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Indigenous and Nonindigenous Entrepreneurs in Botswana : Historical, Cultural and Educational Factors in Their Emergence

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Indigenous and Nonindigenous Entrepreneurs in Botswana : Historical, Cultural and Educational Factors in Their Emergence University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1984 Indigenous and nonindigenous entrepreneurs in Botswana : historical, cultural and educational factors in their emergence. Elvyn, Jones-Dube University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Jones-Dube, Elvyn,, "Indigenous and nonindigenous entrepreneurs in Botswana : historical, cultural and educational factors in their emergence." (1984). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 2052. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/2052 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INDIGENOUS AND NONINDIGENOUS ENTREPRENEURS IN BOTSWANA: HISTORICAL, CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL FACTORS IN THEIR EMERGENCE A Dissertation Presented By ELVYN JONES-DUBE Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION May 1984 School of Education INDIGENOUS AND NONINDIGENOUS ENTREPRENEURS IN BOTSWANA: HISTORICAL, CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL FACTORS IN THEIR EMERGENCE A Dissertation Presented By ELVYN JONES -DUBE Approved as to style and content by: / U'>L <•'<' Mario D. Fantini, Dean School of Education 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This is one of the first empirical studies into indigenous en- trepreneurship in Botswana. As such it was an undertaking in which many people besides myself have played a part. It is not possible to list the names of all those who helped in the completion of the docu- ment and so this acknowledgement can give credit to only a few. The research would have been virtually impossible to complete without a research grant from the Ford Foundation for which I am grate- ful. In Botswana, I would like to extend my thanks to the many entre- preneurs, indigenous and nonindigenous , who took time from their busi- ness activities to complete questionnaires and to share their experi- ences and perceptions with me. I am grateful to Violet Gaborone and Nelson Bopa, two very hard-working research assistants who stayed with me throughout the data collection and tabulation period. I would also like to thank Dr. Ulla Kaan, Brian Egher and John Hunter for their as- sistance and support during the early stages of the research. A special thanks for David Evans, who served as my advisor, and com- also to David Kinsey and Johnetta Cole, members of my dissertation analy- mittee at the University of Massachusetts, whose ideas on systems Botswana, I sis and social change brought me closer to my data. In Botswana for would like to thank my colleagues at the University of special thanks to their supportive attitude and encouragement with and who so kindly agreed Frank Youngman of the Institute of Adult Education iii . to proof-read and comment on the first draft of the dissertation, Kay Raseroka, Pat Spann and Karla Jones of the University of Botswana Li- brary, Esie Honono who was always available and S. D. Townsend for com- puter assistance. Of the many personal friends and relatives who have assisted in the completion of the dissertation, I would like to thank my parents and extended family for their constancy, my friends in Amherst, Horace and Gloria Boyer, Irma and Ernie Allen and Joseph Skerrett whose sup- port and hospitality helped me through the final days. In Gaborone I would like to thank the Astroms, the Nganunu's and Dorothy Dambe. For the typing of the final manuscript I am indebted to Susan Parker without whose assistance this dissertation would truly not have been completed. The dissertation is dedicated to Alfred and Nyaladzi, my husband and son who tolerated the disruption of family routine and who loved me anyway IV ABSTRACT Indigenous and Nonindigenous Entrepreneurs in Botswana: Historical, Cultural and Educational Factors in Their Emergence May 1984 Elvyn Jones-Dube, B.A., Lincoln M.Ed., Texas Southern, Ed.D., University of Massachusetts Directed by: Professor David R. Evans A descriptive study which examines the contextual environment of the indigenous entrepreneur in Botswana, the formal small-scale busi- ness community and the training and non-training needs of this subgroup of adults needing assistance in business promotion. Data was collected on a sample of 158 businesses situated in six towns and villages through- out Botswana. Several kinds of data were used including information from questionnaires, interviews, government statistics and published secondary sources. The study is divided into four parts. Part I includes a review of literature pertaining to the concept of the "entrepreneur," theories of entrepreneurial supply and demand, and the relevance of these theo- ries to entrepreneurial development in Botswana. Part II includes a description of the changing social, political and economic