Theme Reflected Through Metaphorical Expressions in Wormrot’S Selected Songs

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THEME REFLECTED THROUGH METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS IN WORMROT’S SELECTED SONGS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By Gerardo Mayella Galileo Student Number: 144214063

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2020 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

THEME REFLECTED THROUGH METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS IN WORMROT’S SELECTED SONGS

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

By Gerardo Mayella Galileo Student Number: 144214063

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2020

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SAIL ON SAIL ON SAIL ON SAIL ON!!

- BAD BRAINS

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Praise the Lord and Universe for I have been through all the madness this world could give. Thanks for the up and down that build me until now. Universe has taught me how cruel this world is. Therefore we need to be grateful for every kind thing that happened.

I‟m very grateful for I have a great father and mother who always support me. I am very thankful for all these years. They have really great patience for a child like me; a really great tolerance and point of view on everything that happened in our life.

My gratitude is also addressed to Simon Arsa Manggala, S. S., M. Hum., as my advisor who has been supported and guided me in writing this undergraduate thesis. To the lecturers and members of the English Letters

Department, thank you for all this time so I could learn and grow to be the human

I am now.

Gerardo Mayella Galileo

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iii STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .. vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... ix LIST OF TABLES ...... xii ABSTRACT ...... xiv ABSTRAK ...... xv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 5 C. Objective of the Study ...... 5 D. Definition of Terms ...... 6

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 8 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 8 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 12 1. Semantics ...... 12 2. Metaphor ...... 15 a. Structural Metaphors ...... 19 b. Orientational Metaphors ...... 21 c. Ontological Metaphors ...... 22 3. Theme ...... 25 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 26

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CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ...... 28 A. Object of the Study...... 28 B. Approach of the Study ...... 29 C. Method of the Study ...... 30 1. Data Collection ...... 30 2. Data Analysis ...... 31

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISSCUSSIONS ...... 34 A. The Metaphor Invovled in Wormrot‟s Songs ...... 34 1. God‟s in His Heaven ...... 35 2. Hollow roots ...... 40 3. Descending into the Unknown ...... 46 4. Forced Siege ...... 50 5. Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Grind ...... 54 6. Compassion is Dead ...... 60 7. Buried the Sun ...... 64 8. Outworn ...... 71 B. Theme of the Selected Songs ...... 77 1. God‟s in His Heaven ...... 80 2. Hollow Roots ...... 82 3. Descending into the Unknown ...... 84 4. Forced Siege ...... 86 5. Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Grind ...... 87 6. Compassion is Dead ...... 89 7. Buried the Sun ...... 91 8. Outworn ...... 93

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...... 96

REFERENCES ...... 100 APPENDICES ...... 102 Appendix A: The Lyrics of Wormrot‟s “God‟s in His Heaven” ...... 102

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Appendix B: The List of Metaphors Found in “God‟s in His Heaven” ...... 102 Appendix C: The Lyrics of Wormrot‟s “Hollow Roots” ...... 103 Appendix D: The List of Metaphors Found in “Hollow Roots” ...... 103 Appendix E: The Lyrics of Wormrot‟s “Descending into the Unknown” ...... 104 Appendix F: The List of Metaphors Found in “Descending into the Unknown” 104 Appendix G: The Lyrics of Wormrot‟s “Forced Siege” ...... 105 Appendix H: The List of Metaphors Found in “Forced Siege”...... 105 Appendix I: The Lyrics of Wormrot‟s “Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Grind” 106 Appendix J: The List of Metaphors Found in “Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Grind” ...... 106 Appendix K:The Lyrics of Wormrot‟s “Compassion is Dead”...... 107 Appendix L: The List of Metaphors Found in “Compassion is Dead” ...... 108 Appendix M: The Lyrics of Wormrot‟s “Buried the Sun” ...... 108 Appendix N: The List of Metaphors Found in “Buried the Sun” ...... 109 Appendix O: The Lyrics of Wormrot‟s “Outworn” ...... 110 Appendix P: The List of Metaphors Found in “Outworn” ...... 111

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LIST OF TABLES

No. Table Page

1. Table 1 – Example of Semantic Features 14 2. Table 2 – Example Analysis of Metaphor 31 3. Table 4.1 – Types of Metaphor Expressions in Wormrot‟s Songs 34 4. Table 3 – Analysis of Metaphor “Crashed Down” 36 5. Table 4 – Analysis of Metaphor “Dead Inside” 37 6. Table 5 – Analysis of Metaphor “My Life Came Crumbling Down” 38 7. Table 6 – Analysis of Metaphor “We‟ve Been Casted Away” 40 8. Table 7 – Analysis of Metaphor “Covered up by Motion Blur” 41 9. Table 8 – Analysis of Metaphor “Judging Us with Fatal Words” 43 10. Table 9 – Analysis of Metaphor “We are Still Standing Strong” 44 11. Table 10 – Analysis of Metaphor “Falling Dow Slowly” 46 12. Table 11 – Analysis of Metaphor “Descending into The Unknown” 47 13. Table 12 – Analysis of Metaphor “Shocked Dread Cold Fear” 48 14. Table 13 – Analysis of Metaphor “Forced, No Escape, Left to Rot” 50 15. Table 14 – Analysis of Metaphor “Serve Your Time, Trapped and Caged” 51 16. Table 15 – Analysis of Metaphor “Cork and Triggered Set You Free” 52 17. Table 16 – Analysis of Metaphor “Trying My Best to Sink in” 54 18. Table 17 – Analysis of Metaphor “Memory Erasing Procedure Activated” 55 19. Table 18 – Analysis of Metaphor “ Wake Me up From My Tired Life 57 20. Table 19 – Analysis of Metaphor “I Have Bled Once Too Many Times 58

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21. Table 20 – Analysis of Metaphor “Now Watch Me Fall From Grace” 60 22. Table 21 – Analysis of Metaphor “Living Life Hanging by a Thread” 61 23. Table 22 – Analysis of Metaphor “Dive into the Burning Flames” 63 24. Table 23 – Analysis of Metaphor “Downward Spiral to the Same Old Nothingness” 64 25. Table 24 – Analysis of Metaphor “You‟ve Dragged Me to Your Fucking Hell Hole” 65 26. Table 25 – Analysis of Metaphor “Buried the Sun” 67 27. Table 26 – Analysis of Metaphor “Numb and Caged Down Similar Spirals” 68 28. Table 27 – Analysis of Metaphor “Collapsing inner Selves Rupturing Minds” 70 29. Table 28 – Analysis of Metaphor “You‟re Still Wearing the Same Fucking Mask” 71 30. Table 29 – Analysis of Metaphor “Head Strong Towards the

Abyss” 73

31. Table 30 – Analysis of Metaphor “Your Blurred Illusions” 75 32. Table 31 – Analysis of Metaphor “ Killed Me One Too Many Times” 76 33. Table 40 – Central Theme of the Eight Selected Songs 79 34. Table 32 – Theme of “God‟s in His Heaven” 80 35. Table 33 – Theme of “Hollow Roots” 82 36. Table 34 – Theme of “Descending into the Unknown” 84 37. Table 35 – Theme of “Forced Siege” 86 38. Table 36 – Theme of “Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Grind” 87 39. Table 37 – Theme of “Compassion is Dead” 89 40. Table 38 – Theme of “Buried the Sun” 91 41. Table 39 – Theme of “Outworn” 93

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ABSTRACT

GALILEO, GERARDO MAYELLA (2020). Theme Reflected Through Metaphorical Expression in Wormrot’s Eight Selected Songs. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.

One of many ways for people to express their feeling, emotion, and conditions is through music. A song lyric is a property contained in music which gives a certain atmosphere. It becomes an attraction that supports the songwriter to deliver the message of the song. Song lyrics are written in both literal and non- literal meanings. Some songwriters write their lyrics using literal language, but some of them apply figurative language specifically metaphor in their lyrics. Wormrot is a band that is known to have an attraction in their song lyrics, and they use metaphors in their songs. This research aims to reveal the employment of metaphorical expression in Wormrot‟s songs by analyzing their literal and metaphorical meaning because sometimes they create confusion to determine what the band wants to convey. Then the metaphors in the metaphorical expressions are classified into its type. Another objective is also to discover the theme reflected from the metaphorical expression applied in the songs. The data was collected from Wormrot‟s album “Voices” and eight songs were selected. The data collected was based on the availability and the number of metaphoric expressions lying on them. The eight selected songs are “God‟s in His Heaven”, “Hollow Roots”, “Descending Into the Unknown”, “Forced Siege”, “Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Grind”, “Compassion is Dead”, “Buried the Sun”, and “Outworn”. Semantic approach was applied to discover the employment of literal and metaphorical meaning in the lyrics. The theory of metaphors was applied to categorize the metaphors into structural, orientational, and ontological type of metaphor. The theme was revealed through the shared properties of the metaphors found in the lyrics. As the result of this analysis, the researcher found 29 metaphors in total, they are 22 structural metaphors, three orientational metaphors, four ontological metaphors. The shared concepts were obtained by analyzing the properties of each theme. Each song carries different ideas as indecency, separation, powerlessness, guilt, refutation, suffering, despair, and betrayal. The concepts indecency, separation, powerlessness, suffering, despair, and betrayal are indicating that the writer is powerlessness. While worried, guilt, and refutation are showing the indication of misery. Based on those ideas the central theme of the selected songs is determined as powerlessness and misery.

Keywords: song lyrics, metaphor, meaning, theme

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ABSTRAK

GALILEO, GERARDO MAYELLA (2020). Theme Reflected Through Metaphorical Expression in Wormrot’s Eight Selected Songs. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Musik adalah salah satu satu sarana untuk mengekspresikan perasaan, emosi, dan kondisi seseorang. Lirik lagu merupakan salah satu aspek yang terdapat dalam musik yang memberikan suasana tertentu. Lirik menjadi daya tarik yang juga membantu penulis lagu untuk menyampaikan pesan mereka. Lirik lagu ditulis menggunakan bahasa yang bersifat harafiah dan kiasan. Penulis lagi dapat menulis lirik lagu menggunakan bahasa yang bersifat harafiah namun beberapa menerapkan bahasa kiasan khususnya metafora dalam lirik mereka. Wormrot merupakan grup musik yang terkenal dengan daya tarik mereka dalam penulisan lirik dan mereka menerapkan metafora dalam lirik lagu mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap penggunaan ekspresi metaforis dalam lagu-lagu Wormrot dengan analisis makna harafiah dan kiasan yang ada kalanya menimbulkan kebingungan dalam menentukan pesan yang ingin disampaikan oleh mereka. Metafora dalam lirik kemudian diklasifikasikan ke dalam tipenya masing masing. Tujuan lain penelitian adalah untuk mengungkap tema yang terlihat dari penggunaan ungkapan metafora. Data dikumpulkan dari album “Voices” dan terpilih delapan lagu. Data dikumpulkan berdasar dari ketersediaan dan jumlah ungkapan metafora dalam setiap lagu. Delapan lagu yang dipilih adalah “God in His Heaven”, “Hollow Roots”, “Descending Into the Unknown”, “Forced Siege”, “Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Grind”, “Compassion is Dead”, “Buried the Sun”, and “Outworn”. Pendekatan semantik diterapkan untuk mengungkap penggunaan bahasa harafiah dan kiasan dalam lirik. Teori metafora juga diterapkan untuk pengkategorian metafora kedalam beberapa tipe seperti struktural, orientasi dan ontologis. Tema diungkapkan melalui properti yang sama dari metafora dalam lirik. Peneliti menemukan total 29 metafora yang terbagi menjadi dari 22 metafora struktural, tiga metafora orientasi, dan empat metafora ontologis. Tema utama diperoleh dari analisis properti dari masing-masing tema. Setiap lagu memiliki tema berbeda, konsep tidak senonoh, pemisahan, kekuasaan, penderitaan, keputusasaan, dan pengkhianatan mengungkap bahwa penulis tak berdaya. Konsep khawatir, rasa bersalah, dan sanggahan mengindikasi kesengsaraan. Berdasar ide-ide tersebut, dapat ditentukan bahwa tema utama dari lagu-laguyang dipilih adalah ketidakberdayaan dan kesengsaraan.

Kata Kunci: song lyrics, metaphor, meaning, theme

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

One of many ways for people to express their feeling, emotion, and conditions is through music. Music has become a part of human life. Music is attached to every people‟s activities like driving, cooking, studying, hanging out with another human being, and especially when people are dancing. Moreover, music can be an alternative for a human being to express their feeling and emotion. Hanslick (1957) stated, each feeling and each state of mind has its own inherent sound and rhythm, and these have their objective counterpart in music (p.

18). Music is linked to specific emotions. Tempo, or speed, of a piece of music, is the clearest indicator of its emotional content (Powell, 2016. P. 23). If the music is fast, it is unlikely to be sad music. Fast music might be happy or angry, depending on the other elements such as harmony, the pitch, and the lyrics.

Music contains several properties such as rhythm, melody, tone, and lyrics. One of the properties which gives a certain atmosphere to a song is lyric.

Therefore, it attracts people to listen to the song and it supports the songwriter to deliver the song‟s message.

Song lyrics are a vocal parts (lyrics) that are performed (sung), commonly accompanied by musical instrument (Raj & Muniapan, 2012, p. 2). Similar to

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poems, song lyrics have been a medium for people to show their experience, feeling, emotion, and thought. Kennedy and Gioia (1999) state,

Poetry and song were originally one art, and even today the two forms remain closely related. We celebrate the beauty of poem by praising its “music” just as we compliment a great song lyric by calling it “poetic.” And yet a very simple distinction separates the two arts: in a song, the lyric combine with music to create a collaborative total work, whereas, in a poem, the author must create all the effects by words alone (p. 805). Both poems and song lyrics use figures of speech and beautiful words to visualize and give a certain effect to the message they convey. According to

Abrams (1999), figurative language is the deliberate use of language that defies the conventional meaning or order of words with the intention to create special meaning or effect (p. 96).

One of the most often used figurative language in the song lyric is metaphor. Lakoff and Johnson (2003) mention that metaphor is a device of the poetic imagination and rhetorical flourish-a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language (p. 3). Metaphor is using a concept in order to substitute another concept. Metaphors also compare suggest one thing to another. It can be said that metaphor has an extension meaning besides lexical meaning or dictionary meaning. Metaphor helps a songwriter to draw imagery or to describe the songwriter‟s ideas without using the literal expression. Also, metaphor helps songwriters to illustrate their ideas through more poetic ways rather than using direct statements that make the lyrics less poetic.

The researcher considers that figurative language in song lyric, especially metaphors, should have a clear analysis so the message of the songwriter in the

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lyric can be interpreted clearly. Then the researcher wants to find out the theme of songs by Wormrot by finding out what the meaning of the figurative language in the songs, as song lyrics often applies metaphor in it. After the metaphorical expressions are being discovered, the researcher reveals the theme of Wormrot’s songs.

A theme carries the main idea of work. Forey (2002) stated, theme, then, is seen to play a crucial role in focusing and organizing the message and contributing to the coherence and success of the message (p. 49). As a theme brings the general idea and insight into work, the researcher discovers the insight story by revealing one of the important components in the song which is lyrics.

Lyrics written in literal and figurative languages includes metaphor. All the sentences, phrase, and words written in literal meaning need to be analyzed even it already contained the meaning itself. Aside of that, the part of the lyric that contains metaphor should have a brief interpretation because it develops the meaning behind the work.

