaly, Greece, and PhD candidate at the University of Leiden. Most recent publication: ‘Real and Imagined Manichaeans in Greek Patristic Anti-Manichaica (4th–6th centuries)’, in: Manichaeism East and West (cfm. Analecta Manichaica 1), Turnhout: Brepols 2017, 159–170.

Robert Morehouse

is an adjunct professor of Arabic at Liberty University (USA).

Johannes van Oort

(em. Prof. Utrecht University and Radboud University Nijmegen) is an extraordinary Professor of Patristics at the University of Pretoria. Among his most

recentpublicationsis Man i a n d A ugustine . C ollecte d E ssay s o n M ani , M anichae-

ism and Augustine, Leiden-Boston: Brill 2020.

Nils Arne Pedersen

(Aarhus University, Denmark) is an associate professor of Church History. Among his most recent publications (as senior author) is The New Testament

Gospels in Manichaean Tradition: The Sources in Syriac, Greek, Coptic, Middle

notes on contributors

xi

Persian, Parthian, Sogdian, Bactrian, New Persian, and Arabic, Turnhout: Bre-

pols 2020.

Madeleine Scopello

faha, Correspondent of Institut de France (Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres), is em. Director of research at Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Paris) and em. Director of studies at École Pratique des Hautes Études (chair of Gnose et Manichéisme).

Michel Tardieu

is emeritus Professor at the Collège de France (Paris), Histoire des syncrétismes de la fin de l’Antiquité (1991–2008). He has published many books and papers on Gnosticism, Manichaeism, and Greek philosophy.

Aäron Vanspauwen

is a postdoctoral researcher (fwo—Research Foundation Flanders) at ku Leuven. His research focuses on the polemics between mainstream Christianity and Manichaeism in North Africa. Recent publication: In Defence of Faith,

Against the Manichaeans. Critical Edition and Historical, Literary and Theolog- ical Study of the Treatise Aduersus Manichaeos, Attributed to Evodius of Uzalis

(ipm 79), Turnhout: Brepols, 2020.

Chris L. de Wet

is Associate Professor of New Testament and Early Christian Studies at the University of South Africa, Pretoria. He has written two monographs, Preach-

ing Bondage: John Chrysostom and the Discourse of Slavery in Early Christianity (California, 2015) and The Unbound God: Slavery and the Formation of Early Christian Thought (Routledge, 2018).

1
The Religious Innovator Tatian: A Precursor of Mani in Syrian Christianity?

Josef Lössl

Abstract

Tatian the Syrian, author of an Oration to the Greeks and the Diatessaron, who flour-

ished in the second half of the second century (150–180+), has long been looked at in the context of the study of the early Christian sources of Manichaeism. In the past attempts were made to draw direct links between Tatian, early Syriac Christianity, and early Manichaeism. F.C. Burkitt, for example, suggested that the name “Tatian” might be the Greek version of the apostle “Addai”, protagonist of the Syriac Doctrine of Addai, which H.J.W. Drijvers later proposed to be a Christian appropriation of a Manichaean tradition. Yet later, J.C. Reeves found many elements that occur in Tatian’s Oration recurring in third-century Mesopotamian literature and thus feed into an emerging Manichaean tradition. This paper does not attempt to draw a direct link between Tatian’s second century teaching and Mani’s teaching but looks at some of Tatian’s teachings as put forward in the Oration. It asks to what extent these show characteristics that may be found later in Mani’s teaching. The focus will be on three areas: 1) Tatian’s concept of Pneuma, the working of which Tatian seems to explain (in some places) in surprisingly materialistic terms; this will be compared with a Manichaean text; 2) Tatian’s assumed “leanings” towards Encratism; and 3) in connection with (2), passages in the Oration that deal with issues related to women and gender. Overall, Tatian’s original thinking in some of these areas is analysed with a view to the concept of “innovation” in late-antique religion.

