Manichaeism and Early Christianity: Selected Papers from the 2019

Manichaeism and Early Christianity Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies Editors Jason D. BeDuhn Dylan M. Burns Johannes van Oort Editorial Board a.d. deconick – w.-p. funk – i. gardner s.n.c. lieu – h. lundhaug – a. marjanen – l. painchaud n.a. pedersen – t. rasimus – s.g. richter m. scopello – j.d. turner † – g. wurst volume 99 The titles published in this series are listed at <a href="/goto?url=http://brill.com/nhms" target="_blank">brill.com/nhms </a>Manichaeism and Early Christianity Selected Papers from the 2019 Pretoria Congress and Consultation Edited by Johannes van Oort leiden | boston The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at <a href="/goto?url=http://catalog.loc.gov" target="_blank">htt</a><a href="/goto?url=http://catalog.loc.gov" target="_blank">p</a><a href="/goto?url=http://catalog.loc.gov" target="_blank">:</a><a href="/goto?url=http://catalog.loc.gov" target="_blank">/</a><a href="/goto?url=http://catalog.loc.gov" target="_blank">/</a><a href="/goto?url=http://catalog.loc.gov" target="_blank">catalo</a><a href="/goto?url=http://catalog.loc.gov" target="_blank">g</a><a href="/goto?url=http://catalog.loc.gov" target="_blank">.loc.</a><a href="/goto?url=http://catalog.loc.gov" target="_blank">g</a><a href="/goto?url=http://catalog.loc.gov" target="_blank">ov </a>lc record available at <a href="/goto?url=http://lccn.loc.gov/" target="_blank">htt</a><a href="/goto?url=http://lccn.loc.gov/" target="_blank">p</a><a href="/goto?url=http://lccn.loc.gov/" target="_blank">:</a><a href="/goto?url=http://lccn.loc.gov/" target="_blank">/</a><a href="/goto?url=http://lccn.loc.gov/" target="_blank">/</a><a href="/goto?url=http://lccn.loc.gov/" target="_blank">lccn.loc.</a><a href="/goto?url=http://lccn.loc.gov/" target="_blank">g</a><a href="/goto?url=http://lccn.loc.gov/" target="_blank">ov/ </a>Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Manichaeism and early Christianity (Conference) (2019 : University of Pretoria), author. | Oort, J. van (Johannes), editor. Title: Manichaeism and early Christianity : selected papers from the 2019 Pretoria congress and consultation / edited by Johannes van Oort. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2021] | Series: Nag Hammadi and Manichaean studies, 0929-2470 ; volume 99 | Includes bibliographical references and index. | English and French. Identifiers: lccn 2020045264 (print) | lccn 2020045265 (ebook) | isbn 9789004445451 (hardback) | isbn 9789004445468 (ebook) Subjects: lcsh: Christianity and other religions–Manichaeism–Congresses. | Manichaeism–Relations–Christianity–Congresses. | Gnosticism–Congresses. Classification: lcc bt1410 .m317 2019 (print) | lcc bt1410 (ebook) | ddc 273/.2–dc23 lc record available at <a href="/goto?url=https://lccn.loc.gov/2020045264" target="_blank">htt</a><a href="/goto?url=https://lccn.loc.gov/2020045264" target="_blank">p</a><a href="/goto?url=https://lccn.loc.gov/2020045264" target="_blank">s://lccn.loc.</a><a href="/goto?url=https://lccn.loc.gov/2020045264" target="_blank">g</a><a href="/goto?url=https://lccn.loc.gov/2020045264" target="_blank">ov/2020045264 </a>lc ebook record available at <a href="/goto?url=https://lccn.loc.gov/2020045265" target="_blank">htt</a><a href="/goto?url=https://lccn.loc.gov/2020045265" target="_blank">p</a><a href="/goto?url=https://lccn.loc.gov/2020045265" target="_blank">s://lccn.loc.</a><a href="/goto?url=https://lccn.loc.gov/2020045265" target="_blank">g</a><a href="/goto?url=https://lccn.loc.gov/2020045265" target="_blank">ov/2020045265 </a>Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: <a href="/goto?url=http://brill.com/brill-typeface" target="_blank">brill.com/brill‑ty</a><a href="/goto?url=http://brill.com/brill-typeface" target="_blank">p</a><a href="/goto?url=http://brill.com/brill-typeface" target="_blank">e</a><a href="/goto?url=http://brill.com/brill-typeface" target="_blank">f</a><a href="/goto?url=http://brill.com/brill-typeface" target="_blank">ace. </a>issn 0929-2470 isbn 978-90-04-44545-1 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-44546-8 (e-book) Copyright 2021 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill nv incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Requests