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The Socio-Economic Contributions of Marine Protected Areas to the Fisherfolk of Lingayen Gulf, Northwestern Philippines

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The Socio-Economic Contributions of Marine Protected Areas to the Fisherfolk of Lingayen Gulf, Northwestern Philippines Int. J. Environ. Res., 4(3):479-490,Summer 2010 ISSN: 1735-6865 The Socio-Economic Contributions of Marine Protected Areas to the Fisherfolk of Lingayen Gulf, Northwestern Philippines Vicente, J. A. 1&2* and Cerezo, R . B. 3 1Center for Environment and Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261 Kingdom Saudi Arabia 2Pangasinan State University Graduate School, McArthur Highway, San Vicente, Urdaneta City 2428 Pangasinan, Philippines 3Pangasinan State University Binmaley Campus, San Isidro Norte, Binmaley 2417 Pangasinan, Philippines Received 20 March 2009; Revised 15 March 2010; Accepted 27 March 2010 ABSTRACT: The continuous degradation of the marine ecosystem leads to the establishment of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as a protective measure. Because of the wide array of benefits that can be gained upon its establishment, socio-economic contributions were taken into consideration using a descriptive survey method of research among the seven MPAs in Lingayen Gulf. Data revealed that members of the fisherfolk organization is dominated by married males, 30-50 years old, high school graduate, with 0-1 child, earns less than 5,000 pesos a month and fishing as the major source of livelihood. They participate “Moderately” in the management but scored “High” on linkaging/networking with other agencies. MPAs contributed “High” on social aspect despite a moderate contribution in recreation. A “Moderate” and “High” contributions were observed for economic and political aspect respectively. Among the socio-demographic profile, only the number of children is significantly correlated with the extent of participation in management but not with linking with other agencies. It is further revealed that participation is a good predictor of socio-economic contributions. No significant relationship was found between the socio-demographic profile and the socio- economic contributions. Linking/networking with other agencies is also found to be not significantly correlated with the any socio-demographic profile. Key words: Marine protected areas, Socio-economic, Fisherfolk, Lingayen Gulf, Conservation, Fish sanctuary, Coastal management INTRODUCTION The Philippines has a diverse coastal environment illegal fishing cause damage to corals and other marine with the variety of ecosystems ranging from sandy life. Aside from these, mismanagement was stimulated beaches, coral reefs, rocky headlands, mangroves, wet- by misguiding economic policies and faulty lands, estuaries, lagoons and sea grasses that are ex- institutions (McNeely, 1980). The continuing capture tremely rich in biodiversity and productivity (Huttche et and collection of many animals; biological surveys al., 2002). It gives refuge to forty (40) species of man- and inventories; ineffective and inefficient groves (Primavera, 2000), sixteen (16) species of sea grass enforcement of numerous conservation laws; (Fortes and Santos, 2004), four hundred sixty-four (464) inadequate ways and means of developing species of corals (Licuanan and Capili, 2004) and 915 conservation-consciousness by the average Filipino; reef fish species (Burke et al., 2002). Thus the country is and the undesirable greed of lawmakers and regarded as the epicenter of biodiversity and evolution implementers add to the precarious status of nature where the highest concentration of species per unit area (Rabor, 1979). Other threats include siltation, was observed (Carpenter and Springer, 2005). sedimentation from run offs, pollution from domestic wastes and proliferation of fish pens and fish cages, However, its diverse coastal waters are increasing population and tourism activities (Deocadez continuously threatened by degradation of the marine and Aliño, 2005). In 2000, Wilkinson reported that the ecosystem. Ecological stress brought about by reefs that remain in excellent condition in the degrading human activities like overfishing and use of Philippines are only 1.9% in the 1990s, Anthropogenic *Corresponding author E-mail:[email protected] activities further reduce the ability of the reef to recover 479 Vicente, J. A. from natural pressures like the typhoons and diseases. assessing, predicting and managing MPAs (Pomeroy The effect is manifested by a low fish catch and loss in et al., 2004). biodiversity that is currently experienced by the Based on the above scenario, the establishment marginal fisherfolk. Though there were numerous of marine protected areas in Lingayen Gulf is expected attempts to stop, if not, delay the declining global to yield, not just ecological benefits, but also on social environmental condition, past