Introduction: Innovation and Innovators in Ancient Religion

In relation to Mani and his teaching the question has recently been asked how scholars of ancient religions work with concepts such as innovation and inventioninreligion.1Atwhatpointwilltheyrecognizeareligionasa“new”religion?

1 See e.g. N. Baker-Brian, “A New Religion? The Emergence of Manichaeism in Late Antiquity,”

© koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2021 | doi:10.1163/9789004445468_002

2

lössl

When is a religion a new religion in antiquity? What is a new religion in antiquity?2 Mani (216–ca. 274) of course did found a new religion, consciously so; and he was confirmed by a tradition (even a Church) that lasted for centuries. In that respect he was in a sense a predecessor of Muhammad, another religious founder figure of late antiquity, in seventh century Arabia, who was even less coy about being an innovator than Mani was.3
But being innovative in religion is not necessarily the same as inventing, creating, or founding a (new) religion. Many small innovative steps were taken by many figures in the run-up to the momentous steps that Mani took during his life-time, or his followers took in his wake. One could think of a number of strong individual characters, figures with revolutionary ideas, highly innovative designs and impressive literary oeuvres, who found themselves nevertheless sidelined by the reception process, or who never thought of themselves as founder figures. In connection with that we need to consider the link between innovation and tradition.4 Many great figures slotted into traditions, enriching them from inside, while others breached the traditions in which they were originally situated, whether intentionally or unintentionally, via reception processes, thus creating new traditions, sometimes superseding older ones.

in: J. Lössl and N. Baker-Brian (eds.) A Companion to Religion in Late Antiquity (Hoboken,

NJ: Wiley, 2018), 318–343 at 337–340, who refers to A. Houtman a.o. (eds.), Empsychoi Logoi.

Religious Innovations in Antiquity. Studies in Honour of Pieter Willem van der Horst (Leiden:

Brill, 2008); A. DeConick, “The Countercultural Gnostic: Turning the World Upside Down and Inside Out,” Gnosis: Journal for Gnostic Studies 1 (2016) 7–35; and J. BeDuhn, “Mani and the Crystallization of the Concept of Religion in Third Century Iran,” in: I. Gardner a.o. (eds.),

Mani at the Court of the Persian Kings. Studies on the Chester Beatty Kephalaia Codex (Leiden:

Brill, 2015), 247–275.
2 Some altogether deny the existence of religions in antiquity, e.g. B. Nongbri, Before Religion : A

Histor y o f a M oder n C oncept (New Haven, ct:Yale University Press), discussed in Baker-Brian,

Recommended publications
  • Abbreviations

    Abbreviations

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  • Crucifixion in Antiquity: an Inquiry Into the Background and Significance of the New Testament Terminology of Crucifixion

    Crucifixion in Antiquity: an Inquiry Into the Background and Significance of the New Testament Terminology of Crucifixion

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  • ECCLESIAE OCCIDENTALIS MONUMENTA IURIS ANTIQUISSIMA Ed

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    ECCLESIAE OCCIDENTALIS MONUMENTA IURIS ANTIQUISSIMA ed. C.H. Turner (Oxford, 1899-1939) Index of Names and Selected Words Corrected, revised, and extended 2008 by Philip R. Amidon, S.J. Creighton University [email protected] It has seemed opportune to republish this index in a corrected and extended version; there has been added to the list of names a list of selected words, and the method of referring to the text has been somewhat altered. The exact scope of C.H. Turner’s masterpiece is not immediately apparent from its title or subtitles (Canonum et conciliorum graecorum interpretationes latinae; Canones et concilia graeca ab antiquis interpretibus latine reddita). What one in fact finds here is an edition of the earliest surviving collections of church canons in Latin which are undoubtedly from the fourth century or have been assigned to it by at least some consensus of scholarship; some of them are translations from Greek, while others were originally drafted in Latin itself. Most of them, with the exception of the Apostolic Constitutions and Canons, are attributed to church councils. Turner, however, also offers a selection of doctrinal and historical material of enormous value, some of it indeed connected to the councils whose canons he edits; a comparison, for instance, of the creed contained in the synodical letter of the Council of Sardica with the Tomus Damasi, will suggest how far the doctrinal education of the western church advanced during the course of the fourth century. The connection of other historical matter to the canons is less obvious, however; one wonders what the Athanasian Historia acephala is doing here (granted that it is part of the collection of Theodosius the Deacon), however grateful one is to have the edition.
  • The Melammu Project