Looking at lexical meaning is a step to examining metaphor. Lexical meaning is a literal meaning or in other words, the meaning is taken from the dictionary. For example, the word „chair‟ simply means a tool to sit on made from plastic, wood, or iron. In order to find the metaphoric expressions, the researcher needs to classify every word, phrases, and sentences, so the distinction between the literal expression and metaphoric expression can be separated.

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One of the greatest band in extreme metal scene right now is Wormrot.

Wormrot is a Singaporean grindcore band formed in 2007. Even Wormrot originated from a small Southeast Asian country, they have achieved a great acceptance not only in Asia but also in another continent like Europe and

America. It is a peculiar band with having only three personnel in the band. Their first members are Arif on vocal, Rasyid on guitar, and Fitri on the drum. Later on, their drummer Fitri replace by Vijesh due to Fitri‟s disappearance, “for the past couple of weeks, he has distanced from us and has remained uncontactable [sic],” said the band. (Peters, 2016, para. 5).

Since their appearance, they have been releasing three full-length albums under one of the biggest metal/grindcore record labels from England named

Earache Record. Their first album “Abuse” was released in 2010, the second album titled “Dirge” released in 2011, and their third album “Voices” released in

2016. Voices is a special album since Wormrot has not released anything in five years. After a half-decade hiatus, the Singaporean trio is back and just as vicious as ever (Kronos, 2016, para. 1). Wormrot making a return is beyond welcome

(Luedtke, 2018, para. 2). Churning out two grindcore masterpieces is not an easy feat, but they did it again (Luedtke, 2018, para. 2).

One of the ways that Wormrot does to attract their listener is through their lyrics. “What‟s most striking, however, are two elements. First, the variation in songwriting is excellent with plenty of a stop on a dime tempo changes mid-song, as well as shifts in riffing throughout.” (Schalek, 2016, para. 2). “This is just sort

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of thing Wormrot do: write so well, perform so tightly, that whatever they‟re doing just seems inevitable.” (Kronos, 2016. Para. 5).

This research focuses on Wormrot‟s album titled Voices (2016) as the object of the data. There are 20 songs in the album and 8 of them contain metaphorical expressions in them. Metaphorical expressions in Wormrot‟s songs attract the researcher to analyze their meaning and to draw the theme by analyzing the metaphor. Therefore, the researcher uses Voices’ metaphorical expressions as the object of the data to analyze and discover the theme behind the songs.

B. Problem Formulation

In this study, the researcher has formulated two questions to be answered.

The questions are as follows:

1. What types of metaphors are used in Wormrot‟s songs?

2. What theme is reflected through the metaphors in Wormrot‟s songs?

C. Objective of the Study

The objectives of the study are to analyze the metaphor used in the album

Voices, to explain the types of the metaphorical expressions, to interpret the meaning of the metaphor, and to reveal the theme of the main theme of the songs.

After the metaphorical expressions are classified into its type and the meaning of the metaphors is interpreted, the researcher would be able to analyze the theme of each song. The meaning of every metaphorical expression will discover the message of the songs which help to reveal the theme of each song.

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D. Definition of Terms

The main issue which will be discussed in this study is metaphor. Corbett

(1999) stated, metaphor is an implied comparison between two things of unlike nature that yet have something in common (p. 395). Metaphor according to

Palmer (1967) is a word that appears with the literal meaning and one or more transferred meaning (p. 103). It can be said that a metaphor uses different words to describe something that has something in common.

Song is a composition that contains vocal parts (lyric) that are performed

(sung), commonly accompanied by a musical instrument (Raj&Muniapan, 2012, p. 2).

Lyrics contain messages in the form of words, phrases, or sentences to be delivered to the listeners. Based on The Oxford Dictionary of Music, lyrics are defined as “short poems, neither epic nor narrative. Lyrics can be written in literal and figurative languages which contain different meaning on each side. Lexical meaning is the meaning of the word based on the dictionary. Therefore, it shows the literal meaning exposed by literal word, phrase, or sentence. On the other hand, figurative languages contain metaphorical meaning or it can be said that it has transferred meaning.

A metaphorical expression is a word, phrase, or sentence which contains metaphorical concept within them. A metaphoric expression is used by e speaker as the container of the concept which they try to deliver (Lakoff&Johnson, 2003, p. 8).

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Theme is described as, a crucial role in focusing and organizing the message and contributing the coherence and success of the message (Forey, 2002, p. 49). A theme can be said as the main idea which defines the whole text.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In this chapter, the researcher explains related studies and theories which are used to develop the solution to the problems in this research. The researcher reviews related studies to apprehend the studies with the same similar topic and context. The theories explained by the researcher are involved as an approach to develop the answer to the problem formulations.

A. Review of Related Studies

There are two undergraduate thesis and two journal articles which discuss similar work and topic with this research. The first study is titled Revealing the

Theme of Panic! At the Disco’s Three Selected Songs Through Metaphorical

Lyrics conducted by Kinanti (2019). In her study, Kinanti discusses the metaphorical expressions in song lyrics and the contribution of the metaphors in revealing the main theme of the selected songs. Her data are three selected song lyrics taken from Panic! At the Disco‟s songs which contain metaphorical expressions.

Kinanti applies several theories in her study which are the theory of semantics, the theory of metaphor, and the theory of theme. She uses A semantics approach to analyze the literal and transferred expression. Then she applies the theory of metaphor to define the meaning of the metaphorical expressions.

Besides, she applies the theory of conceptual metaphor to classify the

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metaphorical expressions into three types: structural, orientational, and ontological metaphors.

In Kinanti‟s study, 22 metaphors are found in three selected songs. After classifying the metaphors, the study found thirteen structural metaphors, nine ontological metaphors and none of them are orientational metaphor. Then she applies the theory of theme to draw the theme of each song by analyzing the meaning of the entire song. Then she determines the shared elements by each song to discover the central theme of the selected songs.

Kinanti‟s thesis is related to this research due to the similarity of the topic and the theory. Her thesis is concerned with the meaning of metaphor and categorization of metaphorical expression which is similar to this research. The theory used to categorize the type of metaphor applied in her thesis is also involved in this research which is the categorization theories by Lakoff and

Johnson that classify metaphor into three types. Her study also uses song lyrics as the object of the study. Furthermore, Kinanti‟s study focuses on revealing the theme of songs. The difference between her thesis and this research is the number of songs selected as the object of the study. This research involves eight songs to discover while Kinanti‟s study uses only three selected songs as her object of the study.

The second study is entitled Theme Reflected From Metaphors in Avril

Lavigne’s Song “Sk8er Boi” conducted by Irene Putri Laratsemi (2020). In her study, Laratsemi discusses metaphorical expressions and how they reflect the

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theme of Lavigne‟s song. She uses one song by Avril Lavigne as the data of her study. Laratsemi applies semantic property to determine the specific elements of a word. She also involved semantics theory related to the development of meaning that is associated with the literal meaning and transferred meaning. Then she applies the theory of metaphor to identify the metaphorical expressions in the lyric. She classifies the metaphorical expressions into three types: nominal, predicative, and sentential metaphors.

As the result of her research, she finds sixteen metaphorical expressions in the song which determine into eight nominal metaphors, nine predicative metaphors, and two sentential metaphors. Then she applies the theory of theme to reveal the concept of the song. She analyzed the entire song including the metaphorical expressions to discover the theme of the song.

The study is conducted by Laratsemi is related to this research because her study contains metaphors and themes as the main issues. She also uses song lyrics as the object of the data for her study. Furthermore, this research uses the same semantic theories which are include the implication of semantic property and the application of literal meaning and transferred meaning to comprehend the metaphoric expressions. However, this research uses a different classification of metaphor and a different number of songs selected. Laratsemi uses only one song while this research uses eight songs as the object of the data.

Another study is a research entitled Metaphors in Queen’s Song Lyrics conducted by Kadek Yorga Pranama Jata (2017). Jata‟s study aims to classify the

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types of metaphors found in the songs and to reveal the meaning of the metaphorical expressions. Rather than using the semantics theory to develop the meaning of the metaphoric expressions, Jata uses the theory of meaning by Chaer

(1994). He identifies the types of metaphorical expressions using the theory of conceptual metaphor. The metaphorical expressions categorize into three types: structural, orientational, and ontological metaphor. Then he explains the meaning of the metaphors. Jata uses eight of Queen‟s songs as the object of the study. In his study, he finds 29 structural metaphors, ten orientational metaphors, and twenty ontological metaphors.

This research is related to Jata‟s study as his study also focuses on metaphors and uses song lyrics as the object of the study. However, his result of the study shows that metaphorical expressions in song lyrics are used to beautify the songs and convey a deeper meaning. Meanwhile, this study focuses on discovering the theme of the songs.

The last study conducted by Sharifah Hanidar (2018) entitled Metaphors in Adhitia Sofyan’s Songs. She uses nine selected songs by Adhitia Sofyan as her object of the study. She only applies the theory of conceptual metaphors by

Lakoff and Johnson (1980) to classify the type of metaphors in the songs. Hanidar uses the theory of metaphor and theory of conceptual metaphor to reveal the meaning of metaphors found rather than using semantics development. Then she discovers the meaning behind the metaphorical expressions to reveal the messages that Sofyan wants to convey to his listener.

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The difference between her study and this research is that her study aims to reveal the message of the singer by discovering the meaning of the metaphorical expressions found in the selected songs. Meanwhile, this research is to reveal the meaning of metaphors, categorized it, and discover the central theme of the songs. The similarity between Hanidar‟s study and this research lies in the same object of the study which uses song lyrics.

The studies explained previously are related to this study due to the similarity of the focus which is metaphor and theme. All the studies analyze the meaning of the metaphors found in the song lyrics. Laratsemi‟s and Kinanti‟s studies also discover the theme of the songs. The theories used in their studies are also involved in this research. The studies influence this research to have a proper analysis to answer the problems.

B. Review of Related Theories

In this part, the researcher explains theories use in this research. The theories help the researcher to examine the data. Since this research concern with literary work and the main issue is related to meaning in language, the researcher considering the semantic approach as the basic theory to analyze the problems.

1. Semantics

Semantics is one of the linguistics branches concerned with meaning in language. Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences

(Yule, 2010, p. 112). Semantics takes a central role to understand the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences, as the speaker and the listener are required to have

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an agreement in the conversation to have the same understanding. Fromkin,

Rodma, and Hyams (2010) stated, “we are not free as individuals to change the meaning of words at will; if we did, we would be unable to communicate with each other” (p. 153).

Analyzing the semantic features is one of the ways to analyze the meaning of a word. Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2010) explain “semantic features or properties that are parts of word meaning and that reflect our knowledge about what words mean” (p. 159). Also, semantic features are among the conceptual elements that are part of the meanings of words (Fromkin et al, 2010, p. 159).

Lamb (2012) explains that a word‟s semantic features are individual characteristics that define the meaning of a word (p. 10). Semantic features define particular information which the word carries. Words can be related to one another or different from one another through the information they carry. Kreidler

(1998) explains that one can define a word or lexeme by telling what set it belongs to and how it differs from other members of the same set (p. 87). To analyze the word meaning is by paying attention to the elements or information the word carries.

To indicate the semantic features, symbols such as + and – followed by the information or elements are used. Saeed (2009) stated “the benefit of using the semantic feature as a device to analyze a word is that it provides the property of word along with the value, rather it is plus or minus (p. 261). An example of using semantic features is shown below:

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Table 1. Example of Semantic Features Man Boy Girl +animate +animate +animate +male +male -male +adult -adult -adult

The example above show that man, boy, and girl, carry the same information which is animate. Man and boy indicate similar information as animate and male but girl indicates as animate but not carry the information of a male. Lastly, man has a property adult while boy and girl do not carry the information that is an adult.

Lexical semantics is the subfield of semantics scope. Lexical semantics concerned with the meaning of words rather than sentence meaning. As Fromkin,

Rodman, and Hyams (2010) stated, there is a fundamental difference between word meaning- or lexical semantics –and sentence meaning (p. 153). The meaning of a word is defined in the dictionary since lexical meaning deals with literal meaning. Yule (2006) stated, that literal meaning is the outcome of the conventional method which covers the basic and essentials components of meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word (p. 100). Saussure stated that the literal meaning of a word is divided into two, which are the signifier and signified (as cited in Palmer, 1981, p. 5). The signifier is the word that has to be defined and the signified is the meaning, definition, or the representation of what the word refers to.

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Signifier Signified

Word The image represented

For example:

Guava tropical fruit with yellow skin and pink flesh

Signifier Signified

The signified can provide a mental concept and define the referents. The process to define a word through the definition or the representation helps to analyze the metaphor.

2. Metaphor

A metaphor is one of the figurative languages to express an idea or a concept of a thing in terms of another. Kennedy and Gioia (2002) explain metaphor is expressed by creating a figurative term then substituting it due to its different identification with other terms (p. 715). Burke in Lynne & Low (1999) define metaphor as “a device for seeing something in terms of something else” (p.

3). A metaphor works by expressing a concept to express another concept or idea.

Metaphors describe things obscurely so it is difficult to interpret the meaning directly. Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2010) define that “metaphor may have a literal meaning as well as their metaphorical meaning, so in some sense they are ambiguous” (p. 149). Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2010) explain “when what appears to be an anomaly is nevertheless understood in terms of a meaningful

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concept, the expression becomes a metaphor” (p. 149). A metaphor appears to be an anomaly because it expresses a concept through another term. Metaphor is anomalous, but the nature of the anomaly creates the salient meaning that metaphor usually has (Fromkin et al, 2010, p. 149).

As an example, “you are my sunshine” is a metaphor since it compares

“you” to “sunshine”. The literal meaning appears to be ambiguous. “The literal meaning is so unlikely that the listeners use their imagination for another interpretation” (Fromkin et al, 2010, p. 149). To interpret the meaning of the metaphor, the listener or the reader should stretch the meaning of the literal expression. Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2010) believe the principle of compositionality is very “elastic” when it fails to produce an acceptable literal meaning, listeners try to accommodate and stretch the meaning (p. 149). From the example, the meaning of “you are my sunshine” metaphor is a person who always is happy and bright.

In understanding metaphor, Cameron and Low (1999) make a distinction between a theory level of analysis and a processing level of analysis (p. 6).

Cameron and Low separated the analysis of metaphor into two levels. The first level is the theory level of analysis, “is the level at which theoretical analysis and categorization of metaphor take place, and where a central concern is the identification of metaphor” (Cameron and Low, 1999, p. 6). The main concern of this level is identifying metaphor and categorized it based on theories and/or categorization. Cameron and Low (1999) added, “this level is driven by the concern to produce adequate and elegant theoretical accounts that are coherent

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within particular logic chosen (p. 6). This level also considers the implications of metaphors. In this level, one expression can be recognized as a metaphor.

The second level relates to the process of interpreting metaphor. This level is work on analyzing metaphor or activating the concept. Cameron and Low

(1999) stated interpretation tasks: how concepts are activated when lexical items in metaphors are made sense of (p. 6). This level concern with the processing of metaphors which can change the conceptual structures and/or provide new meanings for the lexical items (Cameron and Low, 1999, p. 6). In this level, the interpretation is influenced by the perspective of an individual. Also, the metaphor in this level is noticed and interpreted through various aspects.

To analyze metaphors, Cameron and Low label the components of metaphor into two components. Cameron and Low (1999) stated “the first something is often labeled the „Topic‟ (occasionally the „Tenor‟), and the

„Vehicle‟ is the label given to the something else (p. 13). To analyze Topic and

Vehicle, two versions of understanding are provided known as surface forms and conceptual systems. In surface forms, the Topic and Vehicle are analyzed as lexical items which may be drawn from any word class and may range in scale from morpheme (Cameron and Low, 1999, p. 14). Aside from word class, this form also analyzes metaphor which is constructed with other typical features within a unit that is a clause or a phrase (Cameron and Low, 1999, p. 15).