for re-use and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill nv via <a href="/goto?url=http://brill.com" target="_blank">brill.com </a>or <a href="/goto?url=http://copyright.com" target="_blank">co</a><a href="/goto?url=http://copyright.com" target="_blank">p</a><a href="/goto?url=http://copyright.com" target="_blank">yri</a><a href="/goto?url=http://copyright.com" target="_blank">g</a><a href="/goto?url=http://copyright.com" target="_blank">ht.com. </a>This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents Preface vii Notes on Contributors ix 1The Religious Innovator Tatian: A Precursor of Mani in Syrian <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Christianity? </li><li style="flex:1">1</li></ul>Josef Lössl 2Antithèses en mutation, de Marcion à Mani 24 Michel Tardieu 3The Diatessaronic Sequence of Mani’s Sermon on the Life of Christ in the Berlin Kephalaia 35 Zsuzsanna Gulácsi 4The Strange Case of ‘Quire A’ in the Dublin Kephalaia Codex: Further Thoughts on Mani’s Book of Mysteries, M28i and the First Apocalypse of James 51 Iain Gardner 567Mani’s Book of Mysteries: A Treatise De anima 70 Dylan M. Burns A Manichaean Reading of the Gospel of Thomas 98 René Falkenberg “For only our lord the Paraclete is competent to praise you as you deserve” (P.Kell.Gr. 63): Identifying a Roman-Egyptian Patron of the Manichaeans in Kellis 128 Mattias Brand 89Les Acta Archelai et ses principaux personnages: Notes historiques et lexicales 152 Madeleine Scopello Snakes in the Garden and Tares in the Wheat Field: Ephrem of Nisibis’ Polemic of Lineage against the Manichaeans 186 Robert Morehouse vi contents 10 Manichaeism in John Chrysostom’s Heresiology 225 Chris L. de Wet 11 Augustine’s De pulchro et apto and its Manichaean Context 253 Johannes van Oort 12 Thing and Argument: On the Function of the Scenario in Augustine’s De beata vita 288 Therese Fuhrer 13 Augustine, Faustus, and the Jews 302 Jason David BeDuhn 14 Pelagius against the Manichaeans: Real Opponents or Clichéd Heresiology? 324 Nils Arne Pedersen 15 Evodius of Uzalis and the Development of Manichaeism in Roman North Africa 351 Aäron Vanspauwen 16 The ‘Children’ of the Manichaeans: Wandering Extreme Ascetics in the Roman East Compared 374 Rea Matsangou 17 The Afterlife of Manichaeism in Neoplatonic Education 401 Byard Bennett Index of Antique and Modern Personal Names 433 Preface This volume contains the selected papers from the 2019 congress and subsequent consultation ‘Manichaeism and Early Christianity’ which was organized as part of the research project ‘Augustine and Manichaeism’ at the University of Pretoria. Nine contributions were read and discussed at the Congress that took place from 21–23 March 2019 in Brooklyn, Pretoria; the other contributions came from project participants unable to attend in Pretoria but happily willing to shed their specialist light on parts of the theme. All chapters have been thoroughly peer-reviewed by the best experts worldwide. The result is a book that uniquely explores the relationship between Mani’s religion (once again it turned out to be essentially a ‘Gnostic’ form of heretic Christianity) and diverse expressions of early mainstream and also other ‘Gnostic’ types of Christendom. In fact, this publication is the first major exploration of a largely undeveloped field of research that aims to study the relationship between Manichaeism and varied Early Christianity. Nevertheless, all experts inthedisciplinewillagreethatstillmuchcanandshouldbedoneinthisimportant field. To name just a few major research wishes: how was the relationship between Mani’s Church and the Jewish-Christian Elkesaites originally and later on?; to what extent was Athanasius acquainted with Mani’s religion and probably with Manichaeans in his immediate environments?; to what extent did Manichaean questions influence the development of the dogmata and confessional formulas of mainstream Catholic churches?; what about the enigmatic writing A d I ustinu m M anichaeu m c ontr a d u o p rincipi a M anichaeoru m e t d e v era carne Christi, often ascribed to the—in fact not much less enigmatic and still understudied—Roman rhetor and Christian Marius Victorinus? Etc.! These last observations may not only indicate how many results can still be expected in our