context in which the study takes place, and a discussion of the development of trade and entrepreneurial activity in Botswana. Part III consists of a charac- discussion of the theoretical context of the study, methodology, study at teristics of the sample population, and the findings of the v the group and individual levels. Part IV includes the conclusions and policy recommendations of the study. The findings of the study indicate that indigenous entrepreneurs have higher than average educational levels and have had previous work experiences which have facilitated their business activity. Indigenous entrepreneurs have underutilized business management training and tech- nical assistance opportunities made available by government and are generally hampered in the development and promotion of their business activities due to variables unrelated to training. vi PREFACE In the spring of 1977, while a graduate student at the Center for International Education, University of Massachusetts, USA, I obtained a field placement as Research Associate to the Non-formal Education Project in Koforidua, Ghana where my job was to conduct training and implement an evaluation of the project. Having previously served as a Peace Corps volunteer in several rural parts of Botswana, Southern Afri- ca, I was immediately struck by the contrast of abundant entrepreneur- ial activity among Ghanaians compared to almost total lack of same in Botswana. Why there should be such an abundance of what appeared to be in- digenous entrepreneurial activity piqued my curiosity and some time later I decided to conduct a study into some aspect of the situation in Botswana. The primary questions at that time were why Botswana's trade and commercial sectors appeared to be dominated by non-Africans so many years after Independence, whereas in other east and west Afri- can countries this was very much less so the case. The first opportunity for the beginning of a literature review occurred upon my return to the United States in January 1980 when I facing fe- broached the subject of an investigation into the problems Evans felt male entrepreneurs in Botswana with Dr. David Evans. Dr. of the paucity of in- this was too narrow a topic especially in light both male and formation about the entire population of entrepreneurs, vii female, in Botswana. Nevertheless, I began thinking through the prob- lems entailed in an investigation into entrepreneurship in Botswana and decided to gather enough initial information on which to base a proposal. One of the major obstacles to moving ahead on the study at the time was my residence in Belgium, a French-speaking country where no English library of the sort I needed was available. Fortunately, I moved to London shortly thereafter, and gained access to the Univer- sity of London and the School of Oriental and African Studies libraries. The next few months were spent locating and reading materials relevant to my investigation and formulating a proposal. In 1981 I returned to Botswana. Since that time it has been pos- sible to gather additional information completed in the last two years related to the problems and factors affecting entrepreneurship in Bo- tswana. I have also had the opportunity to observe and talk to a great many people who are engaged in business and others who are interested in the topic to find out the various views on the subject. During this period I was also fortunate to be the recipient of a Ford Foundation Research Fellowship which has enabled me to complete the research. viii The African Trader’s Complaint I was a humble clerk They told me I was stupid And that my laziness Made me prefer to sit All day and push a pen; I bore the insult bravely And planned to break the chain That tied me to the table. I broke the chain one day And took to petty trading Fair Fortune smiled on me And my business expanded; I tried my hand at exports But monopolies frowned, Once more they played me down. Big Business never Loves . Like tyrant western ranchers . The bold determined nester; You must become their clerk Or buy your goods from them; This is the burden I bear. Would you insist I’m lazy Because I am an African? Dennis C. Osadebay (From Poems from Black Africa , Ed., Langston Hughes, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1963, p. 100). IX TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 111 PREFACE vii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION TO * THE STUDY . } Context of the Study \ Purpose of the Study 12 Elements of the Study 15 Organization of the Study 20 II. THEORIES OF ENTREPRENEURIAL SUPPLY 23 The Entrepreneur in Orthodox Economic Thought 24 Theories of Entrepreneurial Supply 33 Sociological theories 34 Psychological theories 38 ' Economic theories 47 Relevance of Supply Theories to Botswana 51 III. ELEMENTS OF THE ENTREPRENEURIAL CONTEXT IN BOTSWANA .... 59 Contextual Setting 60 Ethnographic factors 65 Climate as a factor in production and capital formation 66 Cultural Context 70 Political and Economic Context 83 Summary 91 IV.
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