Conceptual system concern with the underlying meaning of metaphor expression. “Examination of the surface forms of Topic and Vehicle cannot be

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taken very far before cognitive issues arise” (Cameron and Low, 1999, p. 16).

Kitay in Cameron and Low (1999) explains that “interpretation of metaphor involves the transfer of relation between the semantic field of Vehicle and that of the Topic” (p. 17). For example, my brother is a camera. The word camera is compared to my brother which does not have the feature of a camera. Corbett

(1999) explains metaphor is defined as two concepts shared something in common yet unlike nature (p. 395). In this case, the camera is labeled as the Topic as the word is the referent and the first something. The concept label as the

Vehicle is the camera. Camera in literal meaning is equipment for taking photographs. Then by saying my brother is a camera means that the brother is a person who is capturing photo frequently. The meaning of the camera shifted and hence is the vehicle.

Palmer (1967) stated that metaphor is when a word has both literal meaning and transferred meaning (p. 103). Literal meaning can be interpreted by looking at the dictionary but transferred meaning interpreted based on listener knowledge and experience.

Metaphor

Literal meaning Transferred meaning

For example, the word eye is related to the organ of sight. Palmer (1967) believe that metaphor is lacking any obvious principle of the organization (p.

103). In English, the word eye is used with a variety of other meanings. For

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instance, eye in other contexts can be defined as the center of a hurricane or a spring of water which is not so obviously related to the literal meaning. It can be seen that the meaning is transferred from its literal meaning to another meaning.

Eye

The organ of sight The center of a hurricane

(literal meaning) (transferred meaning)

According to Lakoff and Johnson (2003), there are three types of metaphors: structural metaphors, orientational metaphors, and ontological metaphors (p. 3). This classification is suitable to analyze the type of metaphors found in the songs. a. Structural Metaphors

Lakoff and Johnson (2003) believe the essence of structural metaphors is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another (p. 5). In this type of metaphor, “the concept is metaphorically structured, the activity is metaphorically structured, and, consequently, the language is metaphorically structured” (Lakoff and Johnson, 2003, p. 5). Kovecses (2010) stated “in this kind of metaphor, the source domain provides relatively rich knowledge structure for the target concept” (p. 37). Kovecses (2010) added, “the cognitive function of these metaphors is to enable speakers to understand target A by means of the structure of source B” (p. 37).

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For an example of this metaphor is Time is money. Time which is labeled as the topic is compared to money which is the vehicle as this word is the one that gives an activation of its elements to the topic. Time in literal meaning is “what is measured in minutes, hours, day, etc” (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary:

Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 1584). However, the literal meaning of money is “what you can earn by working or selling things, and use to buy things” (Oxford

Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 971). Lakoff and Johnson

(2003, p. 8) explain that time is a limited source that we use to accomplish our goal. Working is associated with how many times it takes and it is clear that time is measured. Besides, it has been customary to have a payment based on an hour, week, or year. “Time is money in many ways: telephone message units, hourly wages, hotel room rates, yearly budgets, interest on loans, and paying your debt to society by “serving time.” (Lakoff and Johnson, 2003, p. 8). Time is a valuable commodity or a limited resource, so does money, which has similar features which are valuable and limited resources. “Thus we understand and experience time as the kind of thing that can be spent, wasted, budgeted, invested wisely or poorly, saved, or squandered” (Lakoff and Johnson, 2003, p. 8). Related to the explanation above, it also possible to analyze it by using semantic features, as the result of the analyzation, both time and money have the same semantic properties such as (+)limited resources and (+)valuable. However, the concepts of time shifted when it compared to money. Then by saying time is money the concepts may shift into time is a limited resource and time is a valuable commodity (Lakoff and Johnson, 2003, p. 8). They are metaphorical since it relates to the experience

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with money which is limited resources, and valuable commodities to conceptualize time (Lakoff and Johnson, 2003, pp. 8-9).

Below are some utterances which are frequently spoken by people associated time related to money:

You‟re wasting my time

I don‟t have the time to give you

You‟re running out of time

Is that worth your while?

I‟ve invested a lot of time in her

You need to budget your time

In utterances above, time is conceptualized as a thing which is valuable and limited. The expression time is money metaphor, shows time refer specifically to money (budget, invest, cost) which is limited resources (run out of, use, have enough of) and valuable commodities (have, give, lose) (Lakoff and Johnson,

2003, p. 9) b. Orientational Metaphors

Orientational metaphors organize a whole system of concepts with respect to one another, this metaphor relates with spatial orientation: up-down, in-out, front-back, on-off, deep-shallow, central-peripheral (Lakoff and Johnson, 2003, p.

14). Lakoff and Johnson (2003) explain that “these spatial orientations arise from

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the fact that we have bodies of the sort we have and that they function as they do in our physical environment” (p. 14). For example, I’m feeling up and I’m feeling down. Lakoff and Johnson (2003) believe that the concept happy is oriented up and the concept sad is oriented down (pp. 14-15). Lakoff and Johnson (2003) explain that the spatial orientation is based on the physical basis which drooping posture typically goes along with sadness and depression, while erect posture goes along with a positive emotional state (p. 15).

However, orientational metaphors have a basis in our physical and cultural experience (Lakoff and Johnson, 2003, p. 14). Lakoff and Johnson (2003) explain that even though the polar oppositions up-down, in-out, etc., are based on physical nature, the orientational metaphors based on them can vary from culture to culture. For instance, for some cultures, the future is in front of us, while in some others it is in the back (p. 14). Lakoff and Johnson added (2003) “it is hard to distinguish the physical from the cultural basis of a metaphor since the choice of one physical basis from among many possible ones has to do with cultural coherence” (p. 19). c. Ontological Metaphors

Lakoff and Johnson (2003) explain ontological metaphor as “ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc., as entities and substances” (p.

25). “Ontological metaphors help structure our understanding of abstract concepts and experiences, such as events, activities, ideas, etc., in terms of our experience with actual physical objects and substances in the real world” (Huford et al, 2007,

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p. 337). One type of ontological metaphor is an entity and substance. This type of metaphor conceptualizes abstract things into a physical object and substances.

Lakoff and Johnson (2003) explain this kind of metaphor is about understanding our experiences in terms of objects and substance then it allows us to pick our parts of our experience and treat them as discrete entities or substances of a uniform kind (p. 25). For example, my mind is not operating today. The word operating gives a conception that a mind is a machine as having an on-off state, a level of efficiency, a productive capacity, an internal mechanism, a source of energy, and an operating condition (Lakoff and Johnson, 2003, p. 28).

The second type is container metaphors. Lakoff and Johnson (2003) explain that container metaphors are focus on how abstract things could be seen in form of containers with physical appearance, bounding surface, and an in-out orientation (p. 29).Lakoff and Johnson (2003) added “we project our own in-out orientation onto other physical objects that are bounded by surfaces” (p. 30). This type of metaphor helps to conceptualize abstract things such as land areas, visual fields, events, actions, activities, and states into physical forms such as containers, objects, and substances (Lakoff, and Johnson, 2003, pp. 29-31). For example, a tub of water. When one gets into the tub, one also gets into the water. Both of them are viewed as containers. However, the tub is a container object while the water is a container substance.

Furthermore, Lakoff and Johnson (2003) stated “events and actions are conceptualized metaphorically as objects, activities as substances, states as containers” (p. 30). For example, race is an event that is viewed as an individual

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entity because race exists in its space and time and it has its boundaries. Then race appears as a container object which has in it participants (which are object), events like the start and finish (which are metaphorical objects), and the activity of running (which is a metaphorical substance) (Lakoff and Johnson, 2003, pp.

30-31). For instance people saying “are you in the race on Sunday?”. It shows that race is conceptualized as a container. Various kinds of states may also be conceptualized as containers. For example, the expressions “He‟s in love” or “He fell into a depression”.

The last type of metaphor is personification. Lakoff and Johnson (2003) explain this type of metaphor are “those where the physical object is further specified a being a person” (p. 33). Personification allows a wide variety of experiences with nonhuman entities in terms of human motivation, characteristics, and activities (Lakoff and Johnson, 2003, p. 33). In short, personification inputs human qualities to things that are not human. Here are some examples:

Life has cheated me

Your love is killing me

His religion tells him to not drink beers

Inflation is eating up our profits

The examples above show entities which are not actual human being perform human qualities such as cheat, kill, tell, and eat.

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3. Theme

Kriszner and Mandell (1994) explain that “theme should be an idea that extends beyond the boundaries of the story” (p. 239). Vivante in Roberts (1987), describes a theme as “the underlying concept of a story” (p. 319). It means theme carries the idea where all aspects contained in the works are focused. Barnett,

Bruto, and Cain (2008) describe that what happens in literary work is the plot, while what the happenings add up to is the theme (103). O‟connor in Barnett,

Bruto, and Cain (2008) supported by stating that a story is a way to express something that can not be said and that “something” is the theme (p. 103).

An idea or a concept that can be expressed in a phrase or a single word to conclude a full understanding of a story is a theme (Roberts, 1987, p. 319).

However, a theme is not showing values or the message of the story, Barnett,

Bruto, and Cain (2008) state that a theme is “a conception of human experience suggested by concrete details” (p. 1594). Readers‟ backgrounds, knowledge, and belief are not only aspects to determine the theme of a work. Evidence from the story is playing an important role to find a theme of a work. Kriszner and Mandell

(1994) believe that every element of the story can provide insight to discover the theme of work such as the title of the story, as well as the narrator‟s or character‟s statement, the arrangement of events, conflict or central plot, the point of view, symbols, and change in character (pp. 294-297).

A song contains elements regard to the idea of the story such as statements, actions, etc. Lyrics might give some evidence to the theme as well as the title. To discover the theme, it needs observation of the lyrics rather than

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guessing the idea. Some elements can be observed to reveal the main idea of a song. By observing the point of view, the title, and the meaning of the language used in the song whether it used literal language or figurative language, the main idea or the theme can be revealed.

C. Theoretical Framework

The studies and the theories that have been reviewed on the above give a specific contribution in this research to answer the problems. The related studies help the researcher in preparing the references for this research and developing the researcher‟s further understanding of the topic of the research. The theories support the researcher to analyze the problems.

There are three theories applied for this research, which are semantics, metaphors, and theme. The theory of semantics which is associated with signifier and signified is used to obtain the meaning or definition of a word. Furthermore, the semantic features are used to obtain the elements or concepts brought by the word. The semantic approach helps the researcher to analyze metaphor in song lyrics which require the understanding of the literal meaning and transferred meaning or metaphorical meaning. To have an accurate interpretation of words, the contribution of an English dictionary is required. The theory of metaphors is needed to examine metaphorical expressions. This theory is useful to analyze the literal and metaphorical meaning of the expressions. The theory of metaphor also helping the researcher to classify the metaphorical expressions based on the types of metaphors. The theory of theme is applied to reveal the theme of the songs.

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This theory supports the researcher to discover the idea that concludes a whole understanding of the songs. After finding the theme of each song, the researcher determines the central theme of the songs based on their shared elements on every song.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter explains the procedure taken to examine the object of the data in the study. This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part is the object of the study which describes the object of this research. The second part is the approach of the study which explains the approach employed to analyze the data.

The last part is the method of the study which describes how the data are collected and explains the steps of analysis for finding the solution to the problems.

A. Object of the Study

Since the main issue of this research is concerned with metaphors and its contribution to the theme of the songs, the song lyrics are the object of this research. The researcher employed the album Voices from the Singaporean band

Wormrot as the object.

After analyzing each song in the album, eight songs were selected as the data of this research. The data was collected based on the availability and the number of metaphoric expressions lying on them. The eight selected songs are

God’s in His Heaven, Hollow Roots, Descending Into the Unknown, Forced

Siege, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Grind, Compassion is Dead, Buried the

Sun, and Outworn. From those eight songs, 29 metaphors were collected as the

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data of the research. The metaphors that were found in the eight songs, appeared in various form such as words, phrases, and sentences.

The object of the data of this research were the whole songs in the album

“Voices”. All song included in the album was the population of the data. While the significant was the song that involves more than two metaphors in each and the song that had more than seven line in the lyric. It appeared due to the consideration that if a song had more metaphors in the lyric, the theme could be drawn accurately rather than the one that was not.

B. Approach of the Study

The semantics approach is applied in this research in order to analyze the songs. The semantics approach is applied considering that this research focuses on meaning. Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2014) explain semantics as “the study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences” (p. 140).

Furthermore, the researcher applies lexical-semantic to determine the literal meaning and transferred meaning of the lyrics. It supports the researcher to find the metaphorical expressions and reveal the meaning of the expressions. The researcher also applies semantic features to present semantic properties. Semantic properties are needed to reveal the elements brought by a word. Therefore, the semantics approach is playing an important role in this research in order to determine the metaphors in the lyrics. Semantics also helps the researcher to analyze the meaning of the metaphors. The meaning of metaphors is helping the researcher to discover the theme shared by the eight songs.

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C. Method of the Study

1. Data Collection

First, the researcher read the entire song lyrics contained in the album carefully. The lyrics were read closely to understand all expressions in the songs.

Second, the observation continued by determining every expression into two groups, which contained literal meaning and which were detected as metaphoric expression. To discover the metaphors in the lyrics, the researcher needed to find every anomalous or ambiguous expression in the lyrics. Fromkin, Rodman, &

Hyams (2010) believe that when what appears to be an anomaly is nevertheless understood in terms of a meaningful concept, the expression become a metaphor

(p. 149). Last, the researcher interpreted the metaphors found in the lyrics.

The data taken were eight songs from the album Voices by Wormrot which was released in 2016. The songs were God’s in His Heaven, Hollow Roots,

Descending Into the Unknown, Forced Siege, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless

Grind, Compassion is Dead, Buried the Sun, and Outworn. They were selected because they were included in the album which was released after five years hiatus of the band. Besides, they were chosen due to their availability and the number of metaphors lying on them. The number of metaphorical expressions found on the songs is 29 metaphors. The lyrics were obtained from http//www.genius.com since this source was one of the most popular and accurate online lyrics sharing places on the internet.

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2. Data Analysis

After the data were collected, the data were further analyzed to answer the problems. Firstly, the researcher employed Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary 9th Edition to define the literal meaning of every metaphorical expression to determine the literal meaning and the metaphors in 29 metaphorical expressions found and to give a wider literal understanding of the metaphors.

Secondly, the researcher interpreted the meaning of the metaphorical expressions.

The interpretation began with the definition or the literal meaning of the metaphors based on the dictionary. It continued with the identification of elements that were related to the literal meaning of the metaphors. The outcome of this step was that the researcher could be able to conclude the underlying meaning of the metaphorical expression. Lastly, the researcher classified the metaphors into the category they belong to. The researcher identified the characteristic of the metaphorical expressions so the metaphors were able to be classified accurately.

Below is the example:

Table 2. Example of the Analysis of Metaphor

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept My life came Breaking off Breaking off Orientational [+into] crumbling to a lower to a worse or [+depressed] down place lower condition or status

The example above was taken from the song “God‟s in His Heaven”. According to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary 9th Edition, down meant to or at a

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lower place or position. Crumbling is defined as to break or break something into very small pieces (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 360). It meant that in literal meaning my life came crumbling down mean the life of the writer was breaking into small pieces to a lower place or position.