new and rich field of research: they may also implicate to what extent wonderful results can alreadybe reported.This book bears witness toindepthresearchintoMani’spredecessors;newlightonsomeof hisownwritings; surprisingresultswhencomparingManichaeantextswithanumberof theNag Hammadi documents; a new analysis of some of the recent Kellis finds; thoroughexaminationof writingsbymainstreamChristianauthorswho—whether or not attesting to unique knowledge of Manichaean thought or writ—dealt with Manichaean principles and practices: (Pseudo-)Hegemonius, Ephrem the Syrian, John Chrysostom, Augustine, Pelagius, Evodius of Uzalis, later Greek ecclesiastical writers and even a Neoplatonic inspired philosophical instruction published here for the first time with analysis of its ecclesiastical setting in the manuscripts. The philosophical and theological questions emphatically viii preface raised by the Manichaeans have dominated the discussions for centuries, and not least the writings of Church Father Augustine provide an example in this regard that has had a great and even lasting influence on Western thought. Thinking about the contents of this book, the bright days of March 2019 come to mind again. From entirely different places in the world, a unique band of researchers came together for two days of intensive discussion of a dozen in-depth research papers. From the outset this conference had been called a ‘congress’, but perhaps better—if this would not have triggered possible misunderstandings among those who go for the literal meaning of a word—a ‘symposium’. Anyway, thedeliciousdiscussionscompletedwithdeliciousmealsand drinks, and finally a visit to the Cradle of Mankind with a lion park game drive, have become unforgettable for many. The editor of this collection would like to express his special gratitude not onlytoallwhomadetheirscientificcontributionsthenandlater, butalsotothe Deanof Universityof Pretoria’sFacultyof TheologyandReligion, Prof. JerryPillay, for his support, and to its Deputy Dean and Supervisor of Research, Prof. Ernest van Eck, for opening the conference. The Board of the International Association of Manichaean Studies was so kind as to accept the 2019 Pretoria meeting as one of its congresses and both its President, Nils Arne Pedersen, and Vice-President, Jason BeDuhn, were present and actively participated in the deliberations. Our highly esteemed colleague Chris de Wet from the University of South Africa (unisa) in Pretoria gave many valuable advice. Wilma de Weert was once again a great support at Brill, as was Louise Schouten, who even attended our conference. The young Leuven doctor Aaron Vanspauwen was of great help in compiling an Index. Brooklyn, Pretoria, the 13th of November 2020, JvO Notes on Contributors Jason David BeDuhn is Professor of Religious Studies at Northern Arizona University. Among his recent publications are Augustine’s Manichaean Dilemma: 1: Conversion and Apostasy, 373–38 8 c . e . and 2: Making a ‘Catholic’ Self, 388–40 1 c . e ., University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010 and 2013. Byard Bennett is Emeritus Professor of Historical and PhilosophicalTheology at Grand Rapids Theological Seminary/Cornerstone University. His publications have focused on Greek Christian philosophical texts of the patristic, Byzantine, and postByzantine periods. Mattias Brand is a postdoctoral fellow at the Zürich Institute for the Study of Religions. He received his PhD at Leiden University (2019) on ‘The Manichaeans of Kellis: Religion, Community, and Everyday Life in Late Antiquity’. His research interests include late antique religion, Manichaeism, Early Christian diversity, as well as method and theory in the study of religion. Dylan M. Burns is a research associate at Freie Universität Berlin. He has published several books and many articles on Gnosticism, later Greek philosophy, early Christianity, and their modern reception, recently including New Antiquities (Equinox, 2019) and Did God Care? (Brill, 2020). René Falkenberg (Aarhus University) is associate professor of New Testament Studies. He has published on Paul, Manichaeism, and texts from Nag Hammadi. Currently he works in the Biblia Manichaica Project and on a monograph on Eugnostos the Blessed (nhc iii,3 and v,1) entitled Immortal