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    ! ∀ # ∃ % &∋( !∀∀#∃%& ∋()∗∗+++ , ∗ +−+−−+(−∋−. )∗∗+++ // / ∗∗ ∋−. , −0 −− − − −)−−−+− 1−(.,−)−.− −(−,2−−− −) , + ,( − +( − ((−)−, 3−)−.−40)−−− )−−0,−−+− (0,(+(−∋−.−− ,−+0 1−+−+( 0,(−)−−− 5−0)−( 6−7)−(8/ The Soul’s Journeys and Tauroctony On Babylonian Sediment in the Syncretic Religious Doctrines of Late Antiquity Amar Annus , Tartu Introduction This paper tries to investigate some important concepts in the syncretic world1 of the religions of late antiquity with respect to its Mesopotamian heritage. These features include the origin of Gnostic archons, the doctrines of fate, the soul’s ascent and descent and its clothing, and some concepts especially pertinent to Mithraism such as grade systems, Mithras’ rockbirth, and the tauroctony. Before giving an account of the Mesopotamian sediments in the religions of late antiq- fi uity perhaps a justi cation of the endeavour is in order. Apart from the pan-th Babylonian school, there were some other scholars in the first half of the 20 century who admitted Mesopotamian in fluence on the late antique religions, most notably W. Anz (1897), F. Cumont (1912; 1949) and G. Widengren (1946). For example, according to the famous dictum of Franz Cumont, the mysteries of Mithras derived its origins from ancient Persia, and subsequently were deposited in Babylonia with “a thick2 sediment of Semitic doctrines” ( un sédiment épais de doctrines sémitiquesth ). In the second half of the 20 century, the Mesopotamian in fluences on the religions of late antiquity have for a quite long time been out of fashion, and the “Babylonian sediments” have never been systematically studied. This has led many scholars to think that Cumont’s verdict was mistaken and any similar endeavour is probably based on a misapprehension.