However, crumbling had the semantic properties [+physical] which life does not have. Then it simply means that my life is depicted as a physical object which can be break into small pieces. On the other hand, down is related to sadness and depression based on our physical basis which drooping posture typically goes along with sadness and depression. Then looking at the context, my life came crumbling down gave the concept that the life of the writer was breaking into a worse or lower condition or position. The concepts shared by metaphor are [+into] and [+depressed]. In this case, crumbling down is treated as the topic and the vehicle is crumbling down which illustrates the life that is breaking into depression and sadness. Furthermore, crumbling down undergoes meaning shifted, hence it is the vehicle.

After the literal meaning and the metaphorical meaning were defined, the metaphor was categorized into its type, whether it was a structural, orientational, or ontological metaphor. The metaphor above was classified as an orientational metaphor since the metaphor applied the representation of the concept through a spatial orientation which is down. It was supported by looking at the theory of orientational metaphor that down was illustrating sadness and depression based on the physical basis which is drooping.

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After the metaphorical expressions have been defined, then the researcher would be able to discover the central theme of the selected songs. The researcher revealed the theme of each song by relating the shared concepts in each metaphorical expression found in the songs. For example the song “Hollow

Roots”, this song carries the semantic properties [+different], [+separation],

[+hidden], [+action], [+unpleasant], [+opinion], [+holding]. Based on the semantic properties and the meaning of the metaphors contained in the song, the theme of the song “Hollow Roots” could be determined as segregation.

After the theme of each song was revealed, the researcher could draw the central theme of the eight songs. The central theme was drawn based on the similarities shared by the theme of each song. The similar concepts shared by the theme of each song were gathered and observed. Then the researcher was able to find the connection between the songs through the shared idea and determine the central theme of the selected songs.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter is divided into two parts in answering the problems of this research. The first part discusses the meaning and the type of each metaphorical expressions found in eight selected songs by Wormrot. Then the second part analyzes themes revealed through the metaphoric expressions involved in the songs. The next part discusses the central theme of the eight songs through the theme which is shared by the eight songs.

A. The Metaphor Involed in Wormrot’s Songs

In this part, the researcher explains the metaphorical expressions found in eight selected songs by Wormrot. The researcher defines the metaphorical meaning and literal meaning using Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary 9th

Edition. Once the meaning is revealed, then the metaphors classified into its types of metaphors, structural, orientational, or ontological metaphor. The table below shows the types of metaphors found in the songs.

Table 4.1 Types of Metaphor Expression in Selected Wormrot’s Songs

No Songs Types of Metaphor

Structural Orientational Ontological

1. “God‟s in His - 2 1 Heaven”

2. “Hollow Roots” 4 - -

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3. “Descending into the 2 1 - Unknown”

4. “Forced Siege” 3 - -

5. “Eternal Sunshine of 3 - 1 the Spotless Grind”

6. “Compassion is Dead” 3 - -

7. “Buried the Sun” 4 - 1

8. “Outworn” 3 - 1

22 3 4

Eight songs are taken as the data for the analysis. Two orientational metaphors and one ontological metaphor are found in “God‟s in His Heaven”.

“Hollow Roots” has four structural metaphors. “Descending into the Unknown” carries two structural metaphors and one orientational metaphor. “Forced Siege” consists of three structural metaphors. “Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Grind” has three structural metaphors and one ontological metaphor. Three structural metaphors are found in “Compassion is Dead”. “Buried the Sun” carries four structural metaphors, while “Outworn” consists of three structural metaphors and one ontological metaphor.

The eight songs are analyzed further in the next discussion.

1. God’s in His Heaven

There are three metaphors found in this song,

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a. Crashed down, dead inside

Table 3. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Crashed Down”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept Crashed down Had a vehicle Had an Orientational [+incident] accident that incident that [+hopeless] caused him in makes him a lower sad and position depressed

In its lexical definition, a crash is defined as an accident in which a vehicle hits something, for example, another vehicle, usually causing damage and injuring or killing the passenger (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition,

2015, p. 348). While down is to or at lower place or position (Oxford Advanced

Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, 448). In this case, the literal meaning of crashed down define as a vehicle accident which resulting the writer placed in a lower place or position. However, there is no indication that the writer is in a vehicle accident.

Based on a physical basis, Lakoff and Johnson (2003) believe that

“drooping posture typically goes along with sadness and depression, erect posture with a positive emotional state” (p. 15). It is also supported by looking at cultural coherence in which people who are sad and depressed often interact with their heads bent down. Crashed indicates that there is an accident happened but there is no indication that the writer is driving or doing something related to a vehicle.

The semantic properties were brought by crashed [+accident] and [+injuring].

Then it leads to a concept that the writer is having an injury. However, it is not

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physically but mentally that is described in the expression down. Based on the explanation, the underlying meaning can be interpreted as that the writer is having an accident that makes him feel sad and depressed. The topic and the vehicle of this expression are down as the word is the referent and it undergoes meaning shifted from low place or position to sad and depressed. The concept shared by the topic and vehicle are [+incident] and [+depressed]. This metaphor is categorized as an orientational metaphor since the metaphor used spatial orientation in the expression. b. Crashed down, dead inside

Table 4. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Dead Inside”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept Dead inside A part inside The writer‟s Structural [+insensitive] of the writer is mind is unable not alive to feel or understand his emotion

Inside according to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition

(2015) is on or to the inner side; inside (p. 788). Dead defined as “no longer alive”

(Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 380). In literal meaning, the expression means that part of the inner side of the writer is not alive.

However, the inside is referred as the writer‟s mind in relation to the previous expressions crashed down which interpretation is related to depression that is concerned with mental state. It is also supported by the expression which expresses inside concern with the mind or mental state as in „I was screaming

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inside‟. Dead in this context, become the word that depicts something that is not alive inside the writer‟s mind. Dead then interpreted as the term insensitive which defined as without feeling or simply the ability to feel is not alive or dead. The concepts of dead inside, then depict the writer‟s mind which has become insensitive or unable to feel or understand his emotion.

The word dead is the topic as some elements of dead are taken to contribute the interpretation of the metaphor while inside is the vehicle since it activates the term that covers feeling and emotion. The shared concept by this metaphor is [+insensitive] as the condition depicts the absence of feeling and emotion in his mind. This metaphor is classified as a structural metaphor since the metaphor describes a concept in another term. c. My life came crumbling down

Table 5. The Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “My Life Came Crumbling Down”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept My life came Being in a Being in a Orientational [+into] crumbling lower place or worse [+depressed] down position condition

In literal meaning, the expression tells that the writer‟s life is failing to a lower place or position since down defined as “to or at lower position” (Oxford

Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, 448). Crumbling is defined as to break or break something into very small pieces (Oxford Advanced

Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 360). Then the literal meaning of the expression is that the life of the writer is breaking into small pieces to a lower

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place or position. However, crumbling has the semantic properties of [+physical] which life does not have it. Then it indicates my life is depicted as a physical object which can be break into small pieces. Down refers to a lower place or position than it should be. However, based on a physical basis and our cultural coherence, down carries another meaning related to mental state. It shows on when people are unhappy they usually perform drooping posture. The posture of drooping goes along with negative emotional states such as sad and depressed.

People who are going through a depression usually bent down their heads. Then by expressing my life came crumbling down gives a concept that the writer‟s life is breaking into depression and sadness.

The concept shared by this metaphor is [+into] and [+depressed].

Crumbling down is treated as a topic and the vehicle, as it activated the concept of breaking into depression and sadness. The type of metaphor is an orientational metaphor as the metaphor used spatial orientation in the expression. Spatialization metaphors are rooted in physical and cultural experience; a metaphor can serve as a vehicle for understanding a concept only by virtue of its experiential basis

(Lakoff and Johnson, 2003, p. 18).

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2. Hollow roots

There are four metaphors in this song a. We‟ve been casted away

Table 6. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “We’ve been casted away”

Cast in literal meaning is defined as “to look, smile, etc. in a particular direction” (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 222).

In its literal meaning, the expression is meant that somebody is looking or smiling in a particular direction which is toward the writer and the people who are grouping with the writer.

However, the cast is also defined as literally to throw somebody or something somewhere, especially using force (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s

Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 222). From this definition, it indicated the semantic properties of the expression which is [+thrown]. When something is casted, the object is being thrown from the source to somewhere else. It is shown by the expression such as they cast anchor at nightfall. It shows that the anchor is thrown from its origin to another place. In the relationship between one to another or community, social interaction is one of the most important parts to be part of society. However, to be accepted by the people of some communities, people need

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to have some particular quality so people can accept them in society. In this context, the expression shows that the writer is not thrown away but it gives an indication that the writer has some particular qualities that make him different from most of the people. It leads to a clue that the writer is feeling that he has been separated from the society that he expressed it with the expression casted away or being thrown by a society.

The concepts shared by this metaphor are [+different] and [+separation].

The topic of this metaphor is casted while the vehicle is a community that activates the term of particular qualities and differences. This metaphor is categorized as a structural metaphor since it uses a term that is casted to illustrate another concept which is the gap in society. b. Covered up by motion blur

Table 7. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Covered Up by Motion Blur”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Covered up by Being hide by The process Structural [+action] motion blur the act or that is being [+hidden] process of hidden so moving people cannot something go back unclear

A cover according to Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth

Edition (2015) is defined as placing something over or in front of something in order to hide or protect it (p. 344). Motion in its literal meaning is the act or process of moving or the way something moves (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s

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Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 979). Blur is a shape that you cannot see clearly, often because it is moving too fast (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s

Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 153).

In this context, the process of being thrown away or to be separated from society is the one that is covered up. It is shown by the previous line which discusses the separation of the writer with the community. Covered up brought the semantic properties [+hide]. It leads to an indication that the process of separation is being hidden by a motion blur. Then on its literal meaning, the expression is showing that the separation is being covered by action or process of moving which is cannot be seen clearly because it moving too fast. Motion carries the semantic properties [+action] and [+process] since it concerns with movement.

While blur is contained the semantic properties [+object] as it concern with shape.

These concepts then lead to an indication that there is an action to arrange something to be hidden so it is impossible for a person to go or looking back on the previous condition or situation. In this case, the writer can not go back to his previous society or environment because it has been hidden, meaning that there is no way for him to go back to the previous environment. This interpretation is supported by the next line after this expression which states never to return again.

The shared concept by this metaphor are [+action] and [+hidden]. This metaphor is categorized as a structural metaphor since the referents are illustrating another concept to give another understanding.

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c. Judging us with fatal words

Table 8. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Judging Us with Fatal Words”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Judging us A unit of A negative Structural [+unpleasant] with fatal language or opinion which [+opinion] words statement that gives a causing death significant impact

Fatal as defined is meant causing or ending in death (Oxford Advanced

Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 547). Word is “a single unit of language which means something and can be spoken or written” it also can be defined as “a thing that you say, a remark or statement”(Oxford Advanced

Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, pp. 1732-1733). In literal meaning, the expression meant that it is a unit of language or a statement that causing death to the writer and his group.

However, there is no indication that the words or statements are causing death to the writer. It leads to an understanding that it has other concepts besides its literal meaning. The literal meaning of fatal is carrying the semantic properties of [+cause] and [+death]. It means that fatal is illustrating an attack or something that is hurting. Judging is defined as forming an opinion about something or somebody based on the information you have (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s

Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 822). In this context, the fatal words are analyzed as the judgment since the judge is classified as a transitive verb that

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needs an object to complete the sentence. Then it leads to an indication that fatal words are an unpleasant opinion or judgment which gives a negative impact or influence to the writer.

The concepts shared by this metaphor are [+unpleasant] and [+opinion].

The topic in this metaphor is words as it is the referent and fatal is the vehicle since it activated the concepts of dangerous which lead to an unpleasant state.

This metaphor is categorized as a structural metaphor as the metaphor is showing another concept besides their literal meaning. d. We are still standing strong

Table 9. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “We are Still Standing Strong”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts We are still On their feet Holding their Structural [+holding] standing in a vertical belief towards [+belief] strong position while other having a lot of influences physical power

Stand in its literal meaning is defined as to be on your feet; to be in a vertical position (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p.

1472). While strong is defined as having a lot of physical power so that you can lift heavy weights, do hard physical work, etc. (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s

Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 1502). In its literal meaning, the expression means that the writer and his people are on their feet in a vertical position with having a lot of physical power.

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Looking on a physical basis, standing is a concern with erect postures. It indicates that it depicts positive states. When people having drooping postures, it usually goes along with sadness and depression while erect postures are concern with positive states. As this concept is obtained, it gives a clue that standing strong is having another understanding aside from its literal meaning. It delivers something beyond the literal meaning. In this case, strong can be interpreted to another understanding rather than relating it to physical things. It is associated with holding beliefs seriously or not easily upset or frightened. From this understanding, standing strong interpreted as the writer and the people on his side is confident about their belief, thought, and attitude. He and his group is not giving up on anything or would not be easily influenced by another attitude, behavior, or thought. In other words, the writer and the people are holding their beliefs towards another influence.

The shared concepts by this metaphor are [+holding] and [+belief].

Standing is the topic of the metaphor while strong is the vehicle that activates the term of holding a belief. This metaphor is classified as a structural metaphor since it uses one concept to describe another concept.

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3. Descending into the Unknown

There are two metaphorical expressions in this song a. Falling down slowly

Table 10. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Falling Down Slowly”

Fall is to drop down from a higher level to a lower level (Oxford

Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 539). Down is defined as to or at a lower place or position (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth

Edition, 2015, p. 448). While slowly is describing the falling down which is at a slow speed or moving not fast. In literal meaning, this expression is meant to drop down to a lower place or position from a higher level at a slow speed.

From its literal meaning, falling carries the semantic property [+drop] which is explained as moving from a higher level to a lower level. Meanwhile, down is describing the direction of the drop. Down is related to sad and depressed based on a physical basis. Erect postures typically go along with a positive emotional state while drooping postures typically go along with sadness and depression. This explanation is showing that the writer is having an emotional changing which is from a higher level, in this case, is a positive mental state to a lower mental state, which pictured as down that correlates with sadness and depression. Also, the word slowly is an indication that this emotional change is

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going slow or not fast. It shows that the mental state is going to sadness and depression from a positive mental state slowly. The concepts shared by this metaphor are [+changing] and [+sadness]. This metaphor is classified as an orientational metaphor since it is using spatial orientation to deliver the concepts of the meaning. b. Descending into the unknown

Table 11. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Descending into the Unknown”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Descending Going down Going into a Structural [+change] into the to a place negative state [+strange] unknown which is not that is never known from a known before higher level

Descend in literal meaning is defined as to come or go down from a higher to a lower level(Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p.

403). Unknown is defined as places or things that are not known about(Oxford

Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth edition, 2015, p. 1651). In the literal meaning, the expression shows that the writer going down to a place that is not known.

Descending carries the semantic features of [+going] and [+down]. The literal meaning is showing that the writer is going down from a higher level. The place where the writer is heading to is unidentified as it is pictured as unknown or is not known. Even the place is not identified, it is clear that the writer is going

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down from a higher level. Down as explained before correlates with sad and depressed. Then unknown can be interpreted as a condition or situation which is not known or strange because descend is related to emotional state which unknown does not have in its properties. The concept is shifted from a place or things become a situation or condition to complete the concepts of the descending that shifted to an emotional change. This understanding gives a new interpretation to the expression. The expression can be interpreted as the writer is going into a lower mental state such as sadness and depression which he is strange to or he is not usually into.