among Mortals (Brill). Therese Fuhrer holds the Chair of Latin at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich. She is the author and editor of several books such as (with Martin Hose) Das antike Drama, München: Beck 2017 and (with Simone Adam) Augustinus, Contr a A ca- demicos, De beata vita, De ordine (Bibliotheca Teubneriana 2022), Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter 2017. xnotes on contributors Iain Gardner is Professor of the History of Religions at the University of Sydney, and a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Humanities. His recent publications include The Founder of Manichaeism. Rethinking the Life of Mani, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2020. Zsuzsanna Gulácsi is Professor of Art History and Asian Studies at Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff. She is the author of Manichaean Art in Berlin Collections (Brepols 2001), Mediaeval Manichaean Book Art (Brill 2005), and Mani’s Pictures: The Didactic Images of the Manichaeans from Sasanian Mesopotamia to Uygur Cen- tral Asia and Tang-Ming China (Brill 2015). Josef Lössl isProfessorof ReligiousStudiesandTheologyatCardiff University, specializing inthestudyof earlyChristianity, patristicsandLateAntiquity. Heisco-editorof A Companion to Religion in Late Antiquity (Wiley Blackwell 2018) and currently working on a commentary on Tatian’s Oratio ad Graecos in the series Kommen- tar zu frühchristlichen Apologeten (KfA). Rea Matsangou is a member of the Department of History, Archaeology and Social Anthropology, University of Thessaly, Greece, and PhD candidate at the University of Leiden. Most recent publication: ‘Real and Imagined Manichaeans in Greek Patristic Anti-Manichaica (4th–6th centuries)’, in: Manichaeism East and West (cfm. Analecta Manichaica 1), Turnhout: Brepols 2017, 159–170. Robert Morehouse is an adjunct professor of Arabic at Liberty University (USA). Johannes van Oort (em. Prof. Utrecht University and Radboud University Nijmegen) is an extraordinary Professor of Patristics at the University of Pretoria. Among his most recentpublicationsis Man i a n d A ugustine . C ollecte d E ssay s o n M ani , M anichae- ism and Augustine, Leiden-Boston: Brill 2020. Nils Arne Pedersen (Aarhus University, Denmark) is an associate professor of Church History. Among his most recent publications (as senior author) is The New Testament Gospels in Manichaean Tradition: The Sources in Syriac, Greek, Coptic, Middle notes on contributors xi Persian, Parthian, Sogdian, Bactrian, New Persian, and Arabic, Turnhout: Bre- pols 2020. Madeleine Scopello faha, Correspondent of Institut de France (Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres), is em. Director of research at Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (Paris) and em. Director of studies at École Pratique des Hautes Études (chair of Gnose et Manichéisme). Michel Tardieu is emeritus Professor at the Collège de France (Paris), Histoire des syncrétismes de la fin de l’Antiquité (1991–2008). He has published many books and papers on Gnosticism, Manichaeism, and Greek philosophy. Aäron Vanspauwen is a postdoctoral researcher (fwo—Research Foundation Flanders) at ku Leuven. His research focuses on the polemics between mainstream Christianity and Manichaeism in North Africa. Recent publication: In Defence of Faith, Against the Manichaeans. Critical Edition and Historical, Literary and Theolog- ical Study of the Treatise Aduersus Manichaeos, Attributed to Evodius of Uzalis (ipm 79), Turnhout: Brepols, 2020. Chris L. de Wet is Associate Professor of New Testament and Early Christian Studies at the University of South Africa, Pretoria. He has written two monographs, Preach- ing Bondage: John Chrysostom and the Discourse of Slavery in Early Christianity (California, 2015) and The Unbound God: Slavery and the Formation of Early Christian Thought (Routledge, 2018). 