  • © in This Web Service Cambridge University

    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02840-1 - Politics and Tradition Between Rome, Ravenna and Constantinople: A Study of Cassiodorus and the Variae, 527–554 M. Shane Bjornlie Index More information INDEX Acacian Schism, 136, 139 Athalaric, 11, 17, 141, 146, 168, 178, 223, 290, Acilius Glabrio, Anicius, 136 292, 306–12, 313, 317, 320 Aelian, 259, 260, 263 Athanasius II, bishop of Alexandria, 90 Aetius, 163–5, 287 Athaulf, 120 Agapetus, deacon, 36, 97–8, 99, 102, 123 Athens, 53, 69, 114, 122 Agapetus, Pope, 15, 94 school of philosophy in, 55–7, 65–7, 75, 266, Agapius, 114 296 Agathias, 72, 103, 121 Attila, 60, 110, 163–5, 287–8 Agnellus, 2, 159, 246, 249, 253 Augustine, 87, 135, 203–4, 262–3, 281, 284, Alaric I, 120 289, 295 Alaric II, 172–3, 227 Augustus, Emperor, 39–40, 70, 88, 199, 235 Albinus, 139–40, 145, 147, 166, 168–9, 170, Aulus Gellius, 202–3, 205 181–2 Ausonius, 262 Alexander, logothete, 324 Avitus of Vienne, 304 Alexandria, 53, 56, 90, 121, 144, 218, 262, 296 barbarians, in polemic, 92–4, 107–8, 109–13, Amalafrid, 158 120, 327–8 Amalasuntha, 11, 17, 31, 141–2, 144, 146, 168, Barnish, Sam, 96, 151, 186, 223 191, 251, 303, 306–7, 310–13, 317, 320, Basil, 262, 263, 279–80, 282 325 Basilius, 140, 145–6, 169, 180 Amals, government of, 10–11, 27–9, 127–34, Bede, 262, 285 135–7, 138–44 Belisarius, 11–14, 17–18, 19–21, 26, 29, 31, 73, Ambrose, 50, 263–4, 279–82 76, 79–80, 84, 98, 103–5, 107, 108, 110, Ammianus Marcellinus, 74, 182, 262, 112, 125, 127, 142, 145, 158, 164, 325, 332 298 Boethian affair, 134, 138–44, 147–62 Anastasius, Emperor, 61–2, 89, 91, 96, 114, Boethius, 28, 30, 131, 133, 134, 135, 189, 298, 130, 136, 178, 181, 271, 286, 312, 317 324 Anicia Juliana, 137–8 children of, 138, 149, 159 Anicii, 30, 38, 112, 134–8, 139, 141, 147, Consolation of Philosophy, 30, 139–40, 147, 151–2, 156, 160–2, 165–71, 185 149–52, 160, 161, 165–84, 287, 323 Anonymus Valesianus, 94–7, 99, 146, 147, 152, death of.
  • The Blood of the Martyrs: the Attitudes of Pagan Emperors and Crowds Towards Christians, from Nero to Julian

    The Blood of the Martyrs: the Attitudes of Pagan Emperors and Crowds Towards Christians, from Nero to Julian

    The Blood of the Martyrs: The Attitudes of Pagan Emperors and Crowds Towards Christians, From Nero to Julian Domenico Miletti Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in fulfillment of the requirements for the Master’s degree in Classical Studies Department of Classics and Religious Studies Faculty of Arts and Sciences University of Ottawa © Domenico Miletti, Ottawa, Canada, 2016 Abstract This MA thesis will discuss the reception of common, non-scholarly polytheists (pagans) to the persecution of Christians from the early empire until the Great Persecution (303-313, 322-324). Though modern scholars have addressed this issue and asserted that there was a change in attitude, many have not developed this into anything more than a passing statement. When chronologically analyzing the Christian acts, passions, letters, and speeches recounting the deaths of martyrs deemed historically authentic, and accounting for the literary and biblical topoi, we can demonstrate that the position of non-Christians changed. The methodology of this thesis will chronologically assess the martyr acts, passions, speeches, and letters which are historically accurate after literary and biblical topoi are addressed. These sources are available in the appendix. Throughout this analysis, we will see two currents. The primary current will seek to discern the change in pagan reception of anti-Christian persecution, while the second current will draw attention to the Roman concept of religio and superstitio, both important in understanding civic religion which upheld the pax deorum and defined loyalty to the Roman order through material sacrifices and closely connected to one's citizenship. Religio commonly denoted proper ritual practices, while superstitio defined irregular forms of worship which may endanger the state.
  • THOMAS BARTHOLIN on the Burning of His Library on Medical