The concept shared by this metaphor is [+change] and [+strange]. The topic of this metaphor is descending and the vehicle is also descending as it undergoes meaning shifted and activates the concepts of down. This metaphor is categorized as a structural metaphor since the expression is delivering another concept to illustrate the condition. c. Shocked dread cold fear

Table 12. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Shocked Dread Cold Fear”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Shocked A bad feeling An unpleasant Structural [+harsh] dread cold when bad feeling [+feeling] fear someone in danger that is having a lower temperature than usual

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Fear is a bad feeling that you have when you are in danger, when something bad might happen, or when a particular thing frightens you (Oxford

Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth edition, 2015, p. 550). While cold is defined as having a lower than usual temperature, having a temperature lower than the human body(Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p.

281). Literally, the expression means a bad feeling when people in danger which has a lower temperature than the usual temperature.

However, cold can be interpreted into another meaning such as unfriendly.

In low temperatures, cold is avoided by some people because it is uncomfortable.

Furthermore, take a look on the example of winter which is a cold season is symbolizing death because, in winter, the plant cannot be grown, people and animal is struggling for their life in this temperature. In the expression like cold stare is explained that cold is represent unfriendly behavior or without emotion. In another expression like the cold-blooded killer is also represents a savage who has no emotion because of the cruelness in the killing process. Then cold fear can be interpreted as a very bad feeling that the feeling is unfriendly or unbearable which made the writer felt miserable.

The concepts shared by this metaphor are [+harsh] and [+feeling]. The topic is cold fear which literally means the bad feeling with low temperature while the vehicle is the idea that describes the unfriendliness or harsh behavior.

This metaphor is categorized as a structural metaphor as the referents are describing another understanding rather than use its literal meaning in delivering concepts.

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4. Forced Siege

There are three metaphoric expressions in this song a. Forced, no escape, left to rot

Table 13. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Forced, No Escape, Left to Rot”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expressions Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Forced, no Being left Being Structural [+long term] escape, left to until decayed neglected for [+neglected] rot or a long period decomposed of time In literal meaning, rot is defined as “to decay, or make something decay, naturally and gradually” (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition,

2015, p. 1306). In this context, the writer‟s statement is referring to someone who is forced to join a military operation. This understanding was obtained by analyzing the following part of the lyrics associated with military and war. In literal meaning, the metaphorical expression depicts a person who is forced to join the operation is cannot escape from it and is left until the person is decay or decomposed. However, the expression has another concept of understanding beyond its literal meaning. Decay is the process or result of being destroyed by natural causes or by not being cared for (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary,

2015, p. 385). It means that in the process of decaying, it takes a lot of time before a person is going to decayed or destroyed since the process depends on natural causes or by not being cared for. The explanation leads to another understanding of rot. In this case, the meaning of the expression shifted into a person that is neglected for a long period.

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The concept shared by this metaphor is [+long term] and [+neglected]. The topic and vehicle of this metaphor are rot as it is the referent and it activated one of its elements which defines another concept which is abandoned and a long period of time. The categorization of this metaphor is a structural metaphor as it reconstructs the concepts of its referent to another concept. b. Serve your time, trapped and caged

Table 14. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Serve Your Time, Trapped and Caged”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept Serve your Being in a A condition Structural [-freedom] time, trapped metal bar where a and caged where animals person has no are kept control or freedom of his life

Trap in its literal meaning is equipment for catching animals (Oxford

Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 1610). Cage in literal meaning is defined as a structure made of metal bars or wire in which animals or birds are kept (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p.

203). In literal meaning, the expression depicts a person who is tricked into equipment for catching animals and placed in a structure of metal bars or wire in which animals are kept.

If animals are being trapped, they are caught suddenly by the equipment so they cannot escape from the trap. While if an animal is placed in a cage, they are placed in a space that is restricted by a metal bar so they cannot go to other places

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or escape from the bars. Trapped carries the semantic properties [+caught]. While caged carries the semantic properties [+kept] and [-escape]. From this explanation, the interpretation is shifted, the expression is showing a condition of people who are serving time in a military operation is impossible to escape and having no freedom for their own life. The writer illustrated the condition of having no freedom as if an animal is being trapped and caged. The shared concept of the metaphor is [-freedom]. These metaphors are classified as a structural metaphor as the expressions illustrate concepts in terms of another concept. The expression is picturing the lack of freedom using the term trapped and caged. c. Cork and triggered sets you free

Table 15. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Cork and Triggered Set You Free”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept Cork and Small round Being drunk Structural [- triggered set object and a then commit consciousness] you free part of a gun suicide [+death]

Trigger as defined in Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth

Edition (2015) is a part of a gun that you press in order to fire it (p. 1615). Cork defined as “a light, soft material that is the thick bark of a type of Mediterranean oak tree” but it also defined as “a small round object made of cork or plastic, that is used for closing bottles, especially wine bottles” (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s

Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 332). In literal meaning, the expression means

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that a small round, soft material made of cork and a part of a gun that a person press, to fire, can set a person free.

In order to drink wine, people need to open the cork before they can drink it. People usually drinking an alcoholic drink to celebrate something or when they are in a sad or depressed state. When a person is drunk, it is impossible to think clearly because one is under the influence of alcohol. Besides, a trigger is a part of a gun which activates the fire to shoot. However, the interpretation of triggered in the expression can be interpreted as suicide. The lyrics are contained with the concepts of depression and frustration. People with depression and frustration tend to think about death. The activation suicide in the expression triggered is supported by the use of passive form which indicates the person is undergoing an action of being triggered. The following lines also supported that triggered indicated suicide and death. The expression in the lyrics is time has served, now wait and bleed which illustrating the loose of blood that a person can be dead by the lack of blood.

In this context, the writer telling that the person in the lyric is better drunk and not to think then commit suicide by shot himself which he believes is freedom. The person is dead but it indicates that he is not in the operation anymore. The shared concept of these metaphors are [-consciousness] and

[+death]. These metaphors are classified as structural metaphors since their referents are describing other concepts of other terms.

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5. Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Grind

There are four metaphors in this song a. Trying my best to sink in

Table 16. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Trying My Best to Sink In”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Trying my To go under To suit in a Structural [+unpleasant] best to sink in the surface of less pleasant [-familiar] a liquid state

Sink defined as to go down below the surface or towards the bottom of a liquid or soft substance (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition,

2015, p. 1406). In literal understanding, the expression means that the writer is trying his best to go down below under the surface or towards the bottom of a liquid. A person who is sunk is going from a different environment to go to an environment surrounded by liquid.

Metaphorically, sink in can be interpreted as slowly going into an unpleasant condition or state. People who are sunk usually not used to on the environment they get sunk into. When people are sinking in an ocean, they always try to look for help in order the save their life because they are not used to the condition of being in a different environment. Oxford Advanced Learner‟s

Dictionary: Ninth Edition (2015) defined sink into something that means to go gradually into a less active, happy, or pleasant state (p. 1407). The writer depicts that he is trying to be suitable to his condition and state of mind although it is unpleasant. The lyrics before the expression also show that he is through the

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anxiety of the mistakes he has been through, apprehension of the countless mistake. Then it leads to the appearance of a particular condition or situation.

The concepts shared by this metaphor are [+unpleasant] and [-familiar].

This metaphor is categorized as a structural metaphor as the expression describes another concept. b. Memory erasing procedure activated

Table 17. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Memory Erasing Procedure Activated”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Memory Make a Forgetting the Ontological [+forgetting] erasing device‟s thought from [+memories] procedure process start the past activated to remove the thought from the past by following the correct way

Memory in literal the meaning is defined as “your ability to remember things” however it also can define as “a thought of something that you remember from the past” (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p.

941). Erase based on dictionary means “to remove something completely”

(Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 504). The procedure defines “a way of doing something, especially the usual or correct way” (OALD, 2015, p. 1186). Activate is defined as “to makes something such as device or chemical process start working (OALD, 2015, p. 14).

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The expression describes that the writer makes a device‟s processing started to remove his thought of the past completely by using the correct way.

Memory is having the semantic properties [+mind] as the ability to remember something is regarded to mind. Furthermore, activate has semantic properties

[+device]. It leads to an indication that the writer depicts the mind as a device that can erase the thought that he remembers from the past by following the correct way. Otherwise, the mind is not a machine as having an on-off state, a level of efficiency, a productive capacity, an internal mechanism, a source of energy, and an operating condition (Lakoff and Johnson, 2003, p. 28).

The metaphorical meaning of the expression memory erasing procedure activated then interpreted as the writer is burying or forgetting his thought from the past completely from his mind. The topic in this metaphor is memory and the vehicle is activated as it undergoes meaning shifted and brings the concept of the machine. The shared concepts by this metaphor are [+forgetting] and

[+memories]. This metaphor is categorized as an ontological metaphor since it indicating entities such as mind to a physical object which is a machine.

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c. Wake me from my tired life

Table 18. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Wake Me from My Tired Life”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Wake me from To stop The writer Structural [+reality] my tired life sleeping to does not [-believe] vanish his believe that uncomfortable the present is experiences real, he thinks and activities he was in a dream

Wake is defined as to stop sleeping, to make somebody stop sleeping

(Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 1689). Tired is feeling that you would like to sleep or rest; needing rest (Oxford Advanced

Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 1588). However, tired can also be interpreted as a feeling that you have had enough of somebody or something because you no longer find them/it interesting or because they make you angry or unhappy (OALD, 2015, p. 1588). Life is defined as the ability to breathe, grow, reproduce, etc., which people, animals and plants have before they die and which objects do not have (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2015, p. 872). Life is also defined as the experience and activities that are typical of all people‟s existence (OALD, 2015, p. 872).

The concept of the expression tired life is then interpreted as the writer‟s experience and activities which is lead him to a feeling of anger or unhappiness.

In literal meaning, the expression means the writer wants to stop sleeping from his experience and activities that he no longer finds it interesting or make him

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unhappy. However, the word wake is associated with asleep, while life does not have the properties [+asleep]. When people are asleep they may have a series of images, events, and feelings that happen in your mind when they are sleeping. In the expression, the writer treated the expression tired life as a dream which is not real. This understanding is obtained as when people are waking up from their sleep, their dream will stop and they start to face reality.

The concept which this metaphor is trying to deliver is that he does not believe his reality. His reality makes him feels unpleasant and unhappy that he thinks he was dreaming and wanted to wake up from his sleep. The shared concepts shared by this metaphor are [+reality] and [-believe]. The topic is wake and the vehicle is life. This metaphor is classified as a structural metaphor as it defines concepts using another term. It defines the writer‟s disbelieve using the term of awake. d. I have bled once too many times

Table 19. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “I Have Bled Once Too Many Times”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts I have bled To loose Unpleasant Structural [+unpleasant] once too many blood from a mental state [+feeling] times wound or injury

Bled defines as to lose blood, especially from a wound or an injury

(Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 144). The expression meaning is that the writer has lost his blood and he has been wounded

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and injured many times. Being injured indicates that he is physically hurt. Hurt is defined as to cause physical pain to somebody or yourself; to feel painful.

However, the hurt is not always concerned with physical form but also with the state of feeling which hurt means to make somebody upset or unhappy. By obtaining this concept, the interpretation of the metaphorical expression can be interpreted as the writer has been through an unpleasant feeling in many times of his life. It is supported by the lyrics before this expression that indicates he does not being in a physical war which made him wounded and lost his blood.

Otherwise, he is having issues related to mental state. This expression is the continuation of the previous lyric that is wake me from my tired life.

The shared concepts by this metaphor are [+unpleasant] and [+feeling]. It appears since the writer‟s mental state has been hurt by his experience and his situation that makes him feel unpleasant. The topic is bled while the vehicle is hurt which activating the term unpleasant and relating it with mental state. This metaphor is classified as a structural metaphor. This metaphor describes the writer‟s feeling which is unpleasant through the word bled which is related to hurt.

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6. Compassion is Dead

There are three metaphors in this song a. Now watch me fall from grace

Table 20. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Now Watch Me Fall from Grace”

The expression means that the writer is going to drop down from a higher level to a lower level of an attractive quality of movement. In literal meaning, fall means “to drop down from a higher level to a lower level”(Oxford, Advanced

Learner‟s Dictionary, 2015, p. 539). Grace as defined by the dictionary is an attractive quality of movement that is smooth, elegant, and controlled (Oxford

Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2015, p. 660). However, grace has a different meaning which is related to behavior which is defined as “a quality of behavior that is polite and pleasant and deserves respect” (OALD, 2015, p. 660). Based on the literal meaning, the semantic properties of grace are [+decent] and

[+behavior].

The expression fall however is giving the concept of position changing which is from a higher position to a lower position. In other words, fall is going

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down from a higher position. The semantic feature of the fall is [+change] and

[+lower]. Fall also can be interpreted to pass into a particular state (OALD, 2015, p. 539). Going down which is involved in the definition of the word fall, gives the elements of the changing on a particular state which is from a higher level to a lower level. By looking at this explanation, then it leads to a further understanding of the expression. This metaphor depicts the changing behavior which is polite and pleasant to an indecent one. High and low in the definition of fall appear to be the indication of the two things which are opposite from the other.

The topic of this metaphor is grace while the vehicle is fall which undergoes the meaning shifted from to drop down to an indication of changing of behavior. This metaphor is classified as a structural metaphor as the expression describes another concept rather than using its lexical meaning. b. Living life hanging by a thread

Table 21. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Living Life Hanging by a Thread”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concept Living life Being Being in a Structural [+danger] hanging by a attached to a danger thread thin string situation

Hang is defined as “to attach something or to be attached, at the top so that the lower part is free or loose” (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2015p.

690). Thread is defined as a thin string of cotton, wool, silk, etc. used for sewing or making cloth (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2015, p. 1576). The

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expression means that the writer is living his life by attached to a string of cotton, wool, or silk used for sewing or making cloth.

As defined by the dictionary, a thread is a string, which is a thin object that is sensitive that even a soft action might break the string. By saying the writer‟s life is hanging by a thread conducts the understanding that his life is attached only by a sensitive thin object. When an object is hanging by a thin string, the hanger becomes very sensitive since a string is thin and small, it can be break anytime. This concept constructed another understanding that is the writer‟s life is in a risky or dangerous situation. This concept is constructed based on the illustration that the writer‟s life only depends on the thin string. The concepts shared by this metaphor is [+danger]. Since this metaphor is using an expression to draw another concept of understanding, it is categorized as a structural metaphor. c. Dive into the burning flames

Table 22. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Dive into the Burning Flames”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Dive into the Going head Without Structural [-hesitation] burning down and hesitation [+chaotic] flames arms first into going into a an extremely mess or hot stream of destructive burning gas situation and that is on fire condition

The literal meaning of dive is to jump into the water with your head and arms going in first (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015,

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p. 435). Burning is defined as “very strong; extreme” (Oxford Advanced

Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 194). Flame based on Oxford

Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition (2015) is a hot bright stream of a burning gas that comes from something that is on fire (p. 574). In literal meaning, the writer jumps into a very strong hot bright stream of a burning gas that is on fire.

The expression burning flame is concerned with fire as the concept shared by the literal meaning of the expression is [+fire] and [+hot]. Thus, in the definition of fire, there are burn and flame as its concepts. When something is burning or on fire, the object is usually being destroyed and made into ashes.

Therefore, the concept of burning flame could be interpreted as destruction or a situation that is ruinous and messy. While dive from its literal meaning shows without hesitation as dive means jump into something with head first, while the head is one of the most important parts of the human body. This concept is constructed because the organ which controls movement, thought, memory, and feeling is the brain located inside the head. Then if someone going to jump into something with head first, it shows the confidence of the person.