1 The Religious Innovator Tatian: A Precursor of Mani in Syrian Christianity? Josef Lössl Abstract Tatian the Syrian, author of an Oration to the Greeks and the Diatessaron, who flour- ished in the second half of the second century (150–180+), has long been looked at in the context of the study of the early Christian sources of Manichaeism. In the past attempts were made to draw direct links between Tatian, early Syriac Christianity, and early Manichaeism. F.C. Burkitt, for example, suggested that the name “Tatian” might be the Greek version of the apostle “Addai”, protagonist of the Syriac Doctrine of Addai, which H.J.W. Drijvers later proposed to be a Christian appropriation of a Manichaean tradition. Yet later, J.C. Reeves found many elements that occur in Tatian’s Oration recurring in third-century Mesopotamian literature and thus feed into an emerging Manichaean tradition. This paper does not attempt to draw a direct link between Tatian’s second century teaching and Mani’s teaching but looks at some of Tatian’s teachings as put forward in the Oration. It asks to what extent these show characteristics that may be found later in Mani’s teaching. The focus will be on three areas: 1) Tatian’s concept of Pneuma, the working of which Tatian seems to explain (in some places) in surprisingly materialistic terms; this will be compared with a Manichaean text; 2) Tatian’s assumed “leanings” towards Encratism; and 3) in connection with (2), passages in the Oration that deal with issues related to women and gender. Overall, Tatian’s original thinking in some of these areas is analysed with a view to the concept of “innovation” in late-antique religion. Introduction: Innovation and Innovators in Ancient Religion In relation to Mani and his teaching the question has recently been asked how scholars of ancient religions work with concepts such as innovation and inventioninreligion.1Atwhatpointwilltheyrecognizeareligionasa“new”religion? 1 See e.g. N. Baker-Brian, “A New Religion? The Emergence of Manichaeism in Late Antiquity,” © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2021 | doi:10.1163/9789004445468_002 2lössl When is a religion a new religion in antiquity? What is a new religion in antiquity?2 Mani (216–ca. 274) of course did found a new religion, consciously so; and he was confirmed by a tradition (even a Church) that lasted for centuries. In that respect he was in a sense a predecessor of Muhammad, another religious founder figure of late antiquity, in seventh century Arabia, who was even less coy about being an innovator than Mani was.3 But being innovative in religion is not necessarily the same as inventing, creating, or founding a (new) religion. Many small innovative steps were taken by many figures in the run-up to the momentous steps that Mani took during his life-time, or his followers took in his wake. One could think of a number of strong individual characters, figures with revolutionary ideas, highly innovative designs and impressive literary oeuvres, who found themselves nevertheless sidelined by the reception process, or who never thought of themselves as founder figures. In connection with that we need to consider the link between innovation and tradition.4 Many great figures slotted into traditions, enriching them from inside, while others breached the traditions in which they were originally situated, whether intentionally or unintentionally, via reception processes, thus creating new traditions, sometimes superseding older ones. in: J. Lössl and N. Baker-Brian (eds.) A Companion to Religion in Late Antiquity (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2018), 318–343 at 337–340, who refers to A. Houtman a.o. (eds.), Empsychoi Logoi. Religious Innovations in Antiquity. Studies in Honour of Pieter Willem van der Horst (Leiden: Brill, 2008); A. DeConick, “The Countercultural Gnostic: Turning the World Upside Down and Inside Out,” Gnosis: Journal for Gnostic Studies 1 (2016) 7–35; and J. BeDuhn, “Mani and the Crystallization of the Concept of Religion in Third Century Iran,” in: I. Gardner a.o. (eds.), Mani at the Court of the Persian Kings. Studies on the Chester Beatty Kephalaia Codex (Leiden: Brill, 2015), 247–275. 2 Some altogether deny the existence of religions in antiquity, e.g. B. Nongbri, Before Religion : A Histor y o f a M oder n C oncept (New Haven, ct:Yale University Press), discussed in Baker-Brian,

Manichaeism and Early Christianity: Selected Papers from the 2019

Details

Download

Copyright

We respect the copyrights and intellectual property rights of all users. All uploaded documents are either original works of the uploader or authorized works of the rightful owners.

Support