management approaches and economic life of the fisherfolk, thus, this research were not successful due to ineffective laws, limited study aimed to determine the socio-economic contri- resources and inability of the government to implement butions of marine protected areas to the fisherfolk in all projects thus people were forced to seek new Lingayen Gulf. Specifically, it was carried out to an- solutions to the problems (Alcala, 2001). In coastal swer the following questions: (1) what is the socio- areas, fisherfolk associations established permanent demographic profile of the fisherfolk organization mem- areas that were closed to fishing to ensure sustainable bers in terms of the age, sex, civil status, educational use of resources. They call these marine protected areas attainment, number of children, monthly income and (MPAs). occupation; (2) what is the extent of participation of Marine protected areas are geographically defined the fisherfolk organization members who manage the space in coastal or ocean waters, together with its marine protected areas in Lingayen Gulf in terms of overlying waters and associated fauna, flora, historical management in planning, implementation, monitoring and cultural features which have been reserved by and evaluation and in linkaging/networking with other legislation to protect part or the entire enclosed agencies; and (3) what are the contributions of marine environment (IUCN, 1994; Keheller, 1999). They are protected areas in Lingayen Gulf to the fisherfolk or- areas of marine environment, ranging from small to ganization members in terms of social i.e. education, large, highly protected from various forms of human or health and recreation, economic and political. The study extractive exploitation, especially fishing (Alcala, 2001; also tested the following null hypotheses at 0.05 level Baker, 2000). Others are designed as multiple-use areas of significance: (1) there is no significant relationship that are often zoned to provide different levels of between the socio-demographic profile and the extent protection, and permit various activities and resource of participation of fisherfolk organization members in usage (Baker, 2000). They can either be fish sanctuaries, managing the marine protected areas of Lingayen Gulf; reserves, parks, or protected seascapes (Licuanan and (2) there is no significant relationship between the ex- Gomez, 2000). tent of participation of fisherfolk organization mem- According to Kenchington et al. (2003), there are plenty bers and the socio-economic contributions of the ma- of benefits for fisheries, local economies and the ma- rine protected areas in Lingayen Gulf and (3) there is rine environment that can be gained in establishing a no significant relationship between the socio-demo- marine protected area ranging from conservation of graphic profile of the fisherfolk organization members biodiversity and ecosystems, arrests and possibly re- and the socio-economic contributions of marine pro- verses the global and local decline of fish populations tected areas in Lingayen Gulf. and productivity by protecting critical breeding, nurs- ery and feeding habits. It also raises the profile of the MATERIALS & METHODS area for marine tourism and broadens local economic Lingayen Gulf is located off the coast of options. Moreover, it offers opportunities for educa- Pangasinan and La Union provinces in northwestern tion, training, heritage and culture. Likewise, it serves Luzon island of the Philippines It is a semi-circular bay as sites for reference in long-term research. Along with opening directly into the South China Sea. It is bounded ecological conservation and protection, economic and in the west by Cape Bolinao and by Poro Point in the social benefits can be gained from its establishment eastern part. The coastal area includes 16 coastal mu- (Fauzi and Buchary, 2002) . nicipalities, three cities, and five inland municipalities. The coastline measures approximately 160 km. In 1993, The human element is very important for the ma- Lingayen Gulf was officially declared as an Environ- rine protected areas to succeed (Lemos, 1998; Agardy, mentally Critical Area through Proclamation No. 156. 2000; Elliot et al., 2001; White and Green, 2003). There There are fourteen (14) marine protected areas estab- is a link between the natural resource and socioeco- lished in the Gulf that cover more than eleven thou- nomic systems because the latter impose pressure on sand (11,000) hectares of no take-zone most of which natural resources through various extraction and con- are located on the western side (Bolinao to Sual) where tamination processes (Ablan et al., 2004). In effect, most of the gulf’s coral reefs, sea grass beds, man- understanding the socioeconomics of individuals, grove swamps and algal flats can be found. However, households, groups, communities and organizations only nine (9)
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