This metaphorical expression illustrating that the writer is going to a mess and destructive situation without hesitation. The shared concepts by this metaphor is [-hesitation] and [+chaotic]. This metaphor is categorized as a structural metaphor as the meaning of the metaphor is present in another term.

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7. Buried the Sun

There is five metaphor in this song a. Downward spiral to the same old nothingness

Table 23. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Downward Spiral to the Same Old Nothingness”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Downward Moving to a Degradation Structural [+degradation] spiral to the lower level on of quality of [+continue] same old a circle shape life which nothingness continuously happen

Downward as defined in Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth

Edition (2015) is moving or pointing towards a lower level (p. 450). Spiral is defined as a shape or design, consisting of a continuous curved line that winds around a central point, which each curve further away from the center; it also defined as moving in a continuous circle (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary:

Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 1455).

Downward is indicating the move of going down to a lower place. The semantic properties from the expression are [+down] and [+moving]. Downward expressing degradation of something such as found in the expression the downward trend in inflation. This understanding leads to a concept that downward illustrates the degradation of something that is not only a physical object but also abstract things. Furthermore, down is indicating a negative condition, situation, or emotion, based on physical basis theory. While spiral has the semantic properties

[+circle] and [+continuous]. Spiral gives the concept that something is

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continuously moving in the same condition or situation since it defines as a continuous circle. The meaning of this metaphorical expression is then interpreted as the writer‟s life is degrading into an unpleasant situation or condition which is continuously happen to him which he illustrates it as the same old nothingness.

The term life is obtained from the expression that appeared in the previous line, which presents the proof that the writer is talking about his life, the expression is you’ve sacrificed my life.

The topic in this metaphor is downward while the vehicle is spiral which activating one of the concepts that change the meaning of the referent. The concepts shared by this metaphor are [+degradation] and [+continue]. This metaphor is classified as a structural metaphor as the writer presents another concept by using the expression downward spiral. b. You‟ve dragged me to your fucking hell hole

Table 24. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “You’ve Dragged Me to Your Fucking Hell Hole”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts You‟ve A hollow An unpleasant Structural [+unpleasant] dragged me to space which is situation to be [+situation] your fucking a place for the in hell hole devils and bad people go after death

In literal meaning, hell means “in some religions, the place believes to be the home of devils and where bad people go after death (Oxford Advanced,

Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 711). A Hole is defined as a hollow

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space in something solid or on the surface of something (Oxford Advanced

Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 728). The expression means that the writer has been dragged to a hollow space in which place is the home of the devils and where bad people go after death.

The literal meaning is indicating that the writer is dead and being a drag to hell. However, hell is not only defined as a place for bad people when they are dead, but it might also represent another concept which is a very unpleasant experience or situation in which people suffer very much (OALD, 2015, p. 711).

Besides, a hole could be interpreted as an unpleasant place to live or to be in

(Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 729). From this understanding, the metaphorical expression is interpreted as a very unpleasant situation to be in which makes the writer suffer very much.

The concepts shared by this metaphor are [+unpleasant] and [+situation].

In this metaphor, the topic is the hole and the vehicle is hell. The vehicle is activating the meaning of an unpleasant situation and condition to the place where the writer was dragged into. This metaphor is classified as a structural metaphor since the expressions delivering another concept of the interpretation.

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c. Buried the Sun

Table 25. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Buried the Sun”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Buried the sun The star that No hope Structural [+hopeless] giving light and heat to the earth is dead and being placed in a grave

Bury in literal meaning means “to place a dead body in a grave; to hide something in the ground” (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition,

2015, p. 195). Meanwhile, the sun is the star that shines in the sky during the day and gives the earth heat and light (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth

Edition, 2015, p. 1516). The literal meaning of this metaphorical expression is the star that shining and gives the earth lightly is placed in a grave.

On one hand, the literal meaning is indicating that the sun is dead because the word bury has the semantic properties [+dead], [+body], and [+place]. On the other hand, the sun does not have the semantic properties [+body] because the properties belong to an animate creature. However, in some cultures, the sun is representing another concept besides the meaning of the star that shining and giving heat to the earth. Sun carries the semantic properties [+light] and [+heat].

The properties of the sun [+light] might bring a concept of life and hope. In

Christianity, light is symbolized goodness. In the New Testament, Jesus is described as the light of the world. Jesus who is coming as a savior is defined

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himself as the light that will bring the world out from darkness which is the opposite of goodness. It brings the concept that light is hope to get out of the darkness. Sun also represents life as the sun represents the cycle of life-based on its cycle throughout the day. It is also supported by the fact that the sun is rise at the beginning of the day and eventually must “die” when the sun is set. In some other culture, the sun also representing god as Egypt worship the god of sun Ra.

Based on the explanation above, the metaphorical expression gives a concept that the writer is stating that there is no hope. It is obtained as the writer‟s expression is showing the idea that hope and goodness had been buried which lead to a concept that his hope is dead or not alive anymore. The shared concept by this metaphor is [+hopeless]. The topic and vehicle in this metaphor are the sun since it is the referent and it undergoes meaning shifted. This metaphor is categorized as a structural metaphor because the term of the expression is referring to another concept. d. Numb and caged down similar spirals

Table 26. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Numb and Caged Down Similar Spirals”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Numb and Being kept in Cannot escape Structural [-freedom] caged down a metal bar from an [+continue] similar spirals with a curve unpleasant design or condition that shape continuously happens

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Cage in literal meaning is defined as a structure made of metal bars or wire in which animals or birds are kept (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth

Edition, 2015, p. 203). Spiral, as defined by the dictionary, is a shape or design, consisting of a continuous curved line that winds around a central point, which each curve further away from the center; it also defined as moving in a continuous circle (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 1455). The meaning of the expression is being kept in a metal bar with a curve design or shape.

The word caged is illustrating that the writer is being kept in a condition that he cannot escape. This understanding is obtained from the semantic properties of a cage which are [-escape] and [-freedom]. It can be seen from the fact that if animals were kept in a cage, they could not escape and got their freedom anymore. Furthermore, spiral in this context is referring to an unpleasant situation or condition which have been explained in the early analysis in the expression downward spiral to the same old nothingness. The spiral depicts an unpleasant situation or condition that continuously happens to the writer since the spiral carries the semantic properties [+continue]. From this understanding, the meaning of the expression is illustrating that the writer is placed in an unpleasant situation or condition that he got no control of himself and he cannot escape from this situation that continuously happens to him. The concepts shared by this metaphor are [-freedom] and [+continue]. This metaphor is categorized as a structural metaphor as it depicted another understanding through such kind of expressions.

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e. Collapsing inner selves, rupturing minds

Table 27. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Collapsing Inner Selves, Rupturing Minds”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Collapsing The falling The dropping Ontological [+disruption] inner selves, down of the level of [+behavior] rupturing inner type of a behavior and [+feeling] mind person caused character, by a burst of a mentally part of a breakdown person that makes able to be aware of things

Collapse in the literal meaning defined as to fall down or fall in suddenly of building, often after breaking apart (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary:

Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 282). Selves are plural for self, meaning the type of person you are, especially the way you normally behave, look or feel (Oxford Advanced

Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 1359). While inner in this context is explaining where the verb collapsing is taking place of. Rupture as defined in the dictionary is an injury in which something inside the body breaks apart or burst

(Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 2015, p. 1319). The mind is the part of a person that makes it able to be aware of things, to think, and to feel (Oxford

Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 955).

The expression means the falling down of the inner type of a person and an injury caused by the burst of the part of a person that makes it able to be aware of things. Collapse carries the semantic properties [+break] and [+fall]. While self

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has the semantic properties [+type] and [+behavior]. This understanding then leads to a new concept of the expression which means that his experience expressed in the lyric numb and caged down similar spiral is breaking down the writer‟s behavior or character. Otherwise, rupture carries the semantic properties

[+break] and [+injury]. While the mind has the semantic properties [+feeling] and

[+thought]. These elements give an understanding that the expression rupturing mind is mean that the writer is having a mental breakdown. This expression is emphasizing of what happened in the writer‟s situation which he expresses by saying collapsing inner selves.

The concepts shared by this metaphors are [+disruption], [+behavior], and

[+feeling]. It is obtained from the meaning of the metaphors that indicate the writer‟s unpleasant situation with himself. These metaphors are categorized as an ontological metaphor because he treated entities such as mind, feeling, and thought as a physical object that can be collapsed and ruptured.

8. Outworn

There are four metaphors contain in this song a. You‟re still wearing the same fucking mask

Table 28. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “You’re Still Wearing the Same Fucking Mask”

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Mask is defined by Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary (2015) is covering for part or all of the faces, worn to hide or protect it (p. 927). The expression depicts that someone who the writer refers to is wearing something that covers one face to hide or protect one face. When a person is wearing a mask, the face of the person is covered so people can not recognize the person behind the mask.

Mask is a form of disguise, to hide their appearance so people can not recognize them. Therefore, the mask symbolizes untruthfulness. It can be seen on daily issues like the expression some people using a mask to fit in society. It gives an understanding that people need to use a particular appearance to socialize with other people. Then it leads to the understanding that the mask carries the concepts of [+disguise] and [-truth]. After the concepts were obtained, the understanding of the expression might be changed as the writer is referring to someone that using the same lies over and over again. The topic and the vehicle in this metaphorical expression are the mask as it refers to the referent and it activates the elements of the definition which is disguise. This metaphor is categorized as a structural metaphor since this metaphor depicting the untruthfulness by using the expression mask.

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b. Head strong toward the abyss

Table 29. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Head Strong Towards the Abyss”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Head strong Part of the The Structural [+mind] towards the body on top of confidence on [-frightened] abyss the neck is facing an [+unpleasant] having a lot of infinite [+condition] physical unpleasant power in situation direction of the deep hole that seems has no bottom

Head is defined as the part of the body on top of the neck containing the eyes, nose, mouth, and brain (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth

Edition, 2015, p. 702). Strong is having a lot of physical power so that you can lift heavy weights, do hard physical work, etc (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s

Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 1502). While abyss is defined as a very deep wide space or hole that seems to have no bottom (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s

Dictionary: Ninth Edition, 2015, p. 6).

The expression is meant the part of the body on top of the neck is having a lot of physical power toward a very deep wide place or hole that seems to have no bottom. However, the expression head might have another meaning besides its literal meaning. Head could be interpreted as mind since it is concerned with the brain which is located in the head. Through this „stretching procedure, then the semantic properties of the head could be determined as [+mind]. This kind of

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correlation is also happening in the expression strong. By knowing that head is concerned with mind, then strong can be interpreted as a power of not easily upset or frightens and not easily influenced by other people or the situation a person into. Otherwise, abyss carries the semantic properties [+hole] and [+deep]. The literal meaning of abyss is indicating that it is a hole that seems to have no bottoms which illustrating that the hole is very deep. If something falls into the abyss, the objects might be falling for an infinite time as it seems has no bottom.

These concept lead to an understanding which the writer is facing the hole that if he went down the hole, he might be fell into infinite falling. This concepts lead to an understanding that the writer is facing an infinite unpleasant situation. The illustration obtained as falling down is illustrating a situation or state which is unpleasant since down correlates with the negative state.

From this understanding, the expression head strong towards the abyss is interpreted as a claimed that the writer is not upset or frightened on facing an infinite unpleasant situation or condition. The concepts shared by this metaphors are [+mind], [-frightened], [+unpleasant], and [+condition]. These metaphors are categorized as a structural metaphor since the meaning of the metaphor is delivering another concept while using another term such as head strong and abyss.

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c. Your blurred illusions

Table 30. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “ Your Blurred Illusions”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Your blurred A false idea A lies which Ontological [+unclear] illusions that cannot be is not clear [-truth] seen clearly whether it is the truth or not

Blur in its literal meaning is defined as “a shape that you cannot see clearly, often because it is moving too fast” but it also can be defined as “to become or make something difficult to distinguish clearly” (Oxford Advanced

Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, p. 153). While illusion is defined as a false idea or belief, especially about somebody or a situation (Oxford Advanced

Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, p. 759). The expression means a false idea or belief that that cannot be seen clearly.

The semantic properties carry by blur are [+object] and [-clear]. The literal meaning indicates that if something is blurred than people cannot see things clearly. Meanwhile, illusions carry the semantic properties [+belief] and [-truth].

It appeared as illusions is a false belief that means it is not right. From this analysis, then the meaning of the expression blurred illusion is interpreted as a statement that is ambiguous whether it is the real fact or it is a lie. Illusions is interpreted as lies because it brings the concept of a belief which is false that lead to the understanding of lies. While blurred is indicating that the illusion is made to be unclear so people could not notice if it is a lie or a truth. This metaphor

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carries semantic properties [+unclear] and [-truth]. The topic of this metaphor is blurred while the vehicle is illusions which undergoes meaning shifted and activating the elements within which is a false belief. This metaphor is categorized as an ontological metaphor since the metaphor treated illusions as an entity or an object that could be seen and could be blurred. d. Killed me one too many times

Table 31. Analysis of Metaphorical Expression “Killed Me One Too Many Times”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Killed me one Somebody The writer‟s Structural [+dead] too many made the trust is broken [+trust] times writer dead or not alive

Kill is defined as to make somebody or something die (Oxford Advanced

Learner‟s Dictionary: Ninth Edition, p. 833). Looking at the context of the lyrics, it is shown that blurred illusions are the subject that killed the writer. These concepts obtained from the lyrics line in which the expression of your blurred illusions appears right before the expression killed me one too many times. Then literally, the meaning of this expression is that the writer is being killed and dead.

Thus, the expression shows that lies can not kill a person. Then the understanding should be stretch to a wider understanding rather than its literal meaning.

However, an abstract thing can not kill a person. It indicates that what is being killed in this expression is not associated with the physical killing of the writer because when people get killed, they are dead or not alive. It is supported

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by the phrases after the metaphor which state too many times which is an indication that the writer is still alive but something is being killed within.

Looking at the previous line, it indicates that something is dead might be correlated with trust. By understanding this concept then the meaning of the expression can be interpreted as the writer‟s trust has been killed or death too many times meaning that the writer had been betrayed by someone many times.

The concepts shared by this metaphor are [+dead] and [+trust]. The topic in this metaphor is killed and the vehicle is dead which activates the term dead or not alive to influence the new concepts. The type of metaphor is a structural metaphor since it defines another concept which is dead using another term that is killed.

B. Theme of the Selected Songs

According to the explanation above, there are 29 metaphorical expressions found in 8 songs of Wormrot‟s album Voices. Based on metaphorical meaning and the shared concepts by the metaphors, the theme of the album could be obtained by discovering the theme of each song that has been discussed.

The songs are telling stories about self-depreciation and the relation between one another. Based on the discussion, most of the songs are telling about negativity and individual value, the effect of individual issues and mental state.

The theme of “God‟s in His Heaven” is degradation which showing a decreasing of decent quality to a negative one caused by an incident. The theme of

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“Hollow Roots” is segregation that illustrating the act of separating people of a different particular quality. The theme of “Descending into the Unknown” is anxiety that showing the state of the writer which has been terrified by a terror.

The theme of “Forced Siege” is a lack of control, showing that a person that the writer is telling about is having no power to have his freedom and life well. The theme of “Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Grind” is regret and denial which illustrating the feeling that the writer had toward something he has done and his refutation of reality that is happening in his present life which is affected by his past. The theme of “Compassion is Dead” is acceptance which showing his consciousness that he has been changed into a worse condition. However, he manages to accept this condition and had a belief toward himself. The theme of

“Buried the Sun” is hopelessness that illustrating the degrading quality of his life that happens continuously and he has no control to manage this condition. The theme of “Outworn” is dishonesty which telling a condition that the writer has been betrayed many times by lies that had been blurred.