    THOMAS BARTHOLIN on the Burning of His Library on Medical

    THOMAS BARTHOLIN On The Burning of His Library and On Medical Travel translated by Charles D. O'Malley * * * THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS LIBRARIES University of Kansas Publications Library Series UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS Library Series Editor, ROBERT L. QUINSEY 1. University of Kansas: List of Publications Compiled by Mary Maud Smelser 1935 2. University of Kansas Graduate School Theses, 1888-1947 Compiled by Bessie E. Wilder 1949 Paper, $1.50 3. Two Augustan Booksellers: John Dunton and Edmund Curll by Peter Murray Hill 1958 Paper, $1.00 4. New Adventures Among Old Books: An Essay in Eighteenth Century Bibliography by William B. Todd 1958 Paper, $1.00 5. Catalogues of Rare Books: A Chapter in Bibliographical History by Archer Taylor 1958 Paper, $1.50 6. What Kind of a Business Is This? Reminiscences of the Book Trade and Book Collectors by Jacob Zeitlin 1959 Paper, 50c 7. The Bibliographical Way by Fredson Bowers 1959 Paper, 50c 8. A Bibliography of English Imprints of Denmark by P. M. Mitchell 1960 Paper, $2.00 9. On The Burning of His Library and On Medical Travel, by Thomas Bartholin, translated by Charles D. O'Malley 1960 Paper, $2.25 The Library Series and other University of Kansas Publications are offered to learned societies, colleges and universities and other institutions in exchange for similar publications. All communica• tions regarding exchange should be addressed to the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas Libraries, Lawrence, Kansas. Communications regarding sales, reviews, and forthcoming pub• lications of the Library Series should be addressed to the Editor, Office of the Director of Libraries, The University of Kansas, Law• rence, Kansas.
  • De Oudheid in Het Nederlands

    De Oudheid in Het Nederlands

    De Oudheid in het Nederlands Patrick De Rynck en Andries Welkenhuysen bron Patrick De Rynck en Andries Welkenhuysen, De Oudheid in het Nederlands. Ambo, Baarn 1992 Zie voor verantwoording: http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/rync001oudh01_01/colofon.htm © 2003 dbnl / Patrick De Rynck en Andries Welkenhuysen 5 Voor ma, ter herinnering aan vader Patrick Miae animae meae Andreas Patrick De Rynck en Andries Welkenhuysen, De Oudheid in het Nederlands 9 Inleiding Deze Gids is bestemd voor wie op zoek is naar betrouwbare informatie over Nederlandse vertalingen van Griekse en Latijnse, profane of christelijke, geschriften uit de Oudheid. De plat de résistance van het boek is uitgewerkt als een alfabetisch repertorium. Daarin worden alle vertaalde auteurs en geschriften gesitueerd en voorgesteld, en wordt een beredeneerd bibliografisch overzicht geboden van de Nederlandse vertalingen. In deze inleiding lichten wij de opzet en het specifieke karakter van onze Gids toe. Achtereenvolgens komen aan bod: de selectie van het materiaal (I), de opbouw van het werk (II) en de manier van informeren (III). In IV worden die beschouwingen geïllustreerd met voorbeelden van het soort vragen dat men aan dit boek kan stellen en de antwoorden die het geeft. I. Selectie en documentatie a. Beginselen en opties Onze Gids wil informeren over gepubliceerde Nederlandse vertalingen van Griekse en Latijnse geschriften uit de Oudheid. Wij lichten de betekenisdragende woorden van deze corpusafbakening toe. ‘Gepubliceerde’. Onze documentatie beperkt zich tot in druk of aanverwante technieken (offset enz.) publiek gemaakte vertalingen, hetzij in zelfstandige vorm (boek, brochure, plaquette), hetzij in artikelvorm (bijdragen in tijdschriften, verzamelwerken, verslag- en huldeboeken enz.). Niet in aanmerking komen dus vertalingen die alleen in handschrift bestaan of die ‘pro manuscripto’ werden vermenigvuldigd.
  • Schott-The History of the Church.Indd

    Schott-The History of the Church.Indd

    General Introduction Eusebius’s history ranks as one of the most signifi cant early Christian texts and has had a formative infl uence on Western culture. It is, argu- ably, the most important single source for the history of the fi rst three centuries of Christianity, and it has mediated knowledge of the period since it was fi rst disseminated in the fourth century. If the Acts of the Apostles is the canonical narrative of the fi rst decades of nascent Christianity, the work presented here has enjoyed a similarly privi- leged status as the canonical account of the centuries between the apostolic age and Constantine. Indeed, the fact that historians oft en speak so naturally of “the church” as a specifi c entity with a history is due in no small part to the long shadow cast by Eusebius’s work. By the end of the fourth century, moreover, “ecclesiastical history” had emerged as a genre of Christian literature. Th e ecclesiastical histories of Rufi nus, Gelasius, and, later, Socrates, Sozomen, and Th eodoret all began where Eusebius left off . It is only mildly hyperbolic to say that all subsequent histories of early Christianity can be read as footnotes on and responses to his narrative. Th e title of this volume—History of the Church—is a nod to con- vention. Th e more accurate English translation of the Greek title (Ekklēsiastikē historia) is Ecclesiastical History, and that is the render- ing in the discussion and translation that follow. To contemporary readers, the History in the text’s title may signal a work of objective scholarly research, designed to provide a precise account of the events of the past.

  • Ancient Alexandria Between Egypt and Greece Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition

    ANCIENT ALEXANDRIA BETWEEN EGYPT AND GREECE COLUMBIA STUDIES IN THE CLASSICAL TRADITION under the direction of WILLIAM V. HARRIS (Editor) • EUGENE F. RICE, JR. ALAN CAMERON • JAMES A. COULTER RICHARD BRILLIANT • SUZANNE SAID KATHY H. EDEN VOLUME XXVI ANCIENT ALEXANDRIA BETWEEN EGYPT AND GREECE EDITED BY W.V. HARRIS AND GIOVANNI RUFFINI BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2004 On the cover: limestone stela of Psherenptah from Saqqara (41 BCE), left part of scene at top. British Museum EA 886. Photo courtesy British Museum. Brill Academic Publishers has done its best to establish rights to use of the materials printed herein. Should any other party feel that its rights have been infringed we would be glad to take up contact with them. The publication of this book was aided by a grant from the Stanwood Cockey Lodge Foundation. This book is printed on acid -free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ancient Alexandria between Egypt and Greece / edited by W.V. Harris and Giovanni Ruffini p. cm. — (Columbia studies in the classical tradition ; v. 26) “In their original forms, the papers were almost all written for a conference entitled, Alexandria between Egypt and Greece, that was organized by the Center for the Ancient Mediterranean at Columbia on October 11th and 12th, 2002.”—Pref. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 90-04-14105-7 1. Alexandria (Egypt)—History—Congresses. 2. Egypt—History—Greco-Roman period, 332 B.C.-640 A.D.—Congresses. I. Harris, William V. (William Vernon) II. Ruffini, Giovanni. III. Series. DT73.A4A395 2004 932—dc22 2004054502 ISSN 0166-1302 ISBN 90 04 14105 7 © Copyright 2004 by The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Academic Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.
  • Connelly-Dissertation-2016

    Connelly-Dissertation-2016

    Contesting the Greek Past in Ninth-Century Baghdad The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Connelly, Coleman. 2016. Contesting the Greek Past in Ninth- Century Baghdad. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493255 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Contesting the Greek Past in Ninth-Century Baghdad A dissertation presented by Coleman Connelly to The Department of the Classics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of Classical Philology Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts May, 2016! © 2016 Coleman Connelly All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Mark Schiefsky Coleman Connelly Contesting the Greek Past in Ninth-Century Baghdad Abstract From the eighth century through the tenth, the ‘Abb!sid capital of Baghdad witnessed the translation, in unprecedented numbers, of Greek philosophical, medical, and other scientific texts into Arabic, often via a Syriac intermediary. Muslim and sometimes Christian patrons from all sectors of ‘Abb!sid high society paid princely sums to small groups of Graeco-Arabic translators, most of whom were Syriac-speaking Christians. In this diverse ‘Abb!sid milieu, who could claim to own the Greek past? Who could claim to access it legitimately? Who were the Greeks for ‘Abb!sid intellectuals and how did the monumental effort to translate them make or fail to make the Greek past a part of the ‘Abb!sid present? This dissertation is divided into three chapters, each investigating a distinct ninth-century approach to accessing the Greek past.