Even though these eight songs suggest different concepts and ideas, the themes lead to a single main idea. From the theme of the songs, it could be drawn that this album discusses the writer‟s issues about himself, society, and his past.

Furthermore, the writer is telling about his behavior change to a lower level, the separation, his worried of something bad that going to happen, the lack of control to manage his life, the regret of his past life that leads to a denial of his present reality, his acceptance to be in a difficult or dangerous situation, the lack of power to rise from a bad situation that keeps going in his life, and betrayal that he has to

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face. These ideas and concepts lead to the idea that the album is discussed about a terrifying condition that affected the writer mentally that he should have a terrible experience that he could not handle. Therefore the central theme of the selected songs is determined as powerlessness and misery.

Table 40 - Central Theme of Eight Selected Songs

Central Theme Song Title Theme Shared Concepts

God‟s in His Degradation [+indecent] Heaven

Hollow Roots Segregation [+separation]

Descending into Anxiety [+worried] the Unknown Forced Siege Lack of Control [-power]

Eternal Sunshine Regret & Denial [+guilt] Powerlessness and of the Spotless Misery Grind [+refutation]

Compassion is Acceptance [+sufferance] Dead Buried the Sun Hopeless [+despairing]

Outworn Dishonesty [+betrayed]

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1. God’s in His Heaven

Table 32 – Theme of “God’s in His Heaven” Theme Shared Concepts Lyrics [+incident] Crashed down, dead inside [+depressed] Degradation [+insensitive] Crashed down, dead inside [+into] My life came crumbling down [+depressed]

There are two orientational metaphors and one structural metaphor. The lyric opens with the expression crashed down. The expression describes his emotional state in the first line of the songs. He depicts that he is in a worse state which is related to sadness and depression. There was an incident and it was affecting his emotional state to a worse condition. The concepts shared by this expression is [+incident] and [+depressed]. The writer picture of what happened to him as an accident that sent him to negative mental states such as sadness and depression.

The metaphoric expression crashed down followed by another metaphorical expression dead inside. The expression is depicting the effect of the sadness and depression which leads him to be an insensitive person. He is not able to understand and feel his own emotion. Therefore he depicts the condition with the expression dead that showing the dead of emotion. The concepts shared by this metaphor is [+insensitive].

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The second verse is illustrating the writer‟s confusion towards the condition he has been into. His confusion is indicated in the line kept asking myself why which appears after the expression placid fades, came crushing down.

The third verse depicts another confusion of the situation that is happening to him. The second and the third lines are showing that this condition is coming in a sudden by saying My life came crumbling down just when I thought everything will be just fine. The metaphorical expression crumbling down gives a concept that his life is going into a worse condition. Crumbling indicates that his life is breaking into pieces or becoming a mess that causes him in depression. The concepts shared by this metaphor are [+into] and [+depressed]. Then it indicates that depression is caming in a sudden when he thinks everything will be just fine.

The concepts [+incident], [+depressed], [+insensitive], and [+into] are showing that the writer is having a sudden incident that affected his mental state.

He is feeling depressed about the following condition that changed him to be an insensitive person. Furthermore, he feels that his life is going to a worse condition that makes him run into depression. Therefore, the theme of “God‟s in His

Heaven” is degradation.

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2. Hollow Roots

Table 33 – Theme of “Hollow Roots” Theme Shared Concepts Lyrics [+different] We‟ve been casted away [+separation] [+action] Covered up by motion blur Segregation [+hidden] [+unpleasant] Judging us with fatal words [+opinion] [+holding] We are still standing strong [+belief]

This song contains four structural metaphors in the lyrics. The second line of the lyrics is illustrating that “we” which is referring to the writer and people who have the same particular quality as the writer, is being separated from society. The writer uses the metaphoric expression We’ve been casted away which is interpreted as a separation between a community and the entire society. Casted away is an indication that the writer and the people who are on his side are being separated. The writer is illustrating this separation with the term of being thrown away. The shared properties [+different] and [+separation] are showing that “we” have a particular quality which is different from the main society resulting in them being separated or metaphorically being thrown away from the main community.

The expression We’ve been casted away is followed by another metaphoric expression which is Covered up in motion blur that illustrating the separation

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which is arranged to be hidden and unclear. There is an action to construct the separation so it becomes unclear and makes them unable to go back to their previous environment. The properties [+action] and [+hidden] showing the unclearness made for the writer so he is unable to go back to his previous condition or environment.

Judging us with fatal words appears in the second verse of the song which illustrating that the writer is being judged with an unpleasant judgment.

Somebody gives an unpleasant opinion about the writer and his people resulting in a negative impact or influence on them. The concepts shared are [+unpleasant] and [+opinion] which showing the opinion that is giving a negative influence towards the writer.

At the last line of the lyrics, the writer stated We are still standing strong.

Showing the confidence of their thought and belief. They are holding their belief and not giving it up to other influences. The concepts shared are [+holding] and

[+belief] illustrating the confidence of their thought and attitude.

“Hollow Roots” tells a story about a different quality performed by a group of people that impact on separation or a gap between one community to another. The properties [+different] and [+separation] showing the particular quality that made them separated from their main society. The concepts [+action] and [+hidden] showing a movement so they would not be able to come back to their previous society. They are being judged by an unpleasant opinion that gives a significant influence towards them is shown by the properties [+unpleasant] and

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[+opinion]. However, they are still holding their belief and not give up on other influences and behavior. It is shown by the shared concepts [+holding] and

[+belief]. Therefore, the theme of “Hollow Roots” could be decided as segregation.

3. Descending into the Unknown

Table 34 - Theme of “Descending into the Unknown” Theme Shared Concepts Lyrics [+changing] Falling down slowly [+sadness] Anxiety [+change] Descending into the unknown [+strange] [+harsh] Shocked dread cold fear [+feeling]

This song contains two structural metaphors and one orientational metaphor. The fifth line of the song is showing the changing of the emotional state which is illustrated as Falling down slowly. The writer illustrating the dynamic of his mental state by the expression falling which indicates that he was at the upper level then drop to a lower level. While down depicts the direction of the falling which also illustrating sadness because down is associated with negative mental state. The properties shared are [+changing] and [+sadness].

The expression explained above is followed by another metaphorical expression Descending into the unknown. The expression is emphasizing the

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emotional change from a positive state to a negative state since descending is illustrating the falling from a higher level to a lower level. Furthermore, the expression unknown is picturing the strangeness of the condition or the situation where the writer is into. The concepts shared by this expression are [+change] and

[+strange] depicting the peculiarity or the oddity of his mental state or the condition that he has been into.

The expression above followed by the expression Shocked dread cold fear which is depicting a sudden apprehension and an unfriendly feeling that something dangerous might happen. The metaphors cold fear showing the unbearable feeling of something bad that might happen or something that frightens the writer. The properties shared are [+harsh] and [+feeling] illustrating the frightening feeling that is intolerable for the writer to carry on.

The shared properties contained in the lyric is showing the dynamic or the changing of the writer‟s mental state. The properties [+change], [+sadness], and

[+strange] are displaying the shifting of the writer‟s mental state. The expressions showing the degradation of his mental state from a higher level to the lower level or the worse condition. The condition then leads to a terrifying feeling that is insufferable for the writer. The properties [+harsh] and [+feeling] are showing the terror that he has been into. Based on the shared properties, the theme of this song could be determined as anxiety.

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4. Forced Siege

Table 35 - Theme of “Forced Siege”

Theme Shared Concepts Lyrics [+neglected] Forced, no escape, left to rot [+long term] Lack of control [-freedom] Serve your time, trapped and caged [-consciousness] Cork and triggered sets you free [+death]

The first verse of the song “Forced Siege” starts with an expression

Forced, no escape, left to rot. The expression is illustrating someone who is captured and forced to join a military operation is going to be left or neglected in an extremely long period of time. The expression left to rot is sharing the concepts

[+neglected] and [+long term] illustrating the abandonment and the interval of being mistreated.

The writer stated Serve your time, trapped and caged at the fifth line of the song. The expression showing an illustration of a person serving a military operation, they are being kept and it is impossible to escape or get out of the operation. The writer depicts this condition by stating trapped and caged which is sharing the concepts [-freedom]. Furthermore, the expression is showing the lack of independence owned by people who serving military operations. Meaning they should obey what they are told to and lost their independence.

At the tenth line, the writer stated Cork and triggered sets you free which illustrates the idea of the writer that being drunk which is depicted as cork and the act of suicide which is displayed as triggered are ways to get their freedom during

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the operation. The properties [-consciousness] and [+death] are showing the picture that being drunk then commit suicide is the only way so they can escape the operation and is a free man.

Based on the concepts [+neglected], [+long term], and [-freedom] are showing an event that makes a person lose his or her independence. While the concepts [-consciousness] and [+death] are illustrated as an idea or solution for one to regain one freedom. From the shared properties, the theme could be determined as a lack of control.

5. Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Grind

Table 36 - Theme of “Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Grind” Theme Shared Concepts Lyrics [+unpleasant] Trying my best to sink in [-familiar] [+forgetting] Memory erasing procedure activated Regret and denial [+memories] [+reality] Wake me from my tired life [-believe] [+unpleasant] I‟ve bled once too many times [+feeling]

This song contains three structural metaphors and one ontological metaphor in the lyrics. The second line of the song stated Trying my best to sink in illustrating the effort of the writer to fit in the condition he has been into. The shared properties [+unpleasant] and [-familiar] showing that he is not used to his

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present condition. However, he is trying his best to be suitable to his present situation.

The expression Memory erasing procedure activated appeared at the fifth line of this song. The expression is illustrating how the writer forgets his thought from the past. The process of forgetting his past is pictured as a machine that can delete its data from the previous time. The shared properties [+forgetting] and

[+memories] are displaying that the writer does not want to remember the memories from his past.

At the eighth line of the lyrics, the writer stated Wake me from my tired life. The expression is illustrating his disbelief towards his tired life which is showing the distress of his activities and event that is happening. The shared properties [+reality] and [-believe] are showing that he is denying his reality and assuming that his reality or events that are happening are a dream.

The expression followed by another statement such as I’ve bled once too many times which depicting the hurt that he felt towards the tired life. The shared properties [+unpleasant] and [+feeling] are picturing his frustration towards the experience and the reality that he should face. He pictured his feeling as a person who is bled and injured that indicates he is hurting.

The shared properties [+unpleasant] and [-familiar] are showing the writer‟s strangeness towards the condition he faced. However, he is trying to be suitable and acceptable for the condition he is facing. This condition made him wanted to forget about what happening in his past. The properties [+forgetting] and [+memories] are picturing that he wanted to delete the memories from the

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past. It continues with his disbelief towards his present life. The shared concepts

[+reality] and [-believe] are showing his skepticism regarding his present. Then his disbelief is followed by the frustration of being in such experiences and events. The shared concepts [+unpleasant] and [+feeling] are displaying his sorrow that he should face the reality of his life. therefore, the theme of Eternal

Sunshine of the Spotless Mind is determined as regret and denial.

6. Compassion is Dead Table 37 – Theme of “Compassion is Dead” Theme Shared Concepts Lyrics [+change] Now watch me fall from grace [+behavior] Acceptance [+indecent] [+danger] Living live hanging by a thread [-hesitation] Dive into the burning flames [+chaotic]

There are three structural metaphors found in this song. The first expression is Now watch me fall from grace which is sharing the concepts

[+change], [+behavior], and [+negative]. The expression is picturing the changing behavior from a positive one to negative behavior. The expression falling is an indication of the degradation behavior because it carries the concepts from a higher one to a lower one. While grace is illustrating politeness and pleasant behavior.

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The second metaphorical expression is Living life hanging by a thread illustrating that the writer‟s life is frail or in between danger. The shared properties [+danger] showing that his life is in a risky situation. The writer is displaying this situation as hanging by a thread which is picturing the vulnerability of his present situation and condition. This expression is followed by another expression which is Dive into the burning flames that showing the writer‟s confidence to face a destructive or messy situation. The expression dive is picturing the writer‟s bravery to get into a ruinous condition. The shared properties [-hesitation] and [+chaotic] are displaying that the writer is having no hesitation to get in a chaotic situation.

The shared concepts [+change], [+behavior], and [+negative] are showing the degradation of the writer‟s behavior from positive to negative. While the concepts [+danger] showing that his life is in a risky situation that an incident might happen anytime. However, the shared concepts [-hesitation] and [+chaotic] are showing his belief of himself that he is strong enough to face the chaotic experiences. Therefore, the theme of this song is acceptance.

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7. Buried the Sun Table 38 – Theme of “Buried the Sun” Theme Shared Concepts Lyrics [+continue] Downward spiral to the same old nothingness [+degradation] [+unpleasant] You‟ve dragged me to your fucking hell hole [+situation] Hopelesness [+hopeless] Buried the sun [-freedom] Numb and caged down similar spirals [+continue] [+disruption] Collapsing inner selves, rupturing minds [+behavior] [+feeling]

There are five metaphorical expressions found in this song. The metaphors contain four structural metaphors and one ontological metaphor. The first metaphorical expression contained in the second line which expression is

Downward spiral to the same old nothingness. This line is picturing the writer‟s life that goes downward spiral in which is interpreted as the degradation into an unpleasant situation or condition that going continuously. While the same old nothingness is displaying the unpleasant condition that the writer is going into.

The shared properties [+continue] and [+degradation] are showing that his life continuously going into a displeasing condition.

The fourth line expressed You’ve dragged me to your fucking hell hole illustrating he had been brought to a hell hole. The expression hell hole is sharing

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the properties [+unpleasant] and [+situation] which are depicting an unpleasant situation by referring the condition as hell. This understanding shows the suffering of the writer that is carried to a distressing condition. The expression is followed by another expression that is buried the sun. The expression is illustrating the writer for being hopeless. Sun which symbolizing life and hope is buried that an indication that it is dead. The shared concepts [+hopeless] displays the death of hope and goodness.

The expression above followed by the expression Numb and caged down similar spirals. This expression is illustrating that the writer is could not escape from an unpleasant situation. Spirals is referring to the unpleasant situation that has been explained before. The shared properties [-freedom] and [+continue] are showing that he has no control of the situation that he has been into and it goes continuously. This expression is followed by another expression which is

Collapsing inner selves, rupturing minds. The expression is picturing his experiences which associated with the distressing situation is breaking down his behavior and character. While the expression rupturing minds is illustrating his mental breakdown towards the situation that he has been into. The shared concepts [+disruption], [+behavior], and [+feeling] are showing the falling of his behavior and mental state caused by the problem in his situation.

The shared concepts [+continue] and [+degradation] pictured the writer‟s life that degrading and it happened again and again. The shared properties

[+unpleasant], [+situation], and [+hopeless] are showing that he is brought to a ruinous condition that made him had no hope toward the following condition. The

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concepts [-freedom] and [+continue] are illustrating that the writer is lacking control towards the condition that keeps happening. Then the shared properties

[+disruption], [+behavior], and [+feeling] are depicting the effect of the unpleasant condition that happened continuously which lead to the break down of the writer. Based on the shared properties, the theme of this song could be determined as hopelessness.

8. Outworn

Table 39 – Theme of “Outworn”

Theme Shared Concepts Lyrics [+disguise] You‟re still wearing the same [+lies] fucking mask

[+mind] Head strong towards the abyss

[-frightened] Dishonesty [+unpleasant] [+situation] [+unclear] Your blurred illusions [-truth] [+dead] Killed me one to many times [+trust]

There are four metaphorical expressions contained in this song. Three of them are structural metaphors while one of them is ontological metaphors. The third line is stating You’re still wearing the same fucking mask which illustrating that the writer is referring to someone that used to lie using the same lies over again. The shared properties [+disguise] and [+lies] are displaying the untruthfulness of the person that the writer is referring to. The expression mask

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that was used by someone is illustrating the person disguise and lies toward the writer.

The expression above followed by the line Head strong towards the abyss which indicates the writer‟s bravery towards an unpleasant situation that pictured as an abyss. The shared concepts [+mind], [-frightened], [+unpleasant], and

[+condition] are picturing that the writer is having a positive mental state that he is not afraid to face any distressing situations.

At the eighth line of the song, the writer stated Your blurred illusions which illustrating a lie that arranged to be fuzzy so people could not realize if it is a truth or lies. The shared concepts [+unclear] and [-truth] are illustrating that a lie is made to be unclear so no one knows whether it is a lie or a truth. This expression is followed by an expression which is Killed me one too many times which illustrating that the writer has been betrayed many times before. This understanding was obtained by looking at the subject that killed the writer which is the blurred illusions. The shared properties [+dead] and [+trust] are picturing the death of the writer‟s trust.

The shared concepts [+disguise] and [+lies] are picturing lies that have been used over time to trick the writer. While the shared properties [+mind], [- frightened], [+unpleasant], and [+condition] are showing that the writer is not afraid of the problem that they might into. The shared concepts [+unclear] and [- truth] are depicting blurry lies so nobody would know whether it is a lie or truth.

The shared concepts [+dead] and [+trust] are displaying that the writer would not believe the following events anymore because the writer‟s trust has been betrayed

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too many times. therefore, the theme of Outworn could be determined as dishonesty.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

This chapter presents the conclusion of the analysis discussed in the previous chapter. This research is conducted to analyze the metaphors in

Wormrot‟s eight selected songs to determine the central theme between the eight songs. The researcher collects, defines, and classifies the metaphors found in the songs into three types. Based on the shared properties involved in the analysis of metaphors, the researcher then determines the theme of each song.

From the analysis in the previous chapter, the researcher finds 29 metaphors in total from the songs “God‟s in His Heaven”, “Hollow Roots”,

“Descending into the Unknown”, “Forced Siege”, “Eternal Sunshine of the

Spotless Grind”, “Compassion is Dead”, “Buried the Sun”, and “Outworn”. These metaphors are categorized into three types: structural metaphor, orientational metaphor, and ontological metaphor. From the analysis in the previous chapter, the researcher finds 22 structural metaphors, three orientational metaphors, four ontological metaphors.

Based on the shared concepts, the theme of “God‟s in His Heaven” is determined as degradation. The concepts shared by the metaphors are

[+incident], [+depressed], [+insensitive], [+into], and [+depressed]. The concepts obtain from two orientational metaphors and one structural metaphor which are found in this song.

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Theme of “Hollow Roots” is determined as segregation. The researcher discovered four structural metaphorical expression from the song. The concepts shared by the metaphors are [+different], [+separation], [+action], [+hidden],

[+unpleasant], [+opinion], [+holding], and [+belief].

The theme of “Descending into the Unknown” is discovered as anxiety.

This song contains two structural metaphors and one orientational metaphor. The concepts shared by the metaphors are [+changing], [+sadness], [+change],

[+strange], [+harsh], and [+feeling].

From the shared concepts, the theme of “Forced Siege” is determined as a lack of control. The researcher finds three structural metaphors in the song. These three metaphors are sharing concepts which are [+neglected], [+long term], [- freedom], [-consciousness], and [+death].

“Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Grind” contains three structural metaphors and one ontological metaphor. Based on the metaphors found in the song, the concepts shared by the metaphors are [+unpleasant], [-familiar],

[+forgetting], [+memories], [+reality], [-believe], [+unpleasant], and [+feeling].

From those concepts shared by the metaphors found in the song, the theme of the song can be determined as regret and denial.

Three structural metaphors are found in the song “Compassion is Dead”.

Concepts shared by the metaphors found are [+change], [+behavior], [+indecent],

[+danger], [-hesitation], and [+chaotic]. Based on the shared concepts, the theme of the song is determined as acceptance.

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“Buried the Sun” contains four structural metaphors and one ontological metaphor in the song. The concepts shared by those metaphors are [+continue],

[+degradation], [+unpleasant], [+situation], [+hopeless], [-freedom], [+continue],

[+disruption], [+behavior], and [+feeling]. From the shared concepts, it can be conclude that the theme of the song is hopelessness.

Three structural metaphors and one ontological metaphor are found in the song “Outworn”. The concepts shared by these metaphors are [+disguise], [+lies],

[+mind], [-frightened], [+unpleasant], [+situation], [+unclear], [-truth], [+dead], and [+trust]. Based on the shared concepts, it can be drawn that the theme of

“Outworn” is dishonesty.

After discovering the theme of each song, the researcher then analyzes the central theme based on the shared concepts of the eight selected songs‟ themes.

The shared concepts obtained by analyzing the properties of each theme. From the analysis, the researcher found that the shared concepts contain [+indicent],

[+separation], [-power], [+guilt], [+refutation], [+sufferance], [+despairing], and

[+betrayed]. The concepts [+indecent], [+separation], [-power], [+sufferance],

[+despairing], and [+betrayed] are indicating that the writer is powerless.

Furthermore [+worried], [+guilt], and [+refutation] are showing the indication of misery. Therefore the central theme of the selected songs is determined as powerlessness and misery.

This research is conducted in order to facilitate the further analysis regarding song lyrics, metaphors, semantics and theme. The researcher aim is to help the listeners of the songs to draw meanings and the outline of the songs

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which the writer wanted to deliver by discovering the themes. The researcher encourages the further studies to applies more theories, references, and have a deeper analysis in order to establish a broader studies and acknowledge linguistics deeper.

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REFERENCES

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Barnet, Susan, William Bruto, & William E. Cain. (2006). An Introduction to Literature: Fiction, Poetry, and Drama, Fourteenth Edition. Taunton: Quebecor World, Inc.

Cameron, Lynne & Graham Low. (1999). Researching and Applying Metaphor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Corbett, Edward P. J. And Robert J. Connors (4 ed). (1999). Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student. New York: Oxford University Press.

Creswell, John W. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches, Secondedition. California: Sage Publications, Inc.

Forey, Gail. (2002). Aspects of Theme and Their Role in Workplace Texts (PhD Thesis). Glasglow: University of Glasglow.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, Nina Hyams. (2011). An Introduction to Language. Los Angeles: Cengage Learning.

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman, Nina Hyams. (2014). An Introduction to Language (10 ed.) Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Hanidar, Sharifah. (2018). Metaphors in Adhitia Sofyan‟s Songs. LEXICON, 5(2), 200-211.

Hanslick, Eduard. (1957). The Beautiful in Music. New York: The Liberal Arts Press, Inc.

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Kennedy, X. J., & Dana Gioia. (2002). An Introduction to Literature. New York: Longman.

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APPENDICES

Appendix A: The Lyrics of Wormrot’s “God’s in His Heaven”

Crashed down, dead inside Soulless, ready to die Somehow the contentment I felt Lifted me to ignore death's fucking ride

Placid fades, came crashing down Kept asking myself why

Why is this happening to me My life came crumbling down just when I thought everything will be just fine I understand but it just had to happen My life, my sentence, my path, my goddamn grave

Impotent Powerless Appendix B: The List of Metaphors Found in “God’s in His Heaven”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Crashed down Had a vehicle Had an Orientational [+incident] accident that incident that [+hopeless] caused him in made him sad a lower and depressed position Dead inside A part inside The writer‟s Structural [+insensitive] the writer is mine is unable not alive to feel or understad his emotion My life came Being in a Being in a Orientational [+into] crumbling lower place or worse [+depressed] down position condition

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Appendix C: The Lyrics of Wormrot’s “Hollow Roots”

Unity all these years We've been casted away Thrown away Covered up by motion blur Never to return again

Outcasted by people who initially had our backs Judging us with fatal words, fuck your roots You can have it back

Sickened by all the fucking politics Too much words, too much fucking bullshit

No point of venting for this fucking long But the damage has been done We're not giving up We are still standing strong

Appendix D: The List of Metaphors Found in “Hollow Roots”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts We‟ve been Being stared Being Structural [+different] casted away and smiled in separated [+separation] a particular direction Covered up by Being hide by The process Structural [+action] motion blur the act or that is being [+hidden] process or hide so people moving can not go something back which is unclear Judging us A unit of A negative Structural [+unpleasant] with fatal language or opinion which [+opinion] words statement that gives a causing death significant

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impact We are still On their feet Holding their Structural [+holding] standing in vertical belief towards [+belief] strong cposition other while having a influences lot of physical power

Appendix E: The Lyrics of Wormrot’s “Descending into the Unknown”

The great desperate sufferings

Can't you see we've been brainwashed into believing What is best for our souls again and again and again Holding their hands Falling down slowly Descending into the unknown

Shocked dread cold fear

Stolen truth Fucking broken hopes again

Appendix F: The List of Metaphors Found in “Descending into the Unknown”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Falling down Moving to a Emotional Orientational [+changing] slowly lower place or changing from [+sadness] position from positive to a higher level negative state Descending Going down Going into Structural [+change] into the to a place negative state [+strange] unknown which is not that is never known from a known before higher level Shocked A bad feeling An unpleasant Structural [+harsh] dread cold when bad feeling

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fear someone in [+feeling] danger that is having a lower temperature than usual

Appendix G: The Lyrics of Wormrot’s “Forced Siege”

Forced, no escape, left to rot

Forced to be taken from your family Mandatory War fucking preparation, no escape, dominate

Serve your time, trapped and caged You have been surrounded A decade with mindless militant

Suicidal exit path Selfish thoughts, family lost Cork and triggered sets you free Time has served, now wait and bleed

The broken man is free

Appendix H: The List of Metaphors Found in “Forced Siege”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Forced, no Being left Being Structural [+long term] escape, left to until decayed neglected for [+neglected] rot or a long period decomposed of time Serve your Being in a A condition Structural [-freedom] time, trapped metal bars where a and caged where animals person has no are kept control or freedom of his life

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Cork and Small round Being drunk Structural [- triggered set object and a then commit consciousness] you free part of gun suicide [+death]

Appendix I: The Lyrics of Wormrot’s “Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Grind”

Apprehension of the countless mistakes Trying my best to sink in All that was fucking lost

Memory erasing procedure activated Blissfully ignorant towards what‟s been said and done

Truth discovered, doomed to repeat the same mistakes, better off fucking dead

Wake me from my tired life I have bled once too many times Should I resort to violence? Fuck

Truth discovered, doomed to repeat the same mistakes, better off fucking dead

Appendix J: The List of Metaphors Found in “Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Grind”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Trying my To go under To be suit in a Structural [+unpleasant] best to sink in the surface of less pleasant [-familiar] liquid state Memory Make a Forgetting the Ontological [+forgetting] erasing device‟s thought from [+memories] procedure process start the past activated to remove thought from the past by following the correct way

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Wake me from To stop The writer Structural [+reality] my tired life sleeping in does not [-believe] order to believe that vanish his the present is uncomfortable real, he think experiences he was in a and activities dream I have bled To loose Unpleasant Structural [+unpleasant] once too many blood from a mental state [+feeling] times wound or injury

Appendix K:The Lyrics of Wormrot’s “Compassion is Dead”

Why give in and apologise, I am fucking done Don‟t expect me to fucking budge There are no words to die for, head strong with my bullshit You are too weak to fight me

I‟m feeling numb beyond control

I clearly disarmed of all control All remorse were left behind Distorting my fucking values I will never reconcile The sins are fucking mine to keep My redemption is there to find Now watch me fall from grace Smiling while tormented and set ablaze I succumb to this fucking pain I count on no one but myself Living life hanging by a thread, I'm the evil undisguised Dive into the burning flames Is what you ask from me I‟ll gladly dive down head first And save my fucking pride

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Appendix L: The List of Metaphors Found in “Compassion is Dead”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts Now watch Drop down to The changing Structural [+change] me fall from a lower level behavior [+behavior] grace from an quality to attractive negative [+indecent] quality of behavior movement which is smooth Living life Being Beng in a Structural [+danger] hanging by a attached to a danger thread thin string situation Dive into the Going head Without Structural [-hesitation] burning down and hesitation [+chaotic] flames arms first into going into a an extreme mess or hot stream of destructive burning gas situation and that is on fire condition

Appendix M: The Lyrics of Wormrot’s “Buried the Sun” You've sacrificed my life Downward spiral to the same old nothingness Constant grab holds with your relentless self-consumed You‟ve dragged me to your fucking hell hole, buried the sun

Numb and caged down similar spirals Collapsing inner selves, rupturing minds All hope is gone Non-existence pathway you brought to my life

All hope is gone You've dragged me to your fucking hell hole, buried the sun (x4)

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Appendix N: The List of Metaphors Found in “Buried the Sun” Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning metaphor Concepts Downward Moving to a Degradation Structural [+degradation] spiral to the lower level on of quality of [+continue] same old a circle shape life which nothingness continuously happen You‟ve A hollow A unpleasant Structural [+unpleasant] dragged me to space which is situation to be [+situation] your fucking place for the in hell hole devils and bad people go after death Buried the sun The star that No hope Structural [+hopeless] giving light and heat to the earth is dead and being placed in a grave Numb and Being kept in Cannot escape Structural [-freedom] caged down a metal bars from an [+continue] similar spirals with a curve unpleasant design or condition that shape continuously happen Collapsing The falling The dropping Ontological [+disruption] inner selves, down of the level of [+behavior] rupturing inner type of a behavior and minds person caused character, [+feeling] by a burst of a mentallly part of a breakdown person that makes able to be aware of things

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Appendix O: The Lyrics of Wormrot’s “Outworn”

Get the fuck out

You still don't get it do you? You're still wearing the same fucking mask Head strong towards the abyss Deceptive fucking casualness

Degredation of your creation Blew my fucking mind Your blurred illusions Killed me one too many times

You drive me up the wall Straigth face emotionless Extreme fucking annoyance This shit will never ends Wake the fuck up you bastard

The outworn collateral fucking lies

This is my last straw on putting up with your outworn bullshit lies I had enough with the indirect fucking abuse for decades I am mentally drained from consuming your dead fucking words Physically numb It's time for me to go before I start grinding my flesh to the bone Keep your fucking words and bury it with you Your fucking time is up I gave you too many chances, endless, unrepentant This is what i get in return? Just plain mindfuck sufferings Racked with pain, miserable, fear, outrage This is the end of me, longing for the end of you Here are my last fucking words I wish, death upon your existence You are forever obsolete You are forever fucking dead to me

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Appendix P: The List of Metaphors Found in “Outworn”

Metaphorical Literal Metaphorical Type of Shared Expression Meaning Meaning Metaphor Concepts You‟re still Wearing Lies or Structural [+disguise] wearing the something to untruthfulness [+lies] same fucking cover part of mask all of one face to hide or to protect it Head strong Part of the The Structural [+mind] towards the body on top of confidence on [-frightened] abyss the neck is facing an having a lot of infinite [+unpleasant] physical unpleasant power in situation [+condition] direction of the deep hole that seems has no bottom Your blurred A false idea A lies which Ontological [+unclear] illusions that cannot be is not clear [-truth] seen clearly whether it is the truth or not Killed me one Somebody The writer‟s Structural [+dead] too many made the trust is broken [+trust] times writer